relationn.

Brit.

/rᵻˈleɪʃn/, U.S.

/rəˈleɪʃ(ə)n/,

/riˈleɪʃ(ə)n/

Forms: Middle English relacione, Middle English relacioun, Middle English relacioune, Middle English relacoun, Middle English relacyoun, Middle English relatiun, Middle English–1500s relacyon, Middle English–1600s relacion, Middle English– relation, 1500s relacon, 1500s relacyowne, 1500s relatiown, 1500s relatiowne, 1500s–1600s relatyon; Scottish pre-1700 relacion, pre-1700 relacioun, pre-1700 relacyon, pre-1700 relatione, pre-1700 relatioun, pre-1700 relatioune, pre-1700 relatyown, pre-1700 relesion, pre-1700 1700s– relation, 1700s reelapcon (probably transmission error).

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French relation; Latin relātiōn-, relātiō.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman relacioun, Anglo-Norman and Middle French relation, relacion (French relation ) report, account (a1227 in Old French, earliest in faire relation ; compare to make relation at sense 1a), connection, bond (1267), report (in court), testimony (1284), travel narrative (1602), connection between people (1657), (in geometry) relationship of two quantities with reference to their size (1765), sexual relations (1875) and its etymon classical Latin relātiōn-, relātiō action of laying a matter before the Senate, motion so introduced, action of referring a case back to the original magistrate, (in rhetoric) balancing of opposites, reference (of a thing) to some standard or measure of comparison, action of giving or sending in return, repayment, action of narrating, narration, recital, action of carrying back, in post-classical Latin also (in philosophy) connection, association (from 11th cent. in British sources), kinship (1239 in a British source) < relāt- , past participial stem of referre refer v. (compare relate v.) + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan relation (mid 14th cent.), Catalan relació (14th cent.), Spanish relación (second half of the 13th cent.), Portuguese relação (1390), Italian relazione (a1308). Compare later relate v.

a. The action of giving an account of something; narration, report. In early use also in †to make relation: to relate, recount.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > narration > [noun]

spellc888

talec1000

telling?c1225

relationc1390

fablec1400

collationc1430

deliverance1431

narrationc1449

exposition1460

recounting1485

deducing1530

recital1565

delivery1592

reporting1603

retailing1609

recountmenta1616

narrative1748

narrating1802

deducement1820

recountal1825

retailment1832

the mind > language > speech > speak [verb (intransitive)] > speak of or mention > refer or allude to

to make relationc1390

refer1557

relate1637

c1390 in J. Slater Early Scots Texts (Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Edinb.) (1952) No. 19 We haue vndirstand be the commoun voyce of the countre and all sa be relacion of sum other.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vi. 2254 (MED) Nectanabus..relacion Makth to the queene hou sche schal do.

1425 in C. Innes Liber Sancte Marie de Melros (1837) 545 The sayd assyse gert be sworn mony worthy diuerse men to make suthfast relacion.

c1475 Advice to Lovers in J. O. Halliwell Select. Minor Poems J. Lydgate (1840) 36 A riche man who, by commoun relacioun, Had gret power and myhte.

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde ii. iii. f. 65 He knewe by relation of owre men, wherof owre swoordes were made.

1578 T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara Pleasant Hist. Conquest W. India 10 He brought perfect relation how the Countrey was riche of gold and silver.

1601 W. Cornwallis Ess. II. xlviii. sig. Mm4^v I like no Relation so well, as what mine eye telleth me.

1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1595 Give us if thou canst..Relation more particular and distinct.

1725 D. Defoe New Voy. round World i. 1 Whatever Success they have had in the Voyage, they have had very little in the Relation.

1800 S. T. Coleridge Let. 9 Oct. (1895) I. 337 As to myself, I am doing little worth the relation.

1866 G. MacDonald Ann. Quiet Neighb. (1878) xii. 236 The early spring will detain me with the relation of just a single incident.

1906 J. H. Howard In Shadow of Pines i. 11 There was a break in the relation of the story.

1970 K. G. Heider Dugum Dani (2006) vi. 190 This is not the public recounting of myths or legends by wise old men but rather the dramatic relation of events and experiences.

2002 E. M. Gerli Medieval Iberia (2003) 281/2 The mentality of the bestiary..gives moral interpretation a status equal or superior to that of the relation of facts.

b. An instance of relating or narrating something; a narrative, an account, a statement.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > narration > [noun] > a narrative or account

talec1200

historyc1230

sawc1320

tellinga1325

treatisec1374

chroniclec1380

process?1387

legendc1390

prosec1390

pistlec1395

treatc1400

relationc1425

rehearsal?a1439

report?a1439

narrationc1449

recorda1450

count1477

redec1480

story1489

recount1490

deductiona1532

repetition1533

narrative1539

discourse1546

account1561

recital1561

enarrative1575

legendary1577

enarration1592

recite1594

repeat1609

texture1611

recitation1614

rendera1616

prospect1625

recitement1646

tell1743

diegesis1829

récit1915

narrative line1953

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. 5311 (MED) Þei fully trust and leue, With-oute fraude, my relacioun.

c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn 2798 (MED) Report hem wele..And aftir thy relacioune, wee shall so turn..That they shull be a-combrit, and we ryȝt wel to scape.

a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 249 My brethir oft hes maid the supplicationis Be epistillis, sermonis and relationis.

1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cxxv The kyng of Englande..sent thether his Ambassade,..who in the begynning made his relation.

1596 W. Raleigh Discoverie Guiana (new ed.) (title page) A relation of the great and Golden Citie of Manoa.

1655 H. More Antidote against Atheism (ed. 2) iii. iii. 173 I will onely adde one Relation more of this nature.

1694 W. Salmon Pharmacopœia Bateana i. vii. 314/1 I give this Relation..to convince..those Homicides of their Barbarity and Male practise.

1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 526. ⁋3 I heard this Relation this Morning from a Gentleman who was an Eye-Witness.

1762 O. Goldsmith Citizen of World II. 171 Let them but read the relations of their own travellers.

1801 M. Edgeworth Prussian Vase in Moral Tales iii. 26 The countess..related the circumstances... Albert heard her relation with astonishment.

1891 J. Winsor Columbus i. 1 Of such, whether memoirs, relations, or letters, sixty-four are preserved in their entirety.

1938 S. Beckett Murphy ii. 18 Celia now came to that part of her relation which she rather despaired of explaining.

1963 D. C. Lunt in H. D. Thoreau River 9 The reader may savour his relation of this riparian excursion as a piece of pastoral writing.

2006 L. Eckstein Re-membering Black Atlantic i. 21 Trauma ultimately renders the narrative operation impossible, in that neither a meaningful relation of events nor their temporal configuration succeeds.

c. Law. An account of a complaint or claim made for the Attorney General by a relator (relator n. 3); the laying of an information (information n. 5a). Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > [noun] > complaint in respect of civil claim

plaintc1300

quarrela1325

relation1593

complaint-

1593 R. Cosin Apol. for Sundrie Proc. (rev. ed.) iii. viii. 109 Yet in very deede, euery relation made to a Magistrate by such, as will not prosecute..is not by any law..holden for an accusation.

1632 in S. R. Gardiner Rep. Cases Star Chamber & High Comm. (1886) 145 The Kings Attorney generall against my Lord Viscount Savill and others by relation of Sir John Jackson.

1680 Tryal Thomas Earl of Strafford i. 139 An Information was Exhibited by Sir George Ratcliffe, then the Kings Attorney at Yorke, by relation of Francis Musgrave.

1710 Act 9 Anne c. 20 §4 Informations..at the Relation of any Person or Persons desiring to sue or prosecute the same.

1798 A. J. Dallas Rep. Cases U.S. & Pennsylvania 2 112 There is..a..distinction between informations filed by the Attorney General, and those filed by him at the relation of a private person.

1818 Times 19 Dec. 3/1 (heading) The Attorney-General, at the relation of the Marquis of Blandford and the Hon. Agar Ellis, v. His Grace the Duke of Marlborough.

1885 Law Rep.: Queen's Bench Div. 14 246 A proceeding by way of information by the Attorney-General at the relation of the Board of Works.

1903 Michigan Law Rev. 1 324 Quo warranto proceedings were brought on the relation of the attorney general against the defendants.

1950 A. B. Levy Private Corporations & their Control (2000) II. iv. 694 The Attorney General will as a rule not bring action without a relation (complaint).

a. An attribute denoting or concept expressing a connection, correspondence, or contrast between different things; a particular way in which one thing or idea is connected or associated with another or others; a link, a correlation; the fact of being so connected, associated, etc.; connection, association. Frequently with to, between, or with.external, internal relation: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > [noun]

yokeOE

relationa1398

respecta1398

report1523

society?1545

habitude1561

conjugation1605

necessitudea1626

attinency1632

dependencea1634

belonginga1648

respectiveness1650

nexure1652

synapsis1655

relative1657

rapport1660

proportion1664

schesis1678

relationship1724

appurtenance1846

relationality1866

interosculation1883

tie-up1927

tie-in1934

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 9 Nociones beþ fyve..paternitas & innascibilitas, Filiacio, processio, & comunis spiracio..þese..notifieth þe persones, & oþir while þey beeth I-clepid..relaciones, for þerby þe persones beþ referred vnto oþir.

1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton) iv. xxvi. f. lxxj^v Somme manere of correspondence or relacion must nedes ben bytwene the two that ben y lyke.

1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. xxiii. 219 So as there be found a iust correspondencie betweene them by this or that relation.

1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke 76 To make your descant carrie some forme of relation to the plaine song.

1620 T. Granger Syntagma Logicum 245 It is relation of time, or of the cause.

1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xxv. 151 The nature..of Relation, consists in the referring, or comparing two things, one to another.

1730 A. Gordon tr. F. S. Maffei Compl. Hist. Anc. Amphitheatres 328 The Manner how they were placed..has a good deal of relation with the Nature of the internal Form of the Building.

1782 J. Priestley Hist. Corruptions Christianity I. Pref. 20 Some of my materials bear an equal relation to several..subjects.

1816 R. Jameson Treat. External Characters Minerals (ed. 2) 168 The nucleus increases on its part, always preserving the same relation with the entire crystal.

1879 G. C. Harlan Eyesight ix. 131 The size and form of the desk, and its relation to the seat, are not without their effect upon the welfare of the eyes.

1922 D. Jones Outl. Eng. Phonetics (ed. 2) p. ii By referring the vowels of all languages to a set of Cardinal Vowels, the relations between them are made clearer.

1939 J. B. Morton Bonfire of Weeds viii. 190 A rather highbrow discussion..that has little relation to the average man's life or activities.

1988 A. Phillips Winnicott i. 1 Darwin had examined living things to explain their relation to each other.

2002 Statesman (India) (Nexis) 13 Apr. It has not been easy..to establish a relation between the incidence of cancer and a certain level of exposure to asbestos.

b. Logic and Mathematics. An association between, or property of, ordered pairs or larger sets of objects, numbers, etc.equivalence, identity, recurrence relation, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > predicate or propositional logic > [noun] > propositional relation

relation1856

1856 A. De Morgan in Trans. Cambr. Philos. Soc. 9 83 I think it reasonably probable that the advance of symbolic logic will lead to a calculus of opposite relations, for mere inference, as general as that of + and − in algebra.

1870 C. S. Peirce Coll. Papers (1933) III. iii. §47. 28 Inclusion in or being as small as is a transitive relation.

1885 W. James in Mind 10 32 No relation-expressing proposition is possible except on the basis of a preliminary acquaintance with such ‘facts’..as this.

1910 A. N. Whitehead & B. Russell Principia Mathematica I. §30. 245 Functions of this kind always mean ‘the term having such and such a relation to x’.

1940 W. V. Quine Math. Logic v. 201 Relations in the sense here considered are known, more particularly, as dyadic relations.

1965 G. E. Hughes & D. G. Londey Elements Formal Logic xxxix. 272 Such relations are said to be non-symmetrical relations. Examples are: ‘implies’, ‘brother of’.

2004 D. Szecsei Compl. Idiot's Guide to Geom. iii. 31 I will define a relation between [line] segments, which I will call segment congruence.

c. Computing. Each of the elementary two-dimensional data structures into which information is organized in a relational database, of which a table is a concrete representation.

ΚΠ

1968 Diss. Abstr. B. 29 180/1 The algorithm that constitutes the third contribution extracts the cyclic sets of sets from symmetric relation tables.

1970 E. F. Codd in Communications Assoc. Computing Machinery 13 377/1 The principal application of relations to data systems has been to deductive question-answering systems.

1983 Austral. Personal Computer Nov. 64/2 If the database is extended to include new kinds of data, all that is needed is the creation of new relations.

2002 Jrnl. Database Managem. (Nexis) July–Sept. 34 The relational database design concepts were developed without considering missing information in relations.

a. The position which one person holds with regard to another by means of social or other mutual connections; the connection of people by circumstances, feelings, etc. As a count noun: a relationship.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > [noun] > between persons, communities, etc.

relationc1485

correspondency1588

intelligence1597

correspondence1599

necessitude1612

correlation1649

connection1768

belongingness1854

association1882

intercommunalism1971

c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Gouernaunce of Princis (1993) xxxvi. 119 Sik a man sall set him..to mak gude relacioun and concord betuix the, and thy..nychtbouris.

1630 T. Taylor Progresse of Saints 196 A man regenerate may be said to be blamelesse, and throughly renewed..In respect of his relation with Christ.

1650 T. Bayly Worcesters Apophthegmes 63 As it was commonly observ'd by all the Servants, that had nearest relation to him.

1729 W. Law Serious Call xxiv. 488 If..our relation to God be our greatest relation.

1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. ii. 142 The most universal public relation, by which men are collected together, is that of government.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. i. 60 The opinions of the Puritan concerning the relation of ruler and subject.

1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. iii. 99 The relation of every man to his lord was a relation of homage.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 299/2 It is popularly used of a relation between persons amounting to more than goodwill or friendship.

1989 I. Murdoch Message to Planet i. 7 He felt that his father, with whom he had a close though extremely strained and laconic relation, was disappointed in him.

2002 N. Noddings Starting at Home 2 At least two parties are involved in every caring encounter and both contribute actively to the relation.

b. In plural. The various ways by which a country, state, etc., maintains political or economic contact with another. Frequently with modifying word.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > [noun] > between persons, communities, etc. > relations > between nations or states

relations1606

power relation1902

1606 J. Clapham Hist. Great Brit. sig. A3 The imperfect relations of the dismembred governments of the Saxons and English, in the South parts of the Ile.

1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. iii. xiii. 50 For he made a successefull voyage into Ireland..and stood on honourable termes in all Foraine Relations.

1767 J. Steuart Inq. Polit. Oecon. I. ii. xxvi. 372 We have laid aside the consideration of foreign relations.

1797 J. Adams in Amer. State Papers (1833) I. 40 The minister of foreign relations informed the recalled American minister that [etc.].

1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. I. vi. 358 His chief praise, however, was his management of continental relations.

1861 M. Pattison in Westm. Rev. Apr. 409 Our commercial relations with the Baltic cities.

1907 Catholic Encycl. I. 295/2 The inimical relations between Spain and Portugal occasioned by the latter's establishment of independence.

1976 Billings (Montana) Gaz. 7 July 3 a/2 Sudanese President Jaafar Numeiry broke off diplomatic relations with Libya.

2002 Time 4 Feb. 41/2 The President has normalized relations with Iran's Arab neighbors..and improved ties with Germany, France and Britain.

c. In plural. The social interactions that occur and feelings that exist between two or more people or groups of people.community, human, industrial, public, race relations, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > [noun] > between persons, communities, etc. > relations

belonginga1616

relationsa1622

community relations1884

a1622 N. Byfield Comm. 2nd Chapter of 1st Epist. St. Peter (1623) 694 The Apostle doth not onely repeat the substance of a Subiect's duty to his Soueraigne; but withall, doth summarily commend vnto them the description of an absolute Subiect or Citizen in all his relations.

1686 E. Waller Poems (ed. 5) 258 Just unto all Relations known, A worthy Patriot, Pious Son.

1745 Bp. J. Butler Serm. in Wks. (1874) II. 276 They ought to be instructed..in what is suitable to the highest relations in which we stand.

1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xliv. 670 Our relations to each other are various and infinite.

1865 R. W. Dale Jewish Temple xx. 221 By the death of Christ new relations were established between God and man.

1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar vi. 49 Between mother and child the relations had been affectionate and happy.

1909 Chatterbox 330/1 Relations between Mr. Jasper Grant..and his ‘subordinate’..were somewhat strained.

1977 N.Y. Times 23 July 18 Neighbor distrusts neighbor... Social relations are becoming adversarial.

2005 R. Hayhoe in C. Li Bridging Minds across Pacific ii. 28 The class system maintained the atmosphere of the college, with very close relations among students of each year.

d. In plural. Short for sexual relations n. at sexual adj. and n. Compounds 2. Frequently in to have relations.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > sexual activity > [noun] > sexual intercourse

ymonec950

moneOE

meanc1175

manredc1275

swivinga1300

couplec1320

companyc1330

fellowred1340

the service of Venusc1350

miskissinga1387

fellowshipc1390

meddlinga1398

carnal knowinga1400

flesha1400

knowledgea1400

knowledginga1400

japec1400

commoning?c1425

commixtionc1429

itc1440

communicationc1450

couplingc1475

mellingc1480

carnality1483

copulation1483

mixturea1500

Venus act?1507

Venus exercise?1507

Venus play?1507

Venus work?1507

conversation?c1510

flesh-company1522

act?1532

carnal knowledge1532

occupying?1544

congression1546

soil1555

conjunction1567

fucking1568

rem in re1568

commixture1573

coiture1574

shaking of the sheets?1577

cohabitation1579

bedding1589

congress1589

union1598

embrace1599

making-outa1601

rutting1600

noddy1602

poop-noddy1606

conversinga1610

carnal confederacy1610

wapping1610

businessa1612

coition1615

doinga1616

amation1623

commerce1624

hot cocklesa1627

other thing1628

buck1632

act of love1638

commistion1658

subagitation1658

cuntc1664

coit1671

intimacy1676

the last favour1676

quiffing1686

old hat1697

correspondence1698

frigging1708

Moll Peatley1711

coitus1713

sexual intercourse1753

shagging1772

connection1791

intercourse1803

interunion1822

greens1846

tail1846

copula1864

poking1864

fuckeea1866

sex relation1871

wantonizing1884

belly-flopping1893

twatting1893

jelly roll1895

mattress-jig1896

sex1900

screwing1904

jazz1918

zig-zig1918

other1922

booty1926

pigmeat1926

jazzing1927

poontang1927

relations1927

whoopee1928

nookie1930

hump1931

jig-a-jig1932

homework1933

quickie1933

nasty1934

jig-jig1935

crumpet1936

pussy1937

Sir Berkeley1937

pom-pom1945

poon1947

charvering1954

mollocking1959

leg1967

rumpy-pumpy1968

shafting1971

home plate1972

pata-pata1977

bonking1985

legover1985

knobbing1986

rumpo1986

fanny1993

1927 Weekly Disp. 26 June 1 A group within the Church in America..sanctions an ‘open mind’ on the subject of relations between the sexes without marriage.

1963 M. McCarthy Group i. 23 She and Mother had talked it over and agreed that if you were in love and engaged to a nice young man you perhaps ought to have relations once to make sure of a happy adjustment.

1981 G. Swift Shuttlecock xi. 76 Did you always have good, healthy relations with your wife?

1998 B. Kingsolver Poisonwood Bible (1999) v. 404 We have relations any old time we feel like it, which by the way I don't think is the worst sin there is.

4. Law. Treatment of a decision, adjudication, etc., as having legal effect from a date earlier than that on which it was made; retrospective validity. Frequently in relation back. Cf. relate v. 3.figurative in quot. 1605.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > [noun] > reference to an earlier date

relation1491

1491 Act 7 Henry VII c. 19 in Statutes of Realm (1816) II. 563 The seid Proviso hath relacion to the seid vj day of October the whiche was before the same feoffement.

1598 Termes Lawes 162 The thing subsequent is said to take his effect, by relation, at the time preceding.

1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. G1 The propositions of Euclyde..being demonstrate, our mind accepteth of them by a kind of relation (as the Lawyers speak) as if we had knowne them before.

1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. (1648) iii. xviii. 70 A relation which is but a fiction in law, shall never make a man a felon.

1642 tr. J. Perkins Profitable Bk. i. §9. 5 It shall have relation unto the time from the first deliverie.

1749 J. Salthouse Wood's Compl. Body Conveyancing i. vi. §8 (O). 712 In this Case the Dower of the Woman shall be taken away by Relation.

1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 182 The use of the wife's estate..being then awakened, had relation back, and took effect from the original time of creation.

1846 Rep. Cases Courts of Exchequer VI. 57 When he makes the election by dismissing the servant, it takes effect by relation from the time of the act committed.

1868 Law Times 11 Apr. 448/2 The separation was voluntary, and..the breach of his contract by the husband could not by relation back make it involuntary.

1903 Columbia Law Rev. 3 277 Before acceptance the instrument does not take effect as a deed, but..when accepted, it takes effect by relation from the first delivery.

1983 Stanford Law Rev. 35 315 Relation back extends the statute of limitations only after the plaintiff files suit.

1995 Times (Nexis) 1 Feb. The execution creditor..did not find that his security had been divested by the doctrine of relation back.

a. A person related to another by blood or marriage; a relative (frequently in plural). Also as a mass noun: †a person's relatives; family (obsolete).blood, poor relation: see first element.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > relations or kindred > [noun]

kinc825

sibOE

kindredOE

sibness?a1300

kindc1325

affinity1357

cousinagea1382

cognationc1384

kinhoodc1440

kinsfolkc1450

evenkina1500

relation1502

kindsfolk1555

folks1715

cousinhood1748

loved onea1756

parentage1768

concerns1818

belonging1842

cousinry1844

cousinship1865

kinspeople1866

kinfolk1873

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > [noun]

gadlingeOE

sibmanOE

friendOE

sibOE

siblingOE

kinsmanc1175

friendmana1200

kinc1200

cousinc1300

allyc1380

kindreda1450

parent?c1450

alliancec1475

lyance1502

relation1502

relate1651

relative1657

relator1665

family member1673

correlative1697

relater1702

rellie1921

rello1982

1502 King Henry VII in Lett. Kings Eng. (1846) I. 191 His cousin and relation the king of Spain.

1626 J. Mead Let. 11 Feb. in R. F. Williams Birch's Court & Times Charles I (1848) (modernized text) I. 81 Dr. Smith, a man relation to Audley End..hath the mastership of Magdalen.

1653 Bp. J. Taylor 25 Serm. Golden Grove vi. 72 He hath need of a great stock of piety, who is first to provide for his own necessities, and then to give portions to a numerous relation.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 133 Their Friends attend the Herse, the next Relations Mourn.

1713 R. Steele in Guardian 31 Mar. 2/1 He led her to a Relation's House.

1761 G. G. Beekman Let. 9 Feb. in Beekman Mercantile Papers (1956) I. 371 If you are not too publick in your Enquiry youl find him with one or the other of his Relation.

1773 O. Goldsmith She stoops to Conquer ii. 38 I hope, cousin, one may speak to one's own relations, and not be to blame.

1851 J. Ruskin Stones of Venice I. App. v. 352 In the year 1434, the relations of Churchmen were declared ineligible to the post of ambassador at Rome.

1870 C. Dickens Edwin Drood ix. 54 Rosa, having no relation that she knew of.

1908 L. M. Montgomery Anne of Green Gables viii. 78 I've never had an aunt or any relation at all—not even a grandmother.

1943 M. McLaverty White Mare & Other Stories 95 He was unmarried, and like most of my relations he was bald.

1999 Writing Mag. Dec. 55/2 If..you want to give copies of your autobiography to friends and relations, then the vanity route might have merit.

b. The connection existing between people who are related by blood or marriage; kinship; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > [noun]

sibOE

kindredOE

sibredlOE

sibnessa1250

sib-lawc1275

kindheadc1325

cousinagec1350

kinheada1375

affinitya1382

kindnessc1390

parentelec1390

parentelac1415

parentage1548

relation1561

cousinship1570

connatenessa1652

relationship1724

kindredship1733

connection1773

familyhood1808

kindredness1826

kinsmanship1842

1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. i. xiii. f. 38 When we make mention of the relation betweene him and his Father, then we rightly make the Father the beginning of the Sonne.

1638 A. Henderson Serm., Prayers & Pulpit Addresses (1867) 392 It may be called misnurturedness in me to go to him, who has not any relation to him, as David had.

1660 Bp. J. Taylor Ductor Dubitantium I. ii. ii. 303 Affinity makes conjunctions and relations equal to those of Consanguinity.

1758 S. Hayward Seventeen Serm. xvii. 531 The relation is as real as that of husband and wife.

1771 B. Franklin Let. 17 July in Papers (1974) XVIII. 187 What is this Relation called? Is it third Cousins?

1804 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. III. 443 In the maternal line, Hannah Willis and Susan Bates stand in the same point of relation with the two above named.

1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Leila iv. iii. 189 Their relation almost seemed reversed, and the daughter to be as a mother watching over her offspring.

1922 Jrnl. Compar. Legislation & Internat. Law 4 62 Judge Edgar..seemed to think that relation by marriage would permit of an adoption being allowed.

2003 L. D. Sciama Venetian Island (2006) iv. 102 She and her husband were second cousins—a degree of relation for which dispensation was easily granted.

Phrases

P1. to have (also make) relation to: to have (or make) reference or allusion to; to be related to. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1433 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. July 1433 §56. m. 3 Þat þis said worde cloth..have relation and understondyng to hole clothes..and not to other clothes.

c1450 ( J. Walton tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Linc. Cathedral 103) 130 (MED) Bot goodes of þe body..To þise forseide [sc. higher goods] haue relacioun [L. referantur].

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 353 Whan so ever we use in our tonge ‘the whiche’..makyng relacion to a substantyve or pronowne spoken of in the sentence next goynge before.

1596 T. Danett tr. P. de Commynes Hist. ii. i. 47 (note) These words haue relation to the Earle of Charolois returne into Flanders.

1650 J. Trapp Clavis to Bible (Gen. l. 2) 384 Some think the Apostle hath relation to this, in that 1 Cor. 15. 29.

1661 in R. Wodrow Hist. Sufferings Church of Scotl. (1829) I. 179/1 Relation is made to the pains statuted against leasingmakers.

1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. Pref. As my design was a dictionary common or appellative, I have omitted all words which have relation to proper names.

1788 A. Hamilton Federalist Papers xxiii. 146 The government of the union must be impowered to pass all laws, and to make all regulations which have relation to them.

1821 J. Bentham Elements Art of Packing 237 Relation being made to the state of the law on one hand.

1873 A. Helps Some Talk about Animals & their Masters iii. 60 It had relation to horses.

1909 T. L. George Knowledge, Life & Reality xiv. 286 This important distinction between the moral judgment..and all judgments having relation to the connection of external events, is to be noted.

1953 F. J. Whitfield tr. L. Hjelmslev Prolegomena to Theory of Lang. 46 A correlation in one plane, which in this way has relation to a correlation in another plane of a language, we shall call a commutation.

P2. in (also with) relation to: with regard to, in respect of.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > in relation to [phrase]

in the matter of1465

in (also with) relation to1551

in connection with1856

the world > relative properties > relationship > [adverb] > in relation or with reference to or concerning

forasmuch1297

as to1340

as fora1393

nentesa1400

accordingc1430

as respects1543

in (also with) relation to1551

relatively1609

quoad1622

referently1650

on, upon the score (of)1651

on account of1653

schetically1678

with a view to1692

apropos1749

as regards1797

in the matter of1881

in aid of1918

wise1942

1551 S. Gardiner Explic. Catholique Fayth f. 136 Christes bodye..is truely present, & therfore really present, corporally also & but yet supper naturally, with relation to the truth of the body present.

1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie i. viii. 65 The diuiner part in relation vnto the baser of our soules.

1660 R. Allestree Gentlemans Calling vii. 127 In relation to such his Servants, he is of all other Masters the most bountiful.

1680 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. x. 178 The heighth of the Legs with relation to the intended work.

1724 A. Collins Disc. Grounds Christian Relig. 184 That proves nothing in relation to the present Samaritans.

1772 H. Mackenzie Man of World ii. xi It is only with relation to those we love that prosperity can produce happiness.

1818 H. T. Colebrooke On Import Colonial Corn 7 It is not so in relation to the more distant colonies.

1852 H. Rogers Eclipse of Faith 2 Your nephew..has, in relation to religion at least, become an absolute sceptic!

1938 A. E. Clayton Performance & Design Direct Current Machines (ed. 2) xv. 321 Each set of positive brushes being staggered with relation to the previous set of positive brushes.

1988 W. M. Clarke Secret Life Wilkie Collins xii. 143 He again had occasion to seek help in relation to Martha's landlord.

2004 H. Kennedy Just Law (2005) viii. 170 Female lawyers began to show how the law disadvantaged women, particularly in relation to part-time work.

†P3. by relation: by implication, as a consequence; hence. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > consequently or as a result [phrase]

unto so micklec1390

per consequencec1395

by suing?a1425

by consequent1489

by relation1565

of consequence1573

by consequence1581

occasion1634

in suit ofa1652

in consequence of1683

owing to1744

in consequence1775

in the wake of1866

1565 N. Sanders Supper of Our Lord iii. f. 152^v Two things are to be noted in this comparison, the one is the real presence of life: the other is the hauing of it by gift, and by relation to a farther cause or beginning.

1643 Five Years of King James 2 He established a peace..with all neighbour Princes, and by relation through all Europe.

1680 R. Morden Geogr. Rectified (1685) 426 They strictly forbid their People to speak of Religion, and by Relation as little to profess it.

P4. no relation: used parenthetically to indicate that a person is not related to another despite having the same surname.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > [noun] > no relation

unsibc1175

stranger1535

unkinsman1608

non-relative1848

no relation1883

1883 D. Murray York Buildings Company 62 Both he and his successor the above-mentioned Rev. John Grant (no relation) were ministers of the parish for 56 years each.

1930 E. M. Brent-Dyer Chalet Girls in Camp xii. 175 Except..Ruth Wynyard, Lilli van Huysen, and Greta Macdonald—no relation!—all of them had been her [sc. Mrs. Macdonald's] pupils.

1977 Private Eye 13 May 14/1 We shall see much more of it now that Mr Moss Evans (no relation) has been elected to one of the two highest offices in the land, as General Secretary of the TGWU.

1992 Independent 29 Dec. 20/3 Big bulging lallies headed by reigning champion Magnus Ver Magnusson (no relation).

Compounds

relation-axis adj. Linguistics (in the terminology of L. Bloomfield) involving or consisting of a word expressing a relation and another with respect to which the relation holds.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic relations > [adjective]

relation-axis1933

1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. 267 They [sc. English substantive expressions] occur in the position of axis in the relation-axis construction (beside John), with a positional meaning of, say, ‘center from which a relation holds good’.

1964 E. A. Nida Toward Sci. Translating iv. 57 In the phrases through the house, behind the store, and in the shed, the relationship between the prepositions through, behind, and in and the following immediate constituents (consisting of the noun with preposed determiner the) may be described as ‘relation-axis’.

2007 P. H. Matthews Syntactic Relations iii. 35 Beside me had for Bloomfield a ‘relation-axis’ construction.

† relation-maker n. Obsolete a person who relates or reports something, a narrator.

ΚΠ

1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant d ij b Those who therein are called Relation-makers, nay and the ancient Historians themselves.

relation word n. Grammar a word expressing relation between other words or groups of words, as a preposition or conjunction; = relational n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > other parts of speech > [noun] > relative or connective

referent1635

connective1751

subjunctivea1831

link-word1871

relational1895

relation word1909

relator1933

relativizer1941

1909 Elem. School Teacher 9 413 The preposition is a relation-word.

1962 J. Söderlind in F. Behre Contrib. Eng. Syntax 117 Of-groups where of is a pure relation-word.

2003 D. N. Stamos Species Probl. v. 336 Relation words, it is clear, serve a purpose in enabling us to assert facts which would otherwise be unstatable.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	relation
释义	relationn. Brit. /rᵻˈleɪʃn/, U.S. /rəˈleɪʃ(ə)n/, /riˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ Forms: Middle English relacione, Middle English relacioun, Middle English relacioune, Middle English relacoun, Middle English relacyoun, Middle English relatiun, Middle English–1500s relacyon, Middle English–1600s relacion, Middle English– relation, 1500s relacon, 1500s relacyowne, 1500s relatiown, 1500s relatiowne, 1500s–1600s relatyon; Scottish pre-1700 relacion, pre-1700 relacioun, pre-1700 relacyon, pre-1700 relatione, pre-1700 relatioun, pre-1700 relatioune, pre-1700 relatyown, pre-1700 relesion, pre-1700 1700s– relation, 1700s reelapcon (probably transmission error). Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French relation; Latin relātiōn-, relātiō. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman relacioun, Anglo-Norman and Middle French relation, relacion (French relation ) report, account (a1227 in Old French, earliest in faire relation ; compare to make relation at sense 1a), connection, bond (1267), report (in court), testimony (1284), travel narrative (1602), connection between people (1657), (in geometry) relationship of two quantities with reference to their size (1765), sexual relations (1875) and its etymon classical Latin relātiōn-, relātiō action of laying a matter before the Senate, motion so introduced, action of referring a case back to the original magistrate, (in rhetoric) balancing of opposites, reference (of a thing) to some standard or measure of comparison, action of giving or sending in return, repayment, action of narrating, narration, recital, action of carrying back, in post-classical Latin also (in philosophy) connection, association (from 11th cent. in British sources), kinship (1239 in a British source) < relāt- , past participial stem of referre refer v. (compare relate v.) + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan relation (mid 14th cent.), Catalan relació (14th cent.), Spanish relación (second half of the 13th cent.), Portuguese relação (1390), Italian relazione (a1308). Compare later relate v. 1. a. The action of giving an account of something; narration, report. In early use also in †to make relation: to relate, recount. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > narration > [noun] spellc888 talec1000 telling?c1225 relationc1390 fablec1400 collationc1430 deliverance1431 narrationc1449 exposition1460 recounting1485 deducing1530 recital1565 delivery1592 reporting1603 retailing1609 recountmenta1616 narrative1748 narrating1802 deducement1820 recountal1825 retailment1832 the mind > language > speech > speak [verb (intransitive)] > speak of or mention > refer or allude to to make relationc1390 refer1557 relate1637 c1390 in J. Slater Early Scots Texts (Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Edinb.) (1952) No. 19 We haue vndirstand be the commoun voyce of the countre and all sa be relacion of sum other. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vi. 2254 (MED) Nectanabus..relacion Makth to the queene hou sche schal do. 1425 in C. Innes Liber Sancte Marie de Melros (1837) 545 The sayd assyse gert be sworn mony worthy diuerse men to make suthfast relacion. c1475 Advice to Lovers in J. O. Halliwell Select. Minor Poems J. Lydgate (1840) 36 A riche man who, by commoun relacioun, Had gret power and myhte. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde ii. iii. f. 65 He knewe by relation of owre men, wherof owre swoordes were made. 1578 T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara Pleasant Hist. Conquest W. India 10 He brought perfect relation how the Countrey was riche of gold and silver. 1601 W. Cornwallis Ess. II. xlviii. sig. Mm4^v I like no Relation so well, as what mine eye telleth me. 1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 1595 Give us if thou canst..Relation more particular and distinct. View more context for this quotation 1725 D. Defoe New Voy. round World i. 1 Whatever Success they have had in the Voyage, they have had very little in the Relation. 1800 S. T. Coleridge Let. 9 Oct. (1895) I. 337 As to myself, I am doing little worth the relation. 1866 G. MacDonald Ann. Quiet Neighb. (1878) xii. 236 The early spring will detain me with the relation of just a single incident. 1906 J. H. Howard In Shadow of Pines i. 11 There was a break in the relation of the story. 1970 K. G. Heider Dugum Dani (2006) vi. 190 This is not the public recounting of myths or legends by wise old men but rather the dramatic relation of events and experiences. 2002 E. M. Gerli Medieval Iberia (2003) 281/2 The mentality of the bestiary..gives moral interpretation a status equal or superior to that of the relation of facts. b. An instance of relating or narrating something; a narrative, an account, a statement. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > narration > [noun] > a narrative or account talec1200 historyc1230 sawc1320 tellinga1325 treatisec1374 chroniclec1380 process?1387 legendc1390 prosec1390 pistlec1395 treatc1400 relationc1425 rehearsal?a1439 report?a1439 narrationc1449 recorda1450 count1477 redec1480 story1489 recount1490 deductiona1532 repetition1533 narrative1539 discourse1546 account1561 recital1561 enarrative1575 legendary1577 enarration1592 recite1594 repeat1609 texture1611 recitation1614 rendera1616 prospect1625 recitement1646 tell1743 diegesis1829 récit1915 narrative line1953 c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) iv. 5311 (MED) Þei fully trust and leue, With-oute fraude, my relacioun. c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn 2798 (MED) Report hem wele..And aftir thy relacioune, wee shall so turn..That they shull be a-combrit, and we ryȝt wel to scape. a1513 W. Dunbar Poems (1998) I. 249 My brethir oft hes maid the supplicationis Be epistillis, sermonis and relationis. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cxxv The kyng of Englande..sent thether his Ambassade,..who in the begynning made his relation. 1596 W. Raleigh Discoverie Guiana (new ed.) (title page) A relation of the great and Golden Citie of Manoa. 1655 H. More Antidote against Atheism (ed. 2) iii. iii. 173 I will onely adde one Relation more of this nature. 1694 W. Salmon Pharmacopœia Bateana i. vii. 314/1 I give this Relation..to convince..those Homicides of their Barbarity and Male practise. 1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 526. ⁋3 I heard this Relation this Morning from a Gentleman who was an Eye-Witness. 1762 O. Goldsmith Citizen of World II. 171 Let them but read the relations of their own travellers. 1801 M. Edgeworth Prussian Vase in Moral Tales iii. 26 The countess..related the circumstances... Albert heard her relation with astonishment. 1891 J. Winsor Columbus i. 1 Of such, whether memoirs, relations, or letters, sixty-four are preserved in their entirety. 1938 S. Beckett Murphy ii. 18 Celia now came to that part of her relation which she rather despaired of explaining. 1963 D. C. Lunt in H. D. Thoreau River 9 The reader may savour his relation of this riparian excursion as a piece of pastoral writing. 2006 L. Eckstein Re-membering Black Atlantic i. 21 Trauma ultimately renders the narrative operation impossible, in that neither a meaningful relation of events nor their temporal configuration succeeds. c. Law. An account of a complaint or claim made for the Attorney General by a relator (relator n. 3); the laying of an information (information n. 5a). Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > [noun] > complaint in respect of civil claim plaintc1300 quarrela1325 relation1593 complaint- 1593 R. Cosin Apol. for Sundrie Proc. (rev. ed.) iii. viii. 109 Yet in very deede, euery relation made to a Magistrate by such, as will not prosecute..is not by any law..holden for an accusation. 1632 in S. R. Gardiner Rep. Cases Star Chamber & High Comm. (1886) 145 The Kings Attorney generall against my Lord Viscount Savill and others by relation of Sir John Jackson. 1680 Tryal Thomas Earl of Strafford i. 139 An Information was Exhibited by Sir George Ratcliffe, then the Kings Attorney at Yorke, by relation of Francis Musgrave. 1710 Act 9 Anne c. 20 §4 Informations..at the Relation of any Person or Persons desiring to sue or prosecute the same. 1798 A. J. Dallas Rep. Cases U.S. & Pennsylvania 2 112 There is..a..distinction between informations filed by the Attorney General, and those filed by him at the relation of a private person. 1818 Times 19 Dec. 3/1 (heading) The Attorney-General, at the relation of the Marquis of Blandford and the Hon. Agar Ellis, v. His Grace the Duke of Marlborough. 1885 Law Rep.: Queen's Bench Div. 14 246 A proceeding by way of information by the Attorney-General at the relation of the Board of Works. 1903 Michigan Law Rev. 1 324 Quo warranto proceedings were brought on the relation of the attorney general against the defendants. 1950 A. B. Levy Private Corporations & their Control (2000) II. iv. 694 The Attorney General will as a rule not bring action without a relation (complaint). 2. a. An attribute denoting or concept expressing a connection, correspondence, or contrast between different things; a particular way in which one thing or idea is connected or associated with another or others; a link, a correlation; the fact of being so connected, associated, etc.; connection, association. Frequently with to, between, or with.external, internal relation: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > [noun] yokeOE relationa1398 respecta1398 report1523 society?1545 habitude1561 conjugation1605 necessitudea1626 attinency1632 dependencea1634 belonginga1648 respectiveness1650 nexure1652 synapsis1655 relative1657 rapport1660 proportion1664 schesis1678 relationship1724 appurtenance1846 relationality1866 interosculation1883 tie-up1927 tie-in1934 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 9 Nociones beþ fyve..paternitas & innascibilitas, Filiacio, processio, & comunis spiracio..þese..notifieth þe persones, & oþir while þey beeth I-clepid..relaciones, for þerby þe persones beþ referred vnto oþir. 1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton) iv. xxvi. f. lxxj^v Somme manere of correspondence or relacion must nedes ben bytwene the two that ben y lyke. 1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. xxiii. 219 So as there be found a iust correspondencie betweene them by this or that relation. 1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke 76 To make your descant carrie some forme of relation to the plaine song. 1620 T. Granger Syntagma Logicum 245 It is relation of time, or of the cause. 1690 J. Locke Ess. Humane Understanding ii. xxv. 151 The nature..of Relation, consists in the referring, or comparing two things, one to another. 1730 A. Gordon tr. F. S. Maffei Compl. Hist. Anc. Amphitheatres 328 The Manner how they were placed..has a good deal of relation with the Nature of the internal Form of the Building. 1782 J. Priestley Hist. Corruptions Christianity I. Pref. 20 Some of my materials bear an equal relation to several..subjects. 1816 R. Jameson Treat. External Characters Minerals (ed. 2) 168 The nucleus increases on its part, always preserving the same relation with the entire crystal. 1879 G. C. Harlan Eyesight ix. 131 The size and form of the desk, and its relation to the seat, are not without their effect upon the welfare of the eyes. 1922 D. Jones Outl. Eng. Phonetics (ed. 2) p. ii By referring the vowels of all languages to a set of Cardinal Vowels, the relations between them are made clearer. 1939 J. B. Morton Bonfire of Weeds viii. 190 A rather highbrow discussion..that has little relation to the average man's life or activities. 1988 A. Phillips Winnicott i. 1 Darwin had examined living things to explain their relation to each other. 2002 Statesman (India) (Nexis) 13 Apr. It has not been easy..to establish a relation between the incidence of cancer and a certain level of exposure to asbestos. b. Logic and Mathematics. An association between, or property of, ordered pairs or larger sets of objects, numbers, etc.equivalence, identity, recurrence relation, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > predicate or propositional logic > [noun] > propositional relation relation1856 1856 A. De Morgan in Trans. Cambr. Philos. Soc. 9 83 I think it reasonably probable that the advance of symbolic logic will lead to a calculus of opposite relations, for mere inference, as general as that of + and − in algebra. 1870 C. S. Peirce Coll. Papers (1933) III. iii. §47. 28 Inclusion in or being as small as is a transitive relation. 1885 W. James in Mind 10 32 No relation-expressing proposition is possible except on the basis of a preliminary acquaintance with such ‘facts’..as this. 1910 A. N. Whitehead & B. Russell Principia Mathematica I. §30. 245 Functions of this kind always mean ‘the term having such and such a relation to x’. 1940 W. V. Quine Math. Logic v. 201 Relations in the sense here considered are known, more particularly, as dyadic relations. 1965 G. E. Hughes & D. G. Londey Elements Formal Logic xxxix. 272 Such relations are said to be non-symmetrical relations. Examples are: ‘implies’, ‘brother of’. 2004 D. Szecsei Compl. Idiot's Guide to Geom. iii. 31 I will define a relation between [line] segments, which I will call segment congruence. c. Computing. Each of the elementary two-dimensional data structures into which information is organized in a relational database, of which a table is a concrete representation. ΚΠ 1968 Diss. Abstr. B. 29 180/1 The algorithm that constitutes the third contribution extracts the cyclic sets of sets from symmetric relation tables. 1970 E. F. Codd in Communications Assoc. Computing Machinery 13 377/1 The principal application of relations to data systems has been to deductive question-answering systems. 1983 Austral. Personal Computer Nov. 64/2 If the database is extended to include new kinds of data, all that is needed is the creation of new relations. 2002 Jrnl. Database Managem. (Nexis) July–Sept. 34 The relational database design concepts were developed without considering missing information in relations. 3. a. The position which one person holds with regard to another by means of social or other mutual connections; the connection of people by circumstances, feelings, etc. As a count noun: a relationship. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > [noun] > between persons, communities, etc. relationc1485 correspondency1588 intelligence1597 correspondence1599 necessitude1612 correlation1649 connection1768 belongingness1854 association1882 intercommunalism1971 c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Gouernaunce of Princis (1993) xxxvi. 119 Sik a man sall set him..to mak gude relacioun and concord betuix the, and thy..nychtbouris. 1630 T. Taylor Progresse of Saints 196 A man regenerate may be said to be blamelesse, and throughly renewed..In respect of his relation with Christ. 1650 T. Bayly Worcesters Apophthegmes 63 As it was commonly observ'd by all the Servants, that had nearest relation to him. 1729 W. Law Serious Call xxiv. 488 If..our relation to God be our greatest relation. 1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. ii. 142 The most universal public relation, by which men are collected together, is that of government. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. i. 60 The opinions of the Puritan concerning the relation of ruler and subject. 1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. iii. 99 The relation of every man to his lord was a relation of homage. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 299/2 It is popularly used of a relation between persons amounting to more than goodwill or friendship. 1989 I. Murdoch Message to Planet i. 7 He felt that his father, with whom he had a close though extremely strained and laconic relation, was disappointed in him. 2002 N. Noddings Starting at Home 2 At least two parties are involved in every caring encounter and both contribute actively to the relation. b. In plural. The various ways by which a country, state, etc., maintains political or economic contact with another. Frequently with modifying word. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > [noun] > between persons, communities, etc. > relations > between nations or states relations1606 power relation1902 1606 J. Clapham Hist. Great Brit. sig. A3 The imperfect relations of the dismembred governments of the Saxons and English, in the South parts of the Ile. 1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. iii. xiii. 50 For he made a successefull voyage into Ireland..and stood on honourable termes in all Foraine Relations. 1767 J. Steuart Inq. Polit. Oecon. I. ii. xxvi. 372 We have laid aside the consideration of foreign relations. 1797 J. Adams in Amer. State Papers (1833) I. 40 The minister of foreign relations informed the recalled American minister that [etc.]. 1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. I. vi. 358 His chief praise, however, was his management of continental relations. 1861 M. Pattison in Westm. Rev. Apr. 409 Our commercial relations with the Baltic cities. 1907 Catholic Encycl. I. 295/2 The inimical relations between Spain and Portugal occasioned by the latter's establishment of independence. 1976 Billings (Montana) Gaz. 7 July 3 a/2 Sudanese President Jaafar Numeiry broke off diplomatic relations with Libya. 2002 Time 4 Feb. 41/2 The President has normalized relations with Iran's Arab neighbors..and improved ties with Germany, France and Britain. c. In plural. The social interactions that occur and feelings that exist between two or more people or groups of people.community, human, industrial, public, race relations, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > [noun] > between persons, communities, etc. > relations belonginga1616 relationsa1622 community relations1884 a1622 N. Byfield Comm. 2nd Chapter of 1st Epist. St. Peter (1623) 694 The Apostle doth not onely repeat the substance of a Subiect's duty to his Soueraigne; but withall, doth summarily commend vnto them the description of an absolute Subiect or Citizen in all his relations. 1686 E. Waller Poems (ed. 5) 258 Just unto all Relations known, A worthy Patriot, Pious Son. 1745 Bp. J. Butler Serm. in Wks. (1874) II. 276 They ought to be instructed..in what is suitable to the highest relations in which we stand. 1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xliv. 670 Our relations to each other are various and infinite. 1865 R. W. Dale Jewish Temple xx. 221 By the death of Christ new relations were established between God and man. 1879 J. A. Froude Cæsar vi. 49 Between mother and child the relations had been affectionate and happy. 1909 Chatterbox 330/1 Relations between Mr. Jasper Grant..and his ‘subordinate’..were somewhat strained. 1977 N.Y. Times 23 July 18 Neighbor distrusts neighbor... Social relations are becoming adversarial. 2005 R. Hayhoe in C. Li Bridging Minds across Pacific ii. 28 The class system maintained the atmosphere of the college, with very close relations among students of each year. d. In plural. Short for sexual relations n. at sexual adj. and n. Compounds 2. Frequently in to have relations. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > sexual activity > [noun] > sexual intercourse ymonec950 moneOE meanc1175 manredc1275 swivinga1300 couplec1320 companyc1330 fellowred1340 the service of Venusc1350 miskissinga1387 fellowshipc1390 meddlinga1398 carnal knowinga1400 flesha1400 knowledgea1400 knowledginga1400 japec1400 commoning?c1425 commixtionc1429 itc1440 communicationc1450 couplingc1475 mellingc1480 carnality1483 copulation1483 mixturea1500 Venus act?1507 Venus exercise?1507 Venus play?1507 Venus work?1507 conversation?c1510 flesh-company1522 act?1532 carnal knowledge1532 occupying?1544 congression1546 soil1555 conjunction1567 fucking1568 rem in re1568 commixture1573 coiture1574 shaking of the sheets?1577 cohabitation1579 bedding1589 congress1589 union1598 embrace1599 making-outa1601 rutting1600 noddy1602 poop-noddy1606 conversinga1610 carnal confederacy1610 wapping1610 businessa1612 coition1615 doinga1616 amation1623 commerce1624 hot cocklesa1627 other thing1628 buck1632 act of love1638 commistion1658 subagitation1658 cuntc1664 coit1671 intimacy1676 the last favour1676 quiffing1686 old hat1697 correspondence1698 frigging1708 Moll Peatley1711 coitus1713 sexual intercourse1753 shagging1772 connection1791 intercourse1803 interunion1822 greens1846 tail1846 copula1864 poking1864 fuckeea1866 sex relation1871 wantonizing1884 belly-flopping1893 twatting1893 jelly roll1895 mattress-jig1896 sex1900 screwing1904 jazz1918 zig-zig1918 other1922 booty1926 pigmeat1926 jazzing1927 poontang1927 relations1927 whoopee1928 nookie1930 hump1931 jig-a-jig1932 homework1933 quickie1933 nasty1934 jig-jig1935 crumpet1936 pussy1937 Sir Berkeley1937 pom-pom1945 poon1947 charvering1954 mollocking1959 leg1967 rumpy-pumpy1968 shafting1971 home plate1972 pata-pata1977 bonking1985 legover1985 knobbing1986 rumpo1986 fanny1993 1927 Weekly Disp. 26 June 1 A group within the Church in America..sanctions an ‘open mind’ on the subject of relations between the sexes without marriage. 1963 M. McCarthy Group i. 23 She and Mother had talked it over and agreed that if you were in love and engaged to a nice young man you perhaps ought to have relations once to make sure of a happy adjustment. 1981 G. Swift Shuttlecock xi. 76 Did you always have good, healthy relations with your wife? 1998 B. Kingsolver Poisonwood Bible (1999) v. 404 We have relations any old time we feel like it, which by the way I don't think is the worst sin there is. 4. Law. Treatment of a decision, adjudication, etc., as having legal effect from a date earlier than that on which it was made; retrospective validity. Frequently in relation back. Cf. relate v. 3.figurative in quot. 1605. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > general proceedings > [noun] > reference to an earlier date relation1491 1491 Act 7 Henry VII c. 19 in Statutes of Realm (1816) II. 563 The seid Proviso hath relacion to the seid vj day of October the whiche was before the same feoffement. 1598 Termes Lawes 162 The thing subsequent is said to take his effect, by relation, at the time preceding. 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. G1 The propositions of Euclyde..being demonstrate, our mind accepteth of them by a kind of relation (as the Lawyers speak) as if we had knowne them before. View more context for this quotation 1628 E. Coke 1st Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. (1648) iii. xviii. 70 A relation which is but a fiction in law, shall never make a man a felon. 1642 tr. J. Perkins Profitable Bk. i. §9. 5 It shall have relation unto the time from the first deliverie. 1749 J. Salthouse Wood's Compl. Body Conveyancing i. vi. §8 (O). 712 In this Case the Dower of the Woman shall be taken away by Relation. 1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 182 The use of the wife's estate..being then awakened, had relation back, and took effect from the original time of creation. 1846 Rep. Cases Courts of Exchequer VI. 57 When he makes the election by dismissing the servant, it takes effect by relation from the time of the act committed. 1868 Law Times 11 Apr. 448/2 The separation was voluntary, and..the breach of his contract by the husband could not by relation back make it involuntary. 1903 Columbia Law Rev. 3 277 Before acceptance the instrument does not take effect as a deed, but..when accepted, it takes effect by relation from the first delivery. 1983 Stanford Law Rev. 35 315 Relation back extends the statute of limitations only after the plaintiff files suit. 1995 Times (Nexis) 1 Feb. The execution creditor..did not find that his security had been divested by the doctrine of relation back. 5. a. A person related to another by blood or marriage; a relative (frequently in plural). Also as a mass noun: †a person's relatives; family (obsolete).blood, poor relation: see first element. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > relations or kindred > [noun] kinc825 sibOE kindredOE sibness?a1300 kindc1325 affinity1357 cousinagea1382 cognationc1384 kinhoodc1440 kinsfolkc1450 evenkina1500 relation1502 kindsfolk1555 folks1715 cousinhood1748 loved onea1756 parentage1768 concerns1818 belonging1842 cousinry1844 cousinship1865 kinspeople1866 kinfolk1873 society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > [noun] gadlingeOE sibmanOE friendOE sibOE siblingOE kinsmanc1175 friendmana1200 kinc1200 cousinc1300 allyc1380 kindreda1450 parent?c1450 alliancec1475 lyance1502 relation1502 relate1651 relative1657 relator1665 family member1673 correlative1697 relater1702 rellie1921 rello1982 1502 King Henry VII in Lett. Kings Eng. (1846) I. 191 His cousin and relation the king of Spain. 1626 J. Mead Let. 11 Feb. in R. F. Williams Birch's Court & Times Charles I (1848) (modernized text) I. 81 Dr. Smith, a man relation to Audley End..hath the mastership of Magdalen. 1653 Bp. J. Taylor 25 Serm. Golden Grove vi. 72 He hath need of a great stock of piety, who is first to provide for his own necessities, and then to give portions to a numerous relation. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics iv, in tr. Virgil Wks. 133 Their Friends attend the Herse, the next Relations Mourn. View more context for this quotation 1713 R. Steele in Guardian 31 Mar. 2/1 He led her to a Relation's House. 1761 G. G. Beekman Let. 9 Feb. in Beekman Mercantile Papers (1956) I. 371 If you are not too publick in your Enquiry youl find him with one or the other of his Relation. 1773 O. Goldsmith She stoops to Conquer ii. 38 I hope, cousin, one may speak to one's own relations, and not be to blame. 1851 J. Ruskin Stones of Venice I. App. v. 352 In the year 1434, the relations of Churchmen were declared ineligible to the post of ambassador at Rome. 1870 C. Dickens Edwin Drood ix. 54 Rosa, having no relation that she knew of. 1908 L. M. Montgomery Anne of Green Gables viii. 78 I've never had an aunt or any relation at all—not even a grandmother. 1943 M. McLaverty White Mare & Other Stories 95 He was unmarried, and like most of my relations he was bald. 1999 Writing Mag. Dec. 55/2 If..you want to give copies of your autobiography to friends and relations, then the vanity route might have merit. b. The connection existing between people who are related by blood or marriage; kinship; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > [noun] sibOE kindredOE sibredlOE sibnessa1250 sib-lawc1275 kindheadc1325 cousinagec1350 kinheada1375 affinitya1382 kindnessc1390 parentelec1390 parentelac1415 parentage1548 relation1561 cousinship1570 connatenessa1652 relationship1724 kindredship1733 connection1773 familyhood1808 kindredness1826 kinsmanship1842 1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. i. xiii. f. 38 When we make mention of the relation betweene him and his Father, then we rightly make the Father the beginning of the Sonne. 1638 A. Henderson Serm., Prayers & Pulpit Addresses (1867) 392 It may be called misnurturedness in me to go to him, who has not any relation to him, as David had. 1660 Bp. J. Taylor Ductor Dubitantium I. ii. ii. 303 Affinity makes conjunctions and relations equal to those of Consanguinity. 1758 S. Hayward Seventeen Serm. xvii. 531 The relation is as real as that of husband and wife. 1771 B. Franklin Let. 17 July in Papers (1974) XVIII. 187 What is this Relation called? Is it third Cousins? 1804 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. III. 443 In the maternal line, Hannah Willis and Susan Bates stand in the same point of relation with the two above named. 1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Leila iv. iii. 189 Their relation almost seemed reversed, and the daughter to be as a mother watching over her offspring. 1922 Jrnl. Compar. Legislation & Internat. Law 4 62 Judge Edgar..seemed to think that relation by marriage would permit of an adoption being allowed. 2003 L. D. Sciama Venetian Island (2006) iv. 102 She and her husband were second cousins—a degree of relation for which dispensation was easily granted. Phrases P1. to have (also make) relation to: to have (or make) reference or allusion to; to be related to. Now rare. ΚΠ 1433 Rolls of Parl.: Henry VI (Electronic ed.) Parl. July 1433 §56. m. 3 Þat þis said worde cloth..have relation and understondyng to hole clothes..and not to other clothes. c1450 ( J. Walton tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (Linc. Cathedral 103) 130 (MED) Bot goodes of þe body..To þise forseide [sc. higher goods] haue relacioun [L. referantur]. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 353 Whan so ever we use in our tonge ‘the whiche’..makyng relacion to a substantyve or pronowne spoken of in the sentence next goynge before. 1596 T. Danett tr. P. de Commynes Hist. ii. i. 47 (note) These words haue relation to the Earle of Charolois returne into Flanders. 1650 J. Trapp Clavis to Bible (Gen. l. 2) 384 Some think the Apostle hath relation to this, in that 1 Cor. 15. 29. 1661 in R. Wodrow Hist. Sufferings Church of Scotl. (1829) I. 179/1 Relation is made to the pains statuted against leasingmakers. 1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. Pref. As my design was a dictionary common or appellative, I have omitted all words which have relation to proper names. 1788 A. Hamilton Federalist Papers xxiii. 146 The government of the union must be impowered to pass all laws, and to make all regulations which have relation to them. 1821 J. Bentham Elements Art of Packing 237 Relation being made to the state of the law on one hand. 1873 A. Helps Some Talk about Animals & their Masters iii. 60 It had relation to horses. 1909 T. L. George Knowledge, Life & Reality xiv. 286 This important distinction between the moral judgment..and all judgments having relation to the connection of external events, is to be noted. 1953 F. J. Whitfield tr. L. Hjelmslev Prolegomena to Theory of Lang. 46 A correlation in one plane, which in this way has relation to a correlation in another plane of a language, we shall call a commutation. P2. in (also with) relation to: with regard to, in respect of. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > in relation to [phrase] in the matter of1465 in (also with) relation to1551 in connection with1856 the world > relative properties > relationship > [adverb] > in relation or with reference to or concerning forasmuch1297 as to1340 as fora1393 nentesa1400 accordingc1430 as respects1543 in (also with) relation to1551 relatively1609 quoad1622 referently1650 on, upon the score (of)1651 on account of1653 schetically1678 with a view to1692 apropos1749 as regards1797 in the matter of1881 in aid of1918 wise1942 1551 S. Gardiner Explic. Catholique Fayth f. 136 Christes bodye..is truely present, & therfore really present, corporally also & but yet supper naturally, with relation to the truth of the body present. 1593 R. Hooker Of Lawes Eccl. Politie i. viii. 65 The diuiner part in relation vnto the baser of our soules. 1660 R. Allestree Gentlemans Calling vii. 127 In relation to such his Servants, he is of all other Masters the most bountiful. 1680 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. x. 178 The heighth of the Legs with relation to the intended work. 1724 A. Collins Disc. Grounds Christian Relig. 184 That proves nothing in relation to the present Samaritans. 1772 H. Mackenzie Man of World ii. xi It is only with relation to those we love that prosperity can produce happiness. 1818 H. T. Colebrooke On Import Colonial Corn 7 It is not so in relation to the more distant colonies. 1852 H. Rogers Eclipse of Faith 2 Your nephew..has, in relation to religion at least, become an absolute sceptic! 1938 A. E. Clayton Performance & Design Direct Current Machines (ed. 2) xv. 321 Each set of positive brushes being staggered with relation to the previous set of positive brushes. 1988 W. M. Clarke Secret Life Wilkie Collins xii. 143 He again had occasion to seek help in relation to Martha's landlord. 2004 H. Kennedy Just Law (2005) viii. 170 Female lawyers began to show how the law disadvantaged women, particularly in relation to part-time work. †P3. by relation: by implication, as a consequence; hence. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > consequently or as a result [phrase] unto so micklec1390 per consequencec1395 by suing?a1425 by consequent1489 by relation1565 of consequence1573 by consequence1581 occasion1634 in suit ofa1652 in consequence of1683 owing to1744 in consequence1775 in the wake of1866 1565 N. Sanders Supper of Our Lord iii. f. 152^v Two things are to be noted in this comparison, the one is the real presence of life: the other is the hauing of it by gift, and by relation to a farther cause or beginning. 1643 Five Years of King James 2 He established a peace..with all neighbour Princes, and by relation through all Europe. 1680 R. Morden Geogr. Rectified (1685) 426 They strictly forbid their People to speak of Religion, and by Relation as little to profess it. P4. no relation: used parenthetically to indicate that a person is not related to another despite having the same surname. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > [noun] > no relation unsibc1175 stranger1535 unkinsman1608 non-relative1848 no relation1883 1883 D. Murray York Buildings Company 62 Both he and his successor the above-mentioned Rev. John Grant (no relation) were ministers of the parish for 56 years each. 1930 E. M. Brent-Dyer Chalet Girls in Camp xii. 175 Except..Ruth Wynyard, Lilli van Huysen, and Greta Macdonald—no relation!—all of them had been her [sc. Mrs. Macdonald's] pupils. 1977 Private Eye 13 May 14/1 We shall see much more of it now that Mr Moss Evans (no relation) has been elected to one of the two highest offices in the land, as General Secretary of the TGWU. 1992 Independent 29 Dec. 20/3 Big bulging lallies headed by reigning champion Magnus Ver Magnusson (no relation). Compounds relation-axis adj. Linguistics (in the terminology of L. Bloomfield) involving or consisting of a word expressing a relation and another with respect to which the relation holds. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic relations > [adjective] relation-axis1933 1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. 267 They [sc. English substantive expressions] occur in the position of axis in the relation-axis construction (beside John), with a positional meaning of, say, ‘center from which a relation holds good’. 1964 E. A. Nida Toward Sci. Translating iv. 57 In the phrases through the house, behind the store, and in the shed, the relationship between the prepositions through, behind, and in and the following immediate constituents (consisting of the noun with preposed determiner the) may be described as ‘relation-axis’. 2007 P. H. Matthews Syntactic Relations iii. 35 Beside me had for Bloomfield a ‘relation-axis’ construction. † relation-maker n. Obsolete a person who relates or reports something, a narrator. ΚΠ 1687 A. Lovell tr. J. de Thévenot Trav. into Levant d ij b Those who therein are called Relation-makers, nay and the ancient Historians themselves. relation word n. Grammar a word expressing relation between other words or groups of words, as a preposition or conjunction; = relational n. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > other parts of speech > [noun] > relative or connective referent1635 connective1751 subjunctivea1831 link-word1871 relational1895 relation word1909 relator1933 relativizer1941 1909 Elem. School Teacher 9 413 The preposition is a relation-word. 1962 J. Söderlind in F. Behre Contrib. Eng. Syntax 117 Of-groups where of is a pure relation-word. 2003 D. N. Stamos Species Probl. v. 336 Relation words, it is clear, serve a purpose in enabling us to assert facts which would otherwise be unstatable. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2009; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1390
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