respirationn.

Brit.

/ˌrɛspᵻˈreɪʃn/, U.S.

/ˌrɛspəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/

Forms: late Middle English respiracioun, late Middle English–1500s respiracion, 1500s respyracyon, 1500s– respiration.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French respiration; Latin respīrātiōn-, respīrātiō.

Etymology: < Middle French respiration (French respiration ) action of recovering one's breath, respite (late 14th cent.), action of breathing (15th cent.) and its etymon classical Latin respīrātiōn-, respīrātiō action of recovering one's breath, pause for breath, action or process of breathing, emission of vapour, exhalation, in post-classical Latin also respite (5th cent.) < respīrāt- , past participial stem of respīrāre respire v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan respiracio (14th cent.), Catalan respiració (15th cent.), Spanish respiración (14th cent.), Portuguese respiração (15th cent.), Italian respirazione (a1565 as †rispirazione ). Compare respire v., respirative adj.

a. The action of taking air into the lungs (or water into the gills) and expelling it again, esp. as a continuous physiological process; breathing; (with distinguishing word) breathing of a particular kind. In early use also: †exhalation or inhalation (obsolete). Cf. respire v. 1a.artificial, Cheyne-Stokes, costal respiration, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > respiratory organs > breathing > [noun]

orthOE

breatha1300

spiritc1350

aspirement1393

breathinga1398

suspiry1398

spirtc1415

respiration?a1425

respiring?a1425

windc1450

soufflement1483

anding1487

spiring1533

spiration1568

suspiration1604

aspiration1608

expiration1638

eupnœa1706

flation1708

rebreathing1877

ventilation1891

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 103 Dislocacionz of þe vpper spondilez noyeþ to swelwing; of þe middez, to respiracioun, i. breþing [?c1425 Paris brethinge oute]; of þe lower, to egestioun & vrynyng.

c1460 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 736 (MED) Ayer of nature yevith inspiracioun..Off kyndly heete gevyth respiracioun.

1543 B. Traheron tr. J. de Vigo Most Excellent Wks. Chirurg. i. iii. f. 95/1 It swageth payn, and clenseth the place, and aydeth respiration, or breathing.

1594 R. Ashley tr. L. le Roy Interchangeable Course v. f. 57^v The variable aire, sustayning with spiration and respiration all liuing creatures.

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 793 Life cannot bee maintayned without Respiration, neither can Respiration bee performed without motion.

1668 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Anat. (new ed.) ii. iii. 92/1 Violent respiration is assisted by the muscles of the Chest; the former Respiration Galen terms gentle or small, which depends only upon the Midriff, the other strong, the intercostal muscles assisting thereto, a third sublime, where the Diaphragma, intercostal or rib between muscles, and muscles of the Chest do act all together.

1723 J. Clarke tr. Rohault's Syst. Nat. Philos. I. i. xii. 77 The sucking in of Air through a Quill is done in the same manner as Respiration.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth VI. 171 Though this be the general method of explaining respiration in fishes.

1819 S. Cooper First Lines Pract. Surg. (ed. 4) I. ii. xxxvi. 581 Unless he bend his body very much forwards, in order to facilitate respiration.

1870 G. Rolleston Forms Animal Life Introd. 61 Amphibia..cold-blooded Vertebrata..provided with gills for aquatic in addition to lungs for aerial respiration.

1920 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. 52 209 During the period of forced respiration the subject..breathed as deeply as possible in time with a metronome at the rate of about 14 per minute.

1986 G. Chesbro Veil (1987) vii. 45 Clinical death is when heartbeat and respiration stop.

2008 Wired May 117/1 How to quiet your inner caveman? By slowing and synchronizing your pulse and respiration, thus sending a message to your brain that everything is cool.

b. A single act of breathing.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > respiratory organs > breathing > [noun] > breath

ghosteOE

bleadc890

ethemeOE

windOE

fnastc1000

breathOE

blas?c1225

blasta1325

andec1330

respiration?a1425

breast1535

air1567

respirea1657

puff1827

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 52 Wondez of þe longez..often tymez also ben incurable, for þi þat nouþer þe propre farmaciez of vlcerez may touche þe vlcere and for þat it is moued after respiracionz [?c1425 Paris respiraciouns; L. respirationes] & shaked or stirred after coȝhyngez.

?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xxii. 413 When again her respirations found Free pass.

1648 Bp. J. Wilkins Math. Magick ii. v. 184 In an hower a man will need at least 360 respirations.

1707 J. Floyer Physician's Pulse-watch 431 Measuring the Number of Pulses by the Number of Respirations.

1772 J. Crawford Ess. Nature, Cause & Cure Dis. Liver i. 21 The quickness of the respirations rendered it difficult for him to express himself.

1836 W. S. Landor Pericles & Aspasia I. 225 These are not regrets, Cleone, they are respirations, necessary to existence.

1876 J. S. Bristowe Treat. Theory & Pract. Med. ii. i. 184 The respirations are generally slightly increased in number during the earlier period of the disease.

1958 Nursing (St. John Ambulance Assoc.) xii. 154 Normally respirations are fairly deep, using both the upper and lower lobes of the lungs.

2003 B. Wagner Still Holding i. 21 A convocation of hands prayerfully entwined as he shanty-sighed his last respirations, sinking back to the briny depths.

c. figurative with reference to an inanimate thing or abstract quality.

ΚΠ

c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 53^v (MED) Malancolie..haþ his respiracioun by þe yȝen.

1648 R. Crashaw Steps to Temple (ed. 2) 85 A long and daylie-dying life, which breathes, A respiration of reviving deaths.

a1677 J. Taylor Contempl. State Man (1684) ii. vi. 247 That Fire of Sulphur, being pent in without vent or respiration, shall send forth a poysonous scent.

1814 W. Wordsworth Excursion viii. 365 Sails Which..Pass with the respirations of the tide.

1878 H. W. Longfellow Vittoria Colonna in Birds of Passage v. viii The respiration of the sea, The soft caresses of the air.

1921 C. Páez tr. R. León Son of Hidalgos iv. 249 The soft respiration of the night breathed as gently as the lightly heaving breast of a sleeping child.

1986 K. Crossley-Holland Waterslain 39 Reunions at the Moorings; Coronas of light in the quiet houseboats: You May call it artificial, This summer respiration.

d. Medicine. With distinguishing word: any of various normal or abnormal breath sounds heard by auscultation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > sounds heard in body > [noun] > sounds heard in auscultation

bombus1753

hydatism1753

pectoriloquism1820

murmur1821

resonance1821

snoring1822

thrill1822

râle1825

pectoriloquy1826

respiration1826

rhonchus1827

bronchophonism1834

bronchophony1834

hum1839

tick-tack1853

friction-sound1860

friction-fremitus1877

sibilus1887

1826 Lancet 9 Dec. 313/1 The third variety of sound afforded by the respiration, is The Cavernous Respiration.

1834 J. Forbes tr. R. T. H. Laennec Treat. Dis. Chest (ed. 4) 119 The stethoscope detected..no other respiratory sound, but that of a dry respiration, evidently tubular or bronchial.

1883 Lancet 12 May 810/1 All are familiar with the imitation of amphoric respiration by blowing over the mouth of a phial.

1910 S. G. Bonney Pulmonary Tuberculosis (ed. 2) xxxiii. 256 The term ‘vesicular respiration’ is applied to that of type of breathing recognized upon auscultation of the normal chest.

1999 J. R. Jamison Differential Diagnosis for Primary Pract. 74 These patients have vesicular respiration with prolonged expiration. Wheezes and rhonchi are common.

†2. Respite, rest; an instance of this. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > ceasing > temporary cessation of activity or operation > [noun] > (a) respite

spalea1250

lithec1300

respitec1330

sabbath1398

vacationc1425

respetta1450

respectc1450

repose?1549

intermission1576

bait1580

sob1593

respiration1611

vacation1614

suspension1645

relaxation1728

relax1733

1611 Bible (King James) Esther iv. 14 Then shall there enlargement [margin respiration] and deliuerance arise to the Iews.

1649 Bp. J. Hall Resol. & Decisions iv. vi. 455 Some meet respiration of a more full triall, and inquiry into each others condition.

1697 S. Patrick Comm. Exod. (xxiii. 16) 448 God now gave them some rest, and respiration..from their Imployments.

1752 S. Johnson Rambler No. 205. ⁋13 Such were the days which Seged of Ethiopia had appropriated to a short respiration from the fatigues of war.

†3. An inspiration. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > inspiration or revelation > [noun]

lightOE

lightingOE

inspiration1303

illuminationsc1340

inyettingc1340

revelationc1384

oraclec1425

revealingc1429

informationc1450

infusionc1450

illustrationc1480

gospel1481

aspirationc1534

illuminating1561

afflation1576

entheos1594

enthusiasm1595

flame-light1611

illapse1614

inspirement1616

spiration1629

respirationa1631

irradiation1631

income1647

afflatus1649

theopneustian1660

entheasm1752

prana1785

inflation1835

theopneusty1847

inflatusa1861

theopneustia1894

a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1959) IV. 128 Sometimes it is hard to distinguish between a respiration from God, and a suggestion from the Devil.

4. Biology. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism or cell and the environment; the process by which this occurs; (also) the process by which oxygen is distributed to the tissues of an organism.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > by nutrition or respiration > [noun] > absorption of oxygen

respiration1790

inspiration1838

1790 W. Nicholson tr. A.-F. de Fourcroy Elements Nat. Hist. & Chem. (new ed.) III. 343 Respiration, considered as it takes place in all animals in general, is a function which brings the blood into contact with the fluid in which they live.

1795 Earl of Dundonald Treat. Agric. & Chem. 17 By a most beautiful arrangement in the œconomy of nature, the different processes of animal and vegetable respiration are made mutually to assist each other.

1830 Jrnl. Royal Inst. Great Brit. 1 100 This function, which is performed chiefly by the leaves and petals,..is attended with..the conversion of oxygen into carbonic acid; it is the respiration of plants.

1856 J. C. Morris tr. K. G. Lehmann Man. Chem. Physiol. 272 This exchange of oxygen and carbonic acid, which we improperly call respiration, is not confined to any single spot of the organism.

1908 W. T. Hall & G. Defren tr. E. Abderhalden Text-bk. Physiol. Chem. xviii. 412 It [sc. the blood] takes the oxygen from the lungs and gives it up to the tissues. The first gas-exchange is commonly spoken of as external respiration, and the latter as internal respiration.

1947 A. D. Imms Outl. Entomol. (ed. 3) ii. 47 In the great majority of insects respiration takes place by means of internal tubes known as tracheae, which conduct air directly to the tissues.

2006 A. Steffen et al. Worldchanging (2008) 520/1 The revolution in the production of spatial data..extends to the micro scale—to soil patches and birds' nests,..the subtle respiration of CO₂ by a patch of silver pine.

5. Physiology and Biochemistry. More fully aerobic respiration: the metabolic process by which energy is generated from food molecules, involving a series of oxidation reactions, ultimately consuming oxygen and also producing carbon dioxide. Also (frequently with distinguishing word): any of various other energy-producing metabolic processes, esp. any involving an inorganic compound as an electron acceptor.In aerobic respiration, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH₂), produced by glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and the Krebs cycle, serve as the source of electrons for the synthesis of the energy-rich compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by oxidative phosphorylation. In eukaryotic cells this process occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > metabolism > [noun] > metabolic processes

metastasis1861

respiration1882

nitrogen fixation1893

turn-over1943

1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 717 The dried weight of the plant is very small..because a portion of the substance has been destroyed in the process of respiration [Ger. Athmungsprocess].

1885 G. L. Goodale in A. Gray & G. L. Goodale Bot. Text-bk. (ed. 6) II. ii. xi. 371 The chemical processes which cause the production and evolution of carbonic acid in the absence of free oxygen are grouped by Pflüger under the term intramolecular respiration.

1900 A. J. Ewart tr. W. Pfeffer Physiol. Plants I. ix. 546 (heading) The relationship between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

1934 A. T. Henrici Biol. Bacteria xi. 174 Those processes which yield energy for the organism are respiration.

1974 Nature 13 Dec. 579/1 The enzymes responsible for the first step in nitrate assimilation and for nitrate respiration are the nitrate reductases, both these processes involving the conversion of nitrate to nitrite.

1997 New Scientist 19 July 20/1 Like all photobacteria, R. sphaeroides has two sources of energy, and can switch between photosynthesis using carbon dioxide and oxygen respiration, depending on which gas is more freely available.

2006 A. G. van der Valk Biol. Freshwater Wetlands iii. 35 Within the bacteria, there are five general classes of energy-yielding or dissimilatory processes; photosynthesis, fermentation, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and methanogenesis.

Compounds

respiration rate n. (a) the rate at which a person or animal breathes, usually expressed in breaths per minute; (b) the rate at which an organism carries out the metabolic process of respiration.

ΚΠ

1864 Year-bk. Med. 1863 (New Sydenham Soc.) 41 The respiration rate did not follow that of the pulse.

1929 R. A. Gortner Outl. Biochem. viii. 242 The sudden rise in respiration rate may be due to the fact that at, or below, 14·75 per cent moisture all..of the moisture in the wheat kernel is in the form of bound water.

1993 Horse & Rider Dec. 46/2 More severely affected horses cough frequently... Their respiration rate is generally higher than 20 breaths per minute.

2004 New Yorker 6 Sept. 141/1 Every type of salad requires a different type of bag, tailored to its respiration rate by gas chromatography and computer analysis.

Derivatives

respiˈrational adj. of or relating to respiration; respiratory.

ΚΠ

1834 Christian Observer 787 We have dwelt much upon the vital pause of respirational rest, the violation of which by a catch is one of the chief causes of inconvenience to a speaker.

1919 Eng. Jrnl. 8 20 The nature of stuttering seems to be a cramp or tetanus of some respirational muscle or organ.

1996 Ann. Bot. 78 633 This leafy crop showed the lowest radiation use efficiency due to the respirational cost of the high leaf area.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	respiration
释义	respirationn. Brit. /ˌrɛspᵻˈreɪʃn/, U.S. /ˌrɛspəˈreɪʃ(ə)n/ Forms: late Middle English respiracioun, late Middle English–1500s respiracion, 1500s respyracyon, 1500s– respiration. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French respiration; Latin respīrātiōn-, respīrātiō. Etymology: < Middle French respiration (French respiration ) action of recovering one's breath, respite (late 14th cent.), action of breathing (15th cent.) and its etymon classical Latin respīrātiōn-, respīrātiō action of recovering one's breath, pause for breath, action or process of breathing, emission of vapour, exhalation, in post-classical Latin also respite (5th cent.) < respīrāt- , past participial stem of respīrāre respire v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan respiracio (14th cent.), Catalan respiració (15th cent.), Spanish respiración (14th cent.), Portuguese respiração (15th cent.), Italian respirazione (a1565 as †rispirazione ). Compare respire v., respirative adj. 1. a. The action of taking air into the lungs (or water into the gills) and expelling it again, esp. as a continuous physiological process; breathing; (with distinguishing word) breathing of a particular kind. In early use also: †exhalation or inhalation (obsolete). Cf. respire v. 1a.artificial, Cheyne-Stokes, costal respiration, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > respiratory organs > breathing > [noun] orthOE breatha1300 spiritc1350 aspirement1393 breathinga1398 suspiry1398 spirtc1415 respiration?a1425 respiring?a1425 windc1450 soufflement1483 anding1487 spiring1533 spiration1568 suspiration1604 aspiration1608 expiration1638 eupnœa1706 flation1708 rebreathing1877 ventilation1891 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 103 Dislocacionz of þe vpper spondilez noyeþ to swelwing; of þe middez, to respiracioun, i. breþing [?c1425 Paris brethinge oute]; of þe lower, to egestioun & vrynyng. c1460 J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 736 (MED) Ayer of nature yevith inspiracioun..Off kyndly heete gevyth respiracioun. 1543 B. Traheron tr. J. de Vigo Most Excellent Wks. Chirurg. i. iii. f. 95/1 It swageth payn, and clenseth the place, and aydeth respiration, or breathing. 1594 R. Ashley tr. L. le Roy Interchangeable Course v. f. 57^v The variable aire, sustayning with spiration and respiration all liuing creatures. 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 793 Life cannot bee maintayned without Respiration, neither can Respiration bee performed without motion. 1668 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Anat. (new ed.) ii. iii. 92/1 Violent respiration is assisted by the muscles of the Chest; the former Respiration Galen terms gentle or small, which depends only upon the Midriff, the other strong, the intercostal muscles assisting thereto, a third sublime, where the Diaphragma, intercostal or rib between muscles, and muscles of the Chest do act all together. 1723 J. Clarke tr. Rohault's Syst. Nat. Philos. I. i. xii. 77 The sucking in of Air through a Quill is done in the same manner as Respiration. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth VI. 171 Though this be the general method of explaining respiration in fishes. 1819 S. Cooper First Lines Pract. Surg. (ed. 4) I. ii. xxxvi. 581 Unless he bend his body very much forwards, in order to facilitate respiration. 1870 G. Rolleston Forms Animal Life Introd. 61 Amphibia..cold-blooded Vertebrata..provided with gills for aquatic in addition to lungs for aerial respiration. 1920 Amer. Jrnl. Physiol. 52 209 During the period of forced respiration the subject..breathed as deeply as possible in time with a metronome at the rate of about 14 per minute. 1986 G. Chesbro Veil (1987) vii. 45 Clinical death is when heartbeat and respiration stop. 2008 Wired May 117/1 How to quiet your inner caveman? By slowing and synchronizing your pulse and respiration, thus sending a message to your brain that everything is cool. b. A single act of breathing. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > respiratory organs > breathing > [noun] > breath ghosteOE bleadc890 ethemeOE windOE fnastc1000 breathOE blas?c1225 blasta1325 andec1330 respiration?a1425 breast1535 air1567 respirea1657 puff1827 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 52 Wondez of þe longez..often tymez also ben incurable, for þi þat nouþer þe propre farmaciez of vlcerez may touche þe vlcere and for þat it is moued after respiracionz [?c1425 Paris respiraciouns; L. respirationes] & shaked or stirred after coȝhyngez. ?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer Iliads xxii. 413 When again her respirations found Free pass. 1648 Bp. J. Wilkins Math. Magick ii. v. 184 In an hower a man will need at least 360 respirations. 1707 J. Floyer Physician's Pulse-watch 431 Measuring the Number of Pulses by the Number of Respirations. 1772 J. Crawford Ess. Nature, Cause & Cure Dis. Liver i. 21 The quickness of the respirations rendered it difficult for him to express himself. 1836 W. S. Landor Pericles & Aspasia I. 225 These are not regrets, Cleone, they are respirations, necessary to existence. 1876 J. S. Bristowe Treat. Theory & Pract. Med. ii. i. 184 The respirations are generally slightly increased in number during the earlier period of the disease. 1958 Nursing (St. John Ambulance Assoc.) xii. 154 Normally respirations are fairly deep, using both the upper and lower lobes of the lungs. 2003 B. Wagner Still Holding i. 21 A convocation of hands prayerfully entwined as he shanty-sighed his last respirations, sinking back to the briny depths. c. figurative with reference to an inanimate thing or abstract quality. ΚΠ c1475 ( Surg. Treat. in MS Wellcome 564 f. 53^v (MED) Malancolie..haþ his respiracioun by þe yȝen. 1648 R. Crashaw Steps to Temple (ed. 2) 85 A long and daylie-dying life, which breathes, A respiration of reviving deaths. a1677 J. Taylor Contempl. State Man (1684) ii. vi. 247 That Fire of Sulphur, being pent in without vent or respiration, shall send forth a poysonous scent. 1814 W. Wordsworth Excursion viii. 365 Sails Which..Pass with the respirations of the tide. View more context for this quotation 1878 H. W. Longfellow Vittoria Colonna in Birds of Passage v. viii The respiration of the sea, The soft caresses of the air. 1921 C. Páez tr. R. León Son of Hidalgos iv. 249 The soft respiration of the night breathed as gently as the lightly heaving breast of a sleeping child. 1986 K. Crossley-Holland Waterslain 39 Reunions at the Moorings; Coronas of light in the quiet houseboats: You May call it artificial, This summer respiration. d. Medicine. With distinguishing word: any of various normal or abnormal breath sounds heard by auscultation. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > sounds heard in body > [noun] > sounds heard in auscultation bombus1753 hydatism1753 pectoriloquism1820 murmur1821 resonance1821 snoring1822 thrill1822 râle1825 pectoriloquy1826 respiration1826 rhonchus1827 bronchophonism1834 bronchophony1834 hum1839 tick-tack1853 friction-sound1860 friction-fremitus1877 sibilus1887 1826 Lancet 9 Dec. 313/1 The third variety of sound afforded by the respiration, is The Cavernous Respiration. 1834 J. Forbes tr. R. T. H. Laennec Treat. Dis. Chest (ed. 4) 119 The stethoscope detected..no other respiratory sound, but that of a dry respiration, evidently tubular or bronchial. 1883 Lancet 12 May 810/1 All are familiar with the imitation of amphoric respiration by blowing over the mouth of a phial. 1910 S. G. Bonney Pulmonary Tuberculosis (ed. 2) xxxiii. 256 The term ‘vesicular respiration’ is applied to that of type of breathing recognized upon auscultation of the normal chest. 1999 J. R. Jamison Differential Diagnosis for Primary Pract. 74 These patients have vesicular respiration with prolonged expiration. Wheezes and rhonchi are common. †2. Respite, rest; an instance of this. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ceasing > temporary cessation of activity or operation > [noun] > (a) respite spalea1250 lithec1300 respitec1330 sabbath1398 vacationc1425 respetta1450 respectc1450 repose?1549 intermission1576 bait1580 sob1593 respiration1611 vacation1614 suspension1645 relaxation1728 relax1733 1611 Bible (King James) Esther iv. 14 Then shall there enlargement [margin respiration] and deliuerance arise to the Iews. View more context for this quotation 1649 Bp. J. Hall Resol. & Decisions iv. vi. 455 Some meet respiration of a more full triall, and inquiry into each others condition. 1697 S. Patrick Comm. Exod. (xxiii. 16) 448 God now gave them some rest, and respiration..from their Imployments. 1752 S. Johnson Rambler No. 205. ⁋13 Such were the days which Seged of Ethiopia had appropriated to a short respiration from the fatigues of war. †3. An inspiration. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > spirituality > inspiration or revelation > [noun] lightOE lightingOE inspiration1303 illuminationsc1340 inyettingc1340 revelationc1384 oraclec1425 revealingc1429 informationc1450 infusionc1450 illustrationc1480 gospel1481 aspirationc1534 illuminating1561 afflation1576 entheos1594 enthusiasm1595 flame-light1611 illapse1614 inspirement1616 spiration1629 respirationa1631 irradiation1631 income1647 afflatus1649 theopneustian1660 entheasm1752 prana1785 inflation1835 theopneusty1847 inflatusa1861 theopneustia1894 a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1959) IV. 128 Sometimes it is hard to distinguish between a respiration from God, and a suggestion from the Devil. 4. Biology. The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism or cell and the environment; the process by which this occurs; (also) the process by which oxygen is distributed to the tissues of an organism. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > by nutrition or respiration > [noun] > absorption of oxygen respiration1790 inspiration1838 1790 W. Nicholson tr. A.-F. de Fourcroy Elements Nat. Hist. & Chem. (new ed.) III. 343 Respiration, considered as it takes place in all animals in general, is a function which brings the blood into contact with the fluid in which they live. 1795 Earl of Dundonald Treat. Agric. & Chem. 17 By a most beautiful arrangement in the œconomy of nature, the different processes of animal and vegetable respiration are made mutually to assist each other. 1830 Jrnl. Royal Inst. Great Brit. 1 100 This function, which is performed chiefly by the leaves and petals,..is attended with..the conversion of oxygen into carbonic acid; it is the respiration of plants. 1856 J. C. Morris tr. K. G. Lehmann Man. Chem. Physiol. 272 This exchange of oxygen and carbonic acid, which we improperly call respiration, is not confined to any single spot of the organism. 1908 W. T. Hall & G. Defren tr. E. Abderhalden Text-bk. Physiol. Chem. xviii. 412 It [sc. the blood] takes the oxygen from the lungs and gives it up to the tissues. The first gas-exchange is commonly spoken of as external respiration, and the latter as internal respiration. 1947 A. D. Imms Outl. Entomol. (ed. 3) ii. 47 In the great majority of insects respiration takes place by means of internal tubes known as tracheae, which conduct air directly to the tissues. 2006 A. Steffen et al. Worldchanging (2008) 520/1 The revolution in the production of spatial data..extends to the micro scale—to soil patches and birds' nests,..the subtle respiration of CO₂ by a patch of silver pine. 5. Physiology and Biochemistry. More fully aerobic respiration: the metabolic process by which energy is generated from food molecules, involving a series of oxidation reactions, ultimately consuming oxygen and also producing carbon dioxide. Also (frequently with distinguishing word): any of various other energy-producing metabolic processes, esp. any involving an inorganic compound as an electron acceptor.In aerobic respiration, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH₂), produced by glycolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and the Krebs cycle, serve as the source of electrons for the synthesis of the energy-rich compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by oxidative phosphorylation. In eukaryotic cells this process occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > metabolism > [noun] > metabolic processes metastasis1861 respiration1882 nitrogen fixation1893 turn-over1943 1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 717 The dried weight of the plant is very small..because a portion of the substance has been destroyed in the process of respiration [Ger. Athmungsprocess]. 1885 G. L. Goodale in A. Gray & G. L. Goodale Bot. Text-bk. (ed. 6) II. ii. xi. 371 The chemical processes which cause the production and evolution of carbonic acid in the absence of free oxygen are grouped by Pflüger under the term intramolecular respiration. 1900 A. J. Ewart tr. W. Pfeffer Physiol. Plants I. ix. 546 (heading) The relationship between aerobic and anaerobic respiration. 1934 A. T. Henrici Biol. Bacteria xi. 174 Those processes which yield energy for the organism are respiration. 1974 Nature 13 Dec. 579/1 The enzymes responsible for the first step in nitrate assimilation and for nitrate respiration are the nitrate reductases, both these processes involving the conversion of nitrate to nitrite. 1997 New Scientist 19 July 20/1 Like all photobacteria, R. sphaeroides has two sources of energy, and can switch between photosynthesis using carbon dioxide and oxygen respiration, depending on which gas is more freely available. 2006 A. G. van der Valk Biol. Freshwater Wetlands iii. 35 Within the bacteria, there are five general classes of energy-yielding or dissimilatory processes; photosynthesis, fermentation, aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and methanogenesis. Compounds respiration rate n. (a) the rate at which a person or animal breathes, usually expressed in breaths per minute; (b) the rate at which an organism carries out the metabolic process of respiration. ΚΠ 1864 Year-bk. Med. 1863 (New Sydenham Soc.) 41 The respiration rate did not follow that of the pulse. 1929 R. A. Gortner Outl. Biochem. viii. 242 The sudden rise in respiration rate may be due to the fact that at, or below, 14·75 per cent moisture all..of the moisture in the wheat kernel is in the form of bound water. 1993 Horse & Rider Dec. 46/2 More severely affected horses cough frequently... Their respiration rate is generally higher than 20 breaths per minute. 2004 New Yorker 6 Sept. 141/1 Every type of salad requires a different type of bag, tailored to its respiration rate by gas chromatography and computer analysis. Derivatives respiˈrational adj. of or relating to respiration; respiratory. ΚΠ 1834 Christian Observer 787 We have dwelt much upon the vital pause of respirational rest, the violation of which by a catch is one of the chief causes of inconvenience to a speaker. 1919 Eng. Jrnl. 8 20 The nature of stuttering seems to be a cramp or tetanus of some respirational muscle or organ. 1996 Ann. Bot. 78 633 This leafy crop showed the lowest radiation use efficiency due to the respirational cost of the high leaf area. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.?a1425
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