richesn.

Brit.

/ˈrɪtʃᵻz/, U.S.

/ˈrɪtʃᵻz/

Forms: Middle English recches, Middle English reches, Middle English rechez, Middle English ricches, Middle English rices (perhaps transmission error), Middle English risches, Middle English–1500s ryches, Middle English–1500s rytches, Middle English–1600s ritches, Middle English– riches; also Scottish pre-1700 richis, pre-1700 rychis; also Irish English 1800s reeches; N.E.D. (1909) also records forms: Middle English recchez, Middle English rychches.

Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: richesse n.

Etymology: Originally a spelling variant of richesse n., subsequently distinguished as the written form corresponding to a spoken form with (i) stress on the first syllable, (ii) pronunciation of the second syllable identical to the usual pronunciation of a plural in -es , and (usually) (iii) showing plural or indeterminate agreement. The emergence of the distinction between (plural) riches and (singular, uncountable) richesse probably arose as a result of reanalysis of forms with stress on the first syllable as showing a monosyllabic stem with plural morpheme; this was probably encouraged by parallel uses of classical Latin dīvitiae (plural) riches (see divitiate v.), and also by association with rich adj., rich n.All non-Scots forms in -es have been placed at this entry (although in the case of early examples the distinction is an arbitrary one), except when showing richesse n. 4. Since in Older Scots the more usual form of the plural morpheme is -is , Older Scots forms in -es have been placed at richesse n.

1. Valuable possessions or resources; material wealth; abundant means. Also: the possession of wealth, the condition of being rich.from rags to riches: see rag n.² Phrases 6.

a. With plural or indeterminate agreement.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > wealth > wealth or riches > [noun]

wealc888

ednessa1200

richessea1200

richdomc1225

richesses?c1225

wealtha1275

richesc1275

winc1275

warison1297

wonea1300

merchandisec1300

aver1330

richesc1330

substancea1382

abundancec1384

suffisance1390

talenta1400

pelf?a1505

opulence?1518

wealthsa1533

money bag1562

capital1569

opulency1584

affluency1591

affluence1593

exuberance1675

nabobism1784

money1848

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 4035 Wæs at-foren þan wæfde imaked an wunlic fur; þe king warp riches [c1300 ȝiftes] þer-in..seoððen heo þer offreden aððeles madmes.

c1330 (?c1300) Amis & Amiloun (Auch.) (1937) 761 No be þou neuer so pouer of kinde, Riches anouȝ y may þe finde.

?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) ii. met. ii. l. 901 As many recches [L. tantas opes] as þe see turneþ vpwardes sandes.

?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 17 A full faire citee and full of ricches.

c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 3263 (MED) The rowell whas rede golde..Raylide with reched [read reches] and rubyes inewe.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Prov. xix. A Riches make many frendes.

1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cxvij ^v He had a good witte, &..had attayned to great ryches.

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 428 In processe of time..their ritches turned to their ruine.

1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd ii. 427 Get Riches first, get Wealth, and Treasure heap.

1696 J. Locke Some Considerations Lowering Interest (ed. 2) 15 Riches do not consist in having more Gold and Silver.

1733 A. Pope Of Use of Riches 10 Riches, like Insects,..Wait but for Wings.

1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. i. xi. 216 With the greater part of rich people, the chief enjoyment of riches consists in the parade of riches.

1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby i. 3 That riches are the only true source of happiness and power.

1862 J. Ruskin Unto this Last iii. 103 The attraction of riches is already too strong.

1938 L. MacNeice Earth Compels 56 Columns of ads, the quickset road to riches.

1974 R. F. Heizer in J. Billard World of Amer. Indian 241 Food was plentiful so that men had time to dream of piling up riches.

1991 S. Faludi Backlash i. iii. 65 Younger baby boomers, denied the comparative riches their fathers and elder brothers enjoyed.

2003 Observer 16 Nov. i. 11/1 Emails from Nigerian fraudsters promising untold riches.

b. With singular agreement. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > wealth > wealth or riches > [noun]

wealc888

ednessa1200

richessea1200

richdomc1225

richesses?c1225

wealtha1275

richesc1275

winc1275

warison1297

wonea1300

merchandisec1300

aver1330

richesc1330

substancea1382

abundancec1384

suffisance1390

talenta1400

pelf?a1505

opulence?1518

wealthsa1533

money bag1562

capital1569

opulency1584

affluency1591

affluence1593

exuberance1675

nabobism1784

money1848

c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 3583 (MED) Þo held Arthour fest..Of ich riches & deinte; Certes, þer was gret plente.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 326 That ricches is not cause of eny synne mai be proued thus.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 3951 Þare reches was of redde gold & many riche gemes.

?1542 H. Brinkelow Complaynt Roderyck Mors iii. sig. B3^v The riches of men hath helpyd many an honest man to his death.

1586 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. I. 73 All riches is of it selfe blinde, & bringeth no light to the soule.

a1640 P. Massinger City-Madam (1658) i. iii. 48 Not that riches Is or should be contemn'd, it being a blessing Deriv'd from heaven.

1667 E. Waterhouse Short Narr. Fire London 30 This riches..was as well devoured by the Suburbian thieves.

1710 E. Ward Nuptial Dialogues & Deb. I. xxviii. 344 You ought..not to waste that Riches which I brought, On common Sluts.

1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 464. ¶3 Riches exposes a Man to..a foolish Elation of Heart.

1799 M. Geisweiler tr. A. von Kotzebue Poverty & Nobleness of Mind ii. ii. 50 Riches is a salvus conductus, subscribed to by all the monarchs on the face of the earth.

1815 J. H. Tuckey Maritime Geogr. IV. 348 Their greatest riches does not exceed a small plantation, thirty to forty sheep, and as many hogs.

1908 Harper's Mag. June 149/1 Riches is a purely relative thing. Riches in another is having a good deal more than you have.

†2. Richness; abundance; great worth. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > worth > [noun]

worthOE

worthfulnessOE

price?c1225

savour?c1225

aughtshipc1275

dearworthinessc1325

worthiness1372

preciousnessc1390

richesa1400

preciosity1402

valeur1433

valurec1440

preciousheadc1450

vail1471

paragea1475

valour?a1475

availa1522

vailance1532

validity1593

carat1600

condignity1605

valiant1606

esteeming1609

self-worth1610

telling1636

valuableness?1649

worthship1664

treasurableness1898

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22325 (MED) Mikel riches þan sal be, þe erth sal giue o frut plente.

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 1032 Þe valu was þer-of in-estimable And þe riches pleynly incomperable.

a1450 (?1400) in J. Kail 26 Polit. Poems (1904) 6 (MED) In ryche array, with ryches rank, ffaire floures vnder foote.

1547 tr. A. de Marcourt Bk. Marchauntes (new ed.) b vj b Yet wyl it not..laugh nor stier at the beautie of the cloth nor at the riches of the crosse.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. lxxiiij There lacked neither Pearles nor Stones of riches.

1670 S. Wilson Lassels's Voy. Italy (new ed.) i. 175 The whole composure of this Altar and Tabernacle, being the height of wit and riches.

3. figurative. Non-material things considered to be of great value; fine or precious examples of something.

a. With plural or indeterminate agreement.

ΚΠ

c1480 (a1400) St. Adrian 133 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 276 Of the riches he has here mak hurde in hewine.

a1530 T. Lupset tr. St. J. Chrysostom Serm. (1542) sig. A.vi^v Blessed Iob, through his pacience, gatherid infinite riches of vertue.

1595 E. Spenser Astrophel in Colin Clouts come Home Againe sig. F1^v On her he spent the riches of his wit.

1646 H. Peake Medit. upon Seige 136 Another kinde of riches, the riches of thy glory, and the riches of thy mercie.

1720 J. Swift Proposal Use Irish Manuf. 4 People are the Riches of a Country.

1765 Museum Rusticum 5 122 To lead out the riches of a pond..which had been..never thoroughly cleaned during near thirty years.

1824 W. S. Landor Imaginary Conversat. II. i. 13 [Milton] The writings of the wise are the only riches our posterity can not squander.

1898 Cosmopolitan Oct. 604/2 The most lavishly ornamented of all the great structures built as if to display the riches of the Renaissance style.

1946 Ld. Elton Imperial Commonw. viii. i. 338 Men who remained overblind to the spiritual and intellectual riches of the East itself.

1987 C. Scribner in E. Hemingway Garden of Eden p. i This last work was filled with so many remarkable riches that..we were convinced that it should be published.

2006 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 23 Feb. 19/2 The cryptophotography of the present day looks impoverished compared to the riches of the past.

b. With singular agreement. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > worth > [noun] > thing of worth > non-material

warisona1300

richesa1513

a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) i. iii. sig. a.vii^v Bytwyx them descended, a precyous ryches The blessyd Ermenylde.

1586 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. I. 55 This pretious and inestimable riches, I meane of vertue.

1609 W. Shakespeare Sonnets lxxxvii. sig. F3 For that ritches where is my deseruing?

1622 G. Wither Faire-virtue sig. L6 Floras riches in a row, Doth in seemely order grow.

1720 A. Pennecuik Streams from Helicon (ed. 2) i. 59 The pious old Man, who's Riches was Grace, Leaving the Earth for a better Place.

1842 Ladies' Repository Apr. 105/2 The most valuable riches is piety.

1906 Friend 24 Feb. 259/1 The speaker, there could not be a doubt, had been given to partake of this riches.

4. Wealth personified. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1538 D. Lindsay Complaynte & Test. Popiniay sig. E.iv^v Properte and her dygne doughters two Dame ryches and fayre lady sensuall.

1568 in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS f. 257^v With riches dar not poverty play.

1608 R. Armin Nest of Ninnies sig. A3 Riches her chamberlaine..beauty her bed-fellow.

a1627 J. Beaumont Bosworth-field (1629) 70 Pleasures, Riches, Fame, Are humble vassals, which my Throne attend.

1704 J. Swift Full Acct. Battel between Bks. in Tale of Tub 229 War is the Child of Pride, and Pride the Daughter of Riches.

1787 T. Holcroft Seduction i. vii. 5 Riches, regularity, and roast beef, will soon, I fear, take their leave of our house.

1905 R. W. Gilder ‘In Heights’ 84 Teach riches the true wealth of thine own spirit.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	riches
释义	richesn. Brit. /ˈrɪtʃᵻz/, U.S. /ˈrɪtʃᵻz/ Forms: Middle English recches, Middle English reches, Middle English rechez, Middle English ricches, Middle English rices (perhaps transmission error), Middle English risches, Middle English–1500s ryches, Middle English–1500s rytches, Middle English–1600s ritches, Middle English– riches; also Scottish pre-1700 richis, pre-1700 rychis; also Irish English 1800s reeches; N.E.D. (1909) also records forms: Middle English recchez, Middle English rychches. Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: richesse n. Etymology: Originally a spelling variant of richesse n., subsequently distinguished as the written form corresponding to a spoken form with (i) stress on the first syllable, (ii) pronunciation of the second syllable identical to the usual pronunciation of a plural in -es , and (usually) (iii) showing plural or indeterminate agreement. The emergence of the distinction between (plural) riches and (singular, uncountable) richesse probably arose as a result of reanalysis of forms with stress on the first syllable as showing a monosyllabic stem with plural morpheme; this was probably encouraged by parallel uses of classical Latin dīvitiae (plural) riches (see divitiate v.), and also by association with rich adj., rich n.All non-Scots forms in -es have been placed at this entry (although in the case of early examples the distinction is an arbitrary one), except when showing richesse n. 4. Since in Older Scots the more usual form of the plural morpheme is -is , Older Scots forms in -es have been placed at richesse n. 1. Valuable possessions or resources; material wealth; abundant means. Also: the possession of wealth, the condition of being rich.from rags to riches: see rag n.² Phrases 6. a. With plural or indeterminate agreement. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > wealth > wealth or riches > [noun] wealc888 ednessa1200 richessea1200 richdomc1225 richesses?c1225 wealtha1275 richesc1275 winc1275 warison1297 wonea1300 merchandisec1300 aver1330 richesc1330 substancea1382 abundancec1384 suffisance1390 talenta1400 pelf?a1505 opulence?1518 wealthsa1533 money bag1562 capital1569 opulency1584 affluency1591 affluence1593 exuberance1675 nabobism1784 money1848 c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 4035 Wæs at-foren þan wæfde imaked an wunlic fur; þe king warp riches [c1300 ȝiftes] þer-in..seoððen heo þer offreden aððeles madmes. c1330 (?c1300) Amis & Amiloun (Auch.) (1937) 761 No be þou neuer so pouer of kinde, Riches anouȝ y may þe finde. ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) ii. met. ii. l. 901 As many recches [L. tantas opes] as þe see turneþ vpwardes sandes. ?a1425 Mandeville's Trav. (Egerton) (1889) 17 A full faire citee and full of ricches. c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure l. 3263 (MED) The rowell whas rede golde..Raylide with reched [read reches] and rubyes inewe. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Prov. xix. A Riches make many frendes. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cxvij ^v He had a good witte, &..had attayned to great ryches. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 428 In processe of time..their ritches turned to their ruine. 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd ii. 427 Get Riches first, get Wealth, and Treasure heap. View more context for this quotation 1696 J. Locke Some Considerations Lowering Interest (ed. 2) 15 Riches do not consist in having more Gold and Silver. 1733 A. Pope Of Use of Riches 10 Riches, like Insects,..Wait but for Wings. 1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. i. xi. 216 With the greater part of rich people, the chief enjoyment of riches consists in the parade of riches. View more context for this quotation 1839 C. Dickens Nicholas Nickleby i. 3 That riches are the only true source of happiness and power. 1862 J. Ruskin Unto this Last iii. 103 The attraction of riches is already too strong. 1938 L. MacNeice Earth Compels 56 Columns of ads, the quickset road to riches. 1974 R. F. Heizer in J. Billard World of Amer. Indian 241 Food was plentiful so that men had time to dream of piling up riches. 1991 S. Faludi Backlash i. iii. 65 Younger baby boomers, denied the comparative riches their fathers and elder brothers enjoyed. 2003 Observer 16 Nov. i. 11/1 Emails from Nigerian fraudsters promising untold riches. b. With singular agreement. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > wealth > wealth or riches > [noun] wealc888 ednessa1200 richessea1200 richdomc1225 richesses?c1225 wealtha1275 richesc1275 winc1275 warison1297 wonea1300 merchandisec1300 aver1330 richesc1330 substancea1382 abundancec1384 suffisance1390 talenta1400 pelf?a1505 opulence?1518 wealthsa1533 money bag1562 capital1569 opulency1584 affluency1591 affluence1593 exuberance1675 nabobism1784 money1848 c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 3583 (MED) Þo held Arthour fest..Of ich riches & deinte; Certes, þer was gret plente. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 326 That ricches is not cause of eny synne mai be proued thus. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 3951 Þare reches was of redde gold & many riche gemes. ?1542 H. Brinkelow Complaynt Roderyck Mors iii. sig. B3^v The riches of men hath helpyd many an honest man to his death. 1586 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. I. 73 All riches is of it selfe blinde, & bringeth no light to the soule. a1640 P. Massinger City-Madam (1658) i. iii. 48 Not that riches Is or should be contemn'd, it being a blessing Deriv'd from heaven. 1667 E. Waterhouse Short Narr. Fire London 30 This riches..was as well devoured by the Suburbian thieves. 1710 E. Ward Nuptial Dialogues & Deb. I. xxviii. 344 You ought..not to waste that Riches which I brought, On common Sluts. 1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 464. ¶3 Riches exposes a Man to..a foolish Elation of Heart. 1799 M. Geisweiler tr. A. von Kotzebue Poverty & Nobleness of Mind ii. ii. 50 Riches is a salvus conductus, subscribed to by all the monarchs on the face of the earth. 1815 J. H. Tuckey Maritime Geogr. IV. 348 Their greatest riches does not exceed a small plantation, thirty to forty sheep, and as many hogs. 1908 Harper's Mag. June 149/1 Riches is a purely relative thing. Riches in another is having a good deal more than you have. †2. Richness; abundance; great worth. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > worth > [noun] worthOE worthfulnessOE price?c1225 savour?c1225 aughtshipc1275 dearworthinessc1325 worthiness1372 preciousnessc1390 richesa1400 preciosity1402 valeur1433 valurec1440 preciousheadc1450 vail1471 paragea1475 valour?a1475 availa1522 vailance1532 validity1593 carat1600 condignity1605 valiant1606 esteeming1609 self-worth1610 telling1636 valuableness?1649 worthship1664 treasurableness1898 a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 22325 (MED) Mikel riches þan sal be, þe erth sal giue o frut plente. c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) ii. 1032 Þe valu was þer-of in-estimable And þe riches pleynly incomperable. a1450 (?1400) in J. Kail 26 Polit. Poems (1904) 6 (MED) In ryche array, with ryches rank, ffaire floures vnder foote. 1547 tr. A. de Marcourt Bk. Marchauntes (new ed.) b vj b Yet wyl it not..laugh nor stier at the beautie of the cloth nor at the riches of the crosse. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. lxxiiij There lacked neither Pearles nor Stones of riches. 1670 S. Wilson Lassels's Voy. Italy (new ed.) i. 175 The whole composure of this Altar and Tabernacle, being the height of wit and riches. 3. figurative. Non-material things considered to be of great value; fine or precious examples of something. a. With plural or indeterminate agreement. ΚΠ c1480 (a1400) St. Adrian 133 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 276 Of the riches he has here mak hurde in hewine. a1530 T. Lupset tr. St. J. Chrysostom Serm. (1542) sig. A.vi^v Blessed Iob, through his pacience, gatherid infinite riches of vertue. 1595 E. Spenser Astrophel in Colin Clouts come Home Againe sig. F1^v On her he spent the riches of his wit. 1646 H. Peake Medit. upon Seige 136 Another kinde of riches, the riches of thy glory, and the riches of thy mercie. 1720 J. Swift Proposal Use Irish Manuf. 4 People are the Riches of a Country. 1765 Museum Rusticum 5 122 To lead out the riches of a pond..which had been..never thoroughly cleaned during near thirty years. 1824 W. S. Landor Imaginary Conversat. II. i. 13 [Milton] The writings of the wise are the only riches our posterity can not squander. 1898 Cosmopolitan Oct. 604/2 The most lavishly ornamented of all the great structures built as if to display the riches of the Renaissance style. 1946 Ld. Elton Imperial Commonw. viii. i. 338 Men who remained overblind to the spiritual and intellectual riches of the East itself. 1987 C. Scribner in E. Hemingway Garden of Eden p. i This last work was filled with so many remarkable riches that..we were convinced that it should be published. 2006 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 23 Feb. 19/2 The cryptophotography of the present day looks impoverished compared to the riches of the past. b. With singular agreement. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > worth > [noun] > thing of worth > non-material warisona1300 richesa1513 a1513 H. Bradshaw Lyfe St. Werburge (1521) i. iii. sig. a.vii^v Bytwyx them descended, a precyous ryches The blessyd Ermenylde. 1586 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. I. 55 This pretious and inestimable riches, I meane of vertue. 1609 W. Shakespeare Sonnets lxxxvii. sig. F3 For that ritches where is my deseruing? View more context for this quotation 1622 G. Wither Faire-virtue sig. L6 Floras riches in a row, Doth in seemely order grow. 1720 A. Pennecuik Streams from Helicon (ed. 2) i. 59 The pious old Man, who's Riches was Grace, Leaving the Earth for a better Place. 1842 Ladies' Repository Apr. 105/2 The most valuable riches is piety. 1906 Friend 24 Feb. 259/1 The speaker, there could not be a doubt, had been given to partake of this riches. 4. Wealth personified. Now rare. ΚΠ 1538 D. Lindsay Complaynte & Test. Popiniay sig. E.iv^v Properte and her dygne doughters two Dame ryches and fayre lady sensuall. 1568 in W. T. Ritchie Bannatyne MS f. 257^v With riches dar not poverty play. 1608 R. Armin Nest of Ninnies sig. A3 Riches her chamberlaine..beauty her bed-fellow. a1627 J. Beaumont Bosworth-field (1629) 70 Pleasures, Riches, Fame, Are humble vassals, which my Throne attend. 1704 J. Swift Full Acct. Battel between Bks. in Tale of Tub 229 War is the Child of Pride, and Pride the Daughter of Riches. 1787 T. Holcroft Seduction i. vii. 5 Riches, regularity, and roast beef, will soon, I fear, take their leave of our house. 1905 R. W. Gilder ‘In Heights’ 84 Teach riches the true wealth of thine own spirit. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1275
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