richessen.

Brit.

/rɪˈʃɛs/, U.S.

/riˈʃɛs/

Forms:

α. Middle English richeise, Middle English richeisse, Middle English richeyse, Middle English rycheis, Middle English rycheise, Middle English ryhcheys; Scottish pre-1700 richeis.

β. Middle English richesce, Middle English rychesce.

γ. Middle English rechesse, Middle English ricchesse, Middle English ricesse (perhaps transmission error), Middle English richchesse, Middle English–1600s 1800s– richesse, Middle English richesses (in sense 4), Middle English ritchesse, Middle English riȝcchesse, Middle English ruchesse, Middle English rycchesse, Middle English–1500s rychesse, Middle English rychesshe, Middle English ryhchesse; Scottish pre-1700 richesse.

δ. Middle English reches (in sense 4), Middle English–1600s (1700s–1800s in sense 4) richess, Middle English 1600s riches (in sense 4); Scottish pre-1700 raches, pre-1700 ratches, pre-1700 reches, pre-1700 riches, pre-1700 ritches, pre-1700 rithces, pre-1700 ruches, pre-1700 ryches, pre-1700 rychces.

ε. Middle English richees, Middle English rychese.

ζ. Middle English rychas; Scottish pre-1700 richass.

See also riches n.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French richesche, richesse.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman richesche, richessce, richaise, richeisse, rischesce, richez, Anglo-Norman and Old French richeise, Old French (rare) ricece, ricese, richace, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French richesce, richece, Anglo-Norman and Middle French richesse (French richesse ) power, wealth, riches, sumptuousness, opulence (in plural) material possessions, objects of great value (all 12th cent.) < riche rich adj. + -esse -ess suffix². Sense 6 apparently shows reborrowing < French richesse, probably largely after embarras de richesse n.The position of the stress varied in early use (as in many other words of Romance origin). For forms in -es (except when Older Scots or in sense 4) see riches n. and discussion at that entry. In sense 4 probably with reference to the value of the marten's pelt.

†1. In singular.

a. Wealth, riches. Also: the condition of being rich. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > wealth > wealth or riches > [noun]

wealc888

ednessa1200

richessea1200

richdomc1225

richesses?c1225

wealtha1275

richesc1275

winc1275

warison1297

wonea1300

merchandisec1300

aver1330

richesc1330

substancea1382

abundancec1384

suffisance1390

talenta1400

pelf?a1505

opulence?1518

wealthsa1533

money bag1562

capital1569

opulency1584

affluency1591

affluence1593

exuberance1675

nabobism1784

money1848

a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 51 Hie..hadden þe fulle of wurldes richeisse.

c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 438 Þet tu seidest þruppe þet ter walde wakenin..richesce & worldes weole.

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 705 (MED) Þei al þe world were min & al þe richesse iwis..leuere me were lese Þan þi lif þat me is so lef.

a1350 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 7 (MED) Ne mai vs ryse no rest, rycheis, ne ro.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. ii. 17 (MED) Hire arraye me rauysshed; suche ricchesse saw I neuere.

a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) 1316 Than schal men seeme [read see], how in þis world..Richesse is pouert, and pouert richesse.

a1450 (a1401) Chastising of God's Children (Bodl.) (1957) 206 Richesse and al worshippes bien but lent to a man for a tyme.

1509 S. Hawes Joyfull Medit. 11 Gadrynge grete rychesse of this his regyon.

1555 R. Eden in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde Pref. sig. biij The Phenician marchauntes..got great rychesse therby.

1609 P. Holland tr. Ammianus Marcellinus Rom. Hist. xiv. ix. 67 The Germanes..got away their wives,..together with their corne and barbarous richesse.

1687 P. Rycaut Hist. Turks II. 97 England's Richess depends absolutely on her Foreign Trade.

1738 P. Chamberlen Hist. Life & Reign Queen Anne 30 He was thrifty, without the least Tincture of Avarice, or Greediness of Richess.

1774 Ld. Kames Sketches Hist. Man III. ii. ix. 5 The inhabitants..had no way to employ their richess [other edd. riches] for profit but in trade.

b. figurative. Non-material things considered to be of great value; spiritual wealth. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

a1325 St. Augustine of Canterbury (Corpus Cambr.) l. 28 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 215 (MED) A message fram..Rome..ssolde world wiþoute ende to him and to al is londe To gret prou & richesse beo.

c1350 Apocalypse St. John: A Version (Harl. 874) (1961) 15 (MED) Vnto hem þat willen suffre pouerte & ouercomeþ coueitise, oure lorde bihoteþ hem richesse.

c1430 N. Love Mirror Blessed Life (Brasenose e.9) (1908) 149 Goostly richesse of vertues and comforte of the holy goost.

a1475 Sidrak & Bokkus (Lansd.) (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Washington) (1965) 7050 (MED) Al þe ricchesse here of man Is þe soule him wiþynne, And it be clene out of synne.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. ii. sig. O5^v In her the richesse of all heauenly grace, In chiefe degree are heaped vp on hye.

1612 W. Shute tr. G. Du Vair Holy Medit. 79 Friends bee the most pretious richesse that a man can purchase.

1621 R. Brathwait Times Curtaine Drawne sig. B7^v It is the best of Richesse to be good.

†2. In plural. Wealth, riches. Also figurative. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > wealth > wealth or riches > [noun]

wealc888

ednessa1200

richessea1200

richdomc1225

richesses?c1225

wealtha1275

richesc1275

winc1275

warison1297

wonea1300

merchandisec1300

aver1330

richesc1330

substancea1382

abundancec1384

suffisance1390

talenta1400

pelf?a1505

opulence?1518

wealthsa1533

money bag1562

capital1569

opulency1584

affluency1591

affluence1593

exuberance1675

nabobism1784

money1848

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 130 Þu leauedest to oðre men alle richesces.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Eph. iii. 16 The fadir..ȝyue to ȝou, vp the richessis of his glorie, vertu for to be strengthid by his spirit.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 55 To ȝilde up..al þe gold and selver and oþere richesses.

c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 295 Men that trusten in ricchessis.

1485 W. Caxton tr. Lyf St. Wenefryde 2 I am a kynges sone whiche haue plente of rychesses.

a1500 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Trin. Dublin) (1893) 8 (MED) Reioyce þe not in richesses.

?1533 G. Du Wes Introductorie for to lerne Frenche sig. Bbiii ^v Dyuerse other maner of loue, as of richesses.

1539 C. Tunstall Serm. Palme Sondaye sig. Fvi So for these .ii. rychesses, the one the rychesse of faythe, the other the rychesse of good workes, we shoulde chyefly studye.

1601 R. Dolman tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. III. 56 All the beauties and richesses of the vniuers.

1677 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. 199 To be furnished with Richesses and other necessaries.

†3. Wealth personified. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > wealth > wealth or riches > [noun] > personified

wealtha1275

richessea1425

a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 1033 Biside Beaute yede Richesse [Fr. Richece] And hight [perh. read An high] lady of gret noblesse.

a1450 (?1418) in J. Kail 26 Polit. Poems (1904) 64 (MED) Richesse, rauenere of worldis wele, Take fro þe nedy, to þe nedeles dele, And wylde recheles as a roo.

1508 W. Dunbar Goldyn Targe (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems (1998) I. 189 Wnto the persewit Hie Degree:..Richesse, Fredom and eke Nobilitee.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. vii. sig. S4^v Betwixt them both was but a litle stride, That did the house of Richesse from hellmouth diuide.

†4. A group (of pine martens). Obsolete (historical in later use).One of many alleged group names found in late Middle English glossarial sources.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Mustelidae (weasel, marten, otter, or badger) > [noun] > genus Martes (marten) > collectively

richessea1450

a1450 Terms Assoc. in PMLA (1936) 51 603 (MED) A reches of marterys.

1486 Bk. St. Albans f vi A Riches of Martronys.

1575 G. Gascoigne Noble Arte Venerie lxxix. 235 Trystram addeth, A Richesse of Marternes.

1598 J. Manwood Treat. Lawes Forrest iv. f. 26 The Forresters do call a companie of Marternes, a Richesse of Marternes.

1632 Guillim's Display of Heraldrie (ed. 2) iii. xiv. 177 Skilfull Foresters and good Woodmen. Doe vse to say, a Riches Of Marternes.

1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Richess, (of Marterns) a Company.

1718 G. Jacob Compl. Sportsman i. 58 A Richess of Martens.

1801 J. Strutt Glig-gamena Angel-ðeod i. i. 17 When beasts went together in companies, there was said to be..a cete of badgers; a richess of martins;..and a labour of moles.

1888 Academy 4 Feb. 71/1 The foresters pass..and talk..of a rout of wolves or a richesse of martens to be chased.

†5. As a mass noun: a fine example of something. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > excellence > [noun] > the choice or pick

flowerc1200

pearlc1400

richessec1450

choicea1513

wale1513

cream1581

garland1591

pink1597

analect1653

pick1766

the pick of the basket1874

c1450 (c1390) G. Chaucer Complaint of Venus (Fairf. 16) (1879) l. 12 Of knyghthode he is parfite richesse.

6. Abundance, fullness; sumptuousness, opulence. Cf. embarras de richesse n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > sufficient quantity, amount, or degree > excessive amount or degree > [noun] > excess, redundancy, or superfluity > excessive quantity or amount

overchargea1325

outrakea1400

surcharge1603

superflux1608

overquantitya1626

overflux1633

gluta1652

overdose1700

excresce1707

overseta1715

embarras de richesse1750

sickener1809

embarras de choix1825

richesse1875

basinful1935

1875 Academy 20 Feb. 184/1 A ‘richesse’ of mythic and sacred lore touching the ash [tree].

1883 Colman's Rural World 21 June 3/1 There has never been an occasion at which the richesse and artistic talent of the floral trade..could be displayed to greater and more striking extent.

1949 Times 16 June 7/4 The Dream of Gerontius was a fitting choice... Sir Malcolm Sargent is expert at distributing its drama, mystery, and harmonic richesse.

1960 D. Hoffman Little Geste 7 Who would encumber these huckleberryfields' sparse opulence with tropics' richesse?

1996 Observer 29 Dec. (Life Suppl.) 22/1 After the richesse of the past few days, a clear broth will be welcome for lunch.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	richesse
释义	richessen. Brit. /rɪˈʃɛs/, U.S. /riˈʃɛs/ Forms: α. Middle English richeise, Middle English richeisse, Middle English richeyse, Middle English rycheis, Middle English rycheise, Middle English ryhcheys; Scottish pre-1700 richeis. β. Middle English richesce, Middle English rychesce. γ. Middle English rechesse, Middle English ricchesse, Middle English ricesse (perhaps transmission error), Middle English richchesse, Middle English–1600s 1800s– richesse, Middle English richesses (in sense 4), Middle English ritchesse, Middle English riȝcchesse, Middle English ruchesse, Middle English rycchesse, Middle English–1500s rychesse, Middle English rychesshe, Middle English ryhchesse; Scottish pre-1700 richesse. δ. Middle English reches (in sense 4), Middle English–1600s (1700s–1800s in sense 4) richess, Middle English 1600s riches (in sense 4); Scottish pre-1700 raches, pre-1700 ratches, pre-1700 reches, pre-1700 riches, pre-1700 ritches, pre-1700 rithces, pre-1700 ruches, pre-1700 ryches, pre-1700 rychces. ε. Middle English richees, Middle English rychese. ζ. Middle English rychas; Scottish pre-1700 richass. See also riches n. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French richesche, richesse. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman richesche, richessce, richaise, richeisse, rischesce, richez, Anglo-Norman and Old French richeise, Old French (rare) ricece, ricese, richace, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French richesce, richece, Anglo-Norman and Middle French richesse (French richesse ) power, wealth, riches, sumptuousness, opulence (in plural) material possessions, objects of great value (all 12th cent.) < riche rich adj. + -esse -ess suffix². Sense 6 apparently shows reborrowing < French richesse, probably largely after embarras de richesse n.The position of the stress varied in early use (as in many other words of Romance origin). For forms in -es (except when Older Scots or in sense 4) see riches n. and discussion at that entry. In sense 4 probably with reference to the value of the marten's pelt. †1. In singular. a. Wealth, riches. Also: the condition of being rich. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > wealth > wealth or riches > [noun] wealc888 ednessa1200 richessea1200 richdomc1225 richesses?c1225 wealtha1275 richesc1275 winc1275 warison1297 wonea1300 merchandisec1300 aver1330 richesc1330 substancea1382 abundancec1384 suffisance1390 talenta1400 pelf?a1505 opulence?1518 wealthsa1533 money bag1562 capital1569 opulency1584 affluency1591 affluence1593 exuberance1675 nabobism1784 money1848 a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 51 Hie..hadden þe fulle of wurldes richeisse. c1225 (?c1200) Hali Meiðhad (Bodl.) (1940) l. 438 Þet tu seidest þruppe þet ter walde wakenin..richesce & worldes weole. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 705 (MED) Þei al þe world were min & al þe richesse iwis..leuere me were lese Þan þi lif þat me is so lef. a1350 in R. H. Robbins Hist. Poems 14th & 15th Cent. (1959) 7 (MED) Ne mai vs ryse no rest, rycheis, ne ro. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. ii. 17 (MED) Hire arraye me rauysshed; suche ricchesse saw I neuere. a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) 1316 Than schal men seeme [read see], how in þis world..Richesse is pouert, and pouert richesse. a1450 (a1401) Chastising of God's Children (Bodl.) (1957) 206 Richesse and al worshippes bien but lent to a man for a tyme. 1509 S. Hawes Joyfull Medit. 11 Gadrynge grete rychesse of this his regyon. 1555 R. Eden in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde Pref. sig. biij The Phenician marchauntes..got great rychesse therby. 1609 P. Holland tr. Ammianus Marcellinus Rom. Hist. xiv. ix. 67 The Germanes..got away their wives,..together with their corne and barbarous richesse. 1687 P. Rycaut Hist. Turks II. 97 England's Richess depends absolutely on her Foreign Trade. 1738 P. Chamberlen Hist. Life & Reign Queen Anne 30 He was thrifty, without the least Tincture of Avarice, or Greediness of Richess. 1774 Ld. Kames Sketches Hist. Man III. ii. ix. 5 The inhabitants..had no way to employ their richess [other edd. riches] for profit but in trade. b. figurative. Non-material things considered to be of great value; spiritual wealth. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1325 St. Augustine of Canterbury (Corpus Cambr.) l. 28 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill S. Eng. Legendary (1956) 215 (MED) A message fram..Rome..ssolde world wiþoute ende to him and to al is londe To gret prou & richesse beo. c1350 Apocalypse St. John: A Version (Harl. 874) (1961) 15 (MED) Vnto hem þat willen suffre pouerte & ouercomeþ coueitise, oure lorde bihoteþ hem richesse. c1430 N. Love Mirror Blessed Life (Brasenose e.9) (1908) 149 Goostly richesse of vertues and comforte of the holy goost. a1475 Sidrak & Bokkus (Lansd.) (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Washington) (1965) 7050 (MED) Al þe ricchesse here of man Is þe soule him wiþynne, And it be clene out of synne. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. ii. sig. O5^v In her the richesse of all heauenly grace, In chiefe degree are heaped vp on hye. 1612 W. Shute tr. G. Du Vair Holy Medit. 79 Friends bee the most pretious richesse that a man can purchase. 1621 R. Brathwait Times Curtaine Drawne sig. B7^v It is the best of Richesse to be good. †2. In plural. Wealth, riches. Also figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > wealth > wealth or riches > [noun] wealc888 ednessa1200 richessea1200 richdomc1225 richesses?c1225 wealtha1275 richesc1275 winc1275 warison1297 wonea1300 merchandisec1300 aver1330 richesc1330 substancea1382 abundancec1384 suffisance1390 talenta1400 pelf?a1505 opulence?1518 wealthsa1533 money bag1562 capital1569 opulency1584 affluency1591 affluence1593 exuberance1675 nabobism1784 money1848 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 130 Þu leauedest to oðre men alle richesces. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Eph. iii. 16 The fadir..ȝyue to ȝou, vp the richessis of his glorie, vertu for to be strengthid by his spirit. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1872) IV. 55 To ȝilde up..al þe gold and selver and oþere richesses. c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 295 Men that trusten in ricchessis. 1485 W. Caxton tr. Lyf St. Wenefryde 2 I am a kynges sone whiche haue plente of rychesses. a1500 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Trin. Dublin) (1893) 8 (MED) Reioyce þe not in richesses. ?1533 G. Du Wes Introductorie for to lerne Frenche sig. Bbiii ^v Dyuerse other maner of loue, as of richesses. 1539 C. Tunstall Serm. Palme Sondaye sig. Fvi So for these .ii. rychesses, the one the rychesse of faythe, the other the rychesse of good workes, we shoulde chyefly studye. 1601 R. Dolman tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. III. 56 All the beauties and richesses of the vniuers. 1677 T. Gale Court of Gentiles: Pt. IV iv. 199 To be furnished with Richesses and other necessaries. †3. Wealth personified. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > wealth > wealth or riches > [noun] > personified wealtha1275 richessea1425 a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 1033 Biside Beaute yede Richesse [Fr. Richece] And hight [perh. read An high] lady of gret noblesse. a1450 (?1418) in J. Kail 26 Polit. Poems (1904) 64 (MED) Richesse, rauenere of worldis wele, Take fro þe nedy, to þe nedeles dele, And wylde recheles as a roo. 1508 W. Dunbar Goldyn Targe (Chepman & Myllar) in Poems (1998) I. 189 Wnto the persewit Hie Degree:..Richesse, Fredom and eke Nobilitee. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. vii. sig. S4^v Betwixt them both was but a litle stride, That did the house of Richesse from hellmouth diuide. †4. A group (of pine martens). Obsolete (historical in later use).One of many alleged group names found in late Middle English glossarial sources. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Mustelidae (weasel, marten, otter, or badger) > [noun] > genus Martes (marten) > collectively richessea1450 a1450 Terms Assoc. in PMLA (1936) 51 603 (MED) A reches of marterys. 1486 Bk. St. Albans f vi A Riches of Martronys. 1575 G. Gascoigne Noble Arte Venerie lxxix. 235 Trystram addeth, A Richesse of Marternes. 1598 J. Manwood Treat. Lawes Forrest iv. f. 26 The Forresters do call a companie of Marternes, a Richesse of Marternes. 1632 Guillim's Display of Heraldrie (ed. 2) iii. xiv. 177 Skilfull Foresters and good Woodmen. Doe vse to say, a Riches Of Marternes. 1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Richess, (of Marterns) a Company. 1718 G. Jacob Compl. Sportsman i. 58 A Richess of Martens. 1801 J. Strutt Glig-gamena Angel-ðeod i. i. 17 When beasts went together in companies, there was said to be..a cete of badgers; a richess of martins;..and a labour of moles. 1888 Academy 4 Feb. 71/1 The foresters pass..and talk..of a rout of wolves or a richesse of martens to be chased. †5. As a mass noun: a fine example of something. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > excellence > [noun] > the choice or pick flowerc1200 pearlc1400 richessec1450 choicea1513 wale1513 cream1581 garland1591 pink1597 analect1653 pick1766 the pick of the basket1874 c1450 (c1390) G. Chaucer Complaint of Venus (Fairf. 16) (1879) l. 12 Of knyghthode he is parfite richesse. 6. Abundance, fullness; sumptuousness, opulence. Cf. embarras de richesse n. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > sufficient quantity, amount, or degree > excessive amount or degree > [noun] > excess, redundancy, or superfluity > excessive quantity or amount overchargea1325 outrakea1400 surcharge1603 superflux1608 overquantitya1626 overflux1633 gluta1652 overdose1700 excresce1707 overseta1715 embarras de richesse1750 sickener1809 embarras de choix1825 richesse1875 basinful1935 1875 Academy 20 Feb. 184/1 A ‘richesse’ of mythic and sacred lore touching the ash [tree]. 1883 Colman's Rural World 21 June 3/1 There has never been an occasion at which the richesse and artistic talent of the floral trade..could be displayed to greater and more striking extent. 1949 Times 16 June 7/4 The Dream of Gerontius was a fitting choice... Sir Malcolm Sargent is expert at distributing its drama, mystery, and harmonic richesse. 1960 D. Hoffman Little Geste 7 Who would encumber these huckleberryfields' sparse opulence with tropics' richesse? 1996 Observer 29 Dec. (Life Suppl.) 22/1 After the richesse of the past few days, a clear broth will be welcome for lunch. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.a1200
随便看	sea hoglouse sea hulver sea ivory sea jaw sea lavender sea lead sea legs sea leopard sea level sea lightwort sea lion sea lioness sea long-worm sea longworm sea lungwort sea manners sea mantis sea marker sea marsh bugloss sea mat-grass sea matgrass sea matweed sea milkwort sea mink sea monkey