retroactv.

Brit.

/ˌrɛtrəʊˈakt/, U.S.

/ˌrɛtroʊˈæk(t)/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin retroāct-, retroagere.

Etymology: < classical Latin retroāct-, past participial stem of retroagere to drive or thrust backwards, to trace backwards in time, to invert, to take back, cancel, withdraw < retro retro- prefix + agere act v., probably after retroactive adj., retroaction n. Compare also French rétroagir (1791). N.E.D. (1908) also gives the pronunciation (rītro-) /riːtrəʊ-/ for the first element. The Older Scots past participle form retroactitt recorded in a single example from 1582 perhaps shows an error for retrotract , alteration of retract v.² (compare retrotraction n.): see Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at retroact.

†1. transitive. To act against, counteract. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (transitive)]

withgo743

to go again ——OE

withsayc1175

again-goc1275

withsitc1300

thwarta1325

to go against ——a1382

counter1382

repugnc1384

adversea1393

craba1400

gainsaya1400

movec1400

overthwart?a1425

to put (also set) one's face againsta1425

traversea1425

contrairc1425

to take again ——c1425

contraryc1430

to take against ——a1450

opposec1485

again-seta1500

gain?a1500

oppone1500

transverse1532

to come up against1535

heave at1546

to be against1549

encounter1549

to set shoulder against1551

to fly in the face of1553

crossc1555

to cross with1590

countermand1592

forstand1599

opposit1600

thorter1608

obviate1609

disputea1616

obstrigillate1623

contradict1632

avert1635

to set one's hand against1635

top1641

militate1642

to come across ——1653

contrariate1656

to cross upon (or on)1661

shock1667

clash1685

rencounter1689

obtend1697

counteract1708

oppugnate1749

retroact?1761

controvert1782

react1795

to set against ——1859

appose-

?1761 ‘B. Montfichet’ Life & Opinions II. iii. 17 A person's posteriors had been once so retentive of modesty in the royal presence, that the expulsive muscles of a flatus, were counter and retro-acted by the compressive valves of the sphincter ani.

2. intransitive. To react reciprocally or in return; to have a reciprocal effect.

ΚΠ

1795 T. Hussey Let. 19 Feb. in E. Burke Corr. (1969) VIII. 153 They may rally in the House of Peers,—put down the emancipation bill; but be assured the very ghost of that bill would retroact, and put down the House of Peers.

1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh vi. 240 A simple shade or image of the brain, Is merely passive, does not retro-act, Is seen, but sees not.

1879 E. Moore tr. K. R. Hagenbach Hist. Reformation Germany & Switzerland II. xxxiv. 371 Protestantism has promoted those sciences which..implant and cultivate noble and liberal sentiments, and retro-act upon the great domains of moral liberty.

a1985 F. Rossi-Landi Between Signs & Non-signs (1992) i. ii. 28 To believe..that social practice founded itself on a given conception of reality..does not mean that conceptions of reality are deprived of the possibility of retro-acting on social practice.

2002 E. Gualini in G. Cars et al. Urban Governance 37 Collective action becomes an emergent, incremental outcome that may itself retro-act on the conditions for the constitution of new institutional settings.

a. intransitive. To have a retrospective effect or impact.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > operate [verb (intransitive)] > backwards

retroact1797

the world > action or operation > operate [verb (intransitive)] > in return

respond1600

react?1608

retroact1797

the world > time > relative time > the past > [verb (intransitive)] > operate towards the past

retroact1797

1797 T. Sheridan Compl. Dict. Eng. Lang. (ed. 4) To retroact,..to act backward.

1802 D. Call Rep. Court of Appeals Virginia 2 163 The scire facias..cannot retroact upon a mesne act, where the right has ceased.

1877 Scribner's Monthly Dec. 223/2 That woman could not retroact and touch the memory of Ida. That dear vision remained intact.

1884 E. Bellamy Miss Ludington's Sister xv. 252 An evil past could no more shadow a virtuous present than a virtuous present could retroact to brighten or redeem an ugly past.

1932 Calif. Law Rev. 21 48 The amendment did not retroact to affect appeals pending at the time of its adoption.

2000 Evening Standard (Nexis) 27 Apr. 23 He lied egregiously about his intentions. This big lie has retro-acted on my view of Livingstone.

b. transitive. To extend the scope of (a measure, regulation, etc., or its effects) into the past; to cause to apply retrospectively.

ΚΠ

1900 Ann. Rep. War Dept. (U.S.) I. vi. 279 By direction of the same general its [sc. the budget's] effects were retroacted to the 1st of February.

1964 J. Russell Sanatio in Radice before Council of Trent 140 A dispensation which both convalidated a marriage and retroacted its juridical effects to a moment in the past.

2001 Houston Chron. (Nexis) 4 July 5 The rules kick in on Jan. 1 but are being retroacted to include players attempting to qualify for the PGA Tour in the fall of 2001.

Derivatives

retro'acting adj. (a) that applies retrospectively; (b) reciprocal, reactive.

ΚΠ

1841 Extra Globe (Washington, D.C.) 19 May 16/3 Did he issue retro-acting edicts, and invite spies and informers to testify against their fellow citizens in office, so that they might be removed?

1850 De Bow's Rev. Aug. 126 The individual weight of authority of these legislators..exerts a strong, retro-acting influence upon the people.

1906 Manch. Guardian 7 Mar. 8/3 Fears were entertained of the effect of pressure put on members and of the retro-acting effect of promises, extracted from candidates in moments of agony.

1990 Sunday Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 11 Feb. b1 If legal, that retroacting clause would prevent the City Council from renaming anything after King without public approval if voters restore the Union Avenue name.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	retroact
释义	retroactv. Brit. /ˌrɛtrəʊˈakt/, U.S. /ˌrɛtroʊˈæk(t)/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin retroāct-, retroagere. Etymology: < classical Latin retroāct-, past participial stem of retroagere to drive or thrust backwards, to trace backwards in time, to invert, to take back, cancel, withdraw < retro retro- prefix + agere act v., probably after retroactive adj., retroaction n. Compare also French rétroagir (1791). N.E.D. (1908) also gives the pronunciation (rītro-) /riːtrəʊ-/ for the first element. The Older Scots past participle form retroactitt recorded in a single example from 1582 perhaps shows an error for retrotract , alteration of retract v.² (compare retrotraction n.): see Dict. Older Sc. Tongue at retroact. †1. transitive. To act against, counteract. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (transitive)] withgo743 to go again ——OE withsayc1175 again-goc1275 withsitc1300 thwarta1325 to go against ——a1382 counter1382 repugnc1384 adversea1393 craba1400 gainsaya1400 movec1400 overthwart?a1425 to put (also set) one's face againsta1425 traversea1425 contrairc1425 to take again ——c1425 contraryc1430 to take against ——a1450 opposec1485 again-seta1500 gain?a1500 oppone1500 transverse1532 to come up against1535 heave at1546 to be against1549 encounter1549 to set shoulder against1551 to fly in the face of1553 crossc1555 to cross with1590 countermand1592 forstand1599 opposit1600 thorter1608 obviate1609 disputea1616 obstrigillate1623 contradict1632 avert1635 to set one's hand against1635 top1641 militate1642 to come across ——1653 contrariate1656 to cross upon (or on)1661 shock1667 clash1685 rencounter1689 obtend1697 counteract1708 oppugnate1749 retroact?1761 controvert1782 react1795 to set against ——1859 appose- ?1761 ‘B. Montfichet’ Life & Opinions II. iii. 17 A person's posteriors had been once so retentive of modesty in the royal presence, that the expulsive muscles of a flatus, were counter and retro-acted by the compressive valves of the sphincter ani. 2. intransitive. To react reciprocally or in return; to have a reciprocal effect. ΚΠ 1795 T. Hussey Let. 19 Feb. in E. Burke Corr. (1969) VIII. 153 They may rally in the House of Peers,—put down the emancipation bill; but be assured the very ghost of that bill would retroact, and put down the House of Peers. 1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh vi. 240 A simple shade or image of the brain, Is merely passive, does not retro-act, Is seen, but sees not. 1879 E. Moore tr. K. R. Hagenbach Hist. Reformation Germany & Switzerland II. xxxiv. 371 Protestantism has promoted those sciences which..implant and cultivate noble and liberal sentiments, and retro-act upon the great domains of moral liberty. a1985 F. Rossi-Landi Between Signs & Non-signs (1992) i. ii. 28 To believe..that social practice founded itself on a given conception of reality..does not mean that conceptions of reality are deprived of the possibility of retro-acting on social practice. 2002 E. Gualini in G. Cars et al. Urban Governance 37 Collective action becomes an emergent, incremental outcome that may itself retro-act on the conditions for the constitution of new institutional settings. 3. a. intransitive. To have a retrospective effect or impact. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > operate [verb (intransitive)] > backwards retroact1797 the world > action or operation > operate [verb (intransitive)] > in return respond1600 react?1608 retroact1797 the world > time > relative time > the past > [verb (intransitive)] > operate towards the past retroact1797 1797 T. Sheridan Compl. Dict. Eng. Lang. (ed. 4) To retroact,..to act backward. 1802 D. Call Rep. Court of Appeals Virginia 2 163 The scire facias..cannot retroact upon a mesne act, where the right has ceased. 1877 Scribner's Monthly Dec. 223/2 That woman could not retroact and touch the memory of Ida. That dear vision remained intact. 1884 E. Bellamy Miss Ludington's Sister xv. 252 An evil past could no more shadow a virtuous present than a virtuous present could retroact to brighten or redeem an ugly past. 1932 Calif. Law Rev. 21 48 The amendment did not retroact to affect appeals pending at the time of its adoption. 2000 Evening Standard (Nexis) 27 Apr. 23 He lied egregiously about his intentions. This big lie has retro-acted on my view of Livingstone. b. transitive. To extend the scope of (a measure, regulation, etc., or its effects) into the past; to cause to apply retrospectively. ΚΠ 1900 Ann. Rep. War Dept. (U.S.) I. vi. 279 By direction of the same general its [sc. the budget's] effects were retroacted to the 1st of February. 1964 J. Russell Sanatio in Radice before Council of Trent 140 A dispensation which both convalidated a marriage and retroacted its juridical effects to a moment in the past. 2001 Houston Chron. (Nexis) 4 July 5 The rules kick in on Jan. 1 but are being retroacted to include players attempting to qualify for the PGA Tour in the fall of 2001. Derivatives retro'acting adj. (a) that applies retrospectively; (b) reciprocal, reactive. ΚΠ 1841 Extra Globe (Washington, D.C.) 19 May 16/3 Did he issue retro-acting edicts, and invite spies and informers to testify against their fellow citizens in office, so that they might be removed? 1850 De Bow's Rev. Aug. 126 The individual weight of authority of these legislators..exerts a strong, retro-acting influence upon the people. 1906 Manch. Guardian 7 Mar. 8/3 Fears were entertained of the effect of pressure put on members and of the retro-acting effect of promises, extracted from candidates in moments of agony. 1990 Sunday Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 11 Feb. b1 If legal, that retroacting clause would prevent the City Council from renaming anything after King without public approval if voters restore the Union Avenue name. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < v.?1761
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