retroactionn.

Brit.

/ˌrɛtrəʊˈakʃn/, U.S.

/ˌrɛtroʊˈækʃ(ə)n/

Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Probably partly a borrowing from Latin. Probably partly formed within English, by derivation; modelled on a Latin lexical item. Etymons: Latin retroaction- , retroactio ; retro- prefix, action n.

Etymology: Probably partly < post-classical Latin retroaction-, retroactio action of tracing back in time (1290, 1306 in British sources; < classical Latin retroāct- , past participial stem of retroagere retroact v. + -iō -ion suffix¹), and partly < retro- prefix + action n., after classical Latin retroagere retroact v. Compare French rétroaction (1750), Italian retroazione (1804). Compare retroactive adj., retroactivity n., retroact v.At quot. 1570 at sense 1 perhaps an error for retractions , although classical Latin retroagere (see retroact v.) does have a sense ‘to withdraw’. N.E.D. (1908) also gives the pronunciation (rītro-) for the first element.

†1. Perhaps: a withdrawal, a retraction. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1570 in J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. v. 540/2 To proceed agaynst them,..concerning the foresaid hereticall and erroneous conclusions, accordyng to the forme of retroactions and qualitie of the busines in this behalfe had and vsed.

†2. The action or fact of driving something back or backward. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [noun] > forcing or driving back

reverting1540

retroaction1658

1658 E. Phillips New World Eng. Words Retroaction, a driving backward.

1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Retroaction, a driving back.

3. The condition or fact of acting retroactively; retrospective effect or operation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the past > [noun] > application or operation with regard to past time

retrospection1650

retrospect1662

retroaction1728

retroactivity1829

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Retroactive We have some Instances of Laws that have a Retrospect, or Retroaction, i. e. were made with express Design to extend to things already pass'd.

1806 C. Robinson Rep. High Court Admiralty 5 249 It is rendered enemy's property at the time of seizure, by the necessary and general retroaction of the subsequent declaration of hostilities.

1816 J. Bentham Introductory View 20 in Extract Constit. Code: Official Aptitude Maximized In the frugality here recommended, no retroaction is comprised.

1872 Amer. Law Reg. 20 520 Shall the vendor's misunderstanding of the purchaser's intentions..taint the original contract by retroaction?

1905 Times 8 Aug. 11/1 The true application of the doctrine against the retroaction of laws was to confine this particular enactment to liquidations arising after the amendment of the law.

1938 Virginia Law Rev. 24 904 Retroaction most often appears when taxes are based on the maturing of future interests.

1987 W. Haywood in S. Larson & B. Nissen Theories of Labor Movement ii. xii. 78 The demands of the workers were for an increase of wages,..for a reduction of hours and for the retroaction of the pension.

a. Reciprocal action; action in return, reaction.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > [noun] > return action or operation

repercussion1603

reacting1611

recussion1754

reaction1771

reagency1793

reverberation1797

retroaction1799

response1887

snap-back1972

1799 J. West Tale of Times (ed. 2) II. xxx. 264 The odium with which you bespatter a neighbour's reputation has the effect, by retroaction [1799 (ed. 1) retroactive effect], of furbishing your own.

1829 J. Sterling Ess. & Tales (1848) I. 71 The design which occupies by a necessary retroaction modifies the means whereby we seek to attain it.

1874 G. MacDonald Malcolm III. iii. 34 The hatred of the grand old man had an element of unselfishness in its retroaction, of power in its persistency, [etc.].

1884 P. Higgs tr. R. J. E. Clausius Minutes Proc. Inst. Civil Engineers 75 250 Retro-action of the moving circuit on the fixed.

1933 B. Gadelius Human Mentality iv. 112 Affectivity enters as an essential quality into our mind... Its retroaction on our ideas and our conduct evinces itself on what we call the temperament.

2005 L. de Brabandere Forgotten Half of Change ii. 39 This force of retroaction, of feedback, seems to be the cause of the great mutations we are now experiencing.

b. Psychology. The (usually deleterious) effect of subsequent learning on the memory of what was learnt previously.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > psychology > developmental psychology > acquisition of knowledge > capacity for retaining experience > [noun] > effect of later learning

retroaction1924

1924 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 35 617 The retroaction of his experiment was measured at two different temporal positions after original learning.

1949 L. J. Postman & J. P. Egan Exper. Psychol. xvi. 378 Maximum retroaction occurs when original and interpolated learning are approximately equal in strength.

1985 L. Postman in G. A. Kimble & K. Schlesinger Topics in Hist. Psychol. II. iii. 80 Reproductive inhibition in the sense of response competition came to be considered the major mechanism of retroaction.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	retroaction
释义	retroactionn. Brit. /ˌrɛtrəʊˈakʃn/, U.S. /ˌrɛtroʊˈækʃ(ə)n/ Origin: Probably of multiple origins. Probably partly a borrowing from Latin. Probably partly formed within English, by derivation; modelled on a Latin lexical item. Etymons: Latin retroaction- , retroactio ; retro- prefix, action n. Etymology: Probably partly < post-classical Latin retroaction-, retroactio action of tracing back in time (1290, 1306 in British sources; < classical Latin retroāct- , past participial stem of retroagere retroact v. + -iō -ion suffix¹), and partly < retro- prefix + action n., after classical Latin retroagere retroact v. Compare French rétroaction (1750), Italian retroazione (1804). Compare retroactive adj., retroactivity n., retroact v.At quot. 1570 at sense 1 perhaps an error for retractions , although classical Latin retroagere (see retroact v.) does have a sense ‘to withdraw’. N.E.D. (1908) also gives the pronunciation (rītro-) for the first element. †1. Perhaps: a withdrawal, a retraction. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1570 in J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. v. 540/2 To proceed agaynst them,..concerning the foresaid hereticall and erroneous conclusions, accordyng to the forme of retroactions and qualitie of the busines in this behalfe had and vsed. †2. The action or fact of driving something back or backward. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > backward movement > [noun] > forcing or driving back reverting1540 retroaction1658 1658 E. Phillips New World Eng. Words Retroaction, a driving backward. 1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Retroaction, a driving back. 3. The condition or fact of acting retroactively; retrospective effect or operation. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the past > [noun] > application or operation with regard to past time retrospection1650 retrospect1662 retroaction1728 retroactivity1829 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Retroactive We have some Instances of Laws that have a Retrospect, or Retroaction, i. e. were made with express Design to extend to things already pass'd. 1806 C. Robinson Rep. High Court Admiralty 5 249 It is rendered enemy's property at the time of seizure, by the necessary and general retroaction of the subsequent declaration of hostilities. 1816 J. Bentham Introductory View 20 in Extract Constit. Code: Official Aptitude Maximized In the frugality here recommended, no retroaction is comprised. 1872 Amer. Law Reg. 20 520 Shall the vendor's misunderstanding of the purchaser's intentions..taint the original contract by retroaction? 1905 Times 8 Aug. 11/1 The true application of the doctrine against the retroaction of laws was to confine this particular enactment to liquidations arising after the amendment of the law. 1938 Virginia Law Rev. 24 904 Retroaction most often appears when taxes are based on the maturing of future interests. 1987 W. Haywood in S. Larson & B. Nissen Theories of Labor Movement ii. xii. 78 The demands of the workers were for an increase of wages,..for a reduction of hours and for the retroaction of the pension. 4. a. Reciprocal action; action in return, reaction. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > [noun] > return action or operation repercussion1603 reacting1611 recussion1754 reaction1771 reagency1793 reverberation1797 retroaction1799 response1887 snap-back1972 1799 J. West Tale of Times (ed. 2) II. xxx. 264 The odium with which you bespatter a neighbour's reputation has the effect, by retroaction [1799 (ed. 1) retroactive effect], of furbishing your own. 1829 J. Sterling Ess. & Tales (1848) I. 71 The design which occupies by a necessary retroaction modifies the means whereby we seek to attain it. 1874 G. MacDonald Malcolm III. iii. 34 The hatred of the grand old man had an element of unselfishness in its retroaction, of power in its persistency, [etc.]. 1884 P. Higgs tr. R. J. E. Clausius Minutes Proc. Inst. Civil Engineers 75 250 Retro-action of the moving circuit on the fixed. 1933 B. Gadelius Human Mentality iv. 112 Affectivity enters as an essential quality into our mind... Its retroaction on our ideas and our conduct evinces itself on what we call the temperament. 2005 L. de Brabandere Forgotten Half of Change ii. 39 This force of retroaction, of feedback, seems to be the cause of the great mutations we are now experiencing. b. Psychology. The (usually deleterious) effect of subsequent learning on the memory of what was learnt previously. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > psychology > developmental psychology > acquisition of knowledge > capacity for retaining experience > [noun] > effect of later learning retroaction1924 1924 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 35 617 The retroaction of his experiment was measured at two different temporal positions after original learning. 1949 L. J. Postman & J. P. Egan Exper. Psychol. xvi. 378 Maximum retroaction occurs when original and interpolated learning are approximately equal in strength. 1985 L. Postman in G. A. Kimble & K. Schlesinger Topics in Hist. Psychol. II. iii. 80 Reproductive inhibition in the sense of response competition came to be considered the major mechanism of retroaction. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2010; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1570
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