birchn.

Brit.

/bəːtʃ/, U.S.

/bərtʃ/

Forms: α. Old English berc, beorc (? beorch), byrc. β. Old English birciae, byrce, birce, Middle English–1500s birche, Middle English–1500s byrch(e, Middle English– birch; northernMiddle English byrk(e, Middle English– birk.

Etymology: Old English had two forms: (1) berc , beorc strong feminine = Old Norse bjǫrk (Swedish björk , Danish birk ) < Germanic *berkâ- strong feminine; (2) Old English bierce , byrce , birce , in Epinal Gloss. birciae , weak feminine = Old High German bir(i)cha (Middle High German, modern German birke ) < Germanic *birkjôn- weak feminine, a derivative of *berkâ- (compare the two forms bôkâ- and bôkjôn- beech n.). An Indogermanic tree name < Old Aryan *bhergo- , *bhergā- : compare Sanskrit bhūrja a species of birch, Lithuanian beržas , Old Slavonic brěza . The Old English birce gave Middle English birche , modern birch ; the northern form birk reaches to Morecambe Bay and Lincoln: compare church n.¹ and adj., kirk n.

1. A genus of hardy northern forest trees ( Betula), having smooth tough bark and very slender branches.

a. esp. The common European species ( B. alba) which grows from Mt. Etna to Iceland, and from Greenland to Kamtschatka, and is distinguished among the other forest trees by its slender white stem; its twigs, bound in bundles, have furnished brooms, and the ‘birch’ for flogging. Also called Lady Birch, Silver Birch, White Birch; the Weeping or Drooping Birch ( B. pendula) is a variety.In Old English Vocabularies berc, birce, translate both Latin betula and populus.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > birch and allies > [noun]

bircha700

birch-tree1530

weeping birch1606

Our Lady's tree1608

black birch1674

sugar-birch1751

white birch1766

red birch1774

yellow birch1774

paper birch1791

canoe birch1810

mountain mahogany1810

old field birch1810

mahogany birch1813

towai1845

river birch1846

kamahi1867

silver birch1884

wire birch1899

a700 Epinal Gl. 132 Bet[ul]a, berc arbor dicitur [also Erf. & Cott.].

a700 Epinal Gl. 792 Populus, birciae [Corpus birce].

a1000 Rune-poem 18 Beorc byð bleda leás.

a1000 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 138 Populus, byrc. Betulus, byrc.

c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 332 Nim æps rinde..berc rinde.

c1050 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. 361 Betulus, byrce.

c1050 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. 469 Populus, byrce.

c1300 K. Alis. 5242 Beches, birches of the fairest.

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. clix. 1054 Þerwith houses ben yswope and yclensed..and many cleped þis tree birche.

c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 2057 As ook, Fyrre, Birch, Asp, Alder, holm, popler.

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xvi. 394 Byrkis on athir syde the way.

1551 W. Turner Herball (1568) 66 Byrche..serueth..for betynge of stubborne boyes.

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry ii. f. 102^v Byrch..is a tree very meete for Woods.

1801 R. Southey Thalaba II. xi. 283 The Birch so beautiful, Light as a Lady's plumes.

1829 R. Southey Sir Thomas More I. 121 Directly opposite there are some..steps of herbage, and a few birch.

1830 Ld. Tennyson Dirge i, in Poems 104 Shadows of the silver birk Sweep the green that folds thy grave.

1874 J. S. Blackie On Self-culture 42 The fragrant breath of birches blowing around him.

b. Dwarf Birch n. ( B. nana) a low wiry shrub found on Scottish moorlands and in continental Europe and North America. Cherry Birch n. ( B. lenta), also calledSweet Mahogany, or Mountain Birch, a native of North America, with fragrant leaves. Numerous other species are known: and the name is popularly applied to other genera, as the West Indian Birch n. ( Bursera gummifera family Amyridaceæ).white birch: see the first element.

c. The wood of this tree.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood of specific trees > [noun] > birch

bircha1400

birch-wooda1843

Norway birch1861

a1400 Sir Perc. 772 A fyre brynnande Off byrke and of akke.

1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 262 Birch is also a very common wood.

d. The plural birks is often used in the north in the name of a wood or grove of birches.

ΚΠ

1743 D. Mallet Poems on Several Occasions 205 (title) The birks of Endermay.

1788 R. Burns in J. Johnson Scots Musical Museum II. 116 Let us spend the lightsome days In the birks of Aberfeldy.

1855 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Yorks. Words Birks, a coppice or small wood in which the growth chiefly consists of birches.

2. A bunch of birch-twigs bound together to form an instrument for the flagellation of school-boys and of juvenile offenders; a birch-rod.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > corporal punishment > instrument or place of corporal punishment > [noun] > rod or birch

besomc893

yardc1000

rodlOE

baleysa1259

ferule1559

scutcher1611

birch1648

whisk rod1688

twig1736

fasces1762

tickler1765

tickle-tail1785

wand1828

tickle-toby1830

birch-rod1834

birch-wand1876

c1440 Bone Flor. 1518 He bete hur wyth a yerde of byrke.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) i. iii. 24 The threatning twigs of birch. ]

1648 R. Herrick Hesperides sig. F4 Pagget, a School-boy, got a Sword, and then He vow'd Destruction both to Birch, and Men.

1730 J. Swift Sheridan's Submission in Wks. (1755) IV. i. 260 I've nothing left to vent my spleen But ferula and birch.

1834 T. Carlyle Sartor Resartus ii. iii. 38/2 Were he [sc. the Schoolmaster] to walk abroad with birch girt on thigh.

1834 F. Marryat Jacob Faithful I. v. 82 Most indefatigably was the birch applied to Barnaby.

3. A canoe made of the bark of the Canoe or Paper Birch ( Betula papyracea).

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > vessels of primitive construction > [noun] > canoe of indigenous peoples > bark

bark canoe1725

north canoe1799

northern canoea1821

woodskin1825

birch1864

birch bark1868

cascara1882

1864 J. R. Lowell Fireside Trav. 129 Never use the word canoe..if you wish to retain your selfrespect. Birch is the term among us backwoodsmen.

1884 E. E. Hale Christmas in Narragansett i. 10 To paddle a birch across the lake.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

birch-broom n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > brushing or sweeping > [noun] > brush or broom

besomc1000

bast broom1357

brush1377

broom14..

sweepc1475

duster1575

bristle brush1601

broom-besom1693

flag-broom1697

stock-brush1700

whisk1745

birch-broom1747

hair-broom1753

spry1796

corn-broomc1810

pope's head1824

whisker1825

sweeping-brusha1828

swish1844

spoke-brush1851

whisk broom1857

Turk's head1859

wisp1875

tube-brush1877

bass-broom?1881

crumb-brush1884

dusting-brush1907

palmetto brush1913

suede brush1915

swale1949

1747 H. Glasse Art of Cookery xvii. 149 Scrub them well with a little Birch-Broom or Brush.

1762 C. Churchill Ghost ii. 34 Hark! something scratches round the room! A Cat, a Rat, a stubb'd Birch-broom.

birch-knowe n.

birch-leaf n.

birch-stalk n.

birch-tree n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > birch and allies > [noun]

bircha700

birch-tree1530

weeping birch1606

Our Lady's tree1608

black birch1674

sugar-birch1751

white birch1766

red birch1774

yellow birch1774

paper birch1791

canoe birch1810

mountain mahogany1810

old field birch1810

mahogany birch1813

towai1845

river birch1846

kamahi1867

silver birch1884

wire birch1899

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 198/1 Byrche tree, boulliav.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball vi. lxxvii. 758 The Birche tree hath taglettes or Chattons for his blossom, lyke as the Hazell.

1654 in Early Rec. Town of Providence (Rhode Island) (1893) II. 78 On the South Corner a small Birch Tree.

1725 in Early Rec. Town of Providence (Rhode Island) (1901) XVI. 399 A birch tree standing at the Edg of the hill.

1924 C. Oman Road Royal xiv. §2 She was made ready for bed and was all white as a moonlit birch tree.

birch-wand n.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > corporal punishment > instrument or place of corporal punishment > [noun] > rod or birch

besomc893

yardc1000

rodlOE

baleysa1259

ferule1559

scutcher1611

birch1648

whisk rod1688

twig1736

fasces1762

tickler1765

tickle-tail1785

wand1828

tickle-toby1830

birch-rod1834

birch-wand1876

1876 J. Grant Hist. Burgh Schools Scotl. ii. v. 196 Striking some on the hand with a birch-wand.

birch-wood n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > birch and allies > [noun] > assemblage of birch

birch-wooda1843

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood of specific trees > [noun] > birch

bircha1400

birch-wooda1843

Norway birch1861

a1843 in R. Southey Common-place Bk. (1849) 2nd Ser. 613/1 Horns made of birch-wood.

1861 G. H. Kingsley in F. Galton Vacation Tourists & Trav. 1860 135 The old birch~woods still linger here and there.

birch-fringed adj.

birch-shaded adj.

C2.

birch bark n. the bark of a birch-tree (also attributive); (U.S.) a birch-bark canoe.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > birch and allies > [noun] > bark, sap, or seed-pod

bitumen1551

bobbinc1562

birch bark1643

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > vessels of primitive construction > [noun] > canoe of indigenous peoples > bark

bark canoe1725

north canoe1799

northern canoea1821

woodskin1825

birch1864

birch bark1868

cascara1882

1643 R. Williams Key into Lang. Amer. 67 Others make slighter doores of Burch or Chestnut barke.

1674 J. Josselyn Two Voy. New Eng. 27 An Indian-Pinnace..made of Birch-bark.

1759 Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. XIX. 190 He found 5 Indians Connoes of burch Bark.

1771 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1769 97 The materials [of the nest were] moss, worsted, and birch bark.

1789 J. Morse Amer. Geogr. 224 He..provided several strips of birch-bark.

a1800 Spirit of Farmer's Museum (1801) 244 With panniers..laden with birch bark boxes.

c1805 J. J. Henry Campaign against Quebec (1812) 29 The birch-bark canoe is the most ingenious piece of mechanism.

1829 J. MacTaggart Three Years in Canada II. 54 Thus we can run a rapid of the Rideau River with a birch~bark canoe heavily laden.

1837 Southern Lit. Messenger 3 733 Along the shore were Indian lodges, of a conical form, and covered with birch bark.

1843 ‘R. Carlton’ New Purchase I. xxiii. 214 To float in birch-bark canoes on..free waters!

1853 S. Moodie Life in Clearings 16 The old bishop was crossing the Rice Lake in a birch bark canoe.

1868 F. Whymper Trav. Alaska 212 Birch-barks are..easily navigated.

1902 S. E. White Conjuror's House ii. 16 As the swift rush of the birch-barks brought them almost to their journey's end, they burst..into whoops of delight.

1903 S. E. White Forest x. 128 This birch-bark package contains maple sugar.

1927 E. V. Gordon Introd. Old Norse 225 They used birch-bark for leggings.

birch beer n. U.S. a beverage of slight alcoholic content prepared with an extract from the birch-tree; also a carbonated soft drink flavoured to resemble this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > aerated or carbonated drink > [noun] > root or birch beer

root beer1815

sarsaparilla1850

birch beer1883

the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > ale or beer > non-malted brews > [noun] > others

kvassa1556

locus ale1693

honey beer1731

maple beer1788

heath-ale1801

treacle beer1806

root beer1815

treacle alea1833

gale-beer1863

nettle beer1864

shimiyana1870

birch beer1883

parsnip beer1897

skokiaan1926

1883 Wheelman 1 392 We reached Bushkill at 12:30 p.m., stopping—for birch beer—at odd places.

1933 E. C. Guillet Early Life Upper Canada iv. 100 There was..a considerable manufacture of birch beer, a very popular drink among those who did not aspire to social heights.

birch-builder n. U.S. a maker of birch-bark canoes.

ΚΠ

a1861 T. Winthrop Life in open Air (1863) 49 These aborigines are the birch-builders.

birch camphor n. a resinous substance obtained from the bark of the Black Birch ( B. nigra).

birch canoe n. U.S. a canoe made of birch-bark.

ΚΠ

1697–8 S. Sewall Diary I. 475 Went to Hogg Island with Mr. John White in his Birch canoe.

1758 Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. XVIII. 197 Major Rogers returned and brou't in two Burch Canoes.

1775 in Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc. 2nd ser. II. 281 Here I found a fine Birch Canoe Carefully laid up.

a1861 T. Winthrop Life in open Air (1863) 48 A birch canoe is the right thing in the right place.

1875 J. G. Holland Sevenoaks xvi. 229 A birch canoe whose hiding-place Mike Conlin had revealed to him.

birch-lands n. U.S. ground mainly covered with birch trees.

ΚΠ

1789 J. Morse Amer. Geogr. 143 One species generally predominating in each soil, has originated the descriptive names of..birch, beach, and chestnut lands.

birch oil n. an oil extracted from the bark of the birch, and used in the preparation of Russia leather, to which it gives its smell.

birch partridge n. a North American name for the ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Galliformes (fowls) > family Tetraonidae (grouse) > [noun] > genus Bonasa > bonasa umbellus (ruffled grouse)

partridge1578

pheasant1766

birch partridge1823

white flesher1827

ruffled grouse1850

willow grouse1850

pat1933

1823 Gen. Descrip. Nova Scotia iii. 31 A list of most of the known birds of the Province with their popular names... Birch Partridge.

1834 Chambers's Edinb. Jrnl. 21 June 168/1 A bird, called the partridge,..is found all over the American continent; they are of two sorts, the spruce and the birch, so called from the different buds which they select for their food.

1880 Encycl. Brit. XI. 223/2 B. umbellus, the Ruffed Grouse or Birch-Partridge.

birch-rod n. = sense 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > corporal punishment > instrument or place of corporal punishment > [noun] > rod or birch

besomc893

yardc1000

rodlOE

baleysa1259

ferule1559

scutcher1611

birch1648

whisk rod1688

twig1736

fasces1762

tickler1765

tickle-tail1785

wand1828

tickle-toby1830

birch-rod1834

birch-wand1876

1834 T. Carlyle Sartor Resartus ii. iii, in Fraser's Mag. Feb. 186/1 That it [sc. the soul]..could be acted on through the muscular integument by appliance of birch rods.

1879 Act 42 & 43 Vict. xlix. §10 Such young person to be..privately whipped with not more than twelve strokes of a birch rod by a constable.

birch-water n. the sap obtained from the birch-tree in spring.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > fruit juice or squash > [noun] > sap

birch-water1663

trunk-manna1663

1663 R. Boyle Some Considerations Usefulnesse Exper. Nat. Philos. ii. iv. 103 The great commendation..given to this Birch-water.

1769 E. Raffald Experienced Eng. House-keeper xv. 304 Boil twenty Gallons of Birch Water.

birch-wine n. wine prepared from birch-water.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > wine > non-grape and home-made wines > [noun] > others

cherry-winea1665

morello winea1665

strawberry winea1665

orange wine1675

raspberry wine1676

birch-wine1681

grape-wine1718

cowslip wine1723

barley wine1728

ginger wine1734

gooseberry1766

raspberry1768

mead-wine1794

parsnip wine1830

milk-wine1837

tea-wine1892

1681 London Gaz. No. 1616/4 Birch-Wine rightly prepared, and made of the Sap of Birch Trees.

1853 J. Lindley Veg. Kingdom (ed. 3) 252 Birch Wine has a popular reputation as a remedy for stone and gravel.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	birch
释义	birchn. Brit. /bəːtʃ/, U.S. /bərtʃ/ Forms: α. Old English berc, beorc (? beorch), byrc. β. Old English birciae, byrce, birce, Middle English–1500s birche, Middle English–1500s byrch(e, Middle English– birch; northernMiddle English byrk(e, Middle English– birk. Etymology: Old English had two forms: (1) berc , beorc strong feminine = Old Norse bjǫrk (Swedish björk , Danish birk ) < Germanic berkâ- strong feminine; (2) Old English bierce* , byrce , birce , in Epinal Gloss. birciae , weak feminine = Old High German bir(i)cha (Middle High German, modern German birke ) < Germanic birkjôn- weak feminine, a derivative of berkâ- (compare the two forms bôkâ- and bôkjôn- beech n.). An Indogermanic tree name < Old Aryan bhergo- , bhergā- : compare Sanskrit bhūrja a species of birch, Lithuanian beržas , Old Slavonic brěza . The Old English birce gave Middle English birche , modern birch ; the northern form birk reaches to Morecambe Bay and Lincoln: compare church n.¹ and adj., kirk n. 1. A genus of hardy northern forest trees ( Betula), having smooth tough bark and very slender branches. a. esp. The common European species ( B. alba) which grows from Mt. Etna to Iceland, and from Greenland to Kamtschatka, and is distinguished among the other forest trees by its slender white stem; its twigs, bound in bundles, have furnished brooms, and the ‘birch’ for flogging. Also called Lady Birch, Silver Birch, White Birch; the Weeping or Drooping Birch ( B. pendula) is a variety.In Old English Vocabularies berc, birce, translate both Latin betula and populus. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > birch and allies > [noun] bircha700 birch-tree1530 weeping birch1606 Our Lady's tree1608 black birch1674 sugar-birch1751 white birch1766 red birch1774 yellow birch1774 paper birch1791 canoe birch1810 mountain mahogany1810 old field birch1810 mahogany birch1813 towai1845 river birch1846 kamahi1867 silver birch1884 wire birch1899 a700 Epinal Gl. 132 Bet[ul]a, berc arbor dicitur [also Erf. & Cott.]. a700 Epinal Gl. 792 Populus, birciae [Corpus birce]. a1000 Rune-poem 18 Beorc byð bleda leás. a1000 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 138 Populus, byrc. Betulus, byrc. c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 332 Nim æps rinde..berc rinde. c1050 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. 361 Betulus, byrce. c1050 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. 469 Populus, byrce. c1300 K. Alis. 5242 Beches, birches of the fairest. a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) II. xvii. clix. 1054 Þerwith houses ben yswope and yclensed..and many cleped þis tree birche. c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 2057 As ook, Fyrre, Birch, Asp, Alder, holm, popler. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xvi. 394 Byrkis on athir syde the way. 1551 W. Turner Herball (1568) 66 Byrche..serueth..for betynge of stubborne boyes. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry ii. f. 102^v Byrch..is a tree very meete for Woods. 1801 R. Southey Thalaba II. xi. 283 The Birch so beautiful, Light as a Lady's plumes. 1829 R. Southey Sir Thomas More I. 121 Directly opposite there are some..steps of herbage, and a few birch. 1830 Ld. Tennyson Dirge i, in Poems 104 Shadows of the silver birk Sweep the green that folds thy grave. 1874 J. S. Blackie On Self-culture 42 The fragrant breath of birches blowing around him. b. Dwarf Birch n. ( B. nana) a low wiry shrub found on Scottish moorlands and in continental Europe and North America. Cherry Birch n. ( B. lenta), also calledSweet Mahogany, or Mountain Birch, a native of North America, with fragrant leaves. Numerous other species are known: and the name is popularly applied to other genera, as the West Indian Birch n. ( Bursera gummifera family Amyridaceæ).white birch: see the first element. c. The wood of this tree. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood of specific trees > [noun] > birch bircha1400 birch-wooda1843 Norway birch1861 a1400 Sir Perc. 772 A fyre brynnande Off byrke and of akke. 1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 262 Birch is also a very common wood. d. The plural birks is often used in the north in the name of a wood or grove of birches. ΚΠ 1743 D. Mallet Poems on Several Occasions 205 (title) The birks of Endermay. 1788 R. Burns in J. Johnson Scots Musical Museum II. 116 Let us spend the lightsome days In the birks of Aberfeldy. 1855 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Yorks. Words Birks, a coppice or small wood in which the growth chiefly consists of birches. 2. A bunch of birch-twigs bound together to form an instrument for the flagellation of school-boys and of juvenile offenders; a birch-rod. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > corporal punishment > instrument or place of corporal punishment > [noun] > rod or birch besomc893 yardc1000 rodlOE baleysa1259 ferule1559 scutcher1611 birch1648 whisk rod1688 twig1736 fasces1762 tickler1765 tickle-tail1785 wand1828 tickle-toby1830 birch-rod1834 birch-wand1876 c1440 Bone Flor. 1518 He bete hur wyth a yerde of byrke. a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) i. iii. 24 The threatning twigs of birch. View more context for this quotation] 1648 R. Herrick Hesperides sig. F4 Pagget, a School-boy, got a Sword, and then He vow'd Destruction both to Birch, and Men. 1730 J. Swift Sheridan's Submission in Wks. (1755) IV. i. 260 I've nothing left to vent my spleen But ferula and birch. 1834 T. Carlyle Sartor Resartus ii. iii. 38/2 Were he [sc. the Schoolmaster] to walk abroad with birch girt on thigh. 1834 F. Marryat Jacob Faithful I. v. 82 Most indefatigably was the birch applied to Barnaby. 3. A canoe made of the bark of the Canoe or Paper Birch ( Betula papyracea). ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > vessels of primitive construction > [noun] > canoe of indigenous peoples > bark bark canoe1725 north canoe1799 northern canoea1821 woodskin1825 birch1864 birch bark1868 cascara1882 1864 J. R. Lowell Fireside Trav. 129 Never use the word canoe..if you wish to retain your selfrespect. Birch is the term among us backwoodsmen. 1884 E. E. Hale Christmas in Narragansett i. 10 To paddle a birch across the lake. Compounds C1. General attributive. a. birch-broom n. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > brushing or sweeping > [noun] > brush or broom besomc1000 bast broom1357 brush1377 broom14.. sweepc1475 duster1575 bristle brush1601 broom-besom1693 flag-broom1697 stock-brush1700 whisk1745 birch-broom1747 hair-broom1753 spry1796 corn-broomc1810 pope's head1824 whisker1825 sweeping-brusha1828 swish1844 spoke-brush1851 whisk broom1857 Turk's head1859 wisp1875 tube-brush1877 bass-broom?1881 crumb-brush1884 dusting-brush1907 palmetto brush1913 suede brush1915 swale1949 1747 H. Glasse Art of Cookery xvii. 149 Scrub them well with a little Birch-Broom or Brush. 1762 C. Churchill Ghost ii. 34 Hark! something scratches round the room! A Cat, a Rat, a stubb'd Birch-broom. birch-knowe n. birch-leaf n. birch-stalk n. birch-tree n. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > birch and allies > [noun] bircha700 birch-tree1530 weeping birch1606 Our Lady's tree1608 black birch1674 sugar-birch1751 white birch1766 red birch1774 yellow birch1774 paper birch1791 canoe birch1810 mountain mahogany1810 old field birch1810 mahogany birch1813 towai1845 river birch1846 kamahi1867 silver birch1884 wire birch1899 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 198/1 Byrche tree, boulliav. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball vi. lxxvii. 758 The Birche tree hath taglettes or Chattons for his blossom, lyke as the Hazell. 1654 in Early Rec. Town of Providence (Rhode Island) (1893) II. 78 On the South Corner a small Birch Tree. 1725 in Early Rec. Town of Providence (Rhode Island) (1901) XVI. 399 A birch tree standing at the Edg of the hill. 1924 C. Oman Road Royal xiv. §2 She was made ready for bed and was all white as a moonlit birch tree. birch-wand n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > corporal punishment > instrument or place of corporal punishment > [noun] > rod or birch besomc893 yardc1000 rodlOE baleysa1259 ferule1559 scutcher1611 birch1648 whisk rod1688 twig1736 fasces1762 tickler1765 tickle-tail1785 wand1828 tickle-toby1830 birch-rod1834 birch-wand1876 1876 J. Grant Hist. Burgh Schools Scotl. ii. v. 196 Striking some on the hand with a birch-wand. birch-wood n. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > birch and allies > [noun] > assemblage of birch birch-wooda1843 society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > wood > wood of specific trees > [noun] > birch bircha1400 birch-wooda1843 Norway birch1861 a1843 in R. Southey Common-place Bk. (1849) 2nd Ser. 613/1 Horns made of birch-wood. 1861 G. H. Kingsley in F. Galton Vacation Tourists & Trav. 1860 135 The old birch~woods still linger here and there. b. birch-fringed adj. birch-shaded adj. C2. birch bark n. the bark of a birch-tree (also attributive); (U.S.) a birch-bark canoe. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > birch and allies > [noun] > bark, sap, or seed-pod bitumen1551 bobbinc1562 birch bark1643 society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > vessels of primitive construction > [noun] > canoe of indigenous peoples > bark bark canoe1725 north canoe1799 northern canoea1821 woodskin1825 birch1864 birch bark1868 cascara1882 1643 R. Williams Key into Lang. Amer. 67 Others make slighter doores of Burch or Chestnut barke. 1674 J. Josselyn Two Voy. New Eng. 27 An Indian-Pinnace..made of Birch-bark. 1759 Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. XIX. 190 He found 5 Indians Connoes of burch Bark. 1771 T. Pennant Tour Scotl. 1769 97 The materials [of the nest were] moss, worsted, and birch bark. 1789 J. Morse Amer. Geogr. 224 He..provided several strips of birch-bark. a1800 Spirit of Farmer's Museum (1801) 244 With panniers..laden with birch bark boxes. c1805 J. J. Henry Campaign against Quebec (1812) 29 The birch-bark canoe is the most ingenious piece of mechanism. 1829 J. MacTaggart Three Years in Canada II. 54 Thus we can run a rapid of the Rideau River with a birch~bark canoe heavily laden. 1837 Southern Lit. Messenger 3 733 Along the shore were Indian lodges, of a conical form, and covered with birch bark. 1843 ‘R. Carlton’ New Purchase I. xxiii. 214 To float in birch-bark canoes on..free waters! 1853 S. Moodie Life in Clearings 16 The old bishop was crossing the Rice Lake in a birch bark canoe. 1868 F. Whymper Trav. Alaska 212 Birch-barks are..easily navigated. 1902 S. E. White Conjuror's House ii. 16 As the swift rush of the birch-barks brought them almost to their journey's end, they burst..into whoops of delight. 1903 S. E. White Forest x. 128 This birch-bark package contains maple sugar. 1927 E. V. Gordon Introd. Old Norse 225 They used birch-bark for leggings. birch beer n. U.S. a beverage of slight alcoholic content prepared with an extract from the birch-tree; also a carbonated soft drink flavoured to resemble this. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > aerated or carbonated drink > [noun] > root or birch beer root beer1815 sarsaparilla1850 birch beer1883 the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > ale or beer > non-malted brews > [noun] > others kvassa1556 locus ale1693 honey beer1731 maple beer1788 heath-ale1801 treacle beer1806 root beer1815 treacle alea1833 gale-beer1863 nettle beer1864 shimiyana1870 birch beer1883 parsnip beer1897 skokiaan1926 1883 Wheelman 1 392 We reached Bushkill at 12:30 p.m., stopping—for birch beer—at odd places. 1933 E. C. Guillet Early Life Upper Canada iv. 100 There was..a considerable manufacture of birch beer, a very popular drink among those who did not aspire to social heights. birch-builder n. U.S. a maker of birch-bark canoes. ΚΠ a1861 T. Winthrop Life in open Air (1863) 49 These aborigines are the birch-builders. birch camphor n. a resinous substance obtained from the bark of the Black Birch ( B. nigra). birch canoe n. U.S. a canoe made of birch-bark. ΚΠ 1697–8 S. Sewall Diary I. 475 Went to Hogg Island with Mr. John White in his Birch canoe. 1758 Essex Inst. Hist. Coll. XVIII. 197 Major Rogers returned and brou't in two Burch Canoes. 1775 in Proc. Mass. Hist. Soc. 2nd ser. II. 281 Here I found a fine Birch Canoe Carefully laid up. a1861 T. Winthrop Life in open Air (1863) 48 A birch canoe is the right thing in the right place. 1875 J. G. Holland Sevenoaks xvi. 229 A birch canoe whose hiding-place Mike Conlin had revealed to him. birch-lands n. U.S. ground mainly covered with birch trees. ΚΠ 1789 J. Morse Amer. Geogr. 143 One species generally predominating in each soil, has originated the descriptive names of..birch, beach, and chestnut lands. birch oil n. an oil extracted from the bark of the birch, and used in the preparation of Russia leather, to which it gives its smell. birch partridge n. a North American name for the ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Galliformes (fowls) > family Tetraonidae (grouse) > [noun] > genus Bonasa > bonasa umbellus (ruffled grouse) partridge1578 pheasant1766 birch partridge1823 white flesher1827 ruffled grouse1850 willow grouse1850 pat1933 1823 Gen. Descrip. Nova Scotia iii. 31 A list of most of the known birds of the Province with their popular names... Birch Partridge. 1834 Chambers's Edinb. Jrnl. 21 June 168/1 A bird, called the partridge,..is found all over the American continent; they are of two sorts, the spruce and the birch, so called from the different buds which they select for their food. 1880 Encycl. Brit. XI. 223/2 B. umbellus, the Ruffed Grouse or Birch-Partridge. birch-rod n. = sense 2. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > corporal punishment > instrument or place of corporal punishment > [noun] > rod or birch besomc893 yardc1000 rodlOE baleysa1259 ferule1559 scutcher1611 birch1648 whisk rod1688 twig1736 fasces1762 tickler1765 tickle-tail1785 wand1828 tickle-toby1830 birch-rod1834 birch-wand1876 1834 T. Carlyle Sartor Resartus ii. iii, in Fraser's Mag. Feb. 186/1 That it [sc. the soul]..could be acted on through the muscular integument by appliance of birch rods. 1879 Act 42 & 43 Vict. xlix. §10 Such young person to be..privately whipped with not more than twelve strokes of a birch rod by a constable. birch-water n. the sap obtained from the birch-tree in spring. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > fruit juice or squash > [noun] > sap birch-water1663 trunk-manna1663 1663 R. Boyle Some Considerations Usefulnesse Exper. Nat. Philos. ii. iv. 103 The great commendation..given to this Birch-water. 1769 E. Raffald Experienced Eng. House-keeper xv. 304 Boil twenty Gallons of Birch Water. birch-wine n. wine prepared from birch-water. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > intoxicating liquor > wine > non-grape and home-made wines > [noun] > others cherry-winea1665 morello winea1665 strawberry winea1665 orange wine1675 raspberry wine1676 birch-wine1681 grape-wine1718 cowslip wine1723 barley wine1728 ginger wine1734 gooseberry1766 raspberry1768 mead-wine1794 parsnip wine1830 milk-wine1837 tea-wine1892 1681 London Gaz. No. 1616/4 Birch-Wine rightly prepared, and made of the Sap of Birch Trees. 1853 J. Lindley Veg. Kingdom (ed. 3) 252 Birch Wine has a popular reputation as a remedy for stone and gravel. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online December 2021). birchv. Etymology: < birch n. 1. transitive. To punish with a birch rod; to flog.Not in Richardson; nor in Todd 1818. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > corporal punishment > administer corporal punishment [verb (transitive)] > with cane, birch, or switch yerda1225 baleys1377 whisk1530 jerk1550 wanda1585 switch?1611 canea1667 bamboo1816 birch1830 1830 F. Marryat King's Own III. viii. 160 Like a school-boy ordered up to be birched. 1848 W. M. Thackeray Bk. Snobs v. 21 At Eton..he was birched with perfect impartiality. 2. To drive (knowledge) into (a boy) by flogging. ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > systematic or formal teaching > [verb (transitive)] > teach something by flogging birch1883 1883 American 6 214 Greek and Latin were birched into them while they were young. 3. intransitive. To voyage in a birch-bark canoe. U.S. ΚΠ a1861 T. Winthrop Life in open Air (1863) 50 He had birched it down to Lake Chesuncook in bygone summers. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1887; most recently modified version published online September 2018). < n.a700v.1830
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birchn.

Compounds

birchv.