roughingn.

Brit.

/ˈrʌfɪŋ/, U.S.

/ˈrəfɪŋ/

Forms: see rough v.² and -ing suffix¹.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: rough v.², -ing suffix¹.

Etymology: < rough v.² + -ing suffix¹. With sense 3 compare earlier rowing n.²

a. The action or operation of preparing roughly or treating in a preliminary manner.Chiefly in technical contexts.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > [noun] > processing > types of preliminary processing

grounding1466

roughing1743

preheating1898

pre-cooling1907

presoak1919

presoaking1919

premixing1927

prestress1934

pre-tension1936

pre-impregnation1937

pre-cutting1939

preloading1941

1743 R. Brooks Observ. Milling Broad & Narrow Cloth 29 The Cloth being now true and even, and of equal Substance, all the Difficulties in Roughing, Dubbing, Shearing and Pressing are over.

1792 C. O'Brien Callico Printers' Assistant II. Of colour-making Immersing the cloth afterwards in diluted vitriolic acid heightens the colour; it is generally immersed twice, the first time being called roughing.

1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 635 The body is now..dipped and rolled in the hot liquor, until the root ends of the beaver are thoroughly worked in. This is technically called rolling off, or roughing.

1850 C. Holtzapffel Turning & Mech. Manip. III. 1314 For large stones, the roughing is generally commenced with grinding emery.

1854 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 15 ii. 378 The first separation of the chaff and pulse (usually called roughing).

1943 Sci. & Mech. Spring 108/1 The depth of the cut for roughing varies from 1/16 to 1/8 and even more on larger stock with larger machines.

1998 D. T. Llewellyn & R. C. Hudd Steels i. 3 The temperature drop between roughing and finishing may..on certain mills be reduced by the use of radiation shields.

b. With adverbs, as down, in, off, out, up. Cf. rough v.²

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > [noun] > preparing roughly

roughing1812

1812 P. Nicholson Mech. Exercises 312 Set Fair..is used [in plastering] after roughing-in, and floated or pricked up and floated: it should be well troweled.

1846 C. Holtzapffel Turning & Mech. Manip. II. 519 The gouge or roughing out tool for brass-work.

1873 E. Spon Workshop Receipts 1st Ser. 122/2 Bastard stucco is of three coats, the first is roughing in or rendering.

1881 Mechanic §567. 263 It is used for ‘roughing down’ or taking off the bulk of the superfluous wood.

1883 Inst. Mech. Engineers: Proc. 226 They are used in different machine tools principally for ‘roughing out’, or..rapidly reducing castings, forgings, &c., from their rough state to nearly their finished forms.

1884 Pall Mall Gaz. 4 Mar. 9/1 The ‘roughing-up’ of the dog was finished, and he then went back to the studio.

1901 Jrnl. Inst. Electr. Engineers 31 312 Two drills should in all cases be provided, one a roughing-out drill, and the other a finishing drill.

1947 D. Thomas Let. Jan. in Sel. Lett. (1966) 292 I also worked upon the preliminary roughing-out of the script with Taylor.

1969 E. H. Pinto Treen 388/1 A mid-19th-century roughing off plane.

1970 R. J. Small Study of Landforms iv. 128 The ‘roughing-out’ of the main elements in the landscape by Tertiary erosion.

1990 K. Rowley Woodturning (1993) vi. 61/2 The tool most likely to be used following the roughing down process and sizing-in is the spindle gouge.

2005 Woodworker May 72/1 Rough out using the largest roughing out gouge you have to produce a parallel column 55mm diameter.

a. The action of making rough. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > unevenness > [noun] > roughness > making rough

crizzling1677

roughinga1753

a1753 P. Drake Memoirs (1755) II. i. 6 She would not even receive some Presents I offered her, but stood Proof against my Ruffing and Smoothing.

1832 Mechanics' Mag. 24 Mar. 445/2 On ice a very little roughing of the wheels is necessary.

1876 G. E. Voyle & G. de Saint-Clair-Stevenson Mil. Dict. (ed. 3) 353/1 The term roughing is applied to the action of a rasp on a fuze, to make it bite in the fuze-hole.

1889 Times 23 Mar. 4/1 It was merely a roughing of and addition to the handle in order to give a better grip.

1922 Encycl. Brit. XXX. 34/2 Roughing of the surfaces to be glued was adopted to secure keying.

1994 W. L. Gheen Upholstery Techniques Illustr. (ed. 2) 52 Treatments such as polishing, crimping, twisting, buffing, or roughing can alter significantly the final appearance and feel of a fiber.

b. The process of treating horseshoes in such a manner as to prevent slipping. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > shoeing of horses > [noun] > studding to prevent slipping

frosting1515

calking1695

roughing1800

1800 W. Moorcroft Cursory Acct. Var. Methods Shoeing Horses 48 Roughing..is nothing more than making two caulkings to each shoe.

1865 City Press 25 Mar. In consequence of the late severe weather, and the evil results of roughing.

1889 F. E. Gretton Memory's Harkback 153 His horse..being badly pricked in the roughing.

1902 A. Quiller-Couch Westcotes iii. 51 By Wednesday afternoon the hill below Bayfield wore a hard and slippery glaze. Endymion, however, had seen to the roughing of the horses.

1935 E. Bagnold National Velvet viii. 139 ‘The grass'll be slippery. What about their shoes being roughed?’ ‘We've no money..for roughing.’

†3. concrete. A surface, cloth, nap, etc., with a rough texture. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1757 R. Stephenson Inq. State & Progress Linen Manuf. Ireland 189 One pound of roughing Tow or Backs fit for Sacken.

1845 P. Barlow Manuf. in Encycl. Metrop. VIII. 760/2 The nap, or, to use the technical word, the roughing, consists chiefly of beaver down [etc.].

1845 G. Dodd Brit. Manuf. 4th Ser. viii. 165 This finer quality [of beaver fur] is spread out into a layer, and..is pressed and worked into a very delicate and light felt... This layer, which [in hat-making] is called a ‘ruffing’, or ‘roughing’, is a little larger than the cap body.

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1993/2 The first coat..on masonry [is termed] rendering or roughing.

4. The process or fact of undergoing hardships or living under hard conditions; a period of this. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > hardship > fact of undergoing

roughingc1823

c1823 Ld. Byron Juan xii. lxiii. variant line 6 in C. W. Hagelman & R. J. Barnes Concordance to Byron's Don Juan (1967) 682 But those who have been a little used to roughing.

1836 T. Power Impressions of Amer. II. 211 This little city [sc. Mobile] was to me one of the most attractive spots I visited... I came upon it..after a severe roughing, and found a fine climate and old friends.

1841 B. Hall Patchwork I. 45 Abundant opportunities..to gratify the taste of the greatest lover of roughing.

1841 J. L. Stephens Incidents Trav. Central Amer. II. xiv. 244 Pawling, with the experience of seven years ‘roughing’ had expedients.

a1854 E. Grant Mem. Highland Lady (1988) I. iii. 45 It was a sort of backwoods life,..a dramatick emancipation..that for a little while every season was delightful, particularly as there was no real roughing in it.

1893 A. H. S. Landor Alone with Hairy Ainu 2 A man who could stand any amount of hardships and roughing.

1918 Mazdaznan Aug. 240 Occasional denials,..roughing, hardships, and so on, are advisable.

5. Sport.

a. Boxing. The use of rough or foul tactics. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of play, actions, or postures > [noun] > foul play

foul play1553

foul1849

hippodroming1864

fouling1866

roughing1866

misplay1867

obstruction1923

sandbagging1940

no-throw1959

1866 in Encycl. Brit. (1888) XXIV. 691/1 Boxing... That no wrestling, roughing, or hugging on the ropes be allowed.

1958 F. C. Avis Boxing Ref. Dict. (U.S. ed.) 96 Roughing, questionable tactics in a boxing contest, and likely to involve disqualification of the offender.

b. American Football, Ice Hockey, and Lacrosse. Any of various instances of violent behaviour, resulting in a penalty; foul tackling, punching, or pushing. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > football > American football > [noun] > actions or manoeuvres

rush1857

punt-out1861

goal-kicking1871

safety1879

safety touchdown1879

scrimmage1880

rushing1882

safety touch1884

touchback1884

forward pass1890

run1890

blocking1891

signal1891

fake1893

onside kick1895

tandem-play1895

pass play1896

spiral1896

shift1901

end run1902

straight-arm1903

quarterback sneak1904

runback1905

roughing1906

Minnesota shift1910

quarterbacking1910

snap-back1910

pickoff1912

punt return1914

screen forward pass1915

screen pass1920

power play1921

sneak1921

passback1922

snap1922

defence1923

reverse1924

carry1927

lateral1927

stiff-arm1927

zone1927

zone defence1927

submarine charge1928

squib1929

block1931

pass rushing1933

safetying1933

trap play1933

end-around1934

straight-arming1934

trap1935

mousetrap1936

buttonhook1938

blitzing1940

hand-off1940

pitchout1946

slant1947

strike1947

draw play1948

shovel pass1948

bootleg1949

option1950

red dog1950

red-dogging1951

rollout1951

submarine1952

sleeper pass1954

draw1956

bomb1960

swing pass1960

pass rush1962

blitz1963

spearing1964

onsides kick1965

takeaway1967

quarterback sack1968

smash-mouth1968

veer1968

turn-over1969

bump-and-run1970

scramble1971

sack1972

nose tackle1975

nickel1979

pressure1981

1906 N.Y. Times 18 Feb. 10/1 [Ice Hockey] Both played for two and a half hours with a fierceness and determination that brooked no denial. Roughing and tripping resulted in many penalties.

1914 Phi Gamma Delta Nov. 178/2 A penalty of fifteen yards for roughing when Indiana University was forcing its way toward the DePauw goal was the immediate cause of the defeat.

1958 Herald-Tribune (Grande Prairie, Alberta) 28 Feb. 5/6 Bryan McCurdy..and Bill Oakford..went off together for roughing and slashing at the 18:55 mark.

1968 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 15 Jan. 20/2 The skirmish provoked a pushing duel that netted every player on the ice..minors for roughing.

2003 S. Townsend Tales 1978–79 Alabama Football ix. 52 Allen Crumbley..brings it back to the 30, but Junior is called for roughing, giving the ball back to Tech.

6. With up. Rough treatment; an instance of this. Cf. to rough up 5 at rough v.² Phrasal verbs 5.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [noun] > rough or violent treatment

rudessec1415

rudenessc1450

rudeshipc1450

foulnessa1470

roughness1542

pepper1820

pitch-and-tossa1839

stick1942

roughing1960

1960 Sunday Express 23 Oct. 17/4 His roughing-up of George Bernard Shaw can't compare for butchery with what Mr. Mankowitz did last week to Robert Louis Stevenson.

1973 J. Pattinson Search Warrant iv. 67 He could already feel the stiffness in his limbs that was the result of the roughing-up.

1977 R. Barnard Blood Brotherhood xvi. 181 Their gang knifings and roughings-up.

1989 Business July 80/2 Their fear is of a verbal roughing up if they get things wrong.

1998 Y.-M. Ooi Flame Tree (1999) iv. 57 There had been incidents on other assignments—shots fired from a car in the Philippines, a roughing-up in the streets of Jakarta.

2001 J. Coe Rotters' Club (2002) 289 Wouldn't the punishment carry slightly more force if a certain amount of discreet ‘roughing up’ took place beforehand?

Compounds

C1. attributive (in sense 1), esp. in the names of tools and implements, as roughing filter, roughing gouge, roughing lathe, roughing machine, etc.

ΚΠ

1806 Repertory Arts, Manuf., & Agric. 8 202 The wheel and lathe is then put in motion, and the roughing tool L pushed along the slides EF, gouging the pole as it goes.

1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 706 The shingling mill..consists of two sets of grooved cylinders, the first being called puddling rolls or roughing rolls.

1851 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 12 ii. 412 He..‘chaffs’ or ‘roughs’ the corn once over with a roughing-machine.

1873 J. Richards Operator's Handbk. 163 A roughing gouge, to reduce the piece so that it will fit the rest.

1910 Daily Chron. 15 Jan. 7/2 The cause of the fire was the fusing of an electric motor in the ‘roughing’ shop [of an opticians' factory].

1960 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XIV. 543/1 The scrub or roughing plane..has heavy, rounded blades making it suitable for cleaning up rough boards.

2005 Woodworker May 57/1 I used my roughing gouge to perform this operation.

C2.

roughing pump n. a pump for evacuating a system from atmospheric pressure to a lower pressure at which a second pump can begin to operate.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > pump > [noun] > pumps for producing vacua

vacuum pump1858

mercury pump1869

pulsometer1873

mercury vapour pump1926

roughing pump1958

1907 U.S. Patent 866,751 1/1 It is desirable that the bulk of the atmosphere be removed by a primary or roughing pump.

1958 Rev. Sci. Instruments 29 368/1 With the roughing pump pinched off..and the system then thoroughly baked out while pumping with the electronic pump, very low pressures can be achieved.

2004 S. Franssila Introd. Microfabrication xxxii. 323/1 The pumping speed of a mechanical roughing pump gets worse at lower pressures.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	roughing
释义	roughingn. Brit. /ˈrʌfɪŋ/, U.S. /ˈrəfɪŋ/ Forms: see rough v.² and -ing suffix¹. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: rough v.², -ing suffix¹. Etymology: < rough v.² + -ing suffix¹. With sense 3 compare earlier rowing n.² 1. a. The action or operation of preparing roughly or treating in a preliminary manner.Chiefly in technical contexts. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > [noun] > processing > types of preliminary processing grounding1466 roughing1743 preheating1898 pre-cooling1907 presoak1919 presoaking1919 premixing1927 prestress1934 pre-tension1936 pre-impregnation1937 pre-cutting1939 preloading1941 1743 R. Brooks Observ. Milling Broad & Narrow Cloth 29 The Cloth being now true and even, and of equal Substance, all the Difficulties in Roughing, Dubbing, Shearing and Pressing are over. 1792 C. O'Brien Callico Printers' Assistant II. Of colour-making Immersing the cloth afterwards in diluted vitriolic acid heightens the colour; it is generally immersed twice, the first time being called roughing. 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 635 The body is now..dipped and rolled in the hot liquor, until the root ends of the beaver are thoroughly worked in. This is technically called rolling off, or roughing. 1850 C. Holtzapffel Turning & Mech. Manip. III. 1314 For large stones, the roughing is generally commenced with grinding emery. 1854 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 15 ii. 378 The first separation of the chaff and pulse (usually called roughing). 1943 Sci. & Mech. Spring 108/1 The depth of the cut for roughing varies from 1/16 to 1/8 and even more on larger stock with larger machines. 1998 D. T. Llewellyn & R. C. Hudd Steels i. 3 The temperature drop between roughing and finishing may..on certain mills be reduced by the use of radiation shields. b. With adverbs, as down, in, off, out, up. Cf. rough v.² ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > undertaking > preparation > [noun] > preparing roughly roughing1812 1812 P. Nicholson Mech. Exercises 312 Set Fair..is used [in plastering] after roughing-in, and floated or pricked up and floated: it should be well troweled. 1846 C. Holtzapffel Turning & Mech. Manip. II. 519 The gouge or roughing out tool for brass-work. 1873 E. Spon Workshop Receipts 1st Ser. 122/2 Bastard stucco is of three coats, the first is roughing in or rendering. 1881 Mechanic §567. 263 It is used for ‘roughing down’ or taking off the bulk of the superfluous wood. 1883 Inst. Mech. Engineers: Proc. 226 They are used in different machine tools principally for ‘roughing out’, or..rapidly reducing castings, forgings, &c., from their rough state to nearly their finished forms. 1884 Pall Mall Gaz. 4 Mar. 9/1 The ‘roughing-up’ of the dog was finished, and he then went back to the studio. 1901 Jrnl. Inst. Electr. Engineers 31 312 Two drills should in all cases be provided, one a roughing-out drill, and the other a finishing drill. 1947 D. Thomas Let. Jan. in Sel. Lett. (1966) 292 I also worked upon the preliminary roughing-out of the script with Taylor. 1969 E. H. Pinto Treen 388/1 A mid-19th-century roughing off plane. 1970 R. J. Small Study of Landforms iv. 128 The ‘roughing-out’ of the main elements in the landscape by Tertiary erosion. 1990 K. Rowley Woodturning (1993) vi. 61/2 The tool most likely to be used following the roughing down process and sizing-in is the spindle gouge. 2005 Woodworker May 72/1 Rough out using the largest roughing out gouge you have to produce a parallel column 55mm diameter. 2. a. The action of making rough. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > unevenness > [noun] > roughness > making rough crizzling1677 roughinga1753 a1753 P. Drake Memoirs (1755) II. i. 6 She would not even receive some Presents I offered her, but stood Proof against my Ruffing and Smoothing. 1832 Mechanics' Mag. 24 Mar. 445/2 On ice a very little roughing of the wheels is necessary. 1876 G. E. Voyle & G. de Saint-Clair-Stevenson Mil. Dict. (ed. 3) 353/1 The term roughing is applied to the action of a rasp on a fuze, to make it bite in the fuze-hole. 1889 Times 23 Mar. 4/1 It was merely a roughing of and addition to the handle in order to give a better grip. 1922 Encycl. Brit. XXX. 34/2 Roughing of the surfaces to be glued was adopted to secure keying. 1994 W. L. Gheen Upholstery Techniques Illustr. (ed. 2) 52 Treatments such as polishing, crimping, twisting, buffing, or roughing can alter significantly the final appearance and feel of a fiber. b. The process of treating horseshoes in such a manner as to prevent slipping. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > shoeing of horses > [noun] > studding to prevent slipping frosting1515 calking1695 roughing1800 1800 W. Moorcroft Cursory Acct. Var. Methods Shoeing Horses 48 Roughing..is nothing more than making two caulkings to each shoe. 1865 City Press 25 Mar. In consequence of the late severe weather, and the evil results of roughing. 1889 F. E. Gretton Memory's Harkback 153 His horse..being badly pricked in the roughing. 1902 A. Quiller-Couch Westcotes iii. 51 By Wednesday afternoon the hill below Bayfield wore a hard and slippery glaze. Endymion, however, had seen to the roughing of the horses. 1935 E. Bagnold National Velvet viii. 139 ‘The grass'll be slippery. What about their shoes being roughed?’ ‘We've no money..for roughing.’ †3. concrete. A surface, cloth, nap, etc., with a rough texture. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1757 R. Stephenson Inq. State & Progress Linen Manuf. Ireland 189 One pound of roughing Tow or Backs fit for Sacken. 1845 P. Barlow Manuf. in Encycl. Metrop. VIII. 760/2 The nap, or, to use the technical word, the roughing, consists chiefly of beaver down [etc.]. 1845 G. Dodd Brit. Manuf. 4th Ser. viii. 165 This finer quality [of beaver fur] is spread out into a layer, and..is pressed and worked into a very delicate and light felt... This layer, which [in hat-making] is called a ‘ruffing’, or ‘roughing’, is a little larger than the cap body. 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1993/2 The first coat..on masonry [is termed] rendering or roughing. 4. The process or fact of undergoing hardships or living under hard conditions; a period of this. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > adversity > [noun] > hardship > fact of undergoing roughingc1823 c1823 Ld. Byron Juan xii. lxiii. variant line 6 in C. W. Hagelman & R. J. Barnes Concordance to Byron's Don Juan (1967) 682 But those who have been a little used to roughing. 1836 T. Power Impressions of Amer. II. 211 This little city [sc. Mobile] was to me one of the most attractive spots I visited... I came upon it..after a severe roughing, and found a fine climate and old friends. 1841 B. Hall Patchwork I. 45 Abundant opportunities..to gratify the taste of the greatest lover of roughing. 1841 J. L. Stephens Incidents Trav. Central Amer. II. xiv. 244 Pawling, with the experience of seven years ‘roughing’ had expedients. a1854 E. Grant Mem. Highland Lady (1988) I. iii. 45 It was a sort of backwoods life,..a dramatick emancipation..that for a little while every season was delightful, particularly as there was no real roughing in it. 1893 A. H. S. Landor Alone with Hairy Ainu 2 A man who could stand any amount of hardships and roughing. 1918 Mazdaznan Aug. 240 Occasional denials,..roughing, hardships, and so on, are advisable. 5. Sport. a. Boxing. The use of rough or foul tactics. rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of play, actions, or postures > [noun] > foul play foul play1553 foul1849 hippodroming1864 fouling1866 roughing1866 misplay1867 obstruction1923 sandbagging1940 no-throw1959 1866 in Encycl. Brit. (1888) XXIV. 691/1 Boxing... That no wrestling, roughing, or hugging on the ropes be allowed. 1958 F. C. Avis Boxing Ref. Dict. (U.S. ed.) 96 Roughing, questionable tactics in a boxing contest, and likely to involve disqualification of the offender. b. American Football, Ice Hockey, and Lacrosse. Any of various instances of violent behaviour, resulting in a penalty; foul tackling, punching, or pushing. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > football > American football > [noun] > actions or manoeuvres rush1857 punt-out1861 goal-kicking1871 safety1879 safety touchdown1879 scrimmage1880 rushing1882 safety touch1884 touchback1884 forward pass1890 run1890 blocking1891 signal1891 fake1893 onside kick1895 tandem-play1895 pass play1896 spiral1896 shift1901 end run1902 straight-arm1903 quarterback sneak1904 runback1905 roughing1906 Minnesota shift1910 quarterbacking1910 snap-back1910 pickoff1912 punt return1914 screen forward pass1915 screen pass1920 power play1921 sneak1921 passback1922 snap1922 defence1923 reverse1924 carry1927 lateral1927 stiff-arm1927 zone1927 zone defence1927 submarine charge1928 squib1929 block1931 pass rushing1933 safetying1933 trap play1933 end-around1934 straight-arming1934 trap1935 mousetrap1936 buttonhook1938 blitzing1940 hand-off1940 pitchout1946 slant1947 strike1947 draw play1948 shovel pass1948 bootleg1949 option1950 red dog1950 red-dogging1951 rollout1951 submarine1952 sleeper pass1954 draw1956 bomb1960 swing pass1960 pass rush1962 blitz1963 spearing1964 onsides kick1965 takeaway1967 quarterback sack1968 smash-mouth1968 veer1968 turn-over1969 bump-and-run1970 scramble1971 sack1972 nose tackle1975 nickel1979 pressure1981 1906 N.Y. Times 18 Feb. 10/1 [Ice Hockey] Both played for two and a half hours with a fierceness and determination that brooked no denial. Roughing and tripping resulted in many penalties. 1914 Phi Gamma Delta Nov. 178/2 A penalty of fifteen yards for roughing when Indiana University was forcing its way toward the DePauw goal was the immediate cause of the defeat. 1958 Herald-Tribune (Grande Prairie, Alberta) 28 Feb. 5/6 Bryan McCurdy..and Bill Oakford..went off together for roughing and slashing at the 18:55 mark. 1968 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 15 Jan. 20/2 The skirmish provoked a pushing duel that netted every player on the ice..minors for roughing. 2003 S. Townsend Tales 1978–79 Alabama Football ix. 52 Allen Crumbley..brings it back to the 30, but Junior is called for roughing, giving the ball back to Tech. 6. With up. Rough treatment; an instance of this. Cf. to rough up 5 at rough v.² Phrasal verbs 5. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [noun] > rough or violent treatment rudessec1415 rudenessc1450 rudeshipc1450 foulnessa1470 roughness1542 pepper1820 pitch-and-tossa1839 stick1942 roughing1960 1960 Sunday Express 23 Oct. 17/4 His roughing-up of George Bernard Shaw can't compare for butchery with what Mr. Mankowitz did last week to Robert Louis Stevenson. 1973 J. Pattinson Search Warrant iv. 67 He could already feel the stiffness in his limbs that was the result of the roughing-up. 1977 R. Barnard Blood Brotherhood xvi. 181 Their gang knifings and roughings-up. 1989 Business July 80/2 Their fear is of a verbal roughing up if they get things wrong. 1998 Y.-M. Ooi Flame Tree (1999) iv. 57 There had been incidents on other assignments—shots fired from a car in the Philippines, a roughing-up in the streets of Jakarta. 2001 J. Coe Rotters' Club (2002) 289 Wouldn't the punishment carry slightly more force if a certain amount of discreet ‘roughing up’ took place beforehand? Compounds C1. attributive (in sense 1), esp. in the names of tools and implements, as roughing filter, roughing gouge, roughing lathe, roughing machine, etc. ΚΠ 1806 Repertory Arts, Manuf., & Agric. 8 202 The wheel and lathe is then put in motion, and the roughing tool L pushed along the slides EF, gouging the pole as it goes. 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 706 The shingling mill..consists of two sets of grooved cylinders, the first being called puddling rolls or roughing rolls. 1851 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 12 ii. 412 He..‘chaffs’ or ‘roughs’ the corn once over with a roughing-machine. 1873 J. Richards Operator's Handbk. 163 A roughing gouge, to reduce the piece so that it will fit the rest. 1910 Daily Chron. 15 Jan. 7/2 The cause of the fire was the fusing of an electric motor in the ‘roughing’ shop [of an opticians' factory]. 1960 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. XIV. 543/1 The scrub or roughing plane..has heavy, rounded blades making it suitable for cleaning up rough boards. 2005 Woodworker May 57/1 I used my roughing gouge to perform this operation. C2. roughing pump n. a pump for evacuating a system from atmospheric pressure to a lower pressure at which a second pump can begin to operate. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > pump > [noun] > pumps for producing vacua vacuum pump1858 mercury pump1869 pulsometer1873 mercury vapour pump1926 roughing pump1958 1907 U.S. Patent 866,751 1/1 It is desirable that the bulk of the atmosphere be removed by a primary or roughing pump. 1958 Rev. Sci. Instruments 29 368/1 With the roughing pump pinched off..and the system then thoroughly baked out while pumping with the electronic pump, very low pressures can be achieved. 2004 S. Franssila Introd. Microfabrication xxxii. 323/1 The pumping speed of a mechanical roughing pump gets worse at lower pressures. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1743
随便看	turmeric-tree turmericfaced turmericoil turmerics turmerictree turmerol turmoil turmoiled turmoiler turmoiling turmoilous turmoils turmoily turms turn turn a blind eye turn a bothered ear turn a deaf ear turn a deaf ear to turn a etc like a welshman's hose turn a hair turn a hand turn a matter into a joke turn a nelson's eye to turn a new page