| 释义 |
roweln. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymons: French rowel, roele. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman rowel, Anglo-Norman and Middle French roel, Middle French rouel (masculine), Anglo-Norman roele, ruele, ruhele, roule, rolle, Middle French roelle, rouelle (feminine; French rouelle ) round slice (11th cent. in Old French in Rashi as rodele ), wheel, small wheel (1119 in Anglo-Norman, earliest with reference to the moon), round shield (c1170), spur-rowel (late 12th cent. or earlier; mid 14th cent. or earlier in heraldry), kneecap (1314), (perhaps) wheel-shaped chandelier (a1443 as rolle , or earlier) < roe , roue wheel (see row n.3) + -el -el suffix2; with the feminine forms compare French -elle -elle suffix. Compare post-classical Latin rotella small wheel (4th or 5th cent. in Augustine), roundel, disc (1245, 1295 in British sources), (perhaps) wheel-shaped chandelier (c1250 in a British source); also roella , ruella roundel, disc (1240, 1257 respectively in British sources), ruella spur-rowel (1293 in a British source). Compare also post-classical Latin rotula wheel-shaped chandelier (from 13th cent. in British sources), kneecap (see rotula n.). In some instances of the β. forms probably influenced in form by association with roll n.1, which may also have had some influence on the sense development (especially in sense 2, which is apparently only attested in β. forms; compare e.g. roll n.1 7). Compare earlier wheel n. III.With sense 4 compare the following slightly earlier examples, which may show either the Anglo-Norman or the Middle English word:1344 in H. T. Riley Memorials London (1868) 216 [No one of the trade shall make girdles or garters barred, unless there be a] ruel [beneath the bar].1356 in Pipe Roll 32 Edw. III m.33/2 ij saccis..vij roweles, j ladelle. With sense 5 compare the following earlier examples, which may show either the Anglo-Norman or the Middle English word:1249–52 in Camden Misc. (1895) IX. 10 Relicta Cestre habet iij oves ad reule et cereum.1393 in A. H. Thomas Cal. Plea & Mem. Rolls London Guildhall (1932) III. 213 [One] latys, [6 d.; one] rowel, [6 d.; 2 windows, 7 d.; one saw, 6 d.].1422–3 Inventory Norwich in Norfolk Archaeol. (1895) 12 204 j polax, j rowel, ij archus cum ij diseffe sagittarum. I. Senses relating to a wheel or wheel-like shape. society > armed hostility > military equipment > armour > shield > [noun] c1330 (?a1300) (Auch.) (1973) 5237 (MED) He..smot Agreuein..Þurth þe hauberk felefold And þurth þe ruhel vnder þe arm..Þat Agreuein..To grounde he kest. a1400 tr. Lanfranc (Ashm.) (1894) 276 (MED) Take þe seed of raphani & make it clene & kutte it ouerþwert in rollis [L. rotulis], & lete þis lie in þe forseid sirup..Lete him ete 3 notis of þe forseid rollis [L. rotulis] of raphani. c1450 Med. Recipes (BL Add. 33996) in F. Heinrich (1896) 214 Tak agret rote of radysche & pare hyt & kytte hyt on fyfty Rounlettes..& on þe morowe ete ix rolles fastyngge. a1460 (Pembr. Cambr. 243) l. 2327 (MED) Have of grene tymbour grete rollys [v.r. wheles; L. Rotæ] And loggys leyd to route vppon her pollys. ?1550 H. Llwyd tr. Pope John XXI sig. N.viiv To cause the stone to breke.., make ten or more roules of Radyshes rotes [etc.]. 1668 G. Hartman tr. K. Digby 118 Take fine Sugar four ounces, round Aristoloch cut in Rols, pare of their shells, and wash them three or four times in white Wine. 3. society > travel > transport > riding on horse (or other animal) > [noun] > art of horse-riding > use of hands and legs > using spurs > rowel or spike of spur c1425 (c1400) 8257 (MED) Thei toke her spores with kene roweles. c1450 tr. G. Deguileville (Cambr.) (1869) 111 (MED) A peyre spores she hadde on with longe rewelles wel arayed. 1562 W. Turner (1568) ii. 43 Lupine hath..a lefe with v. or seuen iaggers, which..haue the lykenes of a ruel of a spor. 1602 J. Marston v. sig. Iv Your wits spurs haue but walking rowels; dull, blunt, they will not drawe blood. 1688 R. Holme iii. vii. 304/1 A Scotch Spur..is an old way of making Spurs, Rowels not then being in fashion, as may be seen in many ancient Seals,..where their Spurs were only armed with a sharp point like a Cocks Spur. 1765 R. Jones ii. 29 Called the spur-fire,..because the sparks it yields have a great resemblance to the rowel of a spur. 1785 W. Cowper vi. 527 With sounding whip, and rowels dyed in blood. 1833 J. Holland II. 310 The rowel occurs for the first time in a sketch belonging to the latter end of the thirteenth century. 1877 W. Black I. xiii. 206 The rowels of his spurs were an inch and a half in diameter. 1929 No. 3. 87 The wind made whirling rowels of the stars. 1973 July 42/2 The rowel of such a spur..must revolve freely so it cannot jab into a horse to give the cowboy an anchor. 2001 65 421 Copper-alloy rowel spur, with iron rowel. society > communication > indication > insignia > heraldic devices collective > representations of weapons or armour > [noun] > spur > mullet 1562 G. Legh 185 He beareth Argent a Mollet of v. pointes, Azure. If the pointes be euen they be called Rowelles. 1598 J. Stow 42 A Crosse double to the ring, betweene fouer rowals of sixe pointes. 1610 J. Guillim iii. v. 98 [If] Mullets..consist of euen points, they must bee called Rowels, meaning (as I conceiue) Rowels of Spurres. 1688 R. Holme iii. vii. 305/1 When it is Blazoned a Mullet, it ought to be plain, though it be pierced, and not quarterly quartered and Hatched, as the Rowel is to be. 1769 II. 10 Arms. Gules a chevron between three rowels. 1800 J. Nichols III. i. 212/2 Azure, a bend between six rowels Argent. 1913 W. H. St. J. Hope xi. 109 A molet..is a star, usually of five points, all straight-sided. When pierced with a round hole it is a rowel. 1978 (Nexis) 24 Dec. c7 The five-pointed star was called a molet, a rowel from a knight's spur, and often used in devices. 2003 (Nexis) 24 June 4 According to English heraldry these are not stars, but rowels or spurs. society > travel > transport > riding on horse (or other animal) > [noun] > art of horse-riding > use of hands and legs > using spurs > part of 1703 P. Motteux III. xiv. 134 His Opponent was striking his Spurs into his Horse's sides up to the very Rowels. 1844 B. Disraeli II. iv. xiv. 190 The yeoman struck his spurs to the rowels. 1863 W. Thornbury I. 155 Up to the rowel went every spur. 1905 26 167 My spurs were worn down to the rowels, and my indiarubber cape absolutely rotten with continued wettings. 1977 3 574 The society ladies promise to dig their spurs into him up to the rowel. 4. society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > wheel > [noun] > parts of wheels > rim c1440 (?a1400) 3262 (MED) Abowte cho whirllide a whele with hir whitte hondez..The rowell whas rede golde with ryall stonys. society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > wheel > [noun] > small 1481 W. Caxton tr. iii. iv. sig. i7v Thus..she goth til she be alle rounde fayre and clere in semblaunce of a rolle, and that we calle the ful mone. 1488 (c1478) Hary (Adv.) (1968–9) ix. l. 230 His cot armour is seyn in mony steid, Ay battaill boun, and Riwell ay off reid. 1572 (a1500) (1882) 672 The hall was properly apperrellit... The rufe reulit about in reuall of Reid. 1599 T. Moffett 35 Ingenious Germane, how didst thou convey Thy Springs, thy Scrues, thy rowells, and thy flie? 1706 Contract Bk. St Paul's Cathedral 15 Nov. in (1939) 16 30 All the Dial Wheels, Rowels, and Centers of the Dial work to be made of brass. 1848 Aug. 115/1 The Norwegian harrow is fitted with three sets of rowels or roller parts..the rowels revolving separately or independently of each other. 1866 W. F. Stanley iii. 16 At the point of one of the nibs is a fixed pin, upon which is placed one of the rowels or wheels. 1918 F. F. Pease 73/2 Rowel, a single block or pulley; ‘the iron or wood sheave or wheel for a whip tackle’. society > faith > artefacts > furniture > other furniture > [noun] > chandelier ?c1450 in G. J. Aungier (1840) 363 (MED) The mynyster of hyghe masse schal..lyght the quyer sconses and rolles as ofte as nede is. 1451 in T. Gardner (1754) 149 For Wax aȝens Estern, and filling the Rowel. 1505 (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/14) f. 339 I bequeth to the makyng of a Rowell in the same church. 1565 in E. Peacock (1866) 159 Item one Pax, candellstickes, Rowelles, Mass bookes. II. Other senses. †6. the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > bones of arm or leg > bones of leg > [noun] > knee-cap ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 49 (MED) Þer be not made profounde operacionz bifore þe rolle [L. rotulam] of þe knee, for þer folweþ hem yuel accidentez. a1450 tr. Guy de Chauliac (Caius 336/725) (1970) 29 Of disioynynge of þe knee & rowel [?a1425 N.Y. Acad. Med. rotule; ?c1425 Paris rollynge bone; L. rotule], of þe foot & of hise parties, of þe rowel, of þe foot & toos. 1543 B. Traheron tr. J. de Vigo i. vi. f. 183v/1 Of the dislocacion of the panne or rowell of the knee. 1572 J. Higgins (rev. ed.) Whirlebone of ones knee, the patill or shildelyke bone, the rowle and the eye of the knee. the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > order Artiodactyla (cloven-hoofed animals) > pig > [noun] > defined by parts > (parts of) snout c1425 Edward, Duke of York (Vesp. B.xii) (1904) 28 (MED) They eten al maner of fruytes..And whan al þat failleþ hem, þe wroot in the grounde with þe rowel of her snowte þe which is ryght hard. the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > spine > [noun] > vertebra of 1586 T. Bright xxvi. 154 The rowells of the neckbone, with their snaggs hinder that inclination. 1634 T. Johnson tr. A. Paré xvi. xii. 602 The Backe-bone consists of many bony vertebræ, like rowles or wheeles mutually joynted or knit together, by their smoothnesse and circular forme conspiring to an aptnesse of moving or bending forwards.] 7. society > authority > punishment > corporal punishment > instrument or place of corporal punishment > [noun] > whip or scourge > knob on 1541 T. Elyot xxxix. f. 98 Whipped throughoute the citie of Rome with whyppes full of ruelles called Scorpions. [1538 Dict.: Scorpio,..a whyppe hauing plummetts of leade at the endes of the cordes.] 1611 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas (new ed.) 593 I will haue your carrion shoulders goar'd With scourges tangd with rowels. 1671 tr. F. Clouet in P. Du Moulin ii. i. 4 The whips which they use..are made of..small cords full of knots; at the end of which some of them put iron rowels. 1778 W. Thom 22 He was to chastise them with scorpions, that is, with whips or scourges that had iron rowels affixed to them. 1816 J. Hewlett II. xiii. 133 The scorpion appears to have been some cruel instrument of punishment..a whip with rowels of iron fastened on it. 1871 in 11 185 The rowel..is confined..to the termination of the tails; whilst in the early specimen, this object occurs..throughout each tail, thus forming the chief..means of torture. the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping or management of horses > horse-gear > [noun] > bit > parts of 1590 E. Spenser i. vii. sig. G3v The yron rowels into frothy fome he bitt. 1598 J. Florio at Mellone Rowels in the mouth of a horses bit like melons. 1607 G. Markham ii. 106 By the cruelty of their byts, as by hye ports with trenches, & rough roules or buttens. 1679 in J. A. Johnston (1991) 65 Bridle maker Ware in Setts with a Roole. 1809 W. Vincent tr. 23/2 When they tighten the rein, the bar and the rowel bring the horse under command. 1950 R. Moody xxvi. 218 The rowel was so big that the colt could hardly close his mouth without having it cut against his tongue. c2008 A. M. Leskov 18 This horse bit was formed from two links, each articulated with regularly spaced rows of rowels (these press against the lips of the horse to restrain it when the reins are pulled) running lengthwise. the world > health and disease > healing > veterinary medicine and surgery > [noun] > veterinary equipment > rowel or seton 1566 T. Blundeville Order curing Horses Dis. cx. f. 81v, in Two round rowels made of the vpper leather of an old shooe..and let such rowels be thre inches brode. 1607 G. Markham vii. 41 After the sore hath runne eight or ten dayes, you shall heale it by taking away the rowell. 1714 (Royal Soc.) 29 48 Putting..a Rowel or Seton under the Chin, in the Dewlaps. 1761 Earl of Pembroke (1778) 127 When horses are out of case,..a rowel, and two ounces of the following powder,..are of great service. 1802 A. F. M. Willich III. (at cited word) Rowels are eminently useful in carrying off rheums or defluxions from the eyes. 1830 J. Baxter 379 A seton or a rowel might be retained..for three or four weeks. 1885 G. Fleming i. 195 The rowel itself is simply a small piece of thin leather, felt, indiarubber, gutta-percha, or even lead. 1916 48 46 The seton and rowel were the two most common methods of bringing about this condition, but they were both dirty and barbarous, and they are fast becoming obsolete. 2003 C. A. Spinage xvi. 368 Having their origin in antiquity, more conventional for the time were rowels, otherwise known as setons or pegging. the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > sanitation > provision of sewers > [noun] > sewer > drain-cover 1601 in W. H. Stevenson (1889) IV. 262 We request ther may be a scavinger to carry away our meanor, to th'end rowells be nott stopped when the[y] sweepe downe ther channels. society > occupation and work > equipment > ladder > [noun] > rung or step 1652 P. Sterry 46 A ladder joyning heaven and earth, in which ladder every Rowel is a spiritual, a living glory. 1836 D. Crockett i. 1 Though they start at the lowest rowel of the ladder. 1866 P. M. Duncan & W. Millard x. 121 The ladders should be stout, ten or twelve feet high; the rowels six inches apart, and round. 1892 J. H. King I. iii. 105 Thus you may..by spitting through the rowels of a ladder avert the ill-luck of going under it. the world > plants > part of plant > part of tree or woody plant > [noun] > bough or branch > twig > twigs or spray 1869 R. D. Blackmore I. xvii. 196 To fill the tips of the spray-wood and the rowels all up the branches with a crowd of eager blossom. 1894 H. Caine ii. vii The rowels of the thin boughs overhead. Compounds C1. (In sense 3a.) a. General attributive. society > travel > transport > riding on horse (or other animal) > [noun] > art of horse-riding > use of hands and legs > using spurs > part of 1600 W. Shakespeare i. i. 46 He..strooke his armed heeles, Against the panting sides of his poore iade, Vp to the rowell head. 1820 W. Scott II. iii. 75 I will remain here, with bridle in hand, ready to strike the spurs up to the rowel-heads. 1880 in Mrs. O'Donoghue (1881) 232 A correspondent..advises ladies to use a rowel spur, with five prongs. 1941 36 171/2 The rowel spur is thought to have originated in France toward the end of the thirteenth century. 1966 P. St. Pierre 164 So one day Smith buckled on his old workaday sunset rowel spurs and climbed aboard that quarter horse and bucked him out in the usual way. b. Objective. 1299–1300 in A. H. Thomas (1924) 52 (MED) Robert le Rouwlmakere. 1686 R. Plot ix. 377 The Rowell maker..makes the 5, 6, 7, 8, or 10 pointed rowells, of iron or steel. c. Similative. society > travel > transport > riding on horse (or other animal) > [adverb] > spur > up to the rowel-head (of a spur) 1755 T. Smollett tr. M. de Cervantes II. i. xiv. 80 Thrusting his spurs rowel-deep into the sides of his horse. 1832 W. C. Bryant (new ed.) 45 His spurs are buried rowel-deep, he rides with loosened rein. 1921 O. Down 30 He thought a corpse was hunting him, and he dug his spurs rowel-deep. He rode for life. C2. (Probably in sense 5.) 1542 (N. Yorks. County Rec. Office: PR/MAS 3/1/1) Resauyd and gathryde in the church for the rowell candell afore the rood, xxd. a1600 ( in H. Littlehales (1905) p. xcvi Item, small wex Roll Candelles to make v crosses vpon the awter, yf the awter be to halowyng. C3. (In sense 6a.) 1676 E. Coles Ruel-bone, the whirl-bone of the knee. 1736 R. Ainsworth I Ruel bone, patella. C4. (In sense 8.) 1678 No. 1295/4 A black Gelding,..with a Rowel Mark on the farther Buttock. 1704 No. 4068/4 A grey Mare,..Ewe-Neck'd,..and hath six Rowel-Marks. 1832 D. P. Blaine (ed. 4) iii. 608 A slit being made by means of the rowel scissars. 1892 A. Liautard 291 These are a peculiar rowel scissors..to incise the skin. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). rowelv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: rowel n. Etymology: < rowel n. Compare rowelled adj.1 Now historical. the world > health and disease > healing > veterinary medicine and surgery > practise veterinary medicine and surgery [verb (transitive)] > give specific treatment 1566 T. Blundeville Order curing Horses Dis. cx. f. 81v, in Rowell the two slits or cuttes with two round rowels. 1566 T. Blundeville Order curing Horses Dis. cxi. f. 82v, in It shall be nedefull, to rowel him with a leather rowell vpon the shoulder poynt, and to kepe him rowelled the space of .xv. dayes. 1657 W. Coles ccii The root serveth to rowell Cattle and to cure them of the Cough. 1675 No. 1049/4 Lost.., a small white hound Bitch,..having been roweled in the Breast three dayes since. 1771 T. Smollett I. 175 I can dress a horse.., and bleed and rowel him. 1817 W. Scott I. vii. 142 I could attain no information beyond what regarded worming dogs, rowelling horses, and following foxes. 1895 41 437 In the olden days my father used to give a small dose of aloes, rowel the breast, blister the sides.., and bled them, but they died in spite of this. 2003 C. A. Spinage xxi. 476 He was also a believer in rowelling, and considered that healthy stock should be rowelled as a precaution. society > travel > transport > riding on horse (or other animal) > ride a horse (or other animal) [verb (intransitive)] > use spurs 1599 T. Nashe 33 The dust that they raise in hot spurd rowelling it on to performe complementes vnto him. 1890 R. Kipling in 1 May 681 He'll answer to the whip, and you can rowel enough for both. 1926 J. Devanny xxii. 275 The feeling of badness so rowelled at Margaret that soon in the midst of her fiercest pangs it assailed her. society > travel > transport > riding on horse (or other animal) > ride (a horse or other animal) [verb (transitive)] > urge on > spur 1765 Jan. 73 We wish Mr. Spur had not rowelled his Pegasus into lameness by this publication. 1833 7 270 Carl..rowelled his horse sharply. 1893 13 378/1 He rowelled the horse with his burnished spurs. 1899 F. Norris xix. 365 Hunger rode him and rowelled him. 1918 F. Hackett xii. 331 The indecency and indignity of personal subjection rowelled Parnell like a spur with teeth in it. 1927 E. A. Robinson (1937) 705 Were I a man, And were I thus apprised as to the lady, I should anon be rowelling my good horse, And on my way to Cornwall. 1975 E. Berckman viii. 94 Her visit..was strong enough to rowel and disturb her. 1998 J. Whyte 680 I rowelled him again, spurring him viciously as he thundered across the hillside. 2001 G. Jennings xi. 53 To him I was less than a dog. He was a wearer of spurs, and I was something to rowel. the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > make (an opening or hole) [verb (transitive)] > make an opening or hole in or into > bore, pierce, or perforate > with something sharp-pointed > prick 1891 R. Kipling xv. 318 He was rummaging among his new campaign-kit, and rowelling his hands with the spurs. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.1299 v.1566 |
