sadadj.n.adv.

Brit.

/sad/, U.S.

/sæd/

Forms: Old English sad- (inflected form), Old English–early Middle English sæd, early Middle English sað (transmission error), early Middle English sead, early Middle English sed, early Middle English seed, Middle English saad, Middle English said, Middle English zed (south-eastern), Middle English–1500s sadd, Middle English–1500s sadde, Middle English–1600s sade, Middle English– sad, 1800s– zad (English regional (Berkshire)); Scottish pre-1700 sadd, pre-1700 sadde, pre-1700 sade, pre-1700 said, pre-1700 1700s– sad, 1800s saud, 1800s– sod.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with Old Dutch sat (Middle Dutch sat , zat , Dutch zat ), Old Saxon sad (Middle Low German sat ), Old High German sat (Middle High German sat , German satt ), Old Icelandic saðr (rare; superseded by saddr , past participle of the derived verb seðja to satiate), Gothic saþs (all in sense A. 1) < the same Indo-European base as classical Latin sat , satis enough, satur satisfied, full, Early Irish sáith (noun) sufficiency, Lithuanian sotus filling, full, also (with prefixation in ἀ- a- prefix⁶) ancient Greek ἄατος insatiate, all showing a derivative formation (apparently originally a participial formation corresponding to ancient Greek forms in -τός , classical Latin -tus ; compare old adj., cold adj.) of an Indo-European base meaning ‘to satisfy’ also represented by ancient Greek ἆσαι (aorist) to satiate (connection with Sanskrit asinva(nt), of uncertain meaning, is doubtful). Compare also (with different ablaut grade) Gothic sōþ (also soþs) satisfaction, gasōþjan to satisfy.The semantic development in branch A. II. is apparently peculiar to English. This is now the usual sense in English; the sense of ‘having had one's fill; satisfied’ (the usual sense shared by the Germanic cognates) is now often expressed instead by words deriving ultimately < classical Latin satis (see e.g. satiate adj., satiety n.). With sense A. 8b compare early modern German satt (late 16th cent. in this sense). With sense A. 9a compare early modern German satt (16th cent. in this sense). Sense A. 10a apparently developed from the sense ‘satisfied, full’ to ‘saturated’ and hence ‘(of colour) dark, deep’; compare Middle Dutch sat (Dutch zat ) and German satt (compare Old High German satcrā dark grey, satarōt (Middle High German sat-rōt ) dark red, Middle High German sat-blā (German sattblau ) dark blue). In later use in English apparently apprehended as being a development of branch A. II. Perhaps also attested early as a surname (sense uncertain): Henricus Sadde (1222), Ralph Sad (1273); although for an alternative derivation compare Old French, Middle French, French †sade pleasant, agreeable (12th cent.; < classical Latin sapidus sapid adj.).

A. adj.

I. Of persons and immaterial things: satisfied, full; steady, serious.

†1. Having had one's fill; satisfied, sated; weary or tired (of something). Chiefly with of or infinitive. Obsolete.In Old English with genitive.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > feeling of weariness or tedium > [adjective] > satiated or surfeited

sadOE

fullc1300

asadc1306

satiate1440

saturatea1450

glutteda1586

overcloyed1589

surfeit1597

cloyed1599

palled1607

jaded1631

sated1640

OE Riddle 5 2 Ic eom anhaga iserne wund, bille gebennad, beadoweorca sæd, ecgum werig.

OE Paris Psalter (1932) lxxvii. 29 Swiðe ætan and sade wurdan, and hiora lusta lifdan hwile.

a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 75 Ich nam noht giet sad of mine sinnes, and forþi ne mai ich hie noht forlete, ac oðer ich mai ben sed þeroff, and þanne ich wille hem forleten.

a1250 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 3 (MED) Heo neuer ne beoð sead þi ueir to iseonne.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 4662 Claudien þe kæisere sað [read sad] wes of þon compe.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 9 Now men beþ al sad [L. modernorum saturitatem].

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 23436 Þof þat þou euer apon him se, Of him sadd [a1400 Coll. Phys. said, a1400 Trin. Cambr. wery] sal þou neuer be.

c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale (Ellesmere) (1875) G. §3. l. 877 Yet of that Art they kan nat wexen sadde ffor vn-to hem it is a bitter sweete.

c1450 (?c1408) J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte (1901) 1265 (MED) Al our lyf..Ys but a maner exile here, Of which he ought to be sad.

a1500 (?a1400) Morte Arthur (1903) 716 (MED) To serve hym was there no man sad.

†2.

a. Settled, firmly established in purpose or condition; steadfast, firm, constant. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > causation > initiating or causing to begin > [adjective] > founding or instituting > settled or established

rootfastlOE

stablec1290

institutec1325

sad1340

firmc1374

rooteda1393

stabledc1400

substantialc1449

well-foundeda1450

surec1475

standing1549

afloat1551

well-established1559

steadyc1571

naturalized1590

erected1603

established1642

instituted1647

settled1649

riveted1652

radicate1656

inrooted1660

institute1668

statuminated1674

planted1685

stablished1709

deep-seated1741

founded1771

set-up1856

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 83 Non ne is aryȝt preus..þet ne ys..zed and stable uor to uolȝy.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 1371 (MED) Al saxoyne was set wiþ wel sadde lawes.

?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iii. pr. x. 89 Þer may no man doute þat þer nys som blisfulnesse þat is sad [L. solidam] stedfast and perfit.

a1425 N. Homily Legendary (Harl. suppl.) in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 38 When saynt John herd..how sad trowth in þam was sett, He knelid to grownd, & for joy gret.

a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) 4784 (MED) Ther may no prince in his estate endure, Ne ther-yn any while stande sad, But he be loued.

?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) 234 (MED) Sho sall be to þe a sadde frende.

a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1905) i. 64 (MED) Þat her graunt shold be sure & sad, she strengthid hit with her seele.

1493 Festivall (1515) 75 b Be ye stable & sadde in the fayth.

1553 T. Becon Relikes of Rome (1563) 175 b All christen people that will be saued, must haue sad beliefe in the holy Sacrament.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. xi. sig. Nn8 More eath to number, with how many eyes High heuen beholdes sad louers nightly theeueryes.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 541 Settl'd in his face I see Sad resolution and secure.

b. Strong, firm, standing fast, esp. in battle; capable of resisting; valiant. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > courage > valour > [adjective]

well-doingeOE

orpedOE

eglechea1250

hendc1275

i-wihtc1275

valiantc1330

sadc1384

wighty14..

bounteousa1440

valorous1477

warlike1488

valorous1490

the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > robust

strongeOE

hardOE

stalworthc1175

starka1250

stiff1297

steel to the (very) backa1300

stalworthyc1300

wightc1300

stable13..

valiant1303

stithc1325

toughc1330

wrast1338

stoura1350

sadc1384

wighty14..

derfc1440

substantialc1460

well-jointed1483

felon1487

robust1490

stalwart1508

stoutya1529

robustous?1531

rankc1540

hardy1548

robustious1548

stout1576

rustical1583

rustic1620

iron1638

robustic1652

swankinga1704

strapping1707

rugged1731

solid1741

vaudy1793

flaithulach1829

ironbark1833

swankie1838

tough as (old) boots or leather1843

skookum1847

hard (also tough, sharp) as nails1862

hard-assed1954

nails1974

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Rom. xv. 1 Forsothe, we saddere [L. nos firmiores] owen for to susteyne..the feblenesse of syke men.

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Ezek. xxxiv. 16 Y schal make sad that that was sijk.

?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 106 And it [sc. the diamond] maketh a man more strong & more sad aȝenst his enemyes.

c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure 3289 The secunde sir..Was sekerare to my sighte, and saddare in armes.

a1500 Partenay (Trin. Cambr.) l. 4876 Noble knightes ten, Stronge, hable, and light, men sad and myghty.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 22 Than pollux full pertly aprochet in hast With seuyn hundrith sad men assemblit hym with ffrochit into þe frount & a fray made.

1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos vi. sig. P.iv Onto Eneas Troian prince this valiant captain sadde Did place him self as peere.

†a. Of looks, appearance: dignified, grave, serious. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > melancholy > seriousness or solemnity > [adjective] > of appearance

sada1375

serious1601

solemna1616

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 228 Of lere ne of lykame lik him nas none, ne of so sad a semblant þat euer he say wiþ eiȝyen.

c1400 (?c1380) Pearl 887 þe aldermen so sadde of chere, Her songe þay songen neuer þe les.

c1450 ( G. Chaucer Bk. Duchess 860 And whiche eyen my lady hadde! Debonaire, goode, glade, and sadde.

?1555 Ld. Morley tr. Petrarch Tryumphes sig. H^v Thus sayinge with a sadde sobre countenaunce She sat her downe my ioye and my pleasaunce And made me syt by hyr euen there.

a1627 W. Fowler tr. Petrarch Triumphs in Wks. (1914) I. 70 Her countenance, sad, sober, and so grawe.

1656 W. Lower tr. P. Corneille Horatius ii. ii. 15 But why this sad countenance and this severe look? doth the choice displease you?

1701 E. Sherburne tr. Seneca Phædra & Hippolytus ii. i, in tr. Seneca Trag. 154 Mirth is the Ornament of youthful Years, Sad Looks and Gravity become Grey Hairs.

1798 W. L. Bowles Sonnets (ed. 6) 30 Their brow, besprent with thin hairs, white as snow,..Whilst on their sad looks smilingly, they bear The trace of creeping age.

b. Of a person: orderly and regular in life; of trustworthy character and judgement; grave, serious. Also, in extended use, of a person's behaviour or age, of a period of time, etc. Often coupled with wise or discreet. In later use archaic or regional (chiefly Scottish and Caribbean).

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > faithfulness or trustworthiness > [adjective]

soothfastc825

truefastOE

i-treowec1000

unfakenOE

trueOE

sickerc1100

trigc1175

strustya1250

steel to the (very) backa1300

true as steela1300

certainc1325

well-provedc1325

surec1330

traistc1330

tristc1330

trustya1350

faithfula1382

veryc1385

sada1387

discreet1387

trust1389

trothfulc1390

tristya1400

proveda1425

good-heartedc1425

well-trusted?a1439

tristfulc1440

authorizablea1475

faithworthy?1526

tentik1534

fidele1539

truthfulc1550

suresby1553

responsible1558

trestc1560

reliable1569

cocksurea1575

sound1581

trustful1582

truepenny1589

true (also good, sure) as touch1590

probable1596

confident1605

trustable1606

axiopistical1611

loyala1616

reposeful1627

confiding1645

fiducial1647

laudable1664

safe1667

accountable1683

serious1693

sponsible1721

dependable1730

unfailing1798

truthya1802

trustworthy1829

all right1841

stand-up1841

falsehood-free1850

right1856

proven1872

bankable1891

secure1954

the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > reputation > good repute > reputability or honourableness > [adjective]

faireOE

wortheOE

worthlyeOE

worthfulOE

menskful?c1225

toldc1275

digne1297

of price?a1300

worshiply1340

worthya1350

menska1375

thriftyc1374

worshipfula1375

worthilya1375

honesta1382

honourablec1384

unshamedc1384

sada1387

of reputationc1390

well-nameda1393

reverent1398

worthy (worshipful, wise) in wanea1400

celebrable?c1400

honouredc1400

worshipablec1425

substantialc1449

undefameda1450

unreviled?1457

honorousa1500

reputed?1532

well-thought-ona1533

well-spoken1539

credible1543

undespised?1548

imitable1550

famous1555

undistained1565

undefame1578

untarred1579

well-reputed1583

unsoiledc1592

dishonourless1595

well-deemed1595

nameworthy1598

regardful1600

indisgraced1606

credenta1616

undishonoureda1616

unscandalized1618

unscandalous1618

unslandered1622

untainted1627

dignousa1636

undisparaged1636

considerable1641

unbranded1641

glorifiable1651

reputable1671

unsullied1743

unstigmatized1778

undisgraced1812

unstained1863

well-thought-of1865

uncompromised1882

scandal-proof1904

cred1987

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 29 He was..so sad [?a1475 anon. tr. of so sadde conversacion; L. tantæ..soliditatis] from his childhode, he chaunged nevere he [v.r. his] semblant for sorwe noþer for ioye.

c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale (Hengwrt) l. 37 In Surrye whilom dwelte a compaignye Of chapmen riche and ther to sadde and trewe.

1429 Rolls of Parl. IV. 338/2 Ye Kyng shall..come to sadder yeres of discretion.

a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1905) i. 98 He shold behote, afore good men and sadde in wycombe, openly.

1487 Rolls of Parl. (2005) VI. 402/2 xij. sadde and discrete persones of the chekk roll of the kyngis honerable housold.

1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia sig. Nv^v A sad & an honest matrone [L. grauis et honesta matrona].

1562 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 292 The..wyseste Baylliffs and other sadd and discreate cytezens.

?1577 J. Northbrooke Spiritus est Vicarius Christi: Treat. Dicing 133 What woman nowe a dayes (that is sadde and wyse) will be knowne to haue skill of Dauncing, &c.?

1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Zz3^v Of this wisedome it seemeth some of the auncient Romanes in the saddest and wisest times were professors.

1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. ii. 71 The solid, and sad man, is not troubled with the floods and ebbes of Fortune.

1699 H. Curson Compend. Laws Eng., Scotl. & Ireland 324 They, or any of them have Authority to Inquire by 12 Sad Men, and Discreet Persons of the Cheque Roll.

1852 A. Christie Mountain Strains 99 Where a' the wives are sad an' douce.

1904 M. R. James Ghost-stories Antiq. 93 The Women which were entrusted with the laying-out of the Corpse.., being both sad Persons and very well Respected in their Mournfull Profession.

1961 F. G. Cassidy Jamaica Talk viii. 181 The word sad also lasts in an old-fashioned sense, that of stability..: a ‘sad man’ is a steady, dependable one.

†c. Of thought, consideration, etc.: mature, serious, grave, considered. Obsolete (but cf. in sad earnest at Phrases 1).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > melancholy > seriousness or solemnity > [adjective]

seinec1330

sober1362

unfeastlyc1386

murec1390

unlaughter-milda1400

sadc1400

solemnyc1420

solemned1423

serious1440

solemnc1449

solenc1460

solemnel?1473

moy1487

demure1523

grave1549

staid1557

sage1564

sullen1583

weighty1602

solid1632

censoriousa1637

(as) grave (also solemn, etc.) as a judge1650

untriumphant1659

setc1660

agelastic1666

austere1667

humourless1671

unlaughing1737

smileless1740

untriflinga1743

untittering1749

steady1759

dun1797

antithalian1818

dreich1819

laughterless1825

unsmiling1826

laughless1827

unfestive1844

sober-sided1847

gleeless1850

unfarcical1850

mome1855

deedy1895

button-down1959

buttoned-down1960

straight-faced1975

c1400 Bk. to Mother (Bodl.) 121 A man sleiȝliche kepiþ him fro þe charme of þe deuel..stoppinge oure on ere wiþ a sad þouȝt of oure laste ende.

1485 in Surtees Misc. (1888) 43 The said Maire, after sad and mature examinacion of the said recordes..decreed [etc.].

c1500 Three Kings' Sons (1895) 24 And so, aftir sad deliberacion, he answerd the messangere yn this maner.

1540 Act 32 Hen. VIII c. 42 The said Maistres or Governours..aftre their sadd discretions,..shall [etc.].

1643 J. Milton Soveraigne Salve 38 At least they may deigne this last motive the honour of a deep and sad thought or two.

1651 Bp. J. Hall Χειροθεσία 73 They are exceeding weighty and worthy of sad consideration.

1685 W. Clark Grand Tryal iii. xxi. 165 Such a dismal thing, As if you take it in consideration, Affords a subject of sad contemplation.

†d. Profoundly or solidly learned (in something). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > [adjective] > very learned

ripeOE

deepc1175

profoundc1300

well-lettereda1387

well-groundeda1438

sad1523

well-knowledged1595

solid1600

well-tutored1600

accomplished1603

grounded1613

deep-read1639

scientissimous1650

1523 Act 14 & 15 Hen. VIII c. 5 Those persons that be profounde, sad, & discrete, groundly lerned, and depely studied in Phisicke.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 25 A philosoffer..In þe Syense full sad of þe seuyn artes.

†4. Unmistakable, certain; true, genuine. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > clearness, lucidity > [adjective]

sutelc897

openeOE

plaina1398

sada1400

familiar1509

facile1531

lightsome1532

well-determined1560

pervial1595

uncurious1601

articulate1603

distinct1609

unmisinterpretablea1631

dilucida1640

limpid1649

dilucidate1651

unmysterious1663

incurious1664

elucidatea1670

accessible1681

distinguished1700

dilucidated1759

unmistakable1822

black and white1838

clear-cut1843

square on1963

a1400 W. Langland Piers Plowman (Corpus Cambr.) (1873) C. vi. l. 90 (MED) Sad parfitnesse.

a1425 (?a1350) Gospel of Nicodemus (BL Add. 32578) (1907) l. 1146 (MED) Certayne ȝhe sall vs make On what wise ȝhe were raysed & howe, Þat ȝe þe sadde truthe till vs take.

c1450 (c1380) G. Chaucer House of Fame (Fairf. 16) (1878) l. 2089 Som tyme saugh [I] thoo at ones A lesyng and a sad sothe sawe That gonne..thrawe Out to a wyndowe for to pace.

?a1475 (a1396) W. Hilton Scale of Perfection (Harl. 6579) i. xcii. f. 62^v (MED) A man mai bi ȝifte of god han bi times a tastynge and a glemerynge of lif contemplatif..bute þe sadde felynge of it schal he nouȝt han.

II. Feeling sorrow or regret, and related uses. (Now the principal use.)

a. Of a person, or his or her feelings, disposition, etc.: feeling sorrow; sorrowful, mournful, heavy-hearted.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > [adjective]

sorelyc888

gramec893

sorrowfuleOE

unblithec897

sorryeOE

carefulOE

charyOE

sickOE

yomerOE

sorry-moodOE

sweerc1000

yomerlyOE

sorrilyOE

woea1200

balec1220

sorry?c1225

sorec1275

gremefula1300

sada1300

ruthlyc1300

thoughtfulc1300

woebegonea1325

heavyc1330

grievousc1374

woefula1375

sorrowya1382

dereful?a1400

sorousa1400

sytefula1400

teenfula1400

wrotha1400

balefulc1400

tristy?c1400

tristc1420

dolefulc1430

wapped in woec1440

yhevidc1440

dolenta1450

condolentc1460

discomforted1477

tristfula1492

sorrow1496

dram?a1513

dolorous1513

earnful?1527

troublous1535

amort1546

mournfula1558

passioned1560

sadded1566

tristive1578

distressed1586

passionate1586

sorrowed1596

distressful1601

passionful1605

sighful1606

contristed1625

anguishinga1642

sadful1658

saddened1665

tristitious1694

sick as a parrot1705

pangful1727

woesome1778

grieving1807

ruesome1833

yearned1838

doleant1861

mournsome1869

thoughted1869

tragical1887

grief-stricken1905

the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > [adjective]

ungladc888

wearyc888

drearyc1000

dreary-moodOE

heavyc1000

unmerryOE

droopy?c1225

mournc1275

sada1300

languishinga1325

amayedc1330

matec1330

unlightc1330

unblissful1340

lowa1382

mishappyc1390

dullc1393

elengely1393

droopinga1400

heavy-hearteda1400

joylessa1400

sytefula1400

mornifc1400

tristy?c1400

lightless?1406

heartlessa1413

tristc1420

amatec1425

languoring?c1425

mirthlessc1430

heavisome1435

darkc1440

gloomingc1440

comfortlessc1460

amateda1470

chermatc1475

tristfula1492

lustless?1507

dolorous1513

ruthful1513

downcast1521

deject1528

heartsicka1529

lumpisha1535

coolc1540

dowlyc1540

glum1547

discouraged1548

uncheerfulc1555

dumpish1560

out of heart1565

sadded1566

amoped1573

tristive1578

desolated1580

dejected1581

à la mort1586

delightless1589

afflicted1590

gladless1590

groanful1590

gloomya1593

muddy1592

sitheful1592

cloudy1594

leaden-hearted1596

disconsolated1598

clum1599

life-weary1599

spiritless1600

dusky1602

chop-fallen1604

flat1604

disanimated1605

jaw-fallen1605

moped1606

chap-fallen1608

decheerful1608

uncheerful1612

lacklustrea1616

pulled1616

dumpya1618

depressed1621

head-hung1632

grum1640

downa1644

dispirited1647

down-at-mouth1649

down in (rarely of) the mouth1649

unhearted1650

sunlessa1658

sadful1658

unlightened1659

chagrin1665

saddened1665

damp1667

moping1674

desponding1688

tristitious1694

unenjoying1697

unraised1697

unheartya1699

unked1698

despondent1699

dismal1705

unjoyful1709

unrejoiced1714

dreara1717

disheartened1720

mumpish1721

unrejoicing1726

downhearted1742

out of spirits1745

chagrineda1754

low-spirited1753

sombrea1767

black-blooded1771

glumpy1780

oorie1787

sombrous1789

morose1791

Novemberish1793

glumpish1800

mopeful1800

die-away1802

blue-devilish1804

blue-devilled1807

malagrugrous1818

down in the hip1826

yonderly1828

sunshineless1831

downfaced1832

broody1851

in a (or the) trough1856

blue-devilly1871

drooped1873

glummy1884

pippy1886

humpy1889

pipped1914

lousy1933

pissed1943

crappy1956

doomy1961

bummed1970

a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 69 (MED) Monnes luue nys buten o stunde: nv he luueþ, nv he is sad.

a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 211 She was clepid auarice... Ful sade and caytif [Fr. megre et chetive] was she.

1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) iv. l. 188 Malancoly he was of complexioun,..Soroufull, sadde, ay dreidfull, but plesance.

a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 187 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 100 Ay sorowfull and sad at evinsang & houris.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. EE^v Consyderynge some persons to be ioconde and mery, some sadde and heuy.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. lvi This Ambassade was sent..to visite & comforte the kyng, beyng sorowful & sad for the death of so good a quene & spouse.

a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) iii. iii. sig. D.iiij But why speake ye so faintly, or why are ye so sad? R. Royster. Thou knowest the prouerbe, bycause I can not be had.

1611 Bible (King James) Gen. xl. 6 And Ioseph came in vnto them in the morning, and looked vpon them, and behold, they were sad .

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 18 Th' Angelic Guards ascended, mute and sad For Man.

1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress i. 196 I was very sad, I think sader than at any one time in my life.

1725 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey II. ix. 72 With sails outspread we fly th'unequal strife, Sad for their loss, but joyful of our life.

1757 T. Gray Ode I ii. iii, in Odes 9 The sad Nine in Greece's evil hour.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xii. 88 I felt a little sad at the thought.

a1878 Princess Alice Mem. (1884) 63 I ought not to make you sadder, when you are sad enough already.

1908 G. K. Chesterton Man who was Thursday i. 7 Why do all the clerks and navvies in the railway trains look so sad and tired, so very sad and tired?

1956 N. Coward Diary 26 Feb. (2000) 310 She makes no bones about being upset and sad but she also sees my reasons clearly.

2003 Diva Aug. 56/2 I don't like losing my marbles, and I feel sad when I see others making a fool of themselves when they are extremely drunk.

b. Expressing or showing sorrow; (esp. of a look, tone, gesture, or feature) mournful.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > [adjective] > of the appearance or face

louring13..

sada1375

frowningc1386

fluishc1460

Lentena1500

glumming1526

Friday-faced1583

becloudeda1586

gash1589

dark1593

mumping1594

hanging1607

fiddle-facedc1785

murky1830

unsunned1838

thought-ladena1847

unsunny1859

unhappy-looking1863

unhappy-faced1876

boot-faced1958

the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > [adjective] > gloomy or depressing

darkOE

unmerryOE

deathlyc1225

dolefulc1275

elengec1275

dreicha1300

coolc1350

cloudyc1374

sada1375

colda1400

deadlya1400

joylessc1400

unjoyful?c1400

disconsolatea1413

mournfula1425

funeralc1425

uncheerfulc1449

dolent1489

dolesome1533

heavy-hearted1555

glum1558

ungladsome1558

black1562

pleasureless1567

dern1570

plaintive?1570

glummish1573

cheerless1575

comfortless1576

wintry1579

glummy1580

funebral1581

discouraging1584

dernful?1591

murk1596

recomfortless1596

sullen1597

amating1600

lugubrious1601

dusky1602

sable1603

funebrial1604

damping1607

mortifying1611

tearful?1611

uncouth1611

dulsome1613

luctual1613

dismal1617

winterous1617

unked1620

mopish1621

godforsaken?1623

uncheerly1627

funebrious1630

lugubrous1632

drearisome1633

unheartsome1637

feral1641

drear1645

darksome1649

sadding1649

saddening1650

disheartening1654

funebrous1654

luctiferous1656

mestifical1656

tristifical1656

sooty1657

dreary1667

tenebrose1677

clouded1682

tragicala1700

funereal1707

gloomy1710

sepulchrala1711

dumpishc1717

bleaka1719

depressive1727

lugubre1727

muzzy1728

dispiriting1733

uncheery1760

unconsolatory1760

unjolly1764

Decemberly1765

sombre1768

uncouthie1768

depressing1772

unmirthful1782

sombrous1789

disanimating1791

Decemberish1793

grey1794

uncheering1796

ungenial1796

uncomforting1798

disencouraginga1806

stern1812

chilling1815

uncheered1817

dejecting1818

mopey1821

desponding1828

wisht1829

leadening1835

unsportful1837

demoralizing1840

Novemberish1840

frigid1844

morne1844

tragic1848

wet-blanketty1848

morgue1850

ungladdeneda1851

adusk1856

smileless1858

soul-sick1858

Novemberya1864

saturnine1863

down1873

lacklustre1883

Heaven-abandoneda1907

downbeat1952

doomy1967

the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > lamentation or expression of grief > other manifestations of sorrow > [adjective] > of sorrowful appearance

sada1375

wailful1558

woebegone1745

woebegonish1826

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 601 (MED) Melior..wiþ a sad sikyng seide to hire þanne, [etc.].

c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 2121 With a sad visage he siked stille.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 5052 With sare sighingis & sadd for sake of his wirdis.

?1507 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen (Rouen) in Poems (1998) I. 53 According to my sable weid I mon haif sad maneris, Or thai will se all the suth.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Matt. vi. 16 When ye fast, be not sad [1611 of a sad countenance] as y^e ypocrytes are.

1637 J. Milton Comus 9 Where the love-lorne Nightingale Nightly to thee her sad Song mourneth well.

1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 221 A sad pale countenance.

1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd i. 43 Them amidst With looks agast and sad he thus bespake.

1713 F. Bragge Undissembled & Persevering Relig. xi. 356 They put on a Down Look, and a Sad Countenance, and are always full of Sighs and Complaints.

1792 S. Rogers Pleasures Mem. i. 320 His sad inquiring eye.

1813 W. Scott Rokeby iii. 135 On his sad brow nor mirth nor wine Could e'er one wrinkled knot untwine.

1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) xii. 99 Poor little Amelia, with rather a sad wistful face.

1932 W. Faulkner Light in August xiii. 280 The two dogs..whose droopeared and mild faces gazed with sad abjectness about at the weary, pale faces of man.

1955 ‘P. Dennis’ Auntie Mame 101 He..gave Auntie Mame a slow, sad smile displaying a fine set of choppers.

2001 B. Broady In this Block there lives Slag 110 Whenever I hear of this malign conspiracy I always think of my old maths teacher.., recalling his jug ears and sad eyes.

c. Causing or evoking sorrow; calamitous, distressing.In early use partly figurative from sense A. 8 ‘heavy’.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > [adjective] > causing sorrow or grief

sorelyc888

sorrowfulOE

sorryOE

yomerlyOE

rueful?c1225

grievous1297

heavyc1374

sada1375

deefulc1380

grievable1390

grieffula1400

grievingc1450

trist?c1450

tristfula1492

dolorousa1500

doly?1553

mournful?1570

griefsome1635

tristifical1656

melancholy1710

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 2651 (MED) Þe king bi-seget þe cite..& mani a sad sauȝt his sone þer-to made.

c1480 (a1400) St. Matthias 189 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 227 [Of] þat sad ded þe ranowne sowne rane throw al þe towne.

1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 33 Him will he scurge with plagues sad and sair.

a1637 B. Jonson Sad Shepherd i. iv. 59 in Wks. (1640) III A sadder chance hath given allay, Both to the Mirth, and Musicke of this day.

1654 T. Fuller 2 Serm. 8 It is not improbable this Psalm [sc. xi] might be composed on the sad murther of the Priests by Saul.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 135 With sad overthrow and foul defeat.

1688 S. Penton Guardian's Instr. 24 It quickly appear'd how sad is the condition of a Gentleman without Learning.

1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 536. ¶2 'Tis sad so considerable a part of the Kingdom..should be of no manner of use.

1793 W. Cowper To Mary 33 Partakers of thy sad decline, Thy hands their little force resign.

1823 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto XIII ix. 59 Of all tales 'tis the saddest—and more sad, Because it makes us smile.

1859 Ld. Tennyson Guinevere in Idylls of King 251 How sad it were for Arthur, should he live To sit once more within his lonely hall!

1920 W. S. Churchill Let. 26 Mar. in W. S. Churchill & C. S. Churchill Speaking for Themselves (1999) x. 221 It is very sad that Bendor is laid up on his yacht at Toulon with diphtheria.

1989 M. Atwood Best Amer. Stories Introd. p. xxi His sad story of an alcoholic wife.

2006 Daily Post (Liverpool) (Nexis) 4 Nov. (Features section) 3 [Thirty-three per cent of people] admitted to finding..Bambi and Watership Down their saddest films.

d. Of a period, place, action, etc.: characterized by sorrow, full of sorrow; (in early use esp.) hard, sore, bitter.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > [adjective] > characterized by sorrow

sadc1400

languorousc1475

tragicala1700

melpomenish1801

sorryful1821

tragic1848

the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > bitterness of heart > [adjective] > expressing or betokening bitterness

sorec1200

bitterc1230

sadc1400

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) 525 Ne þe swetnesse of somer, ne þe sadde wynter.

1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Nov. 13 But nowe sadde Winter welked hath the day.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. ix. 538 O lamentable fall of famous towne, Which raignd so many yeares victorious,..In one sad night consumd, and throwen downe.

1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 243 We passed a sad night in this place, and never had more need of Job his patience then heere.

1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. J. Albert de Mandelslo 252 in Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors This was the saddest night we had in all our Voyage.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xi. 478 Immediately a place Before his eyes appeard, sad, noysom, dark, A Lazar-house it seemd.

1722 D. Defoe Relig. Courtship i. i. 12 'Tis a sad Life, Sir, for a Woman to have no Help from her Husband in Things that are good.

1752 R. Erskine Christ’s Love-suit Reinforced & Repeated 4 Sad and heavy Times may pass over the Lord's People.

1774 G. Colman Man of Business i. 5 Another great house in the city stopt payment yesterday... Sad times, Mr. Fable!

1881 M. E. Herbert Edith 201 His was one of the saddest lots I have ever known in life.

1888 J. R. Lowell Heartsease & Rue 149 It gives me a sad pleasure to remember that I was encouraged in this project by my friend the late Arthur Hugh Clough.

1925 Woman's World (Chicago) Apr. 60/3 The saddest day I have ever known was that one on which the letter came from Tom, written long before his death.

1996 F. McCourt Angela's Ashes 144 Ireland's national dances, the jig, the reel, the dances that men and women fought and died for down those sad centuries.

6. Used as a general expression of censure, depreciation, or regret. Originally: exceptionally bad, deplorable, shameful. Later (also): unfortunate, regrettable, sorry, miserable.Sometimes merely as an intensifier.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > state of being accursed > [adjective] > as everyday imprecation

stinking?c1225

misbegetc1325

banned1340

cursefula1382

wariablea1382

cursedc1386

biccheda1400

maledighta1400

vilea1400

accursedc1400

whoresona1450

remauldit?1473

execrable1490

infamous1490

unbicheda1500

jolly1534

bloodyc1540

mangy?1548

pagan1550

damned1563

misbegotten1571

putid1580

desperate1581

excremental1591

inexecrable?1594

sacred1594

putrid1628

sad1664

blasted1682

plagued1728

damnation1757

infernal1764

damn1775

pesky1775

deuced1782

shocking1798

blessed1806

darned1815

dinged1821

anointed1823

goldarn1830

darn1835

cussed1837

blamed1840

unholy1842

verdomde1850

bleeding1858

ghastly1860

goddam1861

blankety1872

blame1876

bastard1877

God-awful1877

dashed1881

sodding1881

bally1885

ungodly1887

blazing1888

dee1889

motherfucking1890

blistering1900

plurry1900

Christly1910

blinking1914

blethering1915

blighted1915

blighting1916

soddish1922

somethinged1922

effing1929

Jesus1929

dagnab1934

bastarding1944

Christless1947

mother-loving1948

mothering1951

pussyclaat1957

mother-grabbing1959

pigging1970

the mind > emotion > suffering > regret > [adjective] > regrettable

regrettable1603

desirable1652

sad1664

tragic1868

1664 S. Pepys Diary 22 May (1971) V. 155 Thence, after staying and seeing the throng of people to attend the King to chapel; but Lord, what a company of sad idle people they are.

1672 E. Fowler Dirt Wipt Off 29 If he ever considered those descriptions, and if he did not, what a sad Creature is he to undertake..but to inveigh against them.

1694 L. Echard tr. Plautus Amphitryon v. i, in tr. Plautus Comedies 60 I am the saddest shiftless creature upon earth.

c1710 C. Fiennes Diary (1888) 71 A sad poore thatch'd place.

1728 J. Gay Beggar's Opera i. viii. 9 Our Polly is a sad Slut!

a1756 E. Haywood New Present (1771) 252 Red brick should not be used [for scouring fire-irons] for it makes sad work.

1819 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto II cxxvii. 182 Heaven knows what cash he got or blood he spilt, A sad old fellow was he, if you please.

a1822 P. B. Shelley Peter Bell III vi, in Poet. Wks. (?1840) 244/1 All Peter did on this occasion Was, writing some sad stuff in prose.

1835 J. MacDonald in W. K. Tweedie Life J. MacDonald (1849) iii. 249 I am a sad coward.

1892 Daily News 25 Jan. 5/3 Unpolished granite..is a sad harbourer of soot and dust.

1908 M. Moore Let. 12 Dec. in Sel. Lett. (1997) 51 In England things are in a very sad way apparently as concerns the rank and file.

1951 N. Pevsner Middlesex (Buildings of Eng.) 164 The rustic cottage, the sham bridge, the shell bench have all gone, and the Chapel in the Wood is in sad decay.

1989 Times Lit. Suppl. 17 Nov. 1274 A sad jumble of stylistic solecisms and illogical conclusions.

2006 Guardian Unlimited (Nexis) 17 July It's a sad state of affairs when the best wicketkeeper and the best spinner in the country can't get a game as wicketkeeper and spinner.

7. slang (depreciative). Esp. of a person: pathetically inadequate or unfashionable; socially undesirable or inept. Cf. saddo n., sad sack n.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > [adjective] > boring or socially inept person

sad1934

anoraked1960

dorky1970

dorked-out1974

propeller-headed1987

anoraky1988

anorakish1992

1934 J. O'Hara Appointment in Samarra iv. 102 There were certain sad birds among the girls... But it was also understood by every hostess that a popular, attractive young man should not be designated the escort of any but popular, attractive girls.

1938 I. Edman Philosopher's Holiday 97 If you go in for that kind of thing, they think you're rather sad... Sad is..the opposite of tops.

1989 ‘G. Naylor’ Red Dwarf 232 Do you really think I'm the sort of pathetic, sad, weasly kind of person who could get erotically aroused by looking at paintings of matronly breasts?

1994 Guardian 9 Aug. ii. 12/4 They find that they are communicating with the kind of sad anorak-wearers they would never have encountered in real life.

2001 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 17 Mar. 62 I love rummaging, and used to list jumble sales as one of my hobbies. (Sad I know.)

III. In various physical senses, principally developed from branch A. I.

8. Of material objects.

†a. Firmly fixed or established, stable. Obsolete. N.E.D. (1909) records this sense as being ‘Obs. exc. dial.’, but without any documentation showing regional use.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > absence of movement > [adjective] > stable > firmly fixed

steadfast993

fastOE

rootfastlOE

sicker1297

sada1333

well-rooted1340

rooteda1393

surec1400

surefast1533

unremoved1551

fixed1577

implanted1595

firm1600

seateda1616

secure1675

tight1687

sitfast1837

locked1895

the world > existence and causation > causation > initiating or causing to begin > [adjective] > founding or instituting > settled or established > of material objects

sada1333

a1333 William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 140 Þyse wordle he made..Ine daȝes sixe..So þat hyt was god and sad.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Tim. ii. 19 The sad [L. firmum] foundement of God stondith.

c1390 (?c1350) Joseph of Arimathie (1871) l. 258 (MED) Þenne he seos Ihesu crist in a sad Roode.

c1390 in F. J. Furnivall Minor Poems Vernon MS (1901) ii. 617 Beo a staf stondeþ sad, Whon ȝe fongen flesch in godes hous. Þat staf is Cristes Crouche.

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 305 (MED) St[r]ength suld non haf had, to perte þam þorgh oute, So wer þei set sad with poyntes rounde aboute.

c1450 (a1400) Orologium Sapientiæ in Anglia (1888) 10 368 To þe whiche byleve trewe men, leeuynge as to a sadde foundemente, hauen..certeynte þere-of.

1530 Thorpe's Examinacion sig. G.vii A wyse man that bildeth his house vpon a stone, that is a stable and a sadde grounde.

b. Solid; dense, compact; massive, heavy. Also figurative. Now rare (regional in later use).In early use frequently ‘solid, as opposed to hollow’; cf. sad iron n., sadware n. at Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > [adjective]

thickc888

fastOE

sada1375

massya1382

sounda1387

massya1398

corpulent1398

grossa1475

tight1513

massive1526

spiss?1527

solid?1533

thight1539

solidate1542

crass1545

bodily1557

spissy1570

dense1599

consolid1613

materiate1626

crassy1630

cakey1705

rocky1825

the world > matter > properties of materials > weight or relative heaviness > [adjective] > heavy

heavyc1000

unlightc1330

sada1375

chargeousa1382

lumpinga1400

ponderousa1400

weighingc1400

poisant1477

peisant1483

wieldlya1500

weighty1500

peiseda1522

burdenous1529

weightful1530

grave1570

leaden1578

plumbeousa1586

wieldy1592

peisy1599

well-weighing?1615

lead-like1816

hefty1867

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 1072 (MED) No strengþe him wiþstod of sad stonen walles.

?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 198 With iren nayles sad..his fete was schod.

c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) 5578 Two grete ymages..of golde sad.

a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) 6907 For sadde burdons that men taken Make folkes shuldris aken.

a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Exod. xxxviii. 7 Thilke auter was not sad [L. solidum], but holowe.

?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 223 In feyth it is An hevy ston, Ryth sad of weyth and hevy of peys.

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1960) xi. xi. 47 The schaft was sad and sound, and weill ybaik.

?a1525 (c1450) Christ's Burial & Resurrection ii. l. 1328 in F. J. Furnivall Digby Plays (1896) 215 The wordes of Andrewe beyn sadd & ponderose.

1565 W. Humfrey Let. 28 Aug. in R. H. Tawney & E. Power Tudor Econ. Documents (1924) I. v. 243 Woorks of gold and sylver to be cast sad or hollowe.

1587 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Iland Brit. (new ed.) iii. i. 220/1 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) I The flesh of buls..is of sadder substance and therefore much heauier as it lieth in the scale.

1625 W. Lisle tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Noe in tr. Part of Du Bartas 29 This kind of timber..growes so sad and hard that it cannot rot.

a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 153 Short barley-strawe..is the best for stoppinge of holes..because it is sadder and not soe subjeckt to blowe out with everie blast of winde, as other light and dry strawe is.

1692 J. Ray Misc. Disc. v. 52 Nay, the very soft Water..doth so compress and sadden them by its weight, that the very Roads that are continually beaten with Horses and Carriages, are not so firm and sad.

1790 A. Tait Poems 287 Beef, pork and mutton was their cheer Meet firm and sad.

1897 Rep. Brit. Assoc. V. 464 The meal is beetlt doon i' the meal-ark till it is firm an' sad.

†c. Solid as opposed to liquid. Also figurative. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > state of being solid rather than fluid > [adjective]

sadc1384

unliquid1547

stone1608

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Heb. v. 13 To whom is nede of mylk, and not sad mete [L. solido cibo].

a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) II. 259 (MED) Þer mete was þer bileve þat þei hadden of sadde þingis, and þer drynke was þer bileve þat þei hadden of moist þingis.

a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 53 Flesche oweþ to be lefte alle the tyme of Quadragesime, and that as wele sad flesche as tendre or meltyd.

c1520 M. Nisbet New Test. in Scots (1903) II. Heb. v. 12 To quhilkis is nede of mylk, and nocht sadde mete.

d. Of soil: stiff, heavy; difficult to work.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > soil qualities > [adjective] > dense

sad?1440

stiff?1523

pinnya1684

pinnocky1875

tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) ii. 173 (MED) Vynes preueth best yf they Be sette anoon aftir the spade or plough, Er then the lond be woxen sadde or tough.

c1450 (c1350) Alexander & Dindimus (Bodl.) (1929) 912 For to sowe and to sette in þe sad erthe.

1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique v. xviii. 702 Nauets and turneps delight in a light and fine mould, and not in a churlish and sad ground.

1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry (1721) I. 66 Chalky Lands are naturally cold and sad.

1712 J. Morton Nat. Hist. Northants. 44 The Clay-land..is the toughest, or most tenacious, and the most dense of all our Soils; upon this Account, on the Thrapston Side, they call it Sad-land.

1854 A. E. Baker Gloss. Northants. Words II. 192 Sad, applied to stiff clay soil.

1889 E. Peacock Gloss. Words Manley & Corringham, Lincs. (ed. 2) (at cited word) Land is sad when the frosts of winter have not mellowed it.

a1904 J. P. Kirk in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1904) V. 198/2 [S. Nottingham] On light land if the soil een't sad enough, a should sadden it with a Croskill roll.

1958 H. G. Sanders Outl. Brit. Crop Husbandry (ed. 3) 150 If September is wet the field may settle down to a ‘sad’ condition and a drag harrow, or even a cultivator, may be advisable to loosen it.

2002 Sun (Baltimore) (Nexis) 11 May 1 d Humus is a virtual cure-all for sad soils. It fights compaction and enables plants to put down deep roots.

†e. Of a number of persons or things: forming a compact body. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > [adjective] > gathering closely together > gathered closely together

clusteredc1400

sadc1450

constellated1638

constellatea1657

undistributed1869

retractile1881

clumped1887

nucleated1897

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 2614 Þe multitude ware to me meruaile to reken, Þat sammed was on aiþir side many sadd thousand.

c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 5559 Þai sett in a sadd sowme & sailid his kniȝtis.

c1450 (a1400) Chevalere Assigne 119 in W. H. French & C. B. Hale Middle Eng. Metrical Romances (1930) 863 (MED) Of sadde leues of þe wode wrowȝte he hem wedes.

f. Of pastry, dough, etc.: that has failed to rise, heavy. Now chiefly regional.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [adjective] > light or heavy

light?c1425

livered1688

sad1688

well-risen1728

dunch1824

heavy1828

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > pastry > [adjective] > qualities of pastry

light?c1425

shortc1430

sad1688

well-risen1728

heavy1828

flaky1837

strudel1893

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 317/1 Bakers Terms in their Art... Sad, heavy, close Bread.

1787 F. Grose Provinc. Gloss. Sad, heavy, particularly applied to bread, as contrary to light.

1796 Glasse's Art of Cookery (new ed.) xiii. 191 It makes the crust sad, and is a great hazard of the pie running.

1836 C. Hooton Adventures Bilberry Thurland I. vii. 140 At the bottom of all..lay about half an acre of sad and heavy Yorkshire pudding, like a leaden pancake.

1846 W. S. Landor Imaginary Conversat. in Wks. I. 82/1 Let him place the accessaries on the table lest what is insipid and clammy, and (as housewives with great propriety call it) sad, grow into duller accretion and inerter viscidity the more I masticate it.

1889 J. H. Skrine Mem. E. Thring 51 Of what meagre straw and doughy brick was our weekly batch! It was what bakers call ‘sad’.

1949 E. Webber Backwoods Teacher 204 That there cake of mine is mightly sad (heavy) lookin'.

1973 C. A. Wilson Food & Drink in Brit. vii. 250 To prevent it being sad, the cake had to be raised with a considerable amount of ale-barm.

2003 Barrie (Ont.) Examiner (Nexis) 3 Oct. b5 If you mix too much, the carbon dioxide bubbles escape and you get a sad, flat biscuit.

†9.

a. Of a blow: heavy, delivered with vigour. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 2775 (MED) He..set hire a sad strok so sore in þe necke, þat sche top ouer tail tombled ouer þe hacches.

c1440 (?a1400) Sir Perceval 1335 When þe sowdane and i bene mett, A sadde stroke i sall one hym sett.

a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 797 And there they daysshed togyders many sad strokys.

?1504 S. Hawes Example of Vertu sig. ff.ii^v But I my swerd in my hand had Strykynge at hym with strokes sad.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 22 One caupet with hym kenely..And set hym a sad dynt.

a1578 R. Lindsay Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) I. 222 The strampe of M^r Patrickis was so sade wpoun his brotheris footte.

a1630 D. Hume Hist. Houses Douglas & Angus (1644) 100 With a great Mace in his hand he laid such sad strokes about him, that none came within his reach but he went downe to the ground.

1677 J. Glanvil in G. Rust Two Disc. sig. A6^v That sad stroke to all the Lovers of Religion and Learning.

1706 Mare of Collingtoun in J. Watson Choice Coll. Scots Poems (1977) I. 440 He thought that she had been dead: For he had hit her on the head A sad stroak and a sicker.

b. Of a fire: violent. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > a fire > [adjective] > strong or brisk

sada1450

quick1604

rousing1654

strong1765

brisk1830

a1450 St. Edith (Faust.) (1883) 1911 Hurre thouȝt þat hurre chaufere..Was set ouer a feure bothe gret & sadde.

a1644 F. Quarles Shepheards Oracles (1646) 102 Our brave Enemy..whose very breath..could snatch a well broyl'd soule from the sad flame Of Purgatory, from the sulph'rous flashes Of hells hot Suburbs.

a1729 E. Taylor Metrical Hist. Christianity (1962) 426 His Dung is made Dry fewell, fagots now to burn this blade His Urin is Secur'de and boyld up..In that Sad flame Gods terrours too within.

1735 Clergyman's Daughter's New Ann. Bk. 4 Had but ten righteous men in Sodom dwelt, Sad fire and brimstone they had never felt.

c. Of rain: heavy. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > precipitation or atmospheric moisture > rain > [adjective] > heavy

steepc1330

pissingc1475

thightc1480

pouring1577

pashing1581

sad1590

steep-down1601

solid1621

even down1622

sluicy1697

pelting1710

buck1732

steeping1774

peppering1827

sluicing1847

torrential1849

peltering1858

plumping1879

teeming1880

lashing1885

monsoonish1886

sheeting1940

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. xi. 25 As a thonder-bolt..doth displace The soring clouds into sad showres ymolt.

1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) 30 Heaven it self at that instant weeping so abundantly, that I never saw a sadder raine and of lesse continuance.

1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ iv. vii. 7 In a sad showre of Rain.

a1652 R. Brome Queen & Concubine iv. ix. 107 in Five New Playes (1659) Now a fit showre of sad distilling Rain, And by and by the Sun breaks forth again.

10.

a. Of colour: dark, deep. In later use esp.: not cheerful-looking; neutral, dull, sombre.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > quality of colour > [adjective] > relating to tone > dark

wana1000

swartOE

darkOE

under-dark1382

sad1415

swartish1483

sable?a1513

dark-coloured?1523

swarth?1527

fuskish1563

swarty1572

saturnine1581

sable-suiteda1592

sable visaged1608

gloomy1632

sable-vested1667

fuscous1671

umbratile1678

sable-hooded1770

gangrenous1794

burnt1897

bead-dark1937

the world > matter > colour > quality of colour > [adjective] > dull

fadec1290

wannish?a1412

obscure1490

sada1539

dull1552

smoky1576

sober1603

dead1640

dirty1665

invivid1669

dusty1676

saddisha1678

austere1680

worn-out1731

sombrous1792

sombre1805

toneless1833

lacklustre1843

1415 in J. Raine Testamenta Eboracensia (1836) I. 382 (MED) j lectum de worstede, de light blewe et sadde blewe.

a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) 695 And where be my gounes of scarlet, Sanguyn, murreye, & blewes sadde & lighte.

a1450 Castle Perseverance (1969) 1 Þe iiij dowterys schul be clad in mentelys,..Trewthe in sad grene, and Pes al in blake.

a1539 in Archaeologia (1882) 47 53 Noo more to use rede stomachers but other sadder colers in the same.

1578 W. Hunnis Hyue Full of Hunnye xxxvii. 92 Colours lyght and sad.

1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique vi. xxii. 802 Russet wines. In the number wherof are contained the red wines, or sad, and light red.

1623 C. Butler Feminine Monarchie (rev. ed.) vi. sig. O1^v The second Summer this light yellow is changed to a sad.

1658 J. Rowland tr. T. Moffett Theater of Insects in Topsell's Hist. Four-footed Beasts (rev. ed.) 936 Long and slender shanks of a very sad black colour.

1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. vi. 201 First of a dark greenish colour, growing sadder by degrees as the plant decays, till it approaches a black.

1721 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husb. II. 241 [Tulip] of a sad Red-colour about the Edges, whipped with Crimson.

1757 E. Burke Philos. Enq. Sublime & Beautiful ii. §18. 64 Sad and fuscous colours, as black, or brown, or deep purple.

1799 tr. Laboratory (ed. 6) II. x. 311 Dubbing, of the down of a sad grey cat, or sad grey camel's hair.

1836 C. P. Traill Backwoods of Canada 241 The leaves are of a sad green, sharply notched, and divided in three lobes.

1855 G. Brimley Ess. (1858) i. 101 Sad greys and browns.

1867 O. W. Holmes Guardian Angel iii She had always..been dressed in sad colors.

1883 R. L. Stevenson Treasure Island iii. xiii. 102 The general colouring was uniform and sad.

1965 G. Jones Island of Apples iii. ii. 190 A thousand fields hung in the vast hammocks of the hills, dun, or frosted, or a sad green, or jersey-green in the gusty sunlight.

2003 Quilter's Newsletter Mag. Mar. 46/2 The simpler reds..ranged from red-orange through brick red to wine, the shades that dyers called ‘sad reds’.

b. Esp. of clothing or fabric: of such a shade; dark-coloured; sombre. Now rare (archaic and poetic in later use).

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > state or mode of having colour > [adjective] > dark-coloured

darkeOE

blackeOE

browna1000

swartOE

wanOE

murka1325

darkish?c1425

duska1450

dusketly1486

sad?1504

duskish1530

base1539

dusky1558

swarthy1577

darksome1598

smutty1648

subfusc?1705

infuscated1727

murky1759

subfuscous1762

sable1791

sombrous1799

obfuscous1822

sombre1829

wine-dark1855

murkish1869

?1504 S. Hawes Example of Vertu sig. cc.iii^v We had ben but a lytell whyle there But that we sawe a lady clere Ryght well appareled in sad gere.

1564 T. Becon New Catech. in Wks. 536 If they be olde women and maryed: not lyght apparell, but sad raiment pleaseth a godly husband.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. xii. sig. L7^v Arayd in antique robes downe to the grownd, And sad habiliments.

1668 S. Pepys Diary 24 Aug. (1976) IX. 287 My wife is upon hanging the long chamber..with the sad stuff that was in the best chamber.

1706 R. Howlett Anglers Sure Guide vii. 106 Sad Ash-coloured Silk.

1711 London Gaz. No. 4919/4 A Man..between 20 and 30 years of Age, pale Visage and sad Hair.

1749 H. Jones Poems Several Occasions 96 How Grief's sad Garb the Wearer's Worth endears.

1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe III. v. 116 Two halberdiers, clad in black..and others, in the same sad livery.

1891 E. Arnold Light of World 153 A throng..Clad in sad garments..bore a dead man forth.

1908 F. Morton Laughter & Tears 65 Her step was noiseless, and her trailing grey Sad robes were Silence visible.

†11. Of sleep: sound, deep. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > sleep > [adjective] > type of sleep > deep or unbroken

fastOE

stronga1398

sada1425

deep1547

sound1548

unstarting1748

wakeless1824

profound1833

unawakening1846

unawaking1863

yawnless1881

a1425 (?c1375) N. Homily Legendary (Harl.) in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 15 (MED) Sodanly he fell on ful sad slepe.

1485 W. Caxton tr. Lyf St. Wenefryde 20 I couerd my hede and fylle in to a sadde slepe.

1609 T. Heywood Troia Britanica iv. cvii. 102 He knowes sad sleepe hath ceas'd vpon the many, He heares no waking clocke, nor watch to iarre.

1631 T. Heywood Fair Maid of West: 1st Pt. iii. i. 39 When sad sleepe Had charm'd all eyes, when none save the bright starres Were up and waking, I remembred thee.

1661 Princess Cloria ii. 143 After she had for some time continued in her sad sleep, that fain would gently have sent her without noise to a better habitation.

B. n.

†1. Satiety, weariness. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > feeling of weariness or tedium > [noun]

sada1200

fastidiuma1398

irkingc1400

irksomeness1435

tediousness1482

tediation1485

annuisance1502

weariness1526

wearisomenessa1568

irk1570

languor1596

tedification1616

tedium1662

ennui1758

dullery1841

boredom1853

mawkishness1861

fed-'upness1910

mouldiness1916

browned-offness1938

noia1944

a1200 (?c1175) Poema Morale (Trin. Cambr.) l. 392 in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 232 [C]rist..is muche more and betere þan alle oðer þinges..Of him to isiene nis non sæd [?c1250 Egerton sed].

2. Now chiefly with the. Sad or sorrowful people as a class. Also: something sad or suggesting sadness (rare).

ΚΠ

1588 A. King tr. P. Canisius Certane Prayers in Catech. 39 The hop and comforter of all sad, haue mercie on me.

1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 665 Behold that figure, neat, though plainly clad; His sprightly mingled with a shade of sad .

1845 B. Disraeli Sybil III. vi. v. 193 ‘My heart is sad,’ said Sybil, ‘and the sad should seek the shade.’

1975 M. Duffy Capital iv. 188 The sad and the mad, the workmen on their way home, the trans-European emigrés.

2006 Journal (Newcastle) (Nexis) 10 Aug. 42 These are the people who should get..public acknowledgement of their contribution to the sick, the sad and the plain frightened.

C. adv. In a sad manner (in various senses of the adjective). Chiefly recorded in poetical and literary contexts.

†1.

a. Firmly, strongly, fixedly; soundly. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > absence of movement > [adverb] > in a stable manner > firmly (fixed)

stronglyeOE

fasteOE

stitha1000

hardOE

fastlyOE

steadfasta1300

stithlya1300

steevec1330

a-rootc1374

firmlyc1374

hard and fastc1380

sadc1380

sadlya1398

steadfastlya1400

stronga1400

stalworthlyc1440

solidatively?1541

hardfast1548

secure1578

sickera1586

solidly?1611

tighta1625

securely1642

steevely1790

inexcussably1816

tightly1866

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > absence of doubt, confidence > assured fact, certainty > [adverb]

i-wislichec1000

wislyc1000

yernec1000

wellOE

wisc1175

sickera1275

without missa1275

redlyc1275

certainlya1375

sadc1380

confirmedlyc1449

certaina1500

undeceitfully1571

notionless1607

ascertainably1863

absotively1914

c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) 353 (MED) Loke þat þou be armed sad & hele þy bare scolle.

c1390 in F. J. Furnivall Minor Poems Vernon MS (1901) 172 Beo a staf stondeþ sad..Þat staf is Cristes Crouche; Stondeþ stifli bi þat stake.

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. v. 4 Þanne waked I of my wynkynge and wo was with-alle, Þat I ne hadde sleped sadder and yseiȝen more.

tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) vii. 59 Nowe potage ware in askes mynge, and kepe In oil barelles or salt tubbis done; Saad cleyed wel, they saaf beth leyd to slepe.

c1475 Mankind (1969) 592 Ȝe may here hym snore; he ys sade aslepe.

a1500 Partenay (Trin. Cambr.) l. 3859 (MED) Adieu, my suete loue, prented in hert sad!

a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Fox, Wolf, & Cadger l. 2161 in Poems (1981) 82 He laid his halfheid sicker hard and sad.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 13 Medea..Persauyt..Þat all sad were on slepe.

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 34^v He þat set is full sad on a soile euyn..Hym þar not hede to be hurt with no hegh fall.

1578 W. Hunnis Hyue Full of Hunnye xl. f. 99^v It happened that both these men in one Night beyng sad In sleepe did Dream, and ech Mans Dreame a sundry meaning had.

b. Heavily, with force. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adverb] > with violence or force

stithlya1300

strengthlya1400

sadc1425

enforcely1487

forcely?a1500

strainably1511

forcible1582

forceful1718

forcefullya1774

c1425 (?a1400) Arthur (Longleat 55) l. 605 Þey fowȝt euer sore & sadde; Men nyst ho þe betere hadde.

c1475 (?c1425) Avowing of King Arthur (1984) l. 389 He stroke him sadde and sore.

a1500 (a1400) Ipomedon (Chetham) 4451 Dreas stroke his broþer Cavder Wyth a spere sadde & sore.

1629 Z. Boyd Balme of Gilead 41 (Jam.) The longer the stroake be in comming it commeth down the sadder.

a1743 J. Relph Misc. of Poems (1747) 4 Up flew her hand to souse the cowren lad, But ah, I thought it fell not down owr sad.

c. Steadfastly. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > [adverb]

anredlyOE

fastlyOE

steadfastly?c1225

stifflyc1290

stably1297

steadfasta1300

stoutly1303

steevely1340

sadlya1375

sturdilyc1374

firm1377

surelyc1380

like a flint1382

tough1398

firmlyc1425

unmovablyc1425

but variancec1430

sad?c1430

immovably1435

toughlyc1450

affirmlya1513

wishly1530

constantly1534

steadily1540

fall back (also flat), fall edge?1553

staidly1571

fixedly1605

indeclinably1624

undeclinably1662

unfalteringly1665

unswervingly1805

unwaveringly1830

indomitably1837

rockily1846

unbendingly1847

indivertibly1853

unshakeablya1864

undyingly1881

unshakenly1882

adamantly1897

?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 79 Þei schullen be..cursed & taken to prison ȝif þei stonden sadde in goddis cause.

a1450 Partonope of Blois (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1912) 3818 These Covenauntes to holde suerly and sadde.

a1450 (?a1390) J. Mirk Instr. Parish Priests (Claud.) (1974) 260 Teche hem alle to leue sadde, Þat hyt þat ys in þe awter made, Hyt ys verre goddes blode.

†2. Seriously, solemnly; soberly, discreetly, wisely. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > melancholy > seriousness or solemnity > [adverb]

highlyOE

deeplyc1300

solemnlya1325

sadlya1375

soberly1382

demurelyc1400

sadc1400

seriouslyc1425

solemnya1470

murely1474

solemnedlyc1480

solenny1480

in (good, sober, serious) sadness1545

gravely1553

staidly1571

solemniouslya1578

solidly1632

in sad earnest1637

ponderously1637

in jest-earnest1642

in all seriousness1679

joking apart1745

unhumorously1768

solidly1799

in sober earnest1836

mirthlessly1853

votively1857

smilelessly1869

unmirthfully1872

unsmilingly1879

inhumorously1898

soberingly1923

straightfacedly1977

c1400 Life St. Anne (Minn.) (1928) 2892 Þai lokyd & ihesus syttand saw Emang þe doctours of þe law, Apposand þam sad & sar.

?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 362 (MED) I beseke..that a-forn my bere by you it be bore, saynge my dirige devouthly and sad.

c1500 How Good Wife taught her Daughter (Ashm.) 198 Þus thi frendes wyll be glade Þat thou dispos þe wyslye and sade.

†3. Thoroughly, truly, certainly. Obsolete.The punctuation of quot. ?a1425 in the 1990 edition takes sad as an adjective, but the words sad trewe correspond to the single Latin word verax in Matthew 22:16 and are also found in this verse in one MS. of the Later Version of the Wycliffite Bible.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [adverb] > assuredly, indeed

soothlyc825

forsoothc888

wiselyc888

sooth to sayOE

i-wislichec1000

to (‥) soothOE

iwis?c1160

certesa1250

without missa1275

i-witterlic1275

trulyc1275

aplight1297

certc1300

in (good) fayc1300

verily1303

certain1330

in truthc1330

to tell (also speak, say) the truthc1330

certainlya1375

faithlya1375

in faitha1375

surelya1375

in sooth1390

in trothc1390

in good faitha1393

to witc1400

faithfullyc1405

soothly to sayc1405

all righta1413

sad?a1425

in certc1440

wella1470

truec1480

to say (the) truth1484

of a truth1494

of (a) trotha1500

for a truth?1532

in (of) verity1533

of verityc1550

really1561

for, in, or into very?1565

indeed1583

really and truly1600

indeed and indeed1673

right enough1761

deed1816

just1838

of a verity1850

sho1893

though1905

verdad1928

sholy1929

ja-nee1937

only1975

deffo1996

?a1425 in A. Hudson Eng. Wycliffite Serm. (1990) I. 313 ‘Maister,’ þei seiden, ‘we wyte wel þat þou art sad, trewe, and þe weye þat lediþ to God þow techist in trewþe.’

a1500 Partenay (Trin. Cambr.) l. 874 Ful wel thay sad knew it the fayry was.

a1500 Partenay (Trin. Cambr.) l. 950 Merueles,..I se ful sad; Neuer humain ey saw to it egal!

c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 56^v In sorow may be sene who is sad wise.

1628 R. Hayman Quodlibets ii. 30 Wise mens, wise counsell, is but their conceits; If they speed ill, they are sad wise deceits.

4. Sadly, sorrowfully, mournfully. Now rare (poetic in later use).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > [adverb]

wrothec950

heavilyc1000

sorrowlyOE

sorrilylOE

sorrowfullyc1225

dolefullyc1290

sadlya1375

teenfullya1375

wrothlyc1374

unwinlya1400

grievouslyc1400

unblithely1415

tristily?c1450

sad?a1475

sytefully1488

earnfully?1527

dolently1548

mournfully?1567

distressfully1593

passionately1604

tragicly1604

grievingly1623

distressedly1890

?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 41 (MED) With doolful hert syenge sad and sore, Grett mornyng I make ffor this dredful flood.

1660 J. Sadler Olbia 3 After some real expressions of most cordial sympathy with his sad forlorn condition (which came out in sighs, and groans and Tears, rather than words:) the grave Hermite..carried, rather then led him, into his Cell.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 28 Sometimes towards Eden..his grievd look he fixes sad .

1789 H. Brooke Earl of Westmorland iv. viii Through the vale of death and woe! Let us travel sad and slow.

1820 J. Keats Lamia ii, in Lamia & Other Poems 30 Why will you plead yourself so sad forlorn.

a1855 C. Brontë Poems (1984) 96 No hollow blast did sad and mournful wail, But solemn silence walked beneath the moonbeams pale.

1910 F. G. Scott Poems 269 From that archway strains of music flow..But brooding, like one held by evil powers, The great King heeds not, pacing sad and slow.

Phrases

P1. in sad earnest: in all earnestness, seriously.Originally in sense A. 3c ‘grave’; later often taken as sense A. 5 ‘mournful, sorrowful’.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > melancholy > seriousness or solemnity > [adverb]

highlyOE

deeplyc1300

solemnlya1325

sadlya1375

soberly1382

demurelyc1400

sadc1400

seriouslyc1425

solemnya1470

murely1474

solemnedlyc1480

solenny1480

in (good, sober, serious) sadness1545

gravely1553

staidly1571

solemniouslya1578

solidly1632

in sad earnest1637

ponderously1637

in jest-earnest1642

in all seriousness1679

joking apart1745

unhumorously1768

solidly1799

in sober earnest1836

mirthlessly1853

votively1857

smilelessly1869

unmirthfully1872

unsmilingly1879

inhumorously1898

soberingly1923

straightfacedly1977

1637 S. Rutherford Lett. (1863) I. xcix. 253 I w^d. I c^d. begin to be a Christian in sad earnest.

1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 112 An attack that made me shed tears in sad earnest.

1814 E. S. Barrett Heroine (ed. 2) III. xxxvi.199 I sat ruminating in sad earnest, on the necessity, now so evident, of my consenting to this hateful match.

1850 T. Carlyle Latter-day Pamphlets (1903) ii. 73 O my friends, in sad earnest, sad and deadly earnest, there much needs that God would mend all this.

1957 Anchor Rev. No. 2 11 If she [sc. Lolita] originally called him Dad in bitter irony, she now calls him Dad in sad earnest.

2002 Y. Takahashi in S. W. Wells Shakespeare Surv. 105 Far from avoiding the soliloquy, he [sc. Hamlet] is seen grappling with it in sad earnest.

P2. sadder and wiser: (of a person) having gained wisdom from sad or bitter experience.Possibly influenced by the older association of sad (in sense ‘grave, dignified, serious’) with wise: see sense A. 3.

ΚΠ

1798 S. T. Coleridge Anc. Marinere vii, in W. Wordsworth & S. T. Coleridge Lyrical Ballads 51 A sadder and a wiser man He rose the morrow morn.

1814 W. Scott Waverley III. xv^*. 222 ‘A sadder and a wiser man,’ he felt [etc.] .

1877 ‘Mrs. Forrester’ Mignon I. 175 When he takes his way homewards, he is a sadder and a wiser man.

1925 J. Dos Passos Manhattan Transfer ii. ii. 146 Well I suppose there's not one of you gentlemen here who hasnt at some time or other taken a plunger, and how many of you hasnt come back sadder and wiser.

2001 R. Cellan-Jones Dot.bomb xiv. 223 Colleagues who had departed to become millionaires on the dot.com scene began returning to the grubby world of newsprint, sadder and wiser.

Compounds

C1.

a. Forming (chiefly parasynthetic) adjectives.

sad-coloured adj.

ΚΠ

1602 L. Lloyd Briefe Conf. Divers Lawes 82 Vnto these kinde of feasts the Romanes might not come in black or sad coloured garments, but all in white.

1740 S. Richardson Pamela I. 49 I bought of Farmer Nichols's Wife and Daughters, a good sad-colour'd Stuff, of their own Spinning, enough to make me a Gown and two Petticoats.

1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian iii*, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. I. 101 A decent suit of sad-coloured clothes.

1911 Times 12 Dec. 10 The captains of the day who came to Charterhouse..wore sad-coloured vesture and featherless caps.

1984 J. W. Crawford Early Shakespearean Actresses 38 A fine gentleman..recognized something strangely familiar about the face and figure in the sad-colored gown.

sad-eyed adj.

ΚΠ

1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V i. ii. 202 The sad eyde Iustice with his surly humme.

1847 R. W. Emerson Poems (1904) 131 Thus the sad-eyed Fakirs preach.

1916 E. W. Wilcox World Voices 21 Across the border of the mapless land He found himself among a sad-eyed band Of disappointed souls.

2003 Time Out N.Y. 28 Aug. 99/3 Kudos to the sad-eyed emo boys who have written great songs whenever Dad gave them something to cry about.

sad-faced adj.

ΚΠ

1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus v. iii. 66 You sad facde men, people and sons of Rome.

1843 E. Bulwer-Lytton Last of Barons I. i. ii. 28 The head of a sad-faced little boy.

1947 J. Mulgan Report on Experience xi. 126 In the streets were sad-faced men and women, still hungry and no longer happy.

2000 T. Robbins Fierce Invalids 193 The sad-faced little mercado.., so woefully wanting in goods and goods-buyers.

sad-garbed adj.

ΚΠ

1848 J. R. Lowell Poems 2nd Ser. 167 He looks a sachem, in red blanket wrapt,..'mid some council of the sad-garbed whites.

1908 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald 3 Oct. 9/2 Between their sad-garbed figures, she flitted like a little white moth.

sad-hearted adj.

ΚΠ

a1599 R. Rollock Lect. Hist. Passion (1616) xxxiii. 323 Shee was so ouer-come with displeasure, and so sadde hearted, that shee was not afraide of the Angels.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 (1623) ii. v. 123 Sad-hearted-men, much ouergone with Care.

1740 S. Richardson Pamela I. 15 But every little matter that happens, I will acquaint you with, that you shall continue to me your good Advice, and pray for Your sad-hearted Pamela.

1876 ‘G. Eliot’ Daniel Deronda III. vi. xlviii. 342 When he dared to think of his own future, he saw it lying far away from this splendid sad-hearted creature.

1952 C. Day Lewis tr. Virgil Aeneid i. 16 And spoke these words of comfort to his sad-hearted friends.

2001 East Bay (Calif.) Express (Nexis) 21 Nov. Bon Scott was a sad-hearted poet who composed beautiful songs.

sad-lidded adj.

ΚΠ

1887 A. J. Lockhart Masque of Minstrels 260 O'er the pale face, now fallen asleep, With th' sad lidded eyes; Deep boom of the cannon, so dread.

1921 D. H. Lawrence Tortoises 35 His black, sad-lidded eye sees but beholds not.

2001 Daily News (N.Y.) (Nexis) 9 Feb. 52 The best performance is by Rampling... Nothing escapes those wise, sad-lidded eyes.

sad-looking adj.

ΚΠ

a1784 G. A. Stevens Songs, Comic & Satyrical (1788) 131 The sad-looking crone clear'd his brow from a frown.

1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho III. vi. 153 Do you wish to fall into the hands of those sad-looking men! Why I used to shudder as I passed them.

1861 E. A. Beaufort Egypt. Sepulchres II. xxiii. 295 The mountains..were veiled in a dreamy, sad-looking scirocco fog.

1961 C. McCullers Clock without Hands iv. 78 The red lamp with ragged fringes, two obviously broken chairs and other pieces of sad-looking furniture.

2005 Guardian 11 Apr. i. 17/5 The fate of these poignantly sad-looking karaokists will depend on you, the viewer, phoning a premium-rate line.

sad-making adj.

ΚΠ

1930 E. Waugh Vile Bodies xii. 208 ‘My dear, isn't that rather sad-making for you?’ ‘I'm desperate about it.’

1955 J. D. Salinger Franny in New Yorker 29 Jan. 30/3 But just so tiny and meaningless and—sad-making.

1960 J. Stroud Shorn Lamb xxiii. 251 You were watching the end of an epoch; that's always rather sad-making.

2005 National Post (Canada) (Nexis) 30 Apr. to10 I could go on, but it's too sad-making: These are not portraits, they're editorial cartoons.

sad-natured adj.

ΚΠ

a1568 R. Ascham Scholemaster (1570) i. f. 6^v This sadde natured, and hard witted child.

1868 H. B. Stowe Chimney Corner iii. 65 Nature has gifted him with that vein of humor and that impulse to friendly joviality which are frequent developments in sad-natured men.

1973 M. Mainwaring tr. I. Turgenev & P. Viardot-García Portrait Game viii. 136 Great Russian landowner, of a noble family; sad-natured, phlegmatic.

† sad-paced adj. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1598 J. Marston Scourge of Villanie i. Proem. sig. B5^v Stay his quicke iocond skips, and force him runne A sadde pac'd course.

sad-seeming adj.

ΚΠ

a1629 F. Hubert Egypts Favorite (1631) sig. D8^v Th'amazed lookes of her sad-seeming face.

a1634 W. Austin Devotionis Augustinianæ Flamma (1635) 131 So all is Joy againe; till this Sad-seeming Tydings come.

1854 W. G. Simms Southward Ho! ix. 138 It was, indeed, a solitary and sad-seeming region.

1967 Times 4 Nov. 10 Shand was a shy, sad-seeming, gentle man of handsome presence.

2006 New Yorker (Nexis) 20 Mar. He has fine features and large, sad-seeming eyes and a melancholic expression.

sad-tuned adj.

ΚΠ

1596 C. M. First Pt. Nature of Woman sig. F^v A sad tuned hart's my instrument.

1609 W. Shakespeare Louers Complaint in Sonnets sig. K^v And downe I laid to list the sad tun'd tale.

1696 J. Banks Cyrus Great v. i. 53 Your sad tun'd Description will surpass All Fiction, Painting, or dumb shew of Horrour That ever Ears yet heard.

2004 Lincoln (Nebraska) Jrnl. Star (Nexis) 31 Dec. c1 To bump the needle to their sad-tuned, skipping record.

sad-visaged adj.

ΚΠ

1826 M. W. Shelley Last Man III. ix. 278 Do this, sad visaged power [sc. Melancholy], while I write.

1869 ‘M. Twain’ Innocents Abroad xxxiv. 370 I never saw such..starving, sad-visaged, broken-hearted looking curs in my life.

1940 F. R. Dulles Amer. learns to Play 46 [In 1740 an English visitor] was both surprised and delighted to discover the Bostonians not quite as sad-visaged as he had apparently been led to expect.

1996 Independent (Nexis) 17 Nov. 21 The hawk-nosed, sad-visaged honourable member standing down for Guildford, Surrey.

sad-voiced adj.

ΚΠ

1837 H. J. Verlander Vestal & Other Poems 80 Hark! the sad voic'd bell..now rolling Moaningly and low.

1984 J. W. Crawford Early Shakespearean Actresses 118 A sad voiced north-east wind sweeping up the sluggish Liffey.

2004 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 3 Oct. vii. 1 The sad-voiced scholarly narrator recounts the childhood memories of a boy called ‘Phil Roth’.

b. Prefixed to other adjectives to express a combination of both qualities, as sad-happy, sad-serene, sad-sweet, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > [adjective] > characterized by sorrow > and sweetness

sad-sweet1594

1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. L3 Which when her sad beholding husband saw.

1616 W. Browne Britannia's Pastorals II. iv. 85 Their sad-sweet glance so tye his faculties.

1795 W. Butler Bagatelles 20 Sad-smiling patience sat upon his brow.

1810 G. Crabbe Borough xii. 165 Sad happy Race! soon rais'd and soon deprest, Your Days all past in Jeopardy and Jest.

1909 E. Pound Exultations 12 Ye know somewhat the strain, the sad-sweet wonder-pain of such singing.

1928 E. Blunden Undertones of War 4 And there, sad-smiling,..were two or three of the convalescent squad.

1933 W. de la Mare Fleeting & Other Poems 17 How sad-serene the abandoned house.

1953 S. Kauffmann Philanderer xiv. 233 A lamp-lighted restaurant table, the distant sad-sweet music, all these flowed together in a comfortable alcoholic haze.

1990 B. Gill N.Y. Life 337 Remembering the past is a sad-happy act that is also a duty.

C2.

sad-ass n. North American slang (attributive) designating an inept or undesirable person or thing.

ΚΠ

1961 R. Gover One Hundred Dollar Misunderstanding 157 Madam hush up them railroads so's they don chase off them sad-ass College Joes.

1967 N. Mailer Why are we in Vietnam? iv. 66 A sad-ass show. It flickers off, on, off, for ninety minutes.

1971 Black World Apr. 63 How is Philadelphia?.. Thats one sad-ass city..bout to sink into the ground.

2003 ‘S. Pax’ Weblog Diary 25 Mar. in Baghdad Blog 135 The only movie I had which I have not seen a hundred times is The American President.... Michael Douglas is a sad ass president.

sad-assed adj. = sad-ass n.

ΚΠ

1964 J. Baldwin Blues for Mister Charlie iii. 119 White man!.. You can't eat because none of your sad-assed chicks can cook.

1974 D. Sears Lark in Clear Air xiii. 158 A few general comments on sad-assed, puritanical sons-of-bitches individually and collectively.

2005 Sunday Life (Belfast) (Nexis) 27 Mar. When each election day comes round, I look at all the sorry, sad-assed usual suspects, and I can find no party I want to vote for.

sad-avised adj. [apparently after blackavised adj.] sad-faced.Apparently an isolated use.

ΚΠ

1878 W. Besant & J. Rice Monks Thelema III. 124 She did not writhe as she walked; she was not sad-avised.

sad cake n. British and U.S. regional a name given to various types of flat or unleavened cake (cf. sense A. 8f).

ΚΠ

1855 R. C. Trench Eng. Past & Present 103 When unleavened cakes are called ‘sad cakes’, as in parts of America they are, it is evident that ‘sad’ is used in its original sense of unmoved.

1857 J. Sullivan Cumberland & Westmorland 80 Sad, heavy, thick; ‘sad cake’, when not made with yeast.

1889 J. Nicholson Folk-speech E. Yorks. 79 Sad keeaks and dip form a favourite breakfast.

1947 Amer. Speech 22 73 If you jar the stove, you'll have sad cake.

1976 J. Poulson More Old Lancs. Recipes 26/1 Lumb in Rossendale was known as ‘Sad Cake Land’ because this simple pastry cake was so popular there.

1987 E. Kytle Voices of Robby Wilde 32 Sometimes she'd put in what she called ‘too much’ shortening and sugar and make a sad cake.

2006 Times-Picayune (New Orleans) (Nexis) 14 May 4 She made..sad cake and lemon pies.

sad case n. slang (originally British) a pathetic, socially inept, or otherwise contemptible person.

ΚΠ

1985 M. Munro Patter 60 Someone whom they consider to be mentally unstable may be labelled a sad case.

1992 R. Rodriguez Days of Obligation vii. 156 I had left graduate school, a sad case in my cotton washpants, my short-sleeved white shirt,..and the aforementioned glasses.

2000 J. Goodwin Danny Boy i. 16 I suppose it's because only sad cases and pensioners are watching, and who cares about them?

sad dog n. now rare (a) a morose or dismal-looking person; (b) a term of mock reproof for a shameless or badly behaved fellow (see dog n.¹ 5b).

ΚΠ

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II v. v. 70 And how comest thou hither, Where no man neuer comes, but that sad dog, That brings me foode to make misfortune liue.

1706 G. Farquhar Recruiting Officer iii. ii. 38 Sil. You are an ignorant, pretending, impudent Coxcomb. Braz. Ay, ay, a sad Dog.

1748 T. Smollett Roderick Random I. xvi. 127 I suppose you think me a sad dog,..and I do confess that appearances are against me.

1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 2nd Ser. 202 The sad-dog sort of feeling came strongly upon John Dounce: he lingered—the lady in blue made no sign.

1955 Times 7 Dec. 11 The moral of the differing ways of life of the diarists [sc. Evelyn and Pepys] was punctually repointed. Pepys had to be recognized..as a self-confessed sad dog.

sadware n. now historical (heavy) pewter flatware (cf. sense A. 8b).

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > receptacle or container > vessel > [noun] > metal vessel > pewter vessels collectively

pewter1426

pewtery1645

sadware1683

pewterware1738

1683 Inventory 12 Mar. in Probate Inventories Lincoln 1661–1714 (1991) 84 49lb of sad waire at 9d pewter.

1895 C. Booth Life & Labour People in London V. iii. iv. 380 Birmingham and Sheffield supply the greater part of the ‘sad ware’ in use.

2005 Birmingham Post (Nexis) 30 Apr. 47 The firm specialised in what was called ‘sadware’—plates and dishes—but also made a range of chamberpots, bedpans and holloware.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	sad
释义	sadadj.n.adv. Brit. /sad/, U.S. /sæd/ Forms: Old English sad- (inflected form), Old English–early Middle English sæd, early Middle English sað (transmission error), early Middle English sead, early Middle English sed, early Middle English seed, Middle English saad, Middle English said, Middle English zed (south-eastern), Middle English–1500s sadd, Middle English–1500s sadde, Middle English–1600s sade, Middle English– sad, 1800s– zad (English regional (Berkshire)); Scottish pre-1700 sadd, pre-1700 sadde, pre-1700 sade, pre-1700 said, pre-1700 1700s– sad, 1800s saud, 1800s– sod. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Dutch sat (Middle Dutch sat , zat , Dutch zat ), Old Saxon sad (Middle Low German sat ), Old High German sat (Middle High German sat , German satt ), Old Icelandic saðr (rare; superseded by saddr , past participle of the derived verb seðja to satiate), Gothic saþs (all in sense A. 1) < the same Indo-European base as classical Latin sat , satis enough, satur satisfied, full, Early Irish sáith (noun) sufficiency, Lithuanian sotus filling, full, also (with prefixation in ἀ- a- prefix⁶) ancient Greek ἄατος insatiate, all showing a derivative formation (apparently originally a participial formation corresponding to ancient Greek forms in -τός , classical Latin -tus ; compare old adj., cold adj.) of an Indo-European base meaning ‘to satisfy’ also represented by ancient Greek ἆσαι (aorist) to satiate (connection with Sanskrit asinva(nt), of uncertain meaning, is doubtful). Compare also (with different ablaut grade) Gothic sōþ (also soþs) satisfaction, gasōþjan to satisfy.The semantic development in branch A. II. is apparently peculiar to English. This is now the usual sense in English; the sense of ‘having had one's fill; satisfied’ (the usual sense shared by the Germanic cognates) is now often expressed instead by words deriving ultimately < classical Latin satis (see e.g. satiate adj., satiety n.). With sense A. 8b compare early modern German satt (late 16th cent. in this sense). With sense A. 9a compare early modern German satt (16th cent. in this sense). Sense A. 10a apparently developed from the sense ‘satisfied, full’ to ‘saturated’ and hence ‘(of colour) dark, deep’; compare Middle Dutch sat (Dutch zat ) and German satt (compare Old High German satcrā dark grey, satarōt (Middle High German sat-rōt ) dark red, Middle High German sat-blā (German sattblau ) dark blue). In later use in English apparently apprehended as being a development of branch A. II. Perhaps also attested early as a surname (sense uncertain): Henricus Sadde (1222), Ralph Sad (1273); although for an alternative derivation compare Old French, Middle French, French †sade pleasant, agreeable (12th cent.; < classical Latin sapidus sapid adj.). A. adj. I. Of persons and immaterial things: satisfied, full; steady, serious. †1. Having had one's fill; satisfied, sated; weary or tired (of something). Chiefly with of or infinitive. Obsolete.In Old English with genitive. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > feeling of weariness or tedium > [adjective] > satiated or surfeited sadOE fullc1300 asadc1306 satiate1440 saturatea1450 glutteda1586 overcloyed1589 surfeit1597 cloyed1599 palled1607 jaded1631 sated1640 OE Riddle 5 2 Ic eom anhaga iserne wund, bille gebennad, beadoweorca sæd, ecgum werig. OE Paris Psalter (1932) lxxvii. 29 Swiðe ætan and sade wurdan, and hiora lusta lifdan hwile. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 75 Ich nam noht giet sad of mine sinnes, and forþi ne mai ich hie noht forlete, ac oðer ich mai ben sed þeroff, and þanne ich wille hem forleten. a1250 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 3 (MED) Heo neuer ne beoð sead þi ueir to iseonne. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) 4662 Claudien þe kæisere sað [read sad] wes of þon compe. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 9 Now men beþ al sad [L. modernorum saturitatem]. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 23436 Þof þat þou euer apon him se, Of him sadd [a1400 Coll. Phys. said, a1400 Trin. Cambr. wery] sal þou neuer be. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer Canon's Yeoman's Tale (Ellesmere) (1875) G. §3. l. 877 Yet of that Art they kan nat wexen sadde ffor vn-to hem it is a bitter sweete. c1450 (?c1408) J. Lydgate Reson & Sensuallyte (1901) 1265 (MED) Al our lyf..Ys but a maner exile here, Of which he ought to be sad. a1500 (?a1400) Morte Arthur (1903) 716 (MED) To serve hym was there no man sad. †2. a. Settled, firmly established in purpose or condition; steadfast, firm, constant. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > causation > initiating or causing to begin > [adjective] > founding or instituting > settled or established rootfastlOE stablec1290 institutec1325 sad1340 firmc1374 rooteda1393 stabledc1400 substantialc1449 well-foundeda1450 surec1475 standing1549 afloat1551 well-established1559 steadyc1571 naturalized1590 erected1603 established1642 instituted1647 settled1649 riveted1652 radicate1656 inrooted1660 institute1668 statuminated1674 planted1685 stablished1709 deep-seated1741 founded1771 set-up1856 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 83 Non ne is aryȝt preus..þet ne ys..zed and stable uor to uolȝy. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 1371 (MED) Al saxoyne was set wiþ wel sadde lawes. ?c1400 (c1380) G. Chaucer tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. (BL Add. 10340) (1868) iii. pr. x. 89 Þer may no man doute þat þer nys som blisfulnesse þat is sad [L. solidam] stedfast and perfit. a1425 N. Homily Legendary (Harl. suppl.) in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 38 When saynt John herd..how sad trowth in þam was sett, He knelid to grownd, & for joy gret. a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) 4784 (MED) Ther may no prince in his estate endure, Ne ther-yn any while stande sad, But he be loued. ?c1450 Life St. Cuthbert (1891) 234 (MED) Sho sall be to þe a sadde frende. a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1905) i. 64 (MED) Þat her graunt shold be sure & sad, she strengthid hit with her seele. 1493 Festivall (1515) 75 b Be ye stable & sadde in the fayth. 1553 T. Becon Relikes of Rome (1563) 175 b All christen people that will be saued, must haue sad beliefe in the holy Sacrament. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. xi. sig. Nn8 More eath to number, with how many eyes High heuen beholdes sad louers nightly theeueryes. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 541 Settl'd in his face I see Sad resolution and secure. View more context for this quotation b. Strong, firm, standing fast, esp. in battle; capable of resisting; valiant. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > courage > valour > [adjective] well-doingeOE orpedOE eglechea1250 hendc1275 i-wihtc1275 valiantc1330 valiantc1330 sadc1384 wighty14.. bounteousa1440 valorous1477 warlike1488 valorous1490 the world > life > the body > bodily constitution > bodily strength > [adjective] > robust strongeOE hardOE stalworthc1175 starka1250 stiff1297 steel to the (very) backa1300 stalworthyc1300 wightc1300 stable13.. valiant1303 stithc1325 toughc1330 wrast1338 stoura1350 sadc1384 wighty14.. derfc1440 substantialc1460 well-jointed1483 felon1487 robust1490 stalwart1508 stoutya1529 robustous?1531 rankc1540 hardy1548 robustious1548 stout1576 rustical1583 rustic1620 iron1638 robustic1652 swankinga1704 strapping1707 rugged1731 solid1741 vaudy1793 flaithulach1829 ironbark1833 swankie1838 tough as (old) boots or leather1843 skookum1847 hard (also tough, sharp) as nails1862 hard-assed1954 nails1974 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Rom. xv. 1 Forsothe, we saddere [L. nos firmiores] owen for to susteyne..the feblenesse of syke men. a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Ezek. xxxiv. 16 Y schal make sad that that was sijk. ?a1425 (c1400) Mandeville's Trav. (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 106 And it [sc. the diamond] maketh a man more strong & more sad aȝenst his enemyes. c1440 (?a1400) Morte Arthure 3289 The secunde sir..Was sekerare to my sighte, and saddare in armes. a1500 Partenay (Trin. Cambr.) l. 4876 Noble knightes ten, Stronge, hable, and light, men sad and myghty. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 22 Than pollux full pertly aprochet in hast With seuyn hundrith sad men assemblit hym with ffrochit into þe frount & a fray made. 1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos vi. sig. P.iv Onto Eneas Troian prince this valiant captain sadde Did place him self as peere. 3. †a. Of looks, appearance: dignified, grave, serious. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > melancholy > seriousness or solemnity > [adjective] > of appearance sada1375 serious1601 solemna1616 a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 228 Of lere ne of lykame lik him nas none, ne of so sad a semblant þat euer he say wiþ eiȝyen. c1400 (?c1380) Pearl 887 þe aldermen so sadde of chere, Her songe þay songen neuer þe les. c1450 ( G. Chaucer Bk. Duchess 860 And whiche eyen my lady hadde! Debonaire, goode, glade, and sadde. ?1555 Ld. Morley tr. Petrarch Tryumphes sig. H^v Thus sayinge with a sadde sobre countenaunce She sat her downe my ioye and my pleasaunce And made me syt by hyr euen there. a1627 W. Fowler tr. Petrarch Triumphs in Wks. (1914) I. 70 Her countenance, sad, sober, and so grawe. 1656 W. Lower tr. P. Corneille Horatius ii. ii. 15 But why this sad countenance and this severe look? doth the choice displease you? 1701 E. Sherburne tr. Seneca Phædra & Hippolytus ii. i, in tr. Seneca Trag. 154 Mirth is the Ornament of youthful Years, Sad Looks and Gravity become Grey Hairs. 1798 W. L. Bowles Sonnets (ed. 6) 30 Their brow, besprent with thin hairs, white as snow,..Whilst on their sad looks smilingly, they bear The trace of creeping age. b. Of a person: orderly and regular in life; of trustworthy character and judgement; grave, serious. Also, in extended use, of a person's behaviour or age, of a period of time, etc. Often coupled with wise or discreet. In later use archaic or regional (chiefly Scottish and Caribbean). ΘΚΠ society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > faithfulness or trustworthiness > [adjective] soothfastc825 truefastOE i-treowec1000 unfakenOE trueOE sickerc1100 trigc1175 strustya1250 steel to the (very) backa1300 true as steela1300 certainc1325 well-provedc1325 surec1330 traistc1330 tristc1330 trustya1350 faithfula1382 veryc1385 sada1387 discreet1387 trust1389 trothfulc1390 tristya1400 proveda1425 good-heartedc1425 well-trusted?a1439 tristfulc1440 authorizablea1475 faithworthy?1526 tentik1534 fidele1539 truthfulc1550 suresby1553 responsible1558 trestc1560 reliable1569 cocksurea1575 sound1581 trustful1582 truepenny1589 true (also good, sure) as touch1590 probable1596 confident1605 trustable1606 axiopistical1611 loyala1616 reposeful1627 confiding1645 fiducial1647 laudable1664 safe1667 accountable1683 serious1693 sponsible1721 dependable1730 unfailing1798 truthya1802 trustworthy1829 all right1841 stand-up1841 falsehood-free1850 right1856 proven1872 bankable1891 secure1954 the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > reputation > good repute > reputability or honourableness > [adjective] faireOE wortheOE worthlyeOE worthfulOE menskful?c1225 toldc1275 digne1297 of price?a1300 worshiply1340 worthya1350 menska1375 thriftyc1374 worshipfula1375 worthilya1375 honesta1382 honourablec1384 unshamedc1384 sada1387 of reputationc1390 well-nameda1393 reverent1398 worthy (worshipful, wise) in wanea1400 celebrable?c1400 honouredc1400 worshipablec1425 substantialc1449 undefameda1450 unreviled?1457 honorousa1500 reputed?1532 well-thought-ona1533 well-spoken1539 credible1543 undespised?1548 imitable1550 famous1555 undistained1565 undefame1578 untarred1579 well-reputed1583 unsoiledc1592 dishonourless1595 well-deemed1595 nameworthy1598 regardful1600 indisgraced1606 credenta1616 undishonoureda1616 unscandalized1618 unscandalous1618 unslandered1622 untainted1627 dignousa1636 undisparaged1636 considerable1641 unbranded1641 glorifiable1651 reputable1671 unsullied1743 unstigmatized1778 undisgraced1812 unstained1863 well-thought-of1865 uncompromised1882 scandal-proof1904 cred1987 a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 29 He was..so sad [?a1475 anon. tr. of so sadde conversacion; L. tantæ..soliditatis] from his childhode, he chaunged nevere he [v.r. his] semblant for sorwe noþer for ioye. c1405 (c1390) G. Chaucer Man of Law's Tale (Hengwrt) l. 37 In Surrye whilom dwelte a compaignye Of chapmen riche and ther to sadde and trewe. 1429 Rolls of Parl. IV. 338/2 Ye Kyng shall..come to sadder yeres of discretion. a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1905) i. 98 He shold behote, afore good men and sadde in wycombe, openly. 1487 Rolls of Parl. (2005) VI. 402/2 xij. sadde and discrete persones of the chekk roll of the kyngis honerable housold. 1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More Vtopia sig. Nv^v A sad & an honest matrone [L. grauis et honesta matrona]. 1562 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 292 The..wyseste Baylliffs and other sadd and discreate cytezens. ?1577 J. Northbrooke Spiritus est Vicarius Christi: Treat. Dicing 133 What woman nowe a dayes (that is sadde and wyse) will be knowne to haue skill of Dauncing, &c.? 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Zz3^v Of this wisedome it seemeth some of the auncient Romanes in the saddest and wisest times were professors. View more context for this quotation 1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. ii. 71 The solid, and sad man, is not troubled with the floods and ebbes of Fortune. 1699 H. Curson Compend. Laws Eng., Scotl. & Ireland 324 They, or any of them have Authority to Inquire by 12 Sad Men, and Discreet Persons of the Cheque Roll. 1852 A. Christie Mountain Strains 99 Where a' the wives are sad an' douce. 1904 M. R. James Ghost-stories Antiq. 93 The Women which were entrusted with the laying-out of the Corpse.., being both sad Persons and very well Respected in their Mournfull Profession. 1961 F. G. Cassidy Jamaica Talk viii. 181 The word sad also lasts in an old-fashioned sense, that of stability..: a ‘sad man’ is a steady, dependable one. †c. Of thought, consideration, etc.: mature, serious, grave, considered. Obsolete (but cf. in sad earnest at Phrases 1). ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > melancholy > seriousness or solemnity > [adjective] seinec1330 sober1362 unfeastlyc1386 murec1390 unlaughter-milda1400 sadc1400 solemnyc1420 solemned1423 serious1440 solemnc1449 solenc1460 solemnel?1473 moy1487 demure1523 grave1549 staid1557 sage1564 sullen1583 weighty1602 solid1632 censoriousa1637 (as) grave (also solemn, etc.) as a judge1650 untriumphant1659 setc1660 agelastic1666 austere1667 humourless1671 unlaughing1737 smileless1740 untriflinga1743 untittering1749 steady1759 dun1797 antithalian1818 dreich1819 laughterless1825 unsmiling1826 laughless1827 unfestive1844 sober-sided1847 gleeless1850 unfarcical1850 mome1855 deedy1895 button-down1959 buttoned-down1960 straight-faced1975 c1400 Bk. to Mother (Bodl.) 121 A man sleiȝliche kepiþ him fro þe charme of þe deuel..stoppinge oure on ere wiþ a sad þouȝt of oure laste ende. 1485 in Surtees Misc. (1888) 43 The said Maire, after sad and mature examinacion of the said recordes..decreed [etc.]. c1500 Three Kings' Sons (1895) 24 And so, aftir sad deliberacion, he answerd the messangere yn this maner. 1540 Act 32 Hen. VIII c. 42 The said Maistres or Governours..aftre their sadd discretions,..shall [etc.]. 1643 J. Milton Soveraigne Salve 38 At least they may deigne this last motive the honour of a deep and sad thought or two. 1651 Bp. J. Hall Χειροθεσία 73 They are exceeding weighty and worthy of sad consideration. 1685 W. Clark Grand Tryal iii. xxi. 165 Such a dismal thing, As if you take it in consideration, Affords a subject of sad contemplation. †d. Profoundly or solidly learned (in something). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > [adjective] > very learned ripeOE deepc1175 profoundc1300 well-lettereda1387 well-groundeda1438 sad1523 well-knowledged1595 solid1600 well-tutored1600 accomplished1603 grounded1613 deep-read1639 scientissimous1650 1523 Act 14 & 15 Hen. VIII c. 5 Those persons that be profounde, sad, & discrete, groundly lerned, and depely studied in Phisicke. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 25 A philosoffer..In þe Syense full sad of þe seuyn artes. †4. Unmistakable, certain; true, genuine. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > clearness, lucidity > [adjective] sutelc897 openeOE plaina1398 sada1400 familiar1509 facile1531 lightsome1532 well-determined1560 pervial1595 uncurious1601 articulate1603 distinct1609 unmisinterpretablea1631 dilucida1640 limpid1649 dilucidate1651 unmysterious1663 incurious1664 elucidatea1670 accessible1681 distinguished1700 dilucidated1759 unmistakable1822 black and white1838 clear-cut1843 square on1963 a1400 W. Langland Piers Plowman (Corpus Cambr.) (1873) C. vi. l. 90 (MED) Sad parfitnesse. a1425 (?a1350) Gospel of Nicodemus (BL Add. 32578) (1907) l. 1146 (MED) Certayne ȝhe sall vs make On what wise ȝhe were raysed & howe, Þat ȝe þe sadde truthe till vs take. c1450 (c1380) G. Chaucer House of Fame (Fairf. 16) (1878) l. 2089 Som tyme saugh [I] thoo at ones A lesyng and a sad sothe sawe That gonne..thrawe Out to a wyndowe for to pace. ?a1475 (a1396) W. Hilton Scale of Perfection (Harl. 6579) i. xcii. f. 62^v (MED) A man mai bi ȝifte of god han bi times a tastynge and a glemerynge of lif contemplatif..bute þe sadde felynge of it schal he nouȝt han. II. Feeling sorrow or regret, and related uses. (Now the principal use.) 5. a. Of a person, or his or her feelings, disposition, etc.: feeling sorrow; sorrowful, mournful, heavy-hearted. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > [adjective] sorelyc888 gramec893 sorrowfuleOE unblithec897 sorryeOE carefulOE charyOE sickOE yomerOE sorry-moodOE sweerc1000 yomerlyOE sorrilyOE woea1200 balec1220 sorry?c1225 sorec1275 sorec1275 gremefula1300 sada1300 ruthlyc1300 thoughtfulc1300 woebegonea1325 heavyc1330 grievousc1374 woefula1375 sorrowya1382 dereful?a1400 sorousa1400 sytefula1400 teenfula1400 wrotha1400 balefulc1400 tristy?c1400 tristc1420 dolefulc1430 wapped in woec1440 yhevidc1440 dolenta1450 condolentc1460 discomforted1477 tristfula1492 sorrow1496 dram?a1513 dolorous1513 earnful?1527 troublous1535 amort1546 mournfula1558 passioned1560 sadded1566 tristive1578 distressed1586 passionate1586 sorrowed1596 distressful1601 passionful1605 sighful1606 contristed1625 anguishinga1642 sadful1658 saddened1665 tristitious1694 sick as a parrot1705 pangful1727 woesome1778 grieving1807 ruesome1833 yearned1838 doleant1861 mournsome1869 thoughted1869 tragical1887 grief-stricken1905 the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > [adjective] ungladc888 wearyc888 drearyc1000 dreary-moodOE heavyc1000 unmerryOE droopy?c1225 mournc1275 sada1300 languishinga1325 amayedc1330 matec1330 unlightc1330 unblissful1340 lowa1382 mishappyc1390 dullc1393 elengely1393 droopinga1400 heavy-hearteda1400 joylessa1400 sytefula1400 mornifc1400 tristy?c1400 lightless?1406 heartlessa1413 tristc1420 amatec1425 languoring?c1425 mirthlessc1430 heavisome1435 darkc1440 gloomingc1440 comfortlessc1460 amateda1470 chermatc1475 tristfula1492 lustless?1507 dolorous1513 ruthful1513 downcast1521 deject1528 heartsicka1529 lumpisha1535 coolc1540 dowlyc1540 glum1547 discouraged1548 uncheerfulc1555 dumpish1560 out of heart1565 sadded1566 amoped1573 tristive1578 desolated1580 dejected1581 à la mort1586 delightless1589 afflicted1590 gladless1590 groanful1590 gloomya1593 muddy1592 sitheful1592 cloudy1594 leaden-hearted1596 disconsolated1598 clum1599 life-weary1599 spiritless1600 dusky1602 chop-fallen1604 flat1604 disanimated1605 jaw-fallen1605 moped1606 chap-fallen1608 decheerful1608 uncheerful1612 lacklustrea1616 pulled1616 dumpya1618 depressed1621 head-hung1632 grum1640 downa1644 dispirited1647 down-at-mouth1649 down in (rarely of) the mouth1649 unhearted1650 sunlessa1658 sadful1658 unlightened1659 chagrin1665 saddened1665 damp1667 moping1674 desponding1688 tristitious1694 unenjoying1697 unraised1697 unheartya1699 unked1698 despondent1699 dismal1705 unjoyful1709 unrejoiced1714 dreara1717 disheartened1720 mumpish1721 unrejoicing1726 downhearted1742 out of spirits1745 chagrineda1754 low-spirited1753 sombrea1767 black-blooded1771 glumpy1780 oorie1787 sombrous1789 morose1791 Novemberish1793 glumpish1800 mopeful1800 die-away1802 blue-devilish1804 blue-devilled1807 malagrugrous1818 down in the hip1826 yonderly1828 sunshineless1831 downfaced1832 broody1851 in a (or the) trough1856 blue-devilly1871 drooped1873 glummy1884 pippy1886 humpy1889 pipped1914 lousy1933 pissed1943 crappy1956 doomy1961 bummed1970 a1300 in C. Brown Eng. Lyrics 13th Cent. (1932) 69 (MED) Monnes luue nys buten o stunde: nv he luueþ, nv he is sad. a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) (1891) l. 211 She was clepid auarice... Ful sade and caytif [Fr. megre et chetive] was she. 1488 (c1478) Hary Actis & Deidis Schir William Wallace (Adv.) (1968–9) iv. l. 188 Malancoly he was of complexioun,..Soroufull, sadde, ay dreidfull, but plesance. a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 187 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 100 Ay sorowfull and sad at evinsang & houris. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. EE^v Consyderynge some persons to be ioconde and mery, some sadde and heuy. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. lvi This Ambassade was sent..to visite & comforte the kyng, beyng sorowful & sad for the death of so good a quene & spouse. a1556 N. Udall Ralph Roister Doister (?1566) iii. iii. sig. D.iiij But why speake ye so faintly, or why are ye so sad? R. Royster. Thou knowest the prouerbe, bycause I can not be had. 1611 Bible (King James) Gen. xl. 6 And Ioseph came in vnto them in the morning, and looked vpon them, and behold, they were sad . View more context for this quotation 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost x. 18 Th' Angelic Guards ascended, mute and sad For Man. View more context for this quotation 1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress i. 196 I was very sad, I think sader than at any one time in my life. View more context for this quotation 1725 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey II. ix. 72 With sails outspread we fly th'unequal strife, Sad for their loss, but joyful of our life. 1757 T. Gray Ode I ii. iii, in Odes 9 The sad Nine in Greece's evil hour. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. xii. 88 I felt a little sad at the thought. a1878 Princess Alice Mem. (1884) 63 I ought not to make you sadder, when you are sad enough already. 1908 G. K. Chesterton Man who was Thursday i. 7 Why do all the clerks and navvies in the railway trains look so sad and tired, so very sad and tired? 1956 N. Coward Diary 26 Feb. (2000) 310 She makes no bones about being upset and sad but she also sees my reasons clearly. 2003 Diva Aug. 56/2 I don't like losing my marbles, and I feel sad when I see others making a fool of themselves when they are extremely drunk. b. Expressing or showing sorrow; (esp. of a look, tone, gesture, or feature) mournful. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > [adjective] > of the appearance or face louring13.. sada1375 frowningc1386 fluishc1460 Lentena1500 glumming1526 Friday-faced1583 becloudeda1586 gash1589 dark1593 mumping1594 hanging1607 fiddle-facedc1785 murky1830 unsunned1838 thought-ladena1847 unsunny1859 unhappy-looking1863 unhappy-faced1876 boot-faced1958 the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > [adjective] > gloomy or depressing darkOE unmerryOE deathlyc1225 dolefulc1275 elengec1275 dreicha1300 coolc1350 cloudyc1374 sada1375 colda1400 deadlya1400 joylessc1400 unjoyful?c1400 disconsolatea1413 mournfula1425 funeralc1425 uncheerfulc1449 dolent1489 dolesome1533 heavy-hearted1555 glum1558 ungladsome1558 black1562 pleasureless1567 dern1570 plaintive?1570 glummish1573 cheerless1575 comfortless1576 wintry1579 glummy1580 funebral1581 discouraging1584 dernful?1591 murk1596 recomfortless1596 sullen1597 amating1600 lugubrious1601 dusky1602 sable1603 funebrial1604 damping1607 mortifying1611 tearful?1611 uncouth1611 dulsome1613 luctual1613 dismal1617 winterous1617 unked1620 mopish1621 godforsaken?1623 uncheerly1627 funebrious1630 lugubrous1632 drearisome1633 unheartsome1637 feral1641 drear1645 darksome1649 sadding1649 saddening1650 disheartening1654 funebrous1654 luctiferous1656 mestifical1656 tristifical1656 sooty1657 dreary1667 tenebrose1677 clouded1682 tragicala1700 funereal1707 gloomy1710 sepulchrala1711 dumpishc1717 bleaka1719 depressive1727 lugubre1727 muzzy1728 dispiriting1733 uncheery1760 unconsolatory1760 unjolly1764 Decemberly1765 sombre1768 uncouthie1768 depressing1772 unmirthful1782 sombrous1789 disanimating1791 Decemberish1793 grey1794 uncheering1796 ungenial1796 uncomforting1798 disencouraginga1806 stern1812 chilling1815 uncheered1817 dejecting1818 mopey1821 desponding1828 wisht1829 leadening1835 unsportful1837 demoralizing1840 Novemberish1840 frigid1844 morne1844 tragic1848 wet-blanketty1848 morgue1850 ungladdeneda1851 adusk1856 smileless1858 soul-sick1858 Novemberya1864 saturnine1863 down1873 lacklustre1883 Heaven-abandoneda1907 downbeat1952 doomy1967 the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > lamentation or expression of grief > other manifestations of sorrow > [adjective] > of sorrowful appearance sada1375 wailful1558 woebegone1745 woebegonish1826 a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 601 (MED) Melior..wiþ a sad sikyng seide to hire þanne, [etc.]. c1405 (c1385) G. Chaucer Knight's Tale (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 2121 With a sad visage he siked stille. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 5052 With sare sighingis & sadd for sake of his wirdis. ?1507 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen (Rouen) in Poems (1998) I. 53 According to my sable weid I mon haif sad maneris, Or thai will se all the suth. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Matt. vi. 16 When ye fast, be not sad [1611 of a sad countenance] as y^e ypocrytes are. 1637 J. Milton Comus 9 Where the love-lorne Nightingale Nightly to thee her sad Song mourneth well. 1660 F. Brooke tr. V. Le Blanc World Surveyed 221 A sad pale countenance. 1671 J. Milton Paradise Regain'd i. 43 Them amidst With looks agast and sad he thus bespake. View more context for this quotation 1713 F. Bragge Undissembled & Persevering Relig. xi. 356 They put on a Down Look, and a Sad Countenance, and are always full of Sighs and Complaints. 1792 S. Rogers Pleasures Mem. i. 320 His sad inquiring eye. 1813 W. Scott Rokeby iii. 135 On his sad brow nor mirth nor wine Could e'er one wrinkled knot untwine. 1847 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair (1848) xii. 99 Poor little Amelia, with rather a sad wistful face. 1932 W. Faulkner Light in August xiii. 280 The two dogs..whose droopeared and mild faces gazed with sad abjectness about at the weary, pale faces of man. 1955 ‘P. Dennis’ Auntie Mame 101 He..gave Auntie Mame a slow, sad smile displaying a fine set of choppers. 2001 B. Broady In this Block there lives Slag 110 Whenever I hear of this malign conspiracy I always think of my old maths teacher.., recalling his jug ears and sad eyes. c. Causing or evoking sorrow; calamitous, distressing.In early use partly figurative from sense A. 8 ‘heavy’. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > [adjective] > causing sorrow or grief sorelyc888 sorrowfulOE sorryOE yomerlyOE rueful?c1225 grievous1297 heavyc1374 sada1375 deefulc1380 grievable1390 grieffula1400 grievingc1450 trist?c1450 tristfula1492 dolorousa1500 doly?1553 mournful?1570 griefsome1635 tristifical1656 melancholy1710 a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 2651 (MED) Þe king bi-seget þe cite..& mani a sad sauȝt his sone þer-to made. c1480 (a1400) St. Matthias 189 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 227 [Of] þat sad ded þe ranowne sowne rane throw al þe towne. 1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 33 Him will he scurge with plagues sad and sair. a1637 B. Jonson Sad Shepherd i. iv. 59 in Wks. (1640) III A sadder chance hath given allay, Both to the Mirth, and Musicke of this day. View more context for this quotation 1654 T. Fuller 2 Serm. 8 It is not improbable this Psalm [sc. xi] might be composed on the sad murther of the Priests by Saul. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 135 With sad overthrow and foul defeat. View more context for this quotation 1688 S. Penton Guardian's Instr. 24 It quickly appear'd how sad is the condition of a Gentleman without Learning. 1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 536. ¶2 'Tis sad so considerable a part of the Kingdom..should be of no manner of use. 1793 W. Cowper To Mary 33 Partakers of thy sad decline, Thy hands their little force resign. 1823 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto XIII ix. 59 Of all tales 'tis the saddest—and more sad, Because it makes us smile. 1859 Ld. Tennyson Guinevere in Idylls of King 251 How sad it were for Arthur, should he live To sit once more within his lonely hall! 1920 W. S. Churchill Let. 26 Mar. in W. S. Churchill & C. S. Churchill Speaking for Themselves (1999) x. 221 It is very sad that Bendor is laid up on his yacht at Toulon with diphtheria. 1989 M. Atwood Best Amer. Stories Introd. p. xxi His sad story of an alcoholic wife. 2006 Daily Post (Liverpool) (Nexis) 4 Nov. (Features section) 3 [Thirty-three per cent of people] admitted to finding..Bambi and Watership Down their saddest films. d. Of a period, place, action, etc.: characterized by sorrow, full of sorrow; (in early use esp.) hard, sore, bitter. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > [adjective] > characterized by sorrow sadc1400 languorousc1475 tragicala1700 melpomenish1801 sorryful1821 tragic1848 the mind > emotion > suffering > mental anguish or torment > bitterness of heart > [adjective] > expressing or betokening bitterness sorec1200 bitterc1230 sadc1400 c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) 525 Ne þe swetnesse of somer, ne þe sadde wynter. 1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. Nov. 13 But nowe sadde Winter welked hath the day. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. ix. 538 O lamentable fall of famous towne, Which raignd so many yeares victorious,..In one sad night consumd, and throwen downe. 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 243 We passed a sad night in this place, and never had more need of Job his patience then heere. 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. J. Albert de Mandelslo 252 in Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors This was the saddest night we had in all our Voyage. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xi. 478 Immediately a place Before his eyes appeard, sad, noysom, dark, A Lazar-house it seemd. View more context for this quotation 1722 D. Defoe Relig. Courtship i. i. 12 'Tis a sad Life, Sir, for a Woman to have no Help from her Husband in Things that are good. 1752 R. Erskine Christ’s Love-suit Reinforced & Repeated 4 Sad and heavy Times may pass over the Lord's People. 1774 G. Colman Man of Business i. 5 Another great house in the city stopt payment yesterday... Sad times, Mr. Fable! 1881 M. E. Herbert Edith 201 His was one of the saddest lots I have ever known in life. 1888 J. R. Lowell Heartsease & Rue 149 It gives me a sad pleasure to remember that I was encouraged in this project by my friend the late Arthur Hugh Clough. 1925 Woman's World (Chicago) Apr. 60/3 The saddest day I have ever known was that one on which the letter came from Tom, written long before his death. 1996 F. McCourt Angela's Ashes 144 Ireland's national dances, the jig, the reel, the dances that men and women fought and died for down those sad centuries. 6. Used as a general expression of censure, depreciation, or regret. Originally: exceptionally bad, deplorable, shameful. Later (also): unfortunate, regrettable, sorry, miserable.Sometimes merely as an intensifier. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > state of being accursed > [adjective] > as everyday imprecation stinking?c1225 misbegetc1325 banned1340 cursefula1382 wariablea1382 cursedc1386 biccheda1400 maledighta1400 vilea1400 accursedc1400 whoresona1450 remauldit?1473 execrable1490 infamous1490 unbicheda1500 jolly1534 bloodyc1540 mangy?1548 pagan1550 damned1563 misbegotten1571 putid1580 desperate1581 excremental1591 inexecrable?1594 sacred1594 putrid1628 sad1664 blasted1682 plagued1728 damnation1757 infernal1764 damn1775 pesky1775 deuced1782 shocking1798 blessed1806 darned1815 dinged1821 anointed1823 goldarn1830 darn1835 cussed1837 blamed1840 unholy1842 verdomde1850 bleeding1858 ghastly1860 goddam1861 blankety1872 blame1876 bastard1877 God-awful1877 dashed1881 sodding1881 bally1885 ungodly1887 blazing1888 dee1889 motherfucking1890 blistering1900 plurry1900 Christly1910 blinking1914 blethering1915 blighted1915 blighting1916 soddish1922 somethinged1922 effing1929 Jesus1929 dagnab1934 bastarding1944 Christless1947 mother-loving1948 mothering1951 pussyclaat1957 mother-grabbing1959 pigging1970 the mind > emotion > suffering > regret > [adjective] > regrettable regrettable1603 desirable1652 sad1664 tragic1868 1664 S. Pepys Diary 22 May (1971) V. 155 Thence, after staying and seeing the throng of people to attend the King to chapel; but Lord, what a company of sad idle people they are. 1672 E. Fowler Dirt Wipt Off 29 If he ever considered those descriptions, and if he did not, what a sad Creature is he to undertake..but to inveigh against them. 1694 L. Echard tr. Plautus Amphitryon v. i, in tr. Plautus Comedies 60 I am the saddest shiftless creature upon earth. c1710 C. Fiennes Diary (1888) 71 A sad poore thatch'd place. 1728 J. Gay Beggar's Opera i. viii. 9 Our Polly is a sad Slut! a1756 E. Haywood New Present (1771) 252 Red brick should not be used [for scouring fire-irons] for it makes sad work. 1819 Ld. Byron Don Juan: Canto II cxxvii. 182 Heaven knows what cash he got or blood he spilt, A sad old fellow was he, if you please. a1822 P. B. Shelley Peter Bell III vi, in Poet. Wks. (?1840) 244/1 All Peter did on this occasion Was, writing some sad stuff in prose. 1835 J. MacDonald in W. K. Tweedie Life J. MacDonald (1849) iii. 249 I am a sad coward. 1892 Daily News 25 Jan. 5/3 Unpolished granite..is a sad harbourer of soot and dust. 1908 M. Moore Let. 12 Dec. in Sel. Lett. (1997) 51 In England things are in a very sad way apparently as concerns the rank and file. 1951 N. Pevsner Middlesex (Buildings of Eng.) 164 The rustic cottage, the sham bridge, the shell bench have all gone, and the Chapel in the Wood is in sad decay. 1989 Times Lit. Suppl. 17 Nov. 1274 A sad jumble of stylistic solecisms and illogical conclusions. 2006 Guardian Unlimited (Nexis) 17 July It's a sad state of affairs when the best wicketkeeper and the best spinner in the country can't get a game as wicketkeeper and spinner. 7. slang (depreciative). Esp. of a person: pathetically inadequate or unfashionable; socially undesirable or inept. Cf. saddo n., sad sack n. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > [adjective] > boring or socially inept person sad1934 anoraked1960 dorky1970 dorked-out1974 propeller-headed1987 anoraky1988 anorakish1992 1934 J. O'Hara Appointment in Samarra iv. 102 There were certain sad birds among the girls... But it was also understood by every hostess that a popular, attractive young man should not be designated the escort of any but popular, attractive girls. 1938 I. Edman Philosopher's Holiday 97 If you go in for that kind of thing, they think you're rather sad... Sad is..the opposite of tops. 1989 ‘G. Naylor’ Red Dwarf 232 Do you really think I'm the sort of pathetic, sad, weasly kind of person who could get erotically aroused by looking at paintings of matronly breasts? 1994 Guardian 9 Aug. ii. 12/4 They find that they are communicating with the kind of sad anorak-wearers they would never have encountered in real life. 2001 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 17 Mar. 62 I love rummaging, and used to list jumble sales as one of my hobbies. (Sad I know.) III. In various physical senses, principally developed from branch A. I. 8. Of material objects. †a. Firmly fixed or established, stable. Obsolete. N.E.D. (1909) records this sense as being ‘Obs. exc. dial.’, but without any documentation showing regional use. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > absence of movement > [adjective] > stable > firmly fixed steadfast993 fastOE rootfastlOE sicker1297 sada1333 well-rooted1340 rooteda1393 surec1400 surefast1533 unremoved1551 fixed1577 implanted1595 firm1600 seateda1616 secure1675 tight1687 sitfast1837 locked1895 the world > existence and causation > causation > initiating or causing to begin > [adjective] > founding or instituting > settled or established > of material objects sada1333 a1333 William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 140 Þyse wordle he made..Ine daȝes sixe..So þat hyt was god and sad. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 2 Tim. ii. 19 The sad [L. firmum] foundement of God stondith. c1390 (?c1350) Joseph of Arimathie (1871) l. 258 (MED) Þenne he seos Ihesu crist in a sad Roode. c1390 in F. J. Furnivall Minor Poems Vernon MS (1901) ii. 617 Beo a staf stondeþ sad, Whon ȝe fongen flesch in godes hous. Þat staf is Cristes Crouche. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 305 (MED) St[r]ength suld non haf had, to perte þam þorgh oute, So wer þei set sad with poyntes rounde aboute. c1450 (a1400) Orologium Sapientiæ in Anglia (1888) 10 368 To þe whiche byleve trewe men, leeuynge as to a sadde foundemente, hauen..certeynte þere-of. 1530 Thorpe's Examinacion sig. G.vii A wyse man that bildeth his house vpon a stone, that is a stable and a sadde grounde. b. Solid; dense, compact; massive, heavy. Also figurative. Now rare (regional in later use).In early use frequently ‘solid, as opposed to hollow’; cf. sad iron n., sadware n. at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > [adjective] thickc888 fastOE sada1375 massya1382 sounda1387 massya1398 corpulent1398 grossa1475 tight1513 massive1526 spiss?1527 solid?1533 thight1539 solidate1542 crass1545 bodily1557 spissy1570 dense1599 consolid1613 materiate1626 crassy1630 cakey1705 rocky1825 the world > matter > properties of materials > weight or relative heaviness > [adjective] > heavy heavyc1000 unlightc1330 sada1375 chargeousa1382 lumpinga1400 ponderousa1400 weighingc1400 poisant1477 peisant1483 wieldlya1500 weighty1500 peiseda1522 burdenous1529 weightful1530 grave1570 leaden1578 plumbeousa1586 wieldy1592 peisy1599 well-weighing?1615 lead-like1816 hefty1867 a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 1072 (MED) No strengþe him wiþstod of sad stonen walles. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 198 With iren nayles sad..his fete was schod. c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) 5578 Two grete ymages..of golde sad. a1425 (?a1400) G. Chaucer Romaunt Rose (Hunterian) 6907 For sadde burdons that men taken Make folkes shuldris aken. a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) Exod. xxxviii. 7 Thilke auter was not sad [L. solidum], but holowe. ?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 223 In feyth it is An hevy ston, Ryth sad of weyth and hevy of peys. a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1960) xi. xi. 47 The schaft was sad and sound, and weill ybaik. ?a1525 (c1450) Christ's Burial & Resurrection ii. l. 1328 in F. J. Furnivall Digby Plays (1896) 215 The wordes of Andrewe beyn sadd & ponderose. 1565 W. Humfrey Let. 28 Aug. in R. H. Tawney & E. Power Tudor Econ. Documents (1924) I. v. 243 Woorks of gold and sylver to be cast sad or hollowe. 1587 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Iland Brit. (new ed.) iii. i. 220/1 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) I The flesh of buls..is of sadder substance and therefore much heauier as it lieth in the scale. 1625 W. Lisle tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Noe in tr. Part of Du Bartas 29 This kind of timber..growes so sad and hard that it cannot rot. a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 153 Short barley-strawe..is the best for stoppinge of holes..because it is sadder and not soe subjeckt to blowe out with everie blast of winde, as other light and dry strawe is. 1692 J. Ray Misc. Disc. v. 52 Nay, the very soft Water..doth so compress and sadden them by its weight, that the very Roads that are continually beaten with Horses and Carriages, are not so firm and sad. 1790 A. Tait Poems 287 Beef, pork and mutton was their cheer Meet firm and sad. 1897 Rep. Brit. Assoc. V. 464 The meal is beetlt doon i' the meal-ark till it is firm an' sad. †c. Solid as opposed to liquid. Also figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > state of being solid rather than fluid > [adjective] sadc1384 unliquid1547 stone1608 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Heb. v. 13 To whom is nede of mylk, and not sad mete [L. solido cibo]. a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) II. 259 (MED) Þer mete was þer bileve þat þei hadden of sadde þingis, and þer drynke was þer bileve þat þei hadden of moist þingis. a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 53 Flesche oweþ to be lefte alle the tyme of Quadragesime, and that as wele sad flesche as tendre or meltyd. c1520 M. Nisbet New Test. in Scots (1903) II. Heb. v. 12 To quhilkis is nede of mylk, and nocht sadde mete. d. Of soil: stiff, heavy; difficult to work. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > earth or soil > soil qualities > [adjective] > dense sad?1440 stiff?1523 pinnya1684 pinnocky1875 tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) ii. 173 (MED) Vynes preueth best yf they Be sette anoon aftir the spade or plough, Er then the lond be woxen sadde or tough. c1450 (c1350) Alexander & Dindimus (Bodl.) (1929) 912 For to sowe and to sette in þe sad erthe. 1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique v. xviii. 702 Nauets and turneps delight in a light and fine mould, and not in a churlish and sad ground. 1707 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husbandry (1721) I. 66 Chalky Lands are naturally cold and sad. 1712 J. Morton Nat. Hist. Northants. 44 The Clay-land..is the toughest, or most tenacious, and the most dense of all our Soils; upon this Account, on the Thrapston Side, they call it Sad-land. 1854 A. E. Baker Gloss. Northants. Words II. 192 Sad, applied to stiff clay soil. 1889 E. Peacock Gloss. Words Manley & Corringham, Lincs. (ed. 2) (at cited word) Land is sad when the frosts of winter have not mellowed it. a1904 J. P. Kirk in Eng. Dial. Dict. (1904) V. 198/2 [S. Nottingham] On light land if the soil een't sad enough, a should sadden it with a Croskill roll. 1958 H. G. Sanders Outl. Brit. Crop Husbandry (ed. 3) 150 If September is wet the field may settle down to a ‘sad’ condition and a drag harrow, or even a cultivator, may be advisable to loosen it. 2002 Sun (Baltimore) (Nexis) 11 May 1 d Humus is a virtual cure-all for sad soils. It fights compaction and enables plants to put down deep roots. †e. Of a number of persons or things: forming a compact body. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > arrangement or fact of being arranged > state of being gathered together > [adjective] > gathering closely together > gathered closely together clusteredc1400 sadc1450 constellated1638 constellatea1657 undistributed1869 retractile1881 clumped1887 nucleated1897 c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 2614 Þe multitude ware to me meruaile to reken, Þat sammed was on aiþir side many sadd thousand. c1450 (?a1400) Wars Alexander (Ashm.) 5559 Þai sett in a sadd sowme & sailid his kniȝtis. c1450 (a1400) Chevalere Assigne 119 in W. H. French & C. B. Hale Middle Eng. Metrical Romances (1930) 863 (MED) Of sadde leues of þe wode wrowȝte he hem wedes. f. Of pastry, dough, etc.: that has failed to rise, heavy. Now chiefly regional. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [adjective] > light or heavy light?c1425 livered1688 sad1688 well-risen1728 dunch1824 heavy1828 the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > pastry > [adjective] > qualities of pastry light?c1425 shortc1430 sad1688 well-risen1728 heavy1828 flaky1837 strudel1893 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 317/1 Bakers Terms in their Art... Sad, heavy, close Bread. 1787 F. Grose Provinc. Gloss. Sad, heavy, particularly applied to bread, as contrary to light. 1796 Glasse's Art of Cookery (new ed.) xiii. 191 It makes the crust sad, and is a great hazard of the pie running. 1836 C. Hooton Adventures Bilberry Thurland I. vii. 140 At the bottom of all..lay about half an acre of sad and heavy Yorkshire pudding, like a leaden pancake. 1846 W. S. Landor Imaginary Conversat. in Wks. I. 82/1 Let him place the accessaries on the table lest what is insipid and clammy, and (as housewives with great propriety call it) sad, grow into duller accretion and inerter viscidity the more I masticate it. 1889 J. H. Skrine Mem. E. Thring 51 Of what meagre straw and doughy brick was our weekly batch! It was what bakers call ‘sad’. 1949 E. Webber Backwoods Teacher 204 That there cake of mine is mightly sad (heavy) lookin'. 1973 C. A. Wilson Food & Drink in Brit. vii. 250 To prevent it being sad, the cake had to be raised with a considerable amount of ale-barm. 2003 Barrie (Ont.) Examiner (Nexis) 3 Oct. b5 If you mix too much, the carbon dioxide bubbles escape and you get a sad, flat biscuit. †9. a. Of a blow: heavy, delivered with vigour. Obsolete. ΚΠ a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 2775 (MED) He..set hire a sad strok so sore in þe necke, þat sche top ouer tail tombled ouer þe hacches. c1440 (?a1400) Sir Perceval 1335 When þe sowdane and i bene mett, A sadde stroke i sall one hym sett. a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) II. 797 And there they daysshed togyders many sad strokys. ?1504 S. Hawes Example of Vertu sig. ff.ii^v But I my swerd in my hand had Strykynge at hym with strokes sad. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 22 One caupet with hym kenely..And set hym a sad dynt. a1578 R. Lindsay Hist. & Cron. Scotl. (1899) I. 222 The strampe of M^r Patrickis was so sade wpoun his brotheris footte. a1630 D. Hume Hist. Houses Douglas & Angus (1644) 100 With a great Mace in his hand he laid such sad strokes about him, that none came within his reach but he went downe to the ground. 1677 J. Glanvil in G. Rust Two Disc. sig. A6^v That sad stroke to all the Lovers of Religion and Learning. 1706 Mare of Collingtoun in J. Watson Choice Coll. Scots Poems (1977) I. 440 He thought that she had been dead: For he had hit her on the head A sad stroak and a sicker. b. Of a fire: violent. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > a fire > [adjective] > strong or brisk sada1450 quick1604 rousing1654 strong1765 brisk1830 a1450 St. Edith (Faust.) (1883) 1911 Hurre thouȝt þat hurre chaufere..Was set ouer a feure bothe gret & sadde. a1644 F. Quarles Shepheards Oracles (1646) 102 Our brave Enemy..whose very breath..could snatch a well broyl'd soule from the sad flame Of Purgatory, from the sulph'rous flashes Of hells hot Suburbs. a1729 E. Taylor Metrical Hist. Christianity (1962) 426 His Dung is made Dry fewell, fagots now to burn this blade His Urin is Secur'de and boyld up..In that Sad flame Gods terrours too within. 1735 Clergyman's Daughter's New Ann. Bk. 4 Had but ten righteous men in Sodom dwelt, Sad fire and brimstone they had never felt. c. Of rain: heavy. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > precipitation or atmospheric moisture > rain > [adjective] > heavy steepc1330 pissingc1475 thightc1480 pouring1577 pashing1581 sad1590 steep-down1601 solid1621 even down1622 sluicy1697 pelting1710 buck1732 steeping1774 peppering1827 sluicing1847 torrential1849 peltering1858 plumping1879 teeming1880 lashing1885 monsoonish1886 sheeting1940 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene iii. xi. 25 As a thonder-bolt..doth displace The soring clouds into sad showres ymolt. 1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) 30 Heaven it self at that instant weeping so abundantly, that I never saw a sadder raine and of lesse continuance. 1645 J. Howell Epistolæ Ho-elianæ iv. vii. 7 In a sad showre of Rain. a1652 R. Brome Queen & Concubine iv. ix. 107 in Five New Playes (1659) Now a fit showre of sad distilling Rain, And by and by the Sun breaks forth again. 10. a. Of colour: dark, deep. In later use esp.: not cheerful-looking; neutral, dull, sombre. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > quality of colour > [adjective] > relating to tone > dark wana1000 swartOE darkOE under-dark1382 sad1415 swartish1483 sable?a1513 dark-coloured?1523 swarth?1527 fuskish1563 swarty1572 saturnine1581 sable-suiteda1592 sable visaged1608 gloomy1632 sable-vested1667 fuscous1671 umbratile1678 sable-hooded1770 gangrenous1794 burnt1897 bead-dark1937 the world > matter > colour > quality of colour > [adjective] > dull fadec1290 wannish?a1412 obscure1490 sada1539 dull1552 smoky1576 sober1603 dead1640 dirty1665 invivid1669 dusty1676 saddisha1678 austere1680 worn-out1731 sombrous1792 sombre1805 toneless1833 lacklustre1843 1415 in J. Raine Testamenta Eboracensia (1836) I. 382 (MED) j lectum de worstede, de light blewe et sadde blewe. a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve De Regimine Principum (Harl. 4866) (1897) 695 And where be my gounes of scarlet, Sanguyn, murreye, & blewes sadde & lighte. a1450 Castle Perseverance (1969) 1 Þe iiij dowterys schul be clad in mentelys,..Trewthe in sad grene, and Pes al in blake. a1539 in Archaeologia (1882) 47 53 Noo more to use rede stomachers but other sadder colers in the same. 1578 W. Hunnis Hyue Full of Hunnye xxxvii. 92 Colours lyght and sad. 1600 R. Surflet tr. C. Estienne & J. Liébault Maison Rustique vi. xxii. 802 Russet wines. In the number wherof are contained the red wines, or sad, and light red. 1623 C. Butler Feminine Monarchie (rev. ed.) vi. sig. O1^v The second Summer this light yellow is changed to a sad. 1658 J. Rowland tr. T. Moffett Theater of Insects in Topsell's Hist. Four-footed Beasts (rev. ed.) 936 Long and slender shanks of a very sad black colour. 1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. vi. 201 First of a dark greenish colour, growing sadder by degrees as the plant decays, till it approaches a black. 1721 J. Mortimer Whole Art Husb. II. 241 [Tulip] of a sad Red-colour about the Edges, whipped with Crimson. 1757 E. Burke Philos. Enq. Sublime & Beautiful ii. §18. 64 Sad and fuscous colours, as black, or brown, or deep purple. 1799 tr. Laboratory (ed. 6) II. x. 311 Dubbing, of the down of a sad grey cat, or sad grey camel's hair. 1836 C. P. Traill Backwoods of Canada 241 The leaves are of a sad green, sharply notched, and divided in three lobes. 1855 G. Brimley Ess. (1858) i. 101 Sad greys and browns. 1867 O. W. Holmes Guardian Angel iii She had always..been dressed in sad colors. 1883 R. L. Stevenson Treasure Island iii. xiii. 102 The general colouring was uniform and sad. 1965 G. Jones Island of Apples iii. ii. 190 A thousand fields hung in the vast hammocks of the hills, dun, or frosted, or a sad green, or jersey-green in the gusty sunlight. 2003 Quilter's Newsletter Mag. Mar. 46/2 The simpler reds..ranged from red-orange through brick red to wine, the shades that dyers called ‘sad reds’. b. Esp. of clothing or fabric: of such a shade; dark-coloured; sombre. Now rare (archaic and poetic in later use). ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > state or mode of having colour > [adjective] > dark-coloured darkeOE blackeOE browna1000 swartOE wanOE murka1325 darkish?c1425 duska1450 dusketly1486 sad?1504 duskish1530 base1539 dusky1558 swarthy1577 darksome1598 smutty1648 subfusc?1705 infuscated1727 murky1759 subfuscous1762 sable1791 sombrous1799 obfuscous1822 sombre1829 wine-dark1855 murkish1869 ?1504 S. Hawes Example of Vertu sig. cc.iii^v We had ben but a lytell whyle there But that we sawe a lady clere Ryght well appareled in sad gere. 1564 T. Becon New Catech. in Wks. 536 If they be olde women and maryed: not lyght apparell, but sad raiment pleaseth a godly husband. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. xii. sig. L7^v Arayd in antique robes downe to the grownd, And sad habiliments. 1668 S. Pepys Diary 24 Aug. (1976) IX. 287 My wife is upon hanging the long chamber..with the sad stuff that was in the best chamber. 1706 R. Howlett Anglers Sure Guide vii. 106 Sad Ash-coloured Silk. 1711 London Gaz. No. 4919/4 A Man..between 20 and 30 years of Age, pale Visage and sad Hair. 1749 H. Jones Poems Several Occasions 96 How Grief's sad Garb the Wearer's Worth endears. 1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe III. v. 116 Two halberdiers, clad in black..and others, in the same sad livery. 1891 E. Arnold Light of World 153 A throng..Clad in sad garments..bore a dead man forth. 1908 F. Morton Laughter & Tears 65 Her step was noiseless, and her trailing grey Sad robes were Silence visible. †11. Of sleep: sound, deep. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > sleep > [adjective] > type of sleep > deep or unbroken fastOE stronga1398 sada1425 deep1547 sound1548 unstarting1748 wakeless1824 profound1833 unawakening1846 unawaking1863 yawnless1881 a1425 (?c1375) N. Homily Legendary (Harl.) in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 15 (MED) Sodanly he fell on ful sad slepe. 1485 W. Caxton tr. Lyf St. Wenefryde 20 I couerd my hede and fylle in to a sadde slepe. 1609 T. Heywood Troia Britanica iv. cvii. 102 He knowes sad sleepe hath ceas'd vpon the many, He heares no waking clocke, nor watch to iarre. 1631 T. Heywood Fair Maid of West: 1st Pt. iii. i. 39 When sad sleepe Had charm'd all eyes, when none save the bright starres Were up and waking, I remembred thee. 1661 Princess Cloria ii. 143 After she had for some time continued in her sad sleep, that fain would gently have sent her without noise to a better habitation. B. n. †1. Satiety, weariness. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > feeling of weariness or tedium > [noun] sada1200 fastidiuma1398 irkingc1400 irksomeness1435 tediousness1482 tediation1485 annuisance1502 weariness1526 wearisomenessa1568 irk1570 languor1596 tedification1616 tedium1662 ennui1758 dullery1841 boredom1853 mawkishness1861 fed-'upness1910 mouldiness1916 browned-offness1938 noia1944 a1200 (?c1175) Poema Morale (Trin. Cambr.) l. 392 in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 232 [C]rist..is muche more and betere þan alle oðer þinges..Of him to isiene nis non sæd [?c1250 Egerton sed]. 2. Now chiefly with the. Sad or sorrowful people as a class. Also: something sad or suggesting sadness (rare). ΚΠ 1588 A. King tr. P. Canisius Certane Prayers in Catech. 39 The hop and comforter of all sad, haue mercie on me. 1785 W. Cowper Tirocinium in Task 665 Behold that figure, neat, though plainly clad; His sprightly mingled with a shade of sad . View more context for this quotation 1845 B. Disraeli Sybil III. vi. v. 193 ‘My heart is sad,’ said Sybil, ‘and the sad should seek the shade.’ 1975 M. Duffy Capital iv. 188 The sad and the mad, the workmen on their way home, the trans-European emigrés. 2006 Journal (Newcastle) (Nexis) 10 Aug. 42 These are the people who should get..public acknowledgement of their contribution to the sick, the sad and the plain frightened. C. adv. In a sad manner (in various senses of the adjective). Chiefly recorded in poetical and literary contexts. †1. a. Firmly, strongly, fixedly; soundly. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > absence of movement > [adverb] > in a stable manner > firmly (fixed) stronglyeOE fasteOE stitha1000 hardOE fastlyOE steadfasta1300 stithlya1300 steevec1330 a-rootc1374 firmlyc1374 hard and fastc1380 sadc1380 sadlya1398 steadfastlya1400 stronga1400 stalworthlyc1440 solidatively?1541 hardfast1548 secure1578 sickera1586 solidly?1611 tighta1625 securely1642 steevely1790 inexcussably1816 tightly1866 the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > absence of doubt, confidence > assured fact, certainty > [adverb] i-wislichec1000 wislyc1000 yernec1000 wellOE wisc1175 sickera1275 without missa1275 redlyc1275 certainlya1375 sadc1380 confirmedlyc1449 certaina1500 undeceitfully1571 notionless1607 ascertainably1863 absotively1914 c1380 Sir Ferumbras (1879) 353 (MED) Loke þat þou be armed sad & hele þy bare scolle. c1390 in F. J. Furnivall Minor Poems Vernon MS (1901) 172 Beo a staf stondeþ sad..Þat staf is Cristes Crouche; Stondeþ stifli bi þat stake. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. v. 4 Þanne waked I of my wynkynge and wo was with-alle, Þat I ne hadde sleped sadder and yseiȝen more. tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) vii. 59 Nowe potage ware in askes mynge, and kepe In oil barelles or salt tubbis done; Saad cleyed wel, they saaf beth leyd to slepe. c1475 Mankind (1969) 592 Ȝe may here hym snore; he ys sade aslepe. a1500 Partenay (Trin. Cambr.) l. 3859 (MED) Adieu, my suete loue, prented in hert sad! a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Fox, Wolf, & Cadger l. 2161 in Poems (1981) 82 He laid his halfheid sicker hard and sad. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 13 Medea..Persauyt..Þat all sad were on slepe. c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 34^v He þat set is full sad on a soile euyn..Hym þar not hede to be hurt with no hegh fall. 1578 W. Hunnis Hyue Full of Hunnye xl. f. 99^v It happened that both these men in one Night beyng sad In sleepe did Dream, and ech Mans Dreame a sundry meaning had. b. Heavily, with force. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > [adverb] > with violence or force stithlya1300 strengthlya1400 sadc1425 enforcely1487 forcely?a1500 strainably1511 forcible1582 forceful1718 forcefullya1774 c1425 (?a1400) Arthur (Longleat 55) l. 605 Þey fowȝt euer sore & sadde; Men nyst ho þe betere hadde. c1475 (?c1425) Avowing of King Arthur (1984) l. 389 He stroke him sadde and sore. a1500 (a1400) Ipomedon (Chetham) 4451 Dreas stroke his broþer Cavder Wyth a spere sadde & sore. 1629 Z. Boyd Balme of Gilead 41 (Jam.) The longer the stroake be in comming it commeth down the sadder. a1743 J. Relph Misc. of Poems (1747) 4 Up flew her hand to souse the cowren lad, But ah, I thought it fell not down owr sad. c. Steadfastly. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > [adverb] anredlyOE fastlyOE steadfastly?c1225 stifflyc1290 stably1297 steadfasta1300 stoutly1303 steevely1340 sadlya1375 sturdilyc1374 firm1377 surelyc1380 like a flint1382 tough1398 firmlyc1425 unmovablyc1425 but variancec1430 sad?c1430 immovably1435 toughlyc1450 affirmlya1513 wishly1530 constantly1534 steadily1540 fall back (also flat), fall edge?1553 staidly1571 fixedly1605 indeclinably1624 undeclinably1662 unfalteringly1665 unswervingly1805 unwaveringly1830 indomitably1837 rockily1846 unbendingly1847 indivertibly1853 unshakeablya1864 undyingly1881 unshakenly1882 adamantly1897 ?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 79 Þei schullen be..cursed & taken to prison ȝif þei stonden sadde in goddis cause. a1450 Partonope of Blois (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1912) 3818 These Covenauntes to holde suerly and sadde. a1450 (?a1390) J. Mirk Instr. Parish Priests (Claud.) (1974) 260 Teche hem alle to leue sadde, Þat hyt þat ys in þe awter made, Hyt ys verre goddes blode. †2. Seriously, solemnly; soberly, discreetly, wisely. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > melancholy > seriousness or solemnity > [adverb] highlyOE deeplyc1300 solemnlya1325 sadlya1375 soberly1382 demurelyc1400 sadc1400 seriouslyc1425 solemnya1470 murely1474 solemnedlyc1480 solenny1480 in (good, sober, serious) sadness1545 gravely1553 staidly1571 solemniouslya1578 solidly1632 in sad earnest1637 ponderously1637 in jest-earnest1642 in all seriousness1679 joking apart1745 unhumorously1768 solidly1799 in sober earnest1836 mirthlessly1853 votively1857 smilelessly1869 unmirthfully1872 unsmilingly1879 inhumorously1898 soberingly1923 straightfacedly1977 c1400 Life St. Anne (Minn.) (1928) 2892 Þai lokyd & ihesus syttand saw Emang þe doctours of þe law, Apposand þam sad & sar. ?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 362 (MED) I beseke..that a-forn my bere by you it be bore, saynge my dirige devouthly and sad. c1500 How Good Wife taught her Daughter (Ashm.) 198 Þus thi frendes wyll be glade Þat thou dispos þe wyslye and sade. †3. Thoroughly, truly, certainly. Obsolete.The punctuation of quot. ?a1425 in the 1990 edition takes sad as an adjective, but the words sad trewe correspond to the single Latin word verax in Matthew 22:16 and are also found in this verse in one MS. of the Later Version of the Wycliffite Bible. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > [adverb] > assuredly, indeed soothlyc825 forsoothc888 wiselyc888 sooth to sayOE i-wislichec1000 to (‥) soothOE iwis?c1160 certesa1250 without missa1275 i-witterlic1275 trulyc1275 aplight1297 certc1300 in (good) fayc1300 verily1303 certain1330 in truthc1330 to tell (also speak, say) the truthc1330 certainlya1375 faithlya1375 in faitha1375 surelya1375 in sooth1390 in trothc1390 in good faitha1393 to witc1400 faithfullyc1405 soothly to sayc1405 all righta1413 sad?a1425 in certc1440 wella1470 truec1480 to say (the) truth1484 of a truth1494 of (a) trotha1500 for a truth?1532 in (of) verity1533 of verityc1550 really1561 for, in, or into very?1565 indeed1583 really and truly1600 indeed and indeed1673 right enough1761 deed1816 just1838 of a verity1850 sho1893 though1905 verdad1928 sholy1929 ja-nee1937 only1975 deffo1996 ?a1425 in A. Hudson Eng. Wycliffite Serm. (1990) I. 313 ‘Maister,’ þei seiden, ‘we wyte wel þat þou art sad, trewe, and þe weye þat lediþ to God þow techist in trewþe.’ a1500 Partenay (Trin. Cambr.) l. 874 Ful wel thay sad knew it the fayry was. a1500 Partenay (Trin. Cambr.) l. 950 Merueles,..I se ful sad; Neuer humain ey saw to it egal! c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy (2002) f. 56^v In sorow may be sene who is sad wise. 1628 R. Hayman Quodlibets ii. 30 Wise mens, wise counsell, is but their conceits; If they speed ill, they are sad wise deceits. 4. Sadly, sorrowfully, mournfully. Now rare (poetic in later use). ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > [adverb] wrothec950 heavilyc1000 sorrowlyOE sorrilylOE sorrowfullyc1225 dolefullyc1290 sadlya1375 teenfullya1375 wrothlyc1374 unwinlya1400 grievouslyc1400 unblithely1415 tristily?c1450 sad?a1475 sytefully1488 earnfully?1527 dolently1548 mournfully?1567 distressfully1593 passionately1604 tragicly1604 grievingly1623 distressedly1890 ?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 41 (MED) With doolful hert syenge sad and sore, Grett mornyng I make ffor this dredful flood. 1660 J. Sadler Olbia 3 After some real expressions of most cordial sympathy with his sad forlorn condition (which came out in sighs, and groans and Tears, rather than words:) the grave Hermite..carried, rather then led him, into his Cell. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 28 Sometimes towards Eden..his grievd look he fixes sad . View more context for this quotation 1789 H. Brooke Earl of Westmorland iv. viii Through the vale of death and woe! Let us travel sad and slow. 1820 J. Keats Lamia ii, in Lamia & Other Poems 30 Why will you plead yourself so sad forlorn. a1855 C. Brontë Poems (1984) 96 No hollow blast did sad and mournful wail, But solemn silence walked beneath the moonbeams pale. 1910 F. G. Scott Poems 269 From that archway strains of music flow..But brooding, like one held by evil powers, The great King heeds not, pacing sad and slow. Phrases P1. in sad earnest: in all earnestness, seriously.Originally in sense A. 3c ‘grave’; later often taken as sense A. 5 ‘mournful, sorrowful’. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > dejection > melancholy > seriousness or solemnity > [adverb] highlyOE deeplyc1300 solemnlya1325 sadlya1375 soberly1382 demurelyc1400 sadc1400 seriouslyc1425 solemnya1470 murely1474 solemnedlyc1480 solenny1480 in (good, sober, serious) sadness1545 gravely1553 staidly1571 solemniouslya1578 solidly1632 in sad earnest1637 ponderously1637 in jest-earnest1642 in all seriousness1679 joking apart1745 unhumorously1768 solidly1799 in sober earnest1836 mirthlessly1853 votively1857 smilelessly1869 unmirthfully1872 unsmilingly1879 inhumorously1898 soberingly1923 straightfacedly1977 1637 S. Rutherford Lett. (1863) I. xcix. 253 I w^d. I c^d. begin to be a Christian in sad earnest. 1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 112 An attack that made me shed tears in sad earnest. 1814 E. S. Barrett Heroine (ed. 2) III. xxxvi.199 I sat ruminating in sad earnest, on the necessity, now so evident, of my consenting to this hateful match. 1850 T. Carlyle Latter-day Pamphlets (1903) ii. 73 O my friends, in sad earnest, sad and deadly earnest, there much needs that God would mend all this. 1957 Anchor Rev. No. 2 11 If she [sc. Lolita] originally called him Dad in bitter irony, she now calls him Dad in sad earnest. 2002 Y. Takahashi in S. W. Wells Shakespeare Surv. 105 Far from avoiding the soliloquy, he [sc. Hamlet] is seen grappling with it in sad earnest. P2. sadder and wiser: (of a person) having gained wisdom from sad or bitter experience.Possibly influenced by the older association of sad (in sense ‘grave, dignified, serious’) with wise: see sense A. 3. ΚΠ 1798 S. T. Coleridge Anc. Marinere vii, in W. Wordsworth & S. T. Coleridge Lyrical Ballads 51 A sadder and a wiser man He rose the morrow morn. 1814 W. Scott Waverley III. xv^. 222 ‘A sadder and a wiser man,’ he felt [etc.] . View more context for this quotation 1877 ‘Mrs. Forrester’ Mignon* I. 175 When he takes his way homewards, he is a sadder and a wiser man. 1925 J. Dos Passos Manhattan Transfer ii. ii. 146 Well I suppose there's not one of you gentlemen here who hasnt at some time or other taken a plunger, and how many of you hasnt come back sadder and wiser. 2001 R. Cellan-Jones Dot.bomb xiv. 223 Colleagues who had departed to become millionaires on the dot.com scene began returning to the grubby world of newsprint, sadder and wiser. Compounds C1. a. Forming (chiefly parasynthetic) adjectives. sad-coloured adj. ΚΠ 1602 L. Lloyd Briefe Conf. Divers Lawes 82 Vnto these kinde of feasts the Romanes might not come in black or sad coloured garments, but all in white. 1740 S. Richardson Pamela I. 49 I bought of Farmer Nichols's Wife and Daughters, a good sad-colour'd Stuff, of their own Spinning, enough to make me a Gown and two Petticoats. 1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian iii, in Tales of my Landlord* 2nd Ser. I. 101 A decent suit of sad-coloured clothes. 1911 Times 12 Dec. 10 The captains of the day who came to Charterhouse..wore sad-coloured vesture and featherless caps. 1984 J. W. Crawford Early Shakespearean Actresses 38 A fine gentleman..recognized something strangely familiar about the face and figure in the sad-colored gown. sad-eyed adj. ΚΠ 1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V i. ii. 202 The sad eyde Iustice with his surly humme. 1847 R. W. Emerson Poems (1904) 131 Thus the sad-eyed Fakirs preach. 1916 E. W. Wilcox World Voices 21 Across the border of the mapless land He found himself among a sad-eyed band Of disappointed souls. 2003 Time Out N.Y. 28 Aug. 99/3 Kudos to the sad-eyed emo boys who have written great songs whenever Dad gave them something to cry about. sad-faced adj. ΚΠ 1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus v. iii. 66 You sad facde men, people and sons of Rome. View more context for this quotation 1843 E. Bulwer-Lytton Last of Barons I. i. ii. 28 The head of a sad-faced little boy. 1947 J. Mulgan Report on Experience xi. 126 In the streets were sad-faced men and women, still hungry and no longer happy. 2000 T. Robbins Fierce Invalids 193 The sad-faced little mercado.., so woefully wanting in goods and goods-buyers. sad-garbed adj. ΚΠ 1848 J. R. Lowell Poems 2nd Ser. 167 He looks a sachem, in red blanket wrapt,..'mid some council of the sad-garbed whites. 1908 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald 3 Oct. 9/2 Between their sad-garbed figures, she flitted like a little white moth. sad-hearted adj. ΚΠ a1599 R. Rollock Lect. Hist. Passion (1616) xxxiii. 323 Shee was so ouer-come with displeasure, and so sadde hearted, that shee was not afraide of the Angels. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 (1623) ii. v. 123 Sad-hearted-men, much ouergone with Care. View more context for this quotation 1740 S. Richardson Pamela I. 15 But every little matter that happens, I will acquaint you with, that you shall continue to me your good Advice, and pray for Your sad-hearted Pamela. 1876 ‘G. Eliot’ Daniel Deronda III. vi. xlviii. 342 When he dared to think of his own future, he saw it lying far away from this splendid sad-hearted creature. 1952 C. Day Lewis tr. Virgil Aeneid i. 16 And spoke these words of comfort to his sad-hearted friends. 2001 East Bay (Calif.) Express (Nexis) 21 Nov. Bon Scott was a sad-hearted poet who composed beautiful songs. sad-lidded adj. ΚΠ 1887 A. J. Lockhart Masque of Minstrels 260 O'er the pale face, now fallen asleep, With th' sad lidded eyes; Deep boom of the cannon, so dread. 1921 D. H. Lawrence Tortoises 35 His black, sad-lidded eye sees but beholds not. 2001 Daily News (N.Y.) (Nexis) 9 Feb. 52 The best performance is by Rampling... Nothing escapes those wise, sad-lidded eyes. sad-looking adj. ΚΠ a1784 G. A. Stevens Songs, Comic & Satyrical (1788) 131 The sad-looking crone clear'd his brow from a frown. 1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho III. vi. 153 Do you wish to fall into the hands of those sad-looking men! Why I used to shudder as I passed them. 1861 E. A. Beaufort Egypt. Sepulchres II. xxiii. 295 The mountains..were veiled in a dreamy, sad-looking scirocco fog. 1961 C. McCullers Clock without Hands iv. 78 The red lamp with ragged fringes, two obviously broken chairs and other pieces of sad-looking furniture. 2005 Guardian 11 Apr. i. 17/5 The fate of these poignantly sad-looking karaokists will depend on you, the viewer, phoning a premium-rate line. sad-making adj. ΚΠ 1930 E. Waugh Vile Bodies xii. 208 ‘My dear, isn't that rather sad-making for you?’ ‘I'm desperate about it.’ 1955 J. D. Salinger Franny in New Yorker 29 Jan. 30/3 But just so tiny and meaningless and—sad-making. 1960 J. Stroud Shorn Lamb xxiii. 251 You were watching the end of an epoch; that's always rather sad-making. 2005 National Post (Canada) (Nexis) 30 Apr. to10 I could go on, but it's too sad-making: These are not portraits, they're editorial cartoons. sad-natured adj. ΚΠ a1568 R. Ascham Scholemaster (1570) i. f. 6^v This sadde natured, and hard witted child. 1868 H. B. Stowe Chimney Corner iii. 65 Nature has gifted him with that vein of humor and that impulse to friendly joviality which are frequent developments in sad-natured men. 1973 M. Mainwaring tr. I. Turgenev & P. Viardot-García Portrait Game viii. 136 Great Russian landowner, of a noble family; sad-natured, phlegmatic. † sad-paced adj. Obsolete ΚΠ 1598 J. Marston Scourge of Villanie i. Proem. sig. B5^v Stay his quicke iocond skips, and force him runne A sadde pac'd course. sad-seeming adj. ΚΠ a1629 F. Hubert Egypts Favorite (1631) sig. D8^v Th'amazed lookes of her sad-seeming face. a1634 W. Austin Devotionis Augustinianæ Flamma (1635) 131 So all is Joy againe; till this Sad-seeming Tydings come. 1854 W. G. Simms Southward Ho! ix. 138 It was, indeed, a solitary and sad-seeming region. 1967 Times 4 Nov. 10 Shand was a shy, sad-seeming, gentle man of handsome presence. 2006 New Yorker (Nexis) 20 Mar. He has fine features and large, sad-seeming eyes and a melancholic expression. sad-tuned adj. ΚΠ 1596 C. M. First Pt. Nature of Woman sig. F^v A sad tuned hart's my instrument. 1609 W. Shakespeare Louers Complaint in Sonnets sig. K^v And downe I laid to list the sad tun'd tale. 1696 J. Banks Cyrus Great v. i. 53 Your sad tun'd Description will surpass All Fiction, Painting, or dumb shew of Horrour That ever Ears yet heard. 2004 Lincoln (Nebraska) Jrnl. Star (Nexis) 31 Dec. c1 To bump the needle to their sad-tuned, skipping record. sad-visaged adj. ΚΠ 1826 M. W. Shelley Last Man III. ix. 278 Do this, sad visaged power [sc. Melancholy], while I write. 1869 ‘M. Twain’ Innocents Abroad xxxiv. 370 I never saw such..starving, sad-visaged, broken-hearted looking curs in my life. 1940 F. R. Dulles Amer. learns to Play 46 [In 1740 an English visitor] was both surprised and delighted to discover the Bostonians not quite as sad-visaged as he had apparently been led to expect. 1996 Independent (Nexis) 17 Nov. 21 The hawk-nosed, sad-visaged honourable member standing down for Guildford, Surrey. sad-voiced adj. ΚΠ 1837 H. J. Verlander Vestal & Other Poems 80 Hark! the sad voic'd bell..now rolling Moaningly and low. 1984 J. W. Crawford Early Shakespearean Actresses 118 A sad voiced north-east wind sweeping up the sluggish Liffey. 2004 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 3 Oct. vii. 1 The sad-voiced scholarly narrator recounts the childhood memories of a boy called ‘Phil Roth’. b. Prefixed to other adjectives to express a combination of both qualities, as sad-happy, sad-serene, sad-sweet, etc. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > [adjective] > characterized by sorrow > and sweetness sad-sweet1594 1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. L3 Which when her sad beholding husband saw. View more context for this quotation 1616 W. Browne Britannia's Pastorals II. iv. 85 Their sad-sweet glance so tye his faculties. 1795 W. Butler Bagatelles 20 Sad-smiling patience sat upon his brow. 1810 G. Crabbe Borough xii. 165 Sad happy Race! soon rais'd and soon deprest, Your Days all past in Jeopardy and Jest. 1909 E. Pound Exultations 12 Ye know somewhat the strain, the sad-sweet wonder-pain of such singing. 1928 E. Blunden Undertones of War 4 And there, sad-smiling,..were two or three of the convalescent squad. 1933 W. de la Mare Fleeting & Other Poems 17 How sad-serene the abandoned house. 1953 S. Kauffmann Philanderer xiv. 233 A lamp-lighted restaurant table, the distant sad-sweet music, all these flowed together in a comfortable alcoholic haze. 1990 B. Gill N.Y. Life 337 Remembering the past is a sad-happy act that is also a duty. C2. sad-ass n. North American slang (attributive) designating an inept or undesirable person or thing. ΚΠ 1961 R. Gover One Hundred Dollar Misunderstanding 157 Madam hush up them railroads so's they don chase off them sad-ass College Joes. 1967 N. Mailer Why are we in Vietnam? iv. 66 A sad-ass show. It flickers off, on, off, for ninety minutes. 1971 Black World Apr. 63 How is Philadelphia?.. Thats one sad-ass city..bout to sink into the ground. 2003 ‘S. Pax’ Weblog Diary 25 Mar. in Baghdad Blog 135 The only movie I had which I have not seen a hundred times is The American President.... Michael Douglas is a sad ass president. sad-assed adj. = sad-ass n. ΚΠ 1964 J. Baldwin Blues for Mister Charlie iii. 119 White man!.. You can't eat because none of your sad-assed chicks can cook. 1974 D. Sears Lark in Clear Air xiii. 158 A few general comments on sad-assed, puritanical sons-of-bitches individually and collectively. 2005 Sunday Life (Belfast) (Nexis) 27 Mar. When each election day comes round, I look at all the sorry, sad-assed usual suspects, and I can find no party I want to vote for. sad-avised adj. [apparently after blackavised adj.] sad-faced.Apparently an isolated use. ΚΠ 1878 W. Besant & J. Rice Monks Thelema III. 124 She did not writhe as she walked; she was not sad-avised. sad cake n. British and U.S. regional a name given to various types of flat or unleavened cake (cf. sense A. 8f). ΚΠ 1855 R. C. Trench Eng. Past & Present 103 When unleavened cakes are called ‘sad cakes’, as in parts of America they are, it is evident that ‘sad’ is used in its original sense of unmoved. 1857 J. Sullivan Cumberland & Westmorland 80 Sad, heavy, thick; ‘sad cake’, when not made with yeast. 1889 J. Nicholson Folk-speech E. Yorks. 79 Sad keeaks and dip form a favourite breakfast. 1947 Amer. Speech 22 73 If you jar the stove, you'll have sad cake. 1976 J. Poulson More Old Lancs. Recipes 26/1 Lumb in Rossendale was known as ‘Sad Cake Land’ because this simple pastry cake was so popular there. 1987 E. Kytle Voices of Robby Wilde 32 Sometimes she'd put in what she called ‘too much’ shortening and sugar and make a sad cake. 2006 Times-Picayune (New Orleans) (Nexis) 14 May 4 She made..sad cake and lemon pies. sad case n. slang (originally British) a pathetic, socially inept, or otherwise contemptible person. ΚΠ 1985 M. Munro Patter 60 Someone whom they consider to be mentally unstable may be labelled a sad case. 1992 R. Rodriguez Days of Obligation vii. 156 I had left graduate school, a sad case in my cotton washpants, my short-sleeved white shirt,..and the aforementioned glasses. 2000 J. Goodwin Danny Boy i. 16 I suppose it's because only sad cases and pensioners are watching, and who cares about them? sad dog n. now rare (a) a morose or dismal-looking person; (b) a term of mock reproof for a shameless or badly behaved fellow (see dog n.¹ 5b). ΚΠ 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard II v. v. 70 And how comest thou hither, Where no man neuer comes, but that sad dog, That brings me foode to make misfortune liue. View more context for this quotation 1706 G. Farquhar Recruiting Officer iii. ii. 38 Sil. You are an ignorant, pretending, impudent Coxcomb. Braz. Ay, ay, a sad Dog. 1748 T. Smollett Roderick Random I. xvi. 127 I suppose you think me a sad dog,..and I do confess that appearances are against me. 1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 2nd Ser. 202 The sad-dog sort of feeling came strongly upon John Dounce: he lingered—the lady in blue made no sign. 1955 Times 7 Dec. 11 The moral of the differing ways of life of the diarists [sc. Evelyn and Pepys] was punctually repointed. Pepys had to be recognized..as a self-confessed sad dog. sadware n. now historical (heavy) pewter flatware (cf. sense A. 8b). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > receptacle or container > vessel > [noun] > metal vessel > pewter vessels collectively pewter1426 pewtery1645 sadware1683 pewterware1738 1683 Inventory 12 Mar. in Probate Inventories Lincoln 1661–1714 (1991) 84 49lb of sad waire at 9d pewter. 1895 C. Booth Life & Labour People in London V. iii. iv. 380 Birmingham and Sheffield supply the greater part of the ‘sad ware’ in use. 2005 Birmingham Post (Nexis) 30 Apr. 47 The firm specialised in what was called ‘sadware’—plates and dishes—but also made a range of chamberpots, bedpans and holloware. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online June 2022). sadv. Brit. /sad/, U.S. /sæd/ Forms: see sad adj., n., and adv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: sad adj. Etymology: < sad adj. Compare earlier sade v. 1. a. transitive (usually in passive). To make solid, firm, or stiff; to compress. Also intransitive: to become solid, dense, or compacted. Cf. sadden v. 1. In later use Scottish. Sc. National Dict. (at cited word) records the intransitive sense as still in use in Angus, Fife, and Lothian in 1969. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > make dense or solid [verb (transitive)] congealc1384 sadc1384 resolvea1398 thightc1440 condense1477 constipate1546 condensate1555 engross1561 indense1576 sadden1600 settle1611 densate1613 solidate1640 corporify1644 conspissate1647 consolidate1653 conglaciate1660 solidify1799 densify1820 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Deeds iii. 7 Anoon the groundis and plauntis..of him ben saddid [L. consolidatæ] to gidere. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 440 Saddyn, or make sadde, Solido, consolido. 1495 Trevisa's Bartholomeus De Proprietatibus Rerum (de Worde) vii. lviii. sig. rv^v/2 The matere is thycked and sadded and not obedyente to dygestyon. 1496 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (de Worde) vi. xxi. 268/2 The fende by suffraunce of god may sadde the ayer and make hym a bodye of the ayer. a1500 Walter of Henley's Husbandry (Sloane) (1890) 47 Sowe your wyntur corne tymely so þ^t your lande may be sadid & your corne rotyd afore þ^t grete wyntur com. 1557–8 in R. Adam Edinb. Rec. (1899) I. 248 Gevin for iiij mells with thair schaftis till sad the said but, iiij s. 1745 Session Papers in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. (at cited word) The Headrigg was more solid and sadded, as it used to be made Use of for leading home the Corns. 1782 Session Papers in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. (at cited word) The water would have sadded, or firmed it. 1807 J. Hogg Mountain Bard 111 Sandy..Then the hay, sae rowed an' saddit, Towzled up that nane might ken. 1869 W. Knight Auld Yule 20 The duds, ye see, are no sae weet, The snaw has saddit on 'em. 1924 Glasgow Herald 25 Nov. No matter how much the [hay] stack sads, the ropes are kept taut. †b. transitive. To darken (a colour). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > quality of colour > [verb (transitive)] > darken darka1398 darken1550 sad1573 infuscate1650 swarthy1663 swarth1846 nebulate1874 1573 Treat. Arte of Limming 4 Two parts azure and one of cereuse and sadded with the same azure or with blacke incke. 1634 J. Bate Myst. Nature & Art 124 You may alay your Orpment with chalke, and sadde it with browne of Spain [etc.]. †2. transitive. To make steadfast, establish, confirm (in). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > constancy or steadfastness > adhere constantly or steadfastly to [verb (transitive)] > make steadfast strongOE strengthc1200 stablea1300 resolvea1398 sadc1400 nourish?a1425 settle1435 pitha1500 stiffen?a1500 steel1581 toughen1582 ballastc1600 efforta1661 fix1671 balance1685 to fix the mercury1704 instrengthen1855 to put stuffing into1977 c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. x. 242 Austyn þe olde here-of he made bokes, And hym-self ordeyned to sadde vs in bileue. c1450 (a1400) Orologium Sapientiæ in Anglia (1888) 10 333 Þe sowle þat is not ȝit fullye saddete and stablete in þe moste parfyte degre of loue. a1500 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Trin. Dublin) (1893) 120 My mynde is saddid [L. solidata est] in god, & groundid in crist. a1660 N. Bacon Hist. & Polit. Disc. Laws & Govt. Eng. (1689) lxiv. 130 This sadded the English, and made them drive heavily: the King (to add more strengh) brought in Foraigners..; and then all was at stand. 3. a. transitive. To make sorrowful; to sadden. Now rare.In later use only in regional or nonstandard speech. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > be sorry or grieved at [verb (transitive)] > sadden or grieve rueOE grieve?c1225 teen1340 moana1425 contrist1490 sadden1565 sad1578 ensorrow1593 contristate1616 tristitiate1628 dolea1637 endolour1884 1578 J. Rolland Seuin Seages 21 Betuix vs twa is chancit ane heuie cace..Quhilk sadis my hart, & dois me greit passioun. 1602 J. Marston Antonios Reuenge iv. iii. sig. H3 May it not sad your thoughts. 1643 W. Prynne Soveraigne Power Parl. i. 24 The Lords hearing of these proceedings were much sadded. 1692 Covt. Grace Conditional 73 The Hearts of your Friends [are] exceedingly sadded. 1810 The Age: A Poem 3 When nature's visage sads the sight. 1969 Wellsboro (Pa.) Gaz. 30 Oct. This community was sadded by the death of two of its residents. 2000 Virginian-Pilot (Norfolk, Va.) (Nexis) 27 Jan. b11 I was sadded to read that about 46,000 black people want South Carolina to remove the Confederate flag from the capitol. †b. transitive. To make dull or gloomy. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > light > darkness or absence of light > darkness or gloom > make dark or gloomy [verb (transitive)] gloom1577 sad1610 begloom1801 1610 G. Fletcher Christs Victorie 3 As when a vapour..sads the smiling orient of the springing day. 1637 J. Day New Spring Divine Poetrie 42 When the gladding sunne begins to show.., A churlish cloud soone meetes him..And sads the beauty of the smiling day. †c. transitive. With it as object: to talk in a sad manner. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > sorrow or grief > lamentation or expression of grief > lament or express grief [verb (intransitive)] > talk sadly sad1664 1664 T. Killigrew Parsons Wedding ii. v, in Comedies & Trag. 95 While you sad it thus to one. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2008; most recently modified version published online March 2022). > as lemmas SAD SAD n. seasonal affective disorder (or depression). ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > depression anxiety1661 vapours1662 vapour-fit1707 depression1905 postpartum depression1929 baby blues1940 sterks1941 postnatal depression1946 PPD1975 PND1978 SAD1983 seasonal affective disorder1983 1983 Chicago Sun-Times 21 Dec. 11/1 Because of symptoms of SAD sufferers, scientists in the Mental Health Institute wondered if our ancestors hibernated. 1987 Daily Tel. 1 June 13/7 Whereas the winter depressives are helped by using bright artificial lights..,people with summer SAD may alleviate their symptoms by lowering their environmental temperature. 1990 Health Guardian Nov. 4/1 SAD is caused by a biochemical imbalance in the hypothalamus—due to a lack of sunlight. extracted from Sn.¹ < adj.n.adv.OEv.c1384 as lemmas
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sadadj.n.adv.

Phrases

Compounds

sadv.

> as lemmas