saturatedadj.

Brit.

/ˈsatjᵿreɪtᵻd/,

/ˈsatʃᵿreɪtᵻd/, U.S.

/ˈsætʃəˌreɪdᵻd/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: saturate v., -ed suffix¹.

Etymology: < saturate v. + -ed suffix¹. Compare earlier saturate adj.

I. General uses.

†1. Completely satisfied; satiated. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > appetite > excessive consumption of food or drink > [adjective] > over-fed, gorged, or sated

full of foodOE

surfeitousc1390

repletea1400

satiate1440

fulsome1447

overfed1579

surfeited1584

gorged1594

overgorged1607

gluttoneda1658

saturated1658

throat-full1681

quat?c1730

stalled1740

englutted1814

cloyed1830

stodged1873

the mind > emotion > suffering > feeling of weariness or tedium > [adjective] > satiated or surfeited > specifically by enjoyment

blasé1819

saturated1820

1658 N. Billingsley Κοσμοβρεϕια: Infancy of World 138 For easing Our saturated bodies, games are pleasing.

1668 H. More Divine Dialogues 213 Therefore it is fit that, as well-saturated Guests, we should at length willingly recede from the Table.

1782 S. Johnson tr. Euripides Medea in C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music II. iv. 340 The rites that..bad the feast, the song, and bowl, O'erfill the saturated soul.

1820 C. R. Maturin Melmoth IV. xxvi. 122 Sleep which is as often the refuge of intolerable misery, as that of saturated enjoyment.

1840 Hampshire Advertiser & Salisbury Guardian 12 Sept. He reclined his saturated body on a grassy couch.

a. Permeated with moisture, thoroughly soaked.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > liquid > condition of being or making wet > condition of being or making very wet > [adjective]

thorough wetOE

drunk1382

drunkenc1420

uliginosec1440

dung wetc1450

drookeda1522

wet through, to the skin1526

sogginga1552

washed1557

washy1566

muck-wet1567

wringing wet1570

drenched1589

dropsy1605

ydrenched1610

sobby1611

dropsieda1616

slocken1643

uliginous1650

dabbling1661

sodded1661

sobbing1664

sobbed1693

flashy1702

saturated1728

saturate1785

livereda1796

sappy1806

laving1812

sodden1820

sopped1822

soppy1823

soaked1829

dropsical1845

soddened1845

soaking wet1847

soggya1852

sogged1860

soaking1864

sopping1866

soaken1898

astream1929

1728 J. Thomson Spring 14 And saturated Earth Awaits the Morning Beam.

1785 W. Cowper Task iii. 479 First he bids spread Dry fern..then..From the full fork, the saturated straw.

1841 C. Dickens Barnaby Rudge xvii. 25 His saturated clothes clinging with a damp embrace about his limbs.

1897 M. Kingsley Trav. W. Afr. 502 I arrived in the evening in a saturated condition.

1937 Western Constr. News Feb. 60/2 Appropriate construction over this type of soft, saturated ground has been given special study.

1973 New York 4 June 36/3 Some boys moved through the mob spraying white reporters with lighter fluid, and then touching a match to the saturated clothing.

2010 Observer 21 Mar. (Guide to Pets) 63/2 A saturated sea sponge will keep humidity high.

b. Chiefly Economics and Business. Of a market: fully supplied, sometimes to the point of oversupply.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > trading conditions > [adjective] > specific state of market

simplea1387

glutted1714

heavy1831

saturated1848

soft1849

hard1880

firm1887

market clearing1950

demand-led1981

1848 D. Turner Guide to Verification of Manuscripts p. x I have printed therefore only a very small number of copies; that whosoever may wish to follow me..may not be deterred by a saturated market.

1914 Jrnl. Electr., Power & Gas 13 June 524/2 It is not uncommon to find practically every residence..connected to the lighting company's system. Though this is true, it does not represent a saturated business situation.

1965 Monthly Econ. Let. (First National City Bank, N.Y.) Apr. Household durables with ‘highly saturated markets’—those which the vast majority of families already have..—achieved sales gains through growing replacement demand.

2014 Times 3 June (Raconteur section) 6/1 Slowing growth in saturated Western markets..equals big opportunity.

II. In scientific and other technical uses.

3. Chemistry.

a. That has dissolved the largest possible quantity of another substance; esp. (of a solution) containing as much solute as is possible in equilibrium conditions (in contrast to a supersaturated solution). Cf. saturate v. 3a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > physical chemistry > solutions > [adjective] > saturation

saturated?1734

?1734 P. Shaw Chem. Lect. 81 To this saturated Solution of Sea-Salt, we added about two Scruples of dry pulverized Nitre.

1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 290 The preparation of the digitalis best adapted to that purpose, appeared to be the saturated tincture.

1848 Pharm. Jrnl. & Trans. 7 438 A clear, perfectly saturated solution of potash is one of the most important auxiliaries for histo-chemical investigations.

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 569/1 The solution must..become saturated with respect to both ice and salt, and this can only occur at the cryohydric temperature.

1939 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) III. 452/2 Removal of solvent from a saturated solution at this point results in the solution becoming supersaturated.

2011 D. W. Mayo et al. Microscale Org. Lab. (ed. 5) v. 85 Cool the warm saturated solution to reduce the solubility of the solute; this usually causes the solid material to precipitate.

b. Originally: (of a compound) containing the greatest possible proportion of some element. In later use: (of an atom, molecule, etc.) chemically combined to the maximum extent, having no ability to combine further.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > [adjective] > organic structure > saturated

saturate1656

saturated1798

1798 J. Thomson in W. Nicholson tr. A. F. Fourcroy Elements Chem. & Nat. Hist. (ed. 5) I. 129 We have in this case a saturated compound (the sulphat of barytes) uniting with an excess of the sulphuric acid, but forming with it a combination infinitely weaker than the sulphat of barytes.

1828 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. (at Nickelic) The nickelic acid is a saturated combination of nickel and oxygen.

1867 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. (ed. 3) III. i. 61 Sulphuryl, by displacing two atoms of hydrogen in two atoms of water, forms the more complex group of sulphuric acid..which is a stable or saturated molecule in the sense in which the word saturated is here used.

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 717/1 Apparently the only saturated molecules known to us at present, i.e., molecules destitute of all power of exercising an external influence, are those of gases such as helium and argon.

1931 Science 4 Dec. 555/1 We come to consider that large class of complex compounds which result from combination of several whole and completely saturated molecules. Take the very simple example K[Ag(CN)₂].

2009 H. Ibach & H. Lüth Solid-state Physics (ed. 4) i. 16 The van der Waals bond is only significant in cases where other types of bonding are not possible, for example, between atoms with closed electron shells, or between saturated molecules.

c. Of a hydrocarbon or other organic compound, molecule, etc.: having a structure containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms, and hence having no double or triple bonds between carbon atoms; (of a carbon atom) singly bonded to four other atoms.

ΚΠ

1865 A. W. Hofmann in Chem. News 20 Oct. 190/1 We have thus been led..to a distinction of a novel kind, that of finished and unfinished molecules; or, to use the more frequently employed expression, that of saturated and non-saturated compounds.

1888 W. T. Brannt Pract. Treat. Animal & Veg. Fats & Oils 48 These hydrocarbons cannot absorb any further atoms of hydrogen, and are therefore termed ‘saturated hydrocarbons’.

1935 A. K. Anderson Essent. Physiol. Chem. iv. 67 Chemically, fats differ from oils in that fats contain saturated fatty acids whereas oils contain rather large quantities of unsaturated fatty acids.

1968 S. K. Murthy & S. S. Nathan Org. Chem. made Simple vii. 122 A saturated carbon atom may be represented by a model showing only the tetrahedrally directed linkages.

2015 P. Chaloner Org. Chem. ix. 329 Allylic systems react about 40 times faster than saturated ones.

d. Of a fat: consisting chiefly of the triglycerides of saturated fatty acids (cf. sense 3c); (of a food) containing a high proportion of such fats. Cf. polyunsaturated adj.In human nutrition, saturated fats have been linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease than natural polyunsaturated fats, and are considered to be less healthy in the diet.

ΚΠ

1908 Biochem. Jrnl. 3 397 Whether an excess of saturated fat (as in beef and mutton) in the diet is more liable to produce the disease [sc. appendicitis] than unsaturated fat (as in olive oil, etc.).

1959 Heinz Handbk. Nutrition ix. 66 When the proportion of ‘saturated’ fats (fats rich in saturated fatty acids) is high in the diet, β-lipoprotein and cholesterol blood levels tend to increase.

1964 Jrnl. Lab. & Clin. Med. 64 613 In rats, under the experimental conditions described, polyunsaturated diets (as exemplified by safflower seed oil) differ from saturated diets (butter).

1976 M. Apple Oranging of Amer. 66 My wife eats saturated fats. Look at yourself. Probably not forty and I'll bet your veins are closing up like artichokes.

1984 Tampa (Florida) Tribune 5 Apr. 8 e/2 Which salad and cooking oils are most saturated?

2007 Esquire Sept. 118/1 A population's intake of saturated fat directly correlates with its incidence of heart disease.

4. Of a gas: containing as much vapour as possible suspended within it; esp. (Meteorology) designating air containing as much water vapour as possible.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > [adjective] > charged to full extent

saturated1780

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > heat > [adjective] > fully charged

saturated1780

1780 J. Elliot Philos. Observ. on Senses of Vision & Hearing 110 Bellows, and currents of air..drive away the saturated air, and apply fresh particles to the vapour.

1880 C. R. Markham Peruvian Bark ii. ix. 388 Its rains are therefore heavy, and are accompanied by dense fogs and a saturated atmosphere.

1963 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 2 Feb. 301/2 This will be achieved only if the fresh gas is saturated with water vapour.

2017 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 30 Sept. (Property section) 11 When the saturated air comes into contact with a surface that has a lower temperature, the air is chilled and sheds its surplus water vapour on to that surface.

a. Of a colour: vivid, intense; free from admixture of white or another achromatic colour. Cf. saturation n. 11a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > quality of colour > [adjective] > intense

strongOE

richc1330

finea1387

stark1547

deep1555

full1599

saturate1669

generous1710

lush1744

saturated1791

lushy1821

robust1826

raised1846

high-keyed1879

acid1916

1791 R. Kerr tr. C.-L. Berthollet Ess. New Method Bleaching (ed. 2) 248 Such stuffs as have been impregnated with any of the gall preparations..acquire a perfectly saturated red colour.

1853 J. F. W. Herschel Pop. Lect. Sci. (1873) vi. §41. 257 The green being by no means a saturated or full green.

1901 Athenæum 31 Aug. 293/2 In the figures grouped round the table rich and saturated tones predominate.

2014 P. Tregenza & D. Loe Design of Lighting (ed. 2) ix. 88/2 A room filled with rich saturated colours and many small sources of light looks different from one of white and grey surfaces and uniform lighting.

b. Of an image (esp. one produced by a camera or electronic display): having intense or vivid colours.

ΚΠ

1969 Electronics Lett. 5 353/2 The picture source for these tests was a color-slide scanner employing electronic masking and capable of producing highly saturated pictures of camera quality.

2008 HMW June 116 Even without tweaking, the D60 naturally gave off a very saturated image that was just a little too vivid for our liking.

6. Magnetism.

a. Of an instance of magnetism: at the point of saturation (saturation n. 7b). Now somewhat rare.

ΚΠ

1824 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 114 216 Suppose..that in its highest or saturated state of magnetism it [sc. a piece of steel] lifted 20 ounces.

2012 Physical Rev. 86 075113-5 At very low temperature, a magnetic field has no obvious effect on ferroelectric hysteresis.., because the magnetism is saturated already.

b. Of substance or body: (originally) †magnetized to the greatest degree which can be retained without the inductive action of a magnetic field (obsolete); (in later use) magnetized to the greatest possible degree, so that any further increase in magnetizing force will not produce an appreciable increase in magnetization.

ΚΠ

1832 Nat. Philos. (Libr. Useful Knowl.) II. Magnetism i. §42. 11 A steel bar, which has as great a degree of magnetic power as it is capable of retaining, is said to be saturated with magnetism.

1885 Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. No. 14 99 The temporary magnetism of saturated iron at the said temperature suddenly vanishes from a foregoing very large value.

2014 R. Firoozlan Servo Motors & Industr. Control Theory (ed. 2) vii. 115 Available force per unit area from the hydraulic system is something like ten times that of a saturated magnet.

7. Designating a gas that is at but not above the boiling point of its liquid form, so that its gaseous and liquid forms are in thermal equilibrium; esp. in saturated steam. Cf. saturation n. 8.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > heat > [noun] > full capacity > in steam

saturated steam1826

1826 Philos. Mag. 68 40 The density of saturated steam increases in a slower ratio than its elastic force.

1873 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 4th Ser. 45 283 This action goes on until the solution loses its state of supersaturation and becomes saturated only.

1933 A. W. Barton Text Bk. Heat ix. 195 It should be noticed that the equilibrium between a liquid and its saturated vapour is not static.

2011 Q.-Q. Qiu et al. in P. Ducheyne et al. Comprehensive Biomaterials IV. 129 Moist heat in the form of saturated steam under pressure is the most widely used method to sterilize solutions and surgical tools.

a. Of an electric current: that has attained a maximum value, so that any further increase in voltage will not produce an appreciable increase in current.In later use, esp. with reference to transistors; cf. sense 8b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > [adjective] > exhibiting saturation

saturated1896

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic devices or components > thermionic valve > [adjective] > exhibiting saturation

saturated1933

the world > matter > physics > solid state physics > semiconductivity > transistor > [adjective] > exhibiting saturation

saturated1956

1896 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 5th Ser. 42 394 For a given intensity of radiation the current through the gas does not exceed a certain maximum value whatever the electromotive force may be, the current gets, as it were, ‘saturated’.

1955 Proc. IRE 43 1645/2 The present calculation does not verify the existence of a noise term due to the shot effect of the collector saturated current.

2017 Nano Energy 41 305/2 When the pressure is more than a certain value.., the current is saturated.

b. Electronics. Of a thermionic valve, transistor, etc.: operating in a state of saturation (saturation n. 12b), so that the current at the anode, collector, or drain terminal is at a maximum. Also: of or relating to this state of operation.

ΚΠ

1933 Proc. IRE 21 1667 The practical limitation of this ‘saw-tooth’ generator lies in the fact that there is no such thing as a completely saturated thermionic tube.

1956 J. C. Logue in L. P. Hunter Handbk. of Semiconductor Electronics xv. 11 It is necessary to impose an upper limit on r_c in the saturated region. This is to ensure that the voltage drop between the emitter and collector terminals is small when the transistor is in a saturated state.

2009 I. J. Bahl Fund. RF & Microwave Transistor Amplifiers ix. 249 This design example is for a low-voltage, high-efficiency, saturated power amplifier for cordless telephone applications.

9. Geology. Of a mineral: able to exist in the presence of free silica (or another specified oxide); (of an igneous rock) consisting only of such minerals.Cf. oversaturated adj. 2, undersaturated adj. b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > mineral structure or appearance > [adjective] > saturated or undersaturated

oversaturated1913

saturated1913

undersaturated1913

the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > mineral or chemical composition > [adjective] > over- or under-saturated

oversaturated1913

saturated1913

undersaturated1913

1913 S. J. Shand in Geol. Mag. 5th Decade 10 508 Of the various minerals which enter into the composition of igneous rocks, about one-half are capable of forming in presence of free silica... These may..be termed saturated minerals.

1913 S. J. Shand in Geol. Mag. 5th Decade 10 510 A rock which contains only saturated minerals may be termed a saturated rock.

1947 E. E. Wahlstrom Igneous Minerals & Rocks ix. 253 Rocks may be oversaturated, saturated, or undersaturated with respect to alumina or other oxides as well as with respect to silica.

1951 F. J. Turner & J. Verhoogen Igneous & Metamorphic Petrol. iii. 54 Saturated minerals are those which are compatible with excess silica under magmatic conditions, and are therefore commonly associated with quartz.

1997 E. A. K. Middlemost Magmas, Rocks & Planetary Devel. (2013) ii. 47/1 The few saturated basalts that have higher sigma values usually contain more olivine than hypersthene.

10. Of the timbre of a sound or musical instrument (esp. that of an electric guitar): having a softly distorted and compressed quality as a result of the method of recording or amplification; see saturation n. 15; (also more generally) distorted to any degree.

ΚΠ

1992 Mixing Tranny & Tube Distortion in alt.guitar (Usenet newsgroup) 31 Mar. The overdrive sound is pretty average through a solid state amp but when I use it in conjunction with my Marshall..the sound becomes very muddy and compressed (not the singing saturated tone I hoped for).

2017 M. Mynett Metal Music Man. v. 59 Guitarists that favor a heavily saturated tone therefore tend to be met with an indecipherable, abrasive mush when ‘their sound’ is translated via microphone and placed under the scrutiny of the studio environment.

2018 @gibsona07 5 Mar. in twitter.com (O.E.D. Archive) Those saturated guitars and the vocals sound great.

Compounds

saturated diving n. a technique of deep-water diving involving saturation of the diver's body tissues with inert gas; = saturation diving n. at saturation n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > progressive motion > moving with current of air or water > movement in or on water > [noun] > underwater swimming

urination1697

diving1743–5

skin-diving1905

free-diving1948

scuba1952

aqualunging1953

goggle-diving1953

sub-aqua1957

snorkelling1959

scuba-diving1962

saturation diving1965

saturated diving1967

scubaing1973

1967 Proc. 1st Marine Geodesy Symp. 1966 271/2 A new concept referred to as saturated diving is being developed in this program.

2015 Q. Sun et al. in X. Sun et al. Hydrogen Molecular Biol. & Med. iii. 37 Since 1960, diving medicine, especially the improvement of saturated diving technology, promoted animal experiments on hydroxide diving to be conducted again.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	saturated
释义	saturatedadj. Brit. /ˈsatjᵿreɪtᵻd/, /ˈsatʃᵿreɪtᵻd/, U.S. /ˈsætʃəˌreɪdᵻd/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: saturate v., -ed suffix¹. Etymology: < saturate v. + -ed suffix¹. Compare earlier saturate adj. I. General uses. †1. Completely satisfied; satiated. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > appetite > excessive consumption of food or drink > [adjective] > over-fed, gorged, or sated full of foodOE surfeitousc1390 repletea1400 satiate1440 fulsome1447 overfed1579 surfeited1584 gorged1594 overgorged1607 gluttoneda1658 saturated1658 throat-full1681 quat?c1730 stalled1740 englutted1814 cloyed1830 stodged1873 the mind > emotion > suffering > feeling of weariness or tedium > [adjective] > satiated or surfeited > specifically by enjoyment blasé1819 saturated1820 1658 N. Billingsley Κοσμοβρεϕια: Infancy of World 138 For easing Our saturated bodies, games are pleasing. 1668 H. More Divine Dialogues 213 Therefore it is fit that, as well-saturated Guests, we should at length willingly recede from the Table. 1782 S. Johnson tr. Euripides Medea in C. Burney Gen. Hist. Music II. iv. 340 The rites that..bad the feast, the song, and bowl, O'erfill the saturated soul. 1820 C. R. Maturin Melmoth IV. xxvi. 122 Sleep which is as often the refuge of intolerable misery, as that of saturated enjoyment. 1840 Hampshire Advertiser & Salisbury Guardian 12 Sept. He reclined his saturated body on a grassy couch. 2. a. Permeated with moisture, thoroughly soaked. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > liquid > condition of being or making wet > condition of being or making very wet > [adjective] thorough wetOE drunk1382 drunkenc1420 uliginosec1440 dung wetc1450 drookeda1522 wet through, to the skin1526 sogginga1552 washed1557 washy1566 muck-wet1567 wringing wet1570 drenched1589 dropsy1605 ydrenched1610 sobby1611 dropsieda1616 slocken1643 uliginous1650 dabbling1661 sodded1661 sobbing1664 sobbed1693 flashy1702 saturated1728 saturate1785 livereda1796 sappy1806 laving1812 sodden1820 sopped1822 soppy1823 soaked1829 dropsical1845 soddened1845 soaking wet1847 soggya1852 sogged1860 soaking1864 sopping1866 soaken1898 astream1929 1728 J. Thomson Spring 14 And saturated Earth Awaits the Morning Beam. 1785 W. Cowper Task iii. 479 First he bids spread Dry fern..then..From the full fork, the saturated straw. 1841 C. Dickens Barnaby Rudge xvii. 25 His saturated clothes clinging with a damp embrace about his limbs. 1897 M. Kingsley Trav. W. Afr. 502 I arrived in the evening in a saturated condition. 1937 Western Constr. News Feb. 60/2 Appropriate construction over this type of soft, saturated ground has been given special study. 1973 New York 4 June 36/3 Some boys moved through the mob spraying white reporters with lighter fluid, and then touching a match to the saturated clothing. 2010 Observer 21 Mar. (Guide to Pets) 63/2 A saturated sea sponge will keep humidity high. b. Chiefly Economics and Business. Of a market: fully supplied, sometimes to the point of oversupply. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > trading conditions > [adjective] > specific state of market simplea1387 glutted1714 heavy1831 saturated1848 soft1849 hard1880 firm1887 market clearing1950 demand-led1981 1848 D. Turner Guide to Verification of Manuscripts p. x I have printed therefore only a very small number of copies; that whosoever may wish to follow me..may not be deterred by a saturated market. 1914 Jrnl. Electr., Power & Gas 13 June 524/2 It is not uncommon to find practically every residence..connected to the lighting company's system. Though this is true, it does not represent a saturated business situation. 1965 Monthly Econ. Let. (First National City Bank, N.Y.) Apr. Household durables with ‘highly saturated markets’—those which the vast majority of families already have..—achieved sales gains through growing replacement demand. 2014 Times 3 June (Raconteur section) 6/1 Slowing growth in saturated Western markets..equals big opportunity. II. In scientific and other technical uses. 3. Chemistry. a. That has dissolved the largest possible quantity of another substance; esp. (of a solution) containing as much solute as is possible in equilibrium conditions (in contrast to a supersaturated solution). Cf. saturate v. 3a. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > physical chemistry > solutions > [adjective] > saturation saturated?1734 ?1734 P. Shaw Chem. Lect. 81 To this saturated Solution of Sea-Salt, we added about two Scruples of dry pulverized Nitre. 1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 290 The preparation of the digitalis best adapted to that purpose, appeared to be the saturated tincture. 1848 Pharm. Jrnl. & Trans. 7 438 A clear, perfectly saturated solution of potash is one of the most important auxiliaries for histo-chemical investigations. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 569/1 The solution must..become saturated with respect to both ice and salt, and this can only occur at the cryohydric temperature. 1939 Thorpe's Dict. Appl. Chem. (ed. 4) III. 452/2 Removal of solvent from a saturated solution at this point results in the solution becoming supersaturated. 2011 D. W. Mayo et al. Microscale Org. Lab. (ed. 5) v. 85 Cool the warm saturated solution to reduce the solubility of the solute; this usually causes the solid material to precipitate. b. Originally: (of a compound) containing the greatest possible proportion of some element. In later use: (of an atom, molecule, etc.) chemically combined to the maximum extent, having no ability to combine further. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > [adjective] > organic structure > saturated saturate1656 saturated1798 1798 J. Thomson in W. Nicholson tr. A. F. Fourcroy Elements Chem. & Nat. Hist. (ed. 5) I. 129 We have in this case a saturated compound (the sulphat of barytes) uniting with an excess of the sulphuric acid, but forming with it a combination infinitely weaker than the sulphat of barytes. 1828 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. (at Nickelic) The nickelic acid is a saturated combination of nickel and oxygen. 1867 W. A. Miller Elements Chem. (ed. 3) III. i. 61 Sulphuryl, by displacing two atoms of hydrogen in two atoms of water, forms the more complex group of sulphuric acid..which is a stable or saturated molecule in the sense in which the word saturated is here used. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 717/1 Apparently the only saturated molecules known to us at present, i.e., molecules destitute of all power of exercising an external influence, are those of gases such as helium and argon. 1931 Science 4 Dec. 555/1 We come to consider that large class of complex compounds which result from combination of several whole and completely saturated molecules. Take the very simple example K[Ag(CN)₂]. 2009 H. Ibach & H. Lüth Solid-state Physics (ed. 4) i. 16 The van der Waals bond is only significant in cases where other types of bonding are not possible, for example, between atoms with closed electron shells, or between saturated molecules. c. Of a hydrocarbon or other organic compound, molecule, etc.: having a structure containing the greatest possible number of hydrogen atoms, and hence having no double or triple bonds between carbon atoms; (of a carbon atom) singly bonded to four other atoms. ΚΠ 1865 A. W. Hofmann in Chem. News 20 Oct. 190/1 We have thus been led..to a distinction of a novel kind, that of finished and unfinished molecules; or, to use the more frequently employed expression, that of saturated and non-saturated compounds. 1888 W. T. Brannt Pract. Treat. Animal & Veg. Fats & Oils 48 These hydrocarbons cannot absorb any further atoms of hydrogen, and are therefore termed ‘saturated hydrocarbons’. 1935 A. K. Anderson Essent. Physiol. Chem. iv. 67 Chemically, fats differ from oils in that fats contain saturated fatty acids whereas oils contain rather large quantities of unsaturated fatty acids. 1968 S. K. Murthy & S. S. Nathan Org. Chem. made Simple vii. 122 A saturated carbon atom may be represented by a model showing only the tetrahedrally directed linkages. 2015 P. Chaloner Org. Chem. ix. 329 Allylic systems react about 40 times faster than saturated ones. d. Of a fat: consisting chiefly of the triglycerides of saturated fatty acids (cf. sense 3c); (of a food) containing a high proportion of such fats. Cf. polyunsaturated adj.In human nutrition, saturated fats have been linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular disease than natural polyunsaturated fats, and are considered to be less healthy in the diet. ΚΠ 1908 Biochem. Jrnl. 3 397 Whether an excess of saturated fat (as in beef and mutton) in the diet is more liable to produce the disease [sc. appendicitis] than unsaturated fat (as in olive oil, etc.). 1959 Heinz Handbk. Nutrition ix. 66 When the proportion of ‘saturated’ fats (fats rich in saturated fatty acids) is high in the diet, β-lipoprotein and cholesterol blood levels tend to increase. 1964 Jrnl. Lab. & Clin. Med. 64 613 In rats, under the experimental conditions described, polyunsaturated diets (as exemplified by safflower seed oil) differ from saturated diets (butter). 1976 M. Apple Oranging of Amer. 66 My wife eats saturated fats. Look at yourself. Probably not forty and I'll bet your veins are closing up like artichokes. 1984 Tampa (Florida) Tribune 5 Apr. 8 e/2 Which salad and cooking oils are most saturated? 2007 Esquire Sept. 118/1 A population's intake of saturated fat directly correlates with its incidence of heart disease. 4. Of a gas: containing as much vapour as possible suspended within it; esp. (Meteorology) designating air containing as much water vapour as possible. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > [adjective] > charged to full extent saturated1780 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > heat > [adjective] > fully charged saturated1780 1780 J. Elliot Philos. Observ. on Senses of Vision & Hearing 110 Bellows, and currents of air..drive away the saturated air, and apply fresh particles to the vapour. 1880 C. R. Markham Peruvian Bark ii. ix. 388 Its rains are therefore heavy, and are accompanied by dense fogs and a saturated atmosphere. 1963 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 2 Feb. 301/2 This will be achieved only if the fresh gas is saturated with water vapour. 2017 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 30 Sept. (Property section) 11 When the saturated air comes into contact with a surface that has a lower temperature, the air is chilled and sheds its surplus water vapour on to that surface. 5. a. Of a colour: vivid, intense; free from admixture of white or another achromatic colour. Cf. saturation n. 11a. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > quality of colour > [adjective] > intense strongOE richc1330 finea1387 stark1547 deep1555 full1599 saturate1669 generous1710 lush1744 saturated1791 lushy1821 robust1826 raised1846 high-keyed1879 acid1916 1791 R. Kerr tr. C.-L. Berthollet Ess. New Method Bleaching (ed. 2) 248 Such stuffs as have been impregnated with any of the gall preparations..acquire a perfectly saturated red colour. 1853 J. F. W. Herschel Pop. Lect. Sci. (1873) vi. §41. 257 The green being by no means a saturated or full green. 1901 Athenæum 31 Aug. 293/2 In the figures grouped round the table rich and saturated tones predominate. 2014 P. Tregenza & D. Loe Design of Lighting (ed. 2) ix. 88/2 A room filled with rich saturated colours and many small sources of light looks different from one of white and grey surfaces and uniform lighting. b. Of an image (esp. one produced by a camera or electronic display): having intense or vivid colours. ΚΠ 1969 Electronics Lett. 5 353/2 The picture source for these tests was a color-slide scanner employing electronic masking and capable of producing highly saturated pictures of camera quality. 2008 HMW June 116 Even without tweaking, the D60 naturally gave off a very saturated image that was just a little too vivid for our liking. 6. Magnetism. a. Of an instance of magnetism: at the point of saturation (saturation n. 7b). Now somewhat rare. ΚΠ 1824 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 114 216 Suppose..that in its highest or saturated state of magnetism it [sc. a piece of steel] lifted 20 ounces. 2012 Physical Rev. 86 075113-5 At very low temperature, a magnetic field has no obvious effect on ferroelectric hysteresis.., because the magnetism is saturated already. b. Of substance or body: (originally) †magnetized to the greatest degree which can be retained without the inductive action of a magnetic field (obsolete); (in later use) magnetized to the greatest possible degree, so that any further increase in magnetizing force will not produce an appreciable increase in magnetization. ΚΠ 1832 Nat. Philos. (Libr. Useful Knowl.) II. Magnetism i. §42. 11 A steel bar, which has as great a degree of magnetic power as it is capable of retaining, is said to be saturated with magnetism. 1885 Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. No. 14 99 The temporary magnetism of saturated iron at the said temperature suddenly vanishes from a foregoing very large value. 2014 R. Firoozlan Servo Motors & Industr. Control Theory (ed. 2) vii. 115 Available force per unit area from the hydraulic system is something like ten times that of a saturated magnet. 7. Designating a gas that is at but not above the boiling point of its liquid form, so that its gaseous and liquid forms are in thermal equilibrium; esp. in saturated steam. Cf. saturation n. 8. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > heat > [noun] > full capacity > in steam saturated steam1826 1826 Philos. Mag. 68 40 The density of saturated steam increases in a slower ratio than its elastic force. 1873 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 4th Ser. 45 283 This action goes on until the solution loses its state of supersaturation and becomes saturated only. 1933 A. W. Barton Text Bk. Heat ix. 195 It should be noticed that the equilibrium between a liquid and its saturated vapour is not static. 2011 Q.-Q. Qiu et al. in P. Ducheyne et al. Comprehensive Biomaterials IV. 129 Moist heat in the form of saturated steam under pressure is the most widely used method to sterilize solutions and surgical tools. 8. a. Of an electric current: that has attained a maximum value, so that any further increase in voltage will not produce an appreciable increase in current.In later use, esp. with reference to transistors; cf. sense 8b. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic phenomena > [adjective] > exhibiting saturation saturated1896 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic devices or components > thermionic valve > [adjective] > exhibiting saturation saturated1933 the world > matter > physics > solid state physics > semiconductivity > transistor > [adjective] > exhibiting saturation saturated1956 1896 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 5th Ser. 42 394 For a given intensity of radiation the current through the gas does not exceed a certain maximum value whatever the electromotive force may be, the current gets, as it were, ‘saturated’. 1955 Proc. IRE 43 1645/2 The present calculation does not verify the existence of a noise term due to the shot effect of the collector saturated current. 2017 Nano Energy 41 305/2 When the pressure is more than a certain value.., the current is saturated. b. Electronics. Of a thermionic valve, transistor, etc.: operating in a state of saturation (saturation n. 12b), so that the current at the anode, collector, or drain terminal is at a maximum. Also: of or relating to this state of operation. ΚΠ 1933 Proc. IRE 21 1667 The practical limitation of this ‘saw-tooth’ generator lies in the fact that there is no such thing as a completely saturated thermionic tube. 1956 J. C. Logue in L. P. Hunter Handbk. of Semiconductor Electronics xv. 11 It is necessary to impose an upper limit on r_c in the saturated region. This is to ensure that the voltage drop between the emitter and collector terminals is small when the transistor is in a saturated state. 2009 I. J. Bahl Fund. RF & Microwave Transistor Amplifiers ix. 249 This design example is for a low-voltage, high-efficiency, saturated power amplifier for cordless telephone applications. 9. Geology. Of a mineral: able to exist in the presence of free silica (or another specified oxide); (of an igneous rock) consisting only of such minerals.Cf. oversaturated adj. 2, undersaturated adj. b. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > mineral structure or appearance > [adjective] > saturated or undersaturated oversaturated1913 saturated1913 undersaturated1913 the world > the earth > structure of the earth > constituent materials > rock > mineral or chemical composition > [adjective] > over- or under-saturated oversaturated1913 saturated1913 undersaturated1913 1913 S. J. Shand in Geol. Mag. 5th Decade 10 508 Of the various minerals which enter into the composition of igneous rocks, about one-half are capable of forming in presence of free silica... These may..be termed saturated minerals. 1913 S. J. Shand in Geol. Mag. 5th Decade 10 510 A rock which contains only saturated minerals may be termed a saturated rock. 1947 E. E. Wahlstrom Igneous Minerals & Rocks ix. 253 Rocks may be oversaturated, saturated, or undersaturated with respect to alumina or other oxides as well as with respect to silica. 1951 F. J. Turner & J. Verhoogen Igneous & Metamorphic Petrol. iii. 54 Saturated minerals are those which are compatible with excess silica under magmatic conditions, and are therefore commonly associated with quartz. 1997 E. A. K. Middlemost Magmas, Rocks & Planetary Devel. (2013) ii. 47/1 The few saturated basalts that have higher sigma values usually contain more olivine than hypersthene. 10. Of the timbre of a sound or musical instrument (esp. that of an electric guitar): having a softly distorted and compressed quality as a result of the method of recording or amplification; see saturation n. 15; (also more generally) distorted to any degree. ΚΠ 1992 Mixing Tranny & Tube Distortion in alt.guitar (Usenet newsgroup) 31 Mar. The overdrive sound is pretty average through a solid state amp but when I use it in conjunction with my Marshall..the sound becomes very muddy and compressed (not the singing saturated tone I hoped for). 2017 M. Mynett Metal Music Man. v. 59 Guitarists that favor a heavily saturated tone therefore tend to be met with an indecipherable, abrasive mush when ‘their sound’ is translated via microphone and placed under the scrutiny of the studio environment. 2018 @gibsona07 5 Mar. in twitter.com (O.E.D. Archive) Those saturated guitars and the vocals sound great. Compounds saturated diving n. a technique of deep-water diving involving saturation of the diver's body tissues with inert gas; = saturation diving n. at saturation n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > progressive motion > moving with current of air or water > movement in or on water > [noun] > underwater swimming urination1697 diving1743–5 skin-diving1905 free-diving1948 scuba1952 aqualunging1953 goggle-diving1953 sub-aqua1957 snorkelling1959 scuba-diving1962 saturation diving1965 saturated diving1967 scubaing1973 1967 Proc. 1st Marine Geodesy Symp. 1966 271/2 A new concept referred to as saturated diving is being developed in this program. 2015 Q. Sun et al. in X. Sun et al. Hydrogen Molecular Biol. & Med. iii. 37 Since 1960, diving medicine, especially the improvement of saturated diving technology, promoted animal experiments on hydroxide diving to be conducted again. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2019; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.1658
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