substantiveadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈsʌbst(ə)ntɪv/,

/səbˈstantɪv/, U.S.

/ˈsəbstən(t)ɪv/

Forms: Middle English substantyf, Middle English substantyfe, Middle English substantyue, Middle English sustantif, Middle English sustantijf, Middle English sustantiue, Middle English sustentif, Middle English sustentyuus, Middle English 1600s substantif, Middle English–1500s substantyve, Middle English–1600s substantiue, 1500s substantife, 1600s sustantive, 1600s– substantive.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French substantif; Latin substantivus.

Etymology: < (i) Middle French substantif, substentif, sustantif (French substantif ) (adjective) expressing the idea of substance or existence (end of the 13th cent. in Old French; early 14th cent. in nom substantif ), that forms a base, that supports (14th cent.), that relates to a noun (15th cent.), (of a dye) that fixes itself to the material coloured without the aid of a mordant (1796), (noun) a noun (c1325), summary (1478), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin substantivus having a real existence, that exists by itself (early 3rd cent. in Tertullian), expressing existence (5th or 6th cent. in Priscian), essential (12th cent. in a British source), denoting a substance (13th cent. in British sources) < classical Latin substantia substance n. + -īvus -ive suffix. Compare Occitan substantiu , Catalan substantiu (14th cent.), Spanish sustantivo (c1440), Portuguese substantivo (1540), Italian sostantivo (a1375 as sustantivo ). Compare noun substantive n. With use as noun compare post-classical Latin substantivum (neuter) noun (13th cent. in a British source; 15th cent. in a continental source); compare also German Substantiv noun (18th cent.; 1st half of the 16th cent. as †Substantivum). Semantic development. The use of post-classical Latin substantivus in grammatical contexts developed in the course of the Middle Ages. For Priscian (5th-6th cent.) a substantive noun (nomen substantivum ) is a type of pronoun, e.g. quī ‘who’, a substantive verb (verbum substantivum ) expresses existence, e.g. the verb ‘to be’ (Latin esse ), and a substantive participle (participium substantivum ) is the participle of the verb ‘to be’. For Bartholomaeus Anglicus (c1230–50; compare quotations a1398 at sense A. 1a, a1398 at sense B. 1a) a substantive (substantivum ) is a noun, i.e. a word denoting substance. Form history. In form sustentif probably by association with sustentive adj., although compare Middle French substentif (see above). Compare also sustentyuus, with the ending -us after the Latin nominative singular substantivus.

A. adj.

1. Grammar.

a. Of a word: denoting a substance; designating a person, place, or thing. Chiefly in noun substantive n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > noun > [adjective]

substantivea1398

substantivatec1400

nominalc1450

substantival1796

nounal1871

nouny1926

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. i. vii. 47 A noun essencial is substantif [L. substantivum] oþir adiectiue. If [MS Of] substantiue, he is abstractum oþir concretum oþir mene.

c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 1 How knos þu a nowne substantiue? Hyt ys declynet w^t on articull or ij at þe most in on case.

1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1845) v. 24 A nowne substantyve Might stand wythout helpe of an adjectyve.

1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. i. 33 b This only name Iehouah whiche they call vnspeakable is a substantiue name [L. substantivum] to expresse hys essence.

1627 R. Sanderson Ten Serm. 98 By manifestation of the Spirit here our Apostle vnderstandeth none other thing, than hee doth by the adiectiue word πνεύματικὰ in the first, and by the substantiue word χαρίτματα in the last verse of the Chapter.

1651 C. Hoole Latine Gram. ii. 20 A Noun nameth a thing, and is Substantive Or Adjective. Proper Or Common.

1658 A. Burgess Doctr. Orig. Sin ii. vii. 108 The Scripture doth not in vain use such substantive names about our natural defilement.

1741 Gallant Exploits of Balancing Captain 6 So I by myself can Noun Substantive stand, Impose on my Owners, and save my dear Land.

1797 M. Dawes Exam. Particulars Last Elections Southwark 14 The pronoun Such is relative, and applies to the substantive word Election.

1853 H. Clarke Gram. Eng. Tongue 56 A Noun is the name of anything which is or of which we can think, and is either Substantive, or standing by itself..or Adjective.

1869 A. Findlater in J. Mill Anal. Human Mind (new ed.) I. iv. 135 Each [object] would..thus cease to be an attributive, and become a name substantive.

1900 Speaker 23 June 374/1 Sir is a noun substantive, masculine.

1955 M. Lazerowitz Struct. of Metaphysics ix. 183 He has committed the gross blunder of thinking that because 'nothing' is a substantive word it is the name of an object.

2006 R. J. Schwartzman Neurologic Exam. xi. 220 The phrases are short, have abnormal prosody, inflection and timbre. Substantive words are used without syntactic language.

b. [After post-classical Latin verbum substantivum (5th or 6th cent. in Priscian), itself after Hellenistic Greek ῥῆμα ὑπαρκτικόν; compare also Middle French verbe substantif (c1325).] Expressing existence; in substantive verb (formerly verb substantive): the verb ‘to be’.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > verb > [noun] > other specific types of verb

vocative verbc1414

activec1450

passivec1450

substantive verba1475

neuter1530

gesture1612

nominal1666

quiescent1720

reduplicative1756

dative verb1844

factitive1845

preterite-present1859

compound verb1863

pro-verb1868

preterito-presentia1870

preteritive present1872

action verb1877

verbid1914

inversive1931

eventive1946

hypothetical1957

non-factive1970

commonization1973

contrafactive1985

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > verb > [adjective] > substantive

substantivea1475

a1475 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 94 What maner of verbis haue strenght to cowpull lyke case? Verbys substantyves, uerbes vocatyves, and uerbys hauyng strenght. How mony uerbes substantyues ben þer? iii..‘Sum’, ‘fio’, and ‘existo’.

1546 S. Gardiner Declar. True Articles (new ed.) f. clxi Euery verbe passiue and deponente, boroweth in his preterperfittens, of the verbe substantiue, to ioyne with his participle.

1577 W. Fulke Serm. Preached on Sundaye sig. Ciiii^v There bee infynite places of Scripture, where thys verbe substantiue est, can not bee otherwyse interpreted, then for significat.

1620 T. Granger Syntagma Logicum 58 A verbe substantiue, or that which hath the force thereof gouerning two datiues.

a1651 R. Steward Three Serm. (1658) 99 You may..take the word Passively, and then (by a Hebraism) understand in the Verb Substantive of the same signification.

1709 Brit. Apollo 12–14 Jan. This Expletive is usually attendant on the Verb Substantive.

1765 Philos. Trans. 1764 (Royal Soc.) 54 422 The verb substantive, in conformity to the Hebrew and Phœnician custom, has been apparently suppressed here.

1808 L. Murray Eng. Gram. Illustr. I. ii. vi. 118 The substantive verb followed by a verb in the infinitive mood,..as, ‘Ferdinand is to command the army..’.

1826 R. Whately Elements Logic ii. 57 The substantive verb being the only verb recognised by Logic.

1871 J. Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue vi. 239 The ‘substantive verb’..is the verb which expresses least of all verbs; for it expresses nothing but to have existence.

1939 Year's Work Eng. Stud. 1937 29 The first person plural of the substantive verb given as Sanskrit smaḥ.

2006 Ériu 56 27 This alternative to using the normal subordinate subjunctive is of course available only with the substantive verb.

c. Of the nature of, equivalent to, or employed as a substantive; substantival.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > noun > [adjective] > employed as a noun

substantivec1590

c1590 J. Leech Certaine Gram. Questions iii. sig. I4 Whatsoeuer is nominatiue case to the verbe, the same may be Substantiue to the Adiectiue.

1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. iv. vi. 446 All which difficulties will be most clearly stated by asserting it [sc. the infinitive] to be a Substantive Participle.

1802 L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 8) ii. iv. 47 Some writers are of opinion that the pronouns should be classed into substantive and adjective pronouns.

1857 J. W. Gibbs Philol. Stud. 167 Substantive clauses, expressing the subject, are placed at the commencement of the sentence.

1946 Language 22 219 The relatum is most commonly a noun or other type of substantive expression.

1965 N. Chomsky Aspects Theory Syntax i. 29 Substantive universals..concern the vocabulary for the description of language.

1993 Classical World 86 469 The article marks a noun not obviously pre-defined, but immediately clarified by the explanatory substantive clause that follows.

a. Of an immaterial subject: that has an independent existence or status; not dependent upon, subsidiary to, or referable to something else; self-sustaining.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > non-relation > [adjective] > independent

substantivec1400

independing1604

self-contained1605

independent1614

self-centred1661

self-centring1695

self-existent1782

self-containing1826

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. iv. l. 355 (MED) So of hol herte comeþ hope, and hardy relacion Sekeþ and suweþ hus sustentif [v.rr. sustantijf, substantif] sauacion That ys þe grounde of al a graciouse antecedent.

a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) 79 I say not that in thingis worldely oon ne may abyde by hope relatif, but neuirthelesse so to abide by determinacion substantyve.

1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Ee4^v It seemeth to mee rather a depredation of other Sciences, aduanced and exalted vnto some height of tearmes, then any thing solide or substantiue of it selfe.

1659 T. Fuller Appeal Iniured Innocence ii. 69 This dispute is substantive enough to stand by it self, and too large to bee adjected to this booke.

1771 Let. conc. Libels, Warrants, Seisure of Papers (ed. 7) 151 It was an independent, substantive resolution, followed by nothing.

1789 Obs. Mr. Paley's Theory Origin of Civil Govt. 44 If every political question be considered as substantive, and to be decided upon by itself, and by its own merits and defects.

1805 Ann. Rev. 3 198 His Holland is still independent. His Poland has a substantive existence.

1834 J. H. Newman Parochial Serm. xxi. 314 We have no direct cognizance of what may be called the substantive existence of the body, only of its accidents.

1896 E. S. Purcell Life Cardinal Manning (new ed.) I. 425 Archdeacon Manning..proposed an Amendment, which finally took the form of a substantive Resolution.

1917 P. Coffey Epistemology II. 17 This volume..led to the development of epistemology as a distinct and substantive department of philosophy.

1953 F. Harary & R. Z. Norman Graph Theory as Math. Model in Social Sci. p. iv A whole cluster of substantive problems in psychology and sociology may be treated fruitfully by a branch of mathematics known as ‘graph theory’.

1965 W. C. Krumbein & F. A. Graybill Introd. Statist. Models Geol. i. 4 Statistics is not a substantive science, concerned with specific objects or events.

2002 A. Feenberg Transforming Technol. (rev. ed.) i. 18 Social theory merely throws the question of the good life open to debate without proposing its own substantive conception.

b. Of a person, nation, object, etc.: that stands of or by itself; independent, self-existent, self-sufficient.In quot. 1543: of independent means, wealthy.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > wealth > [adjective]

richeOE

eadyOE

richfulc1300

plenteousc1350

wealthyc1380

wealthfula1400

wlouȝa1400

wellc1405

biga1425

goldedc1450

substantious1490

able1516

opulent?1518

substantive1543

strong1581

fat1611

juicy1627

fortuned1632

affluent1652

rhinocerical1688

rough1721

rowthy1792

golden1797

strong-handed1817

well-to-do1831

wealth-encumbered1844

nabobish1857

rhinoceral1860

ingoted1864

tinny1871

pocket-filled1886

oofy1896

nawabi1955

brewstered2001

society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > [adjective] > self-sufficient

suffisanta1340

sufficient for (to) oneself1382

substantive1543

self-suffisant1589

self-sufficient1596

self-sustaining1598

self-contained1605

self-subsisting1608

self-supporting1632

self-dependent1642

self-full1642

self-subsistent1646

self-sufficing1647

self-relying1648

self-depending1669

independent1670

self-sustained1675

unbenefitable1688

self-sufficed1709

self-supported1736

self-containing1826

self-reliant1834

autarkic1883

1543 ( Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 345 (MED) Thus were there dukes fiue Of newe create, and none was substantiue; He made therle of Somerset marques Of Dorset..Of poore liuelode that was.

1611 T. Coryate Crudities sig. B2^v Hee is so Substantiue an Author as will stand by himselfe without the neede of his Booke to be ioyned with him.

a1626 F. Bacon New Atlantis 15 in Sylva Sylvarum (1627) How sufficient and substantive this Land was, to maintaine it selfe without any ayd (at all) of the Forrainer.

1650 R. Heath Epigrams i. 33 in Clarastella Mine is a substantive unpension'd Muse; Nor e'r was hir'd to write an Epigram In praise of this fool Lord, or that proud Dame.

1797 E. Burke Three Memorials on French Affairs 88 We may..affirm, that Spain is not a substantive power: That she must lean on France, or on England.

1862 G. Rawlinson Five Great Monarchies: Chaldæa I. vii. 162 As a substantive deity, distinct from her husband.

1882 T. H. Dyer Imit. Art 322 The chapel..could not have been in the church in Cimabue's boyhood, but it may have been a substantive building afterwards incorporated in it.

1948 Libr. Jrnl. 73 976/2 They do not..appear to justify a separate substantive division with an executive secretary.

1983 M. Gee Sole Survivor vii. 66 But the cab was a substantive world and had no connection with ours.

2008 Scotsman (Nexis) 6 Nov. 15 hbos is not a political plaything. This is a real and substantive company that is actively looking after the interests of all its shareholders.

c. Of a dye or pigment: that attaches itself directly to the stuff, without the necessity of using a mordant.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > colour > colouring > colouring matter > [adjective] > yielding dye > types of dye

substantive1794

alizarin1857

Congo red1885

neutral1892

Janus1898

metachrome1901

direct1902

indigoid1908

reactive1941

thioindigoid1943

1794 E. Bancroft Exper. Res. Philos. Permanent Colours 78 The colours of the first class I shall denominate substantive; using the term in the same sense in which it was employed by Bacon Lord Verulam, as denoting a thing solid by, or depending only upon itself.

1845 P. Barlow Manuf. in Encycl. Metrop. VIII. 533/1 The cloth is then immersed in a bath composed of a substantive colour.

1864 J. C. Brough & A. J. Cooley Cycl. Pract. Receipts (ed. 4) 535/1 The colouring matters which impart their tints without the intervention of other substances are called ‘substantive colours’.

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 771/1 It is not unusual to arrange them [sc. pigments] into two groups, substantive and adjective.

1964 H. Hodges Artifacts xiii. 156 The former type of dye is sometimes described as substantive.

2007 H. M.-L. Miller Archaeological Approaches to Technol. iii. 82 Both substantive and mordant dyes are water soluble, but mordant dyes will not fix to the material without the added mordants.

†d. Medicine. Of a medicinal agent: having an inherent or direct effect. Also (of a food): directly providing nutrients. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [adjective] > relating to powers or effects of drugs > having independent activity

substantive1820

1820 J. A. Paris Pharmacologia (ed. 4) 114 (note) It appears that there are two orders of medicinal elements,—the one comprehending those that possess an inherent and independent activity,—the other, those that are in themselves inert, but which are capable of imparting impulse and increased energy to the former when combined with them... I therefore propose to designate the former of these substantive, and the latter adjective constituents.

1836 R. Dunglison Gen. Therapeutics 496 The sugar, in these cases, appears to act both as a ‘substantive’ and ‘adjective’ aliment.

e. Military. Of a member of the armed forces: definitely appointed to the rank specified. Also (of an appointment or rank): definite, not contingent.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military organization > enlistment or recruitment > appointment to rank > [adjective]

commissionated1642

commissionate1647

commissioned?c1663

substantive1826

society > armed hostility > military organization > enlistment or recruitment > appointment to rank > [adjective] > of rank: definite

substantive1826

1826 R. V. Barnewall & C. Cresswell Rep. Cases King's Bench 4 300 If this be a mere appointment and not a substantive commission, then it might be contended that an officer with a mere appointment might command a commissioned officer.

1854 T. Troubridge Let. 30 Dec. (MS.) I daresay they will make my Brevet rank substantive which is the new word they have coined for a real Lt. Colonelcy.

1883 Pall Mall Gaz. 14 Sept. 5/1 He..became ‘officiating’ Quartermaster-General..because, as Lieutenant-Colonel, he could not hold the substantive appointment.

1908 Man. Seamanship (1915) I. i. 13 Men..if they are below the rating of Chief Petty Officer, wear their distinguishing badges or substantive ratings on the left arm.

1978 Navy News Oct. 4/4 Capt. P. W. Greening is to be Naval Secretary in the acting rank of rear-admiral in November, and is to be promoted to the substantive rank in January.

2010 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 24 June 35 White often served one or two ranks above his substantive rank, and wore a full captain's uniform from the age of 29.

3. That has a firm or solid basis; enduring; important, significant, weighty; of substantial extent or amount, considerable.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > duration > [adjective] > long-lasting or enduring

longeOE

longsomeeOE

long of lifeOE

lastinga1225

cleaving1340

continualc1340

dwellingc1380

long-livinga1382

everlastingc1384

long-duringa1387

long-lasting?a1400

long-liveda1400

broadc1400

permanable?c1422

perseverant?a1425

permanentc1425

perdurable?a1439

continuedc1440

abiding1448

unremoved1455

eternalc1460

long-continued1464

continuing1526

long-enduring1527

enduring1532

immortal1538

diuturn?1541

veterated1547

resiant?1567

stayinga1568

well-wearinga1568

substantive1575

pertinacious1578

extant1581

ceaseless1590

marble1596

of length1597

longeval1598

diuturnal1599

nine-lived1600

chronic1601

unexhausted1602

chronical1604

endurable1607

continuant1610

indeflourishing1610

aged1611

indurant1611

continuatea1616

perennious1628

seculara1631

undiscontinueda1631

continuated1632

untransitory1632

long-spun1633

momently1641

stative1643

outliving1645

constant1653

long-descended1660

voluminousa1661

perduring1664

perdurant1671

livelong1673

perennial1676

longeve1678

consequential1681

unquenched1703

lifelong1746

momentary1755

inveterate1780

stabile1797

persistent1826

unpassing1831

all-time1846

year-long1846

teak-built1847

lengthful1855

long-term1867

long haul1873

sticky1879

week-to-week1879

perenduring1883

long-range1885

longish1889

long-time1902

long run1904

long-life1915

the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] > considerable in amount or degree

goodeOE

fairOE

goodlyc1275

largea1375

no littlea1413

substantial1413

unleast?1440

prettya1475

reasonablea1500

substantious1545

substantive1575

sensible1581

pretty and ——1596

goody1597

greatish1611

considerable1651

sonsy1721

respectable1736

smart1750

quite a little ——1763

gey1796

smartish1799

canny1805

serious1810

right smart1825

dunnamuch1831

snug1833

tidy1839

bonnyish1855

largish1872

a nice little ——1891

significant1898

healthy1901

beaucoup1917

the world > time > change > absence of change, changelessness > stability, fixity > [adjective] > established, settled

steadfast1258

groundlyc1275

stablec1290

firmc1374

well-groundeda1393

irradicate1436

well-fixed1567

statary1581

solid1586

confirmed1594

lodged1600

well-entrenched1661

substantive1809

corroborated1822

stabilized1887

1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus i. f. 2 Thair waillit weid..[Sa] wariant to sicht and transitiue [Um]quhile agane serene and substantiue.

1644 J. Bulwer Chirologia sig. A6 For ballast to the subject, and to make the matter in Hand more sollid and substantive, I shall annex consultations with Nature.

1789 J. Morgan Ess. Law of Evid. II. 108 As a substantive objection, I am clearly of opinion that it ought not to be allowed.

1801 F. Vesey Rep. Cases in Chancery V. 368 He had given that child a substantive share, who therefore could not complain of the difference.

1809 S. Smith Serm. I. 42 As much is felt for character as for the more gross, and substantive advantages of life.

1819 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) III. 229 A poem of substantive length (above 600 lines) divided into several sections.

1847 W. E. Gladstone Diary 16 Dec. in J. Morley Life Gladstone (1903) I. iii. v. 375 The only substantive doubt it raises is about remaining in parliament.

1880 Sat. Rev. 3 Apr. 438 The work is far advanced at Newcastle, and a substantive beginning has been made at Wakefield.

1890 W. James Princ. Psychol. I. 243 Let us call the resting-places the ‘substantive parts’, and the places of flight the ‘transitive parts’, of the stream of thought.

1927 L. E. Mitchell Understanding Amer. 183 You, perhaps, are the happy possessor of the enthusiasm, the substantive belief.

1955 Bull. Atomic Scientists Apr. 114/2 The substantive issue of what constitutes forbidden political activity has rarely been faced.

1965 Economist 25 Dec. 1404/3 It seems that substantive issues are still beyond the diplomats' grasp.

1990 Newsweek 16 July 30/4 [They] were negotiating intensely to work out a substantive statement aimed at reopening talks.

2003 Elle June 131/2 However, no substantive research exists to show that..any other chemical screen poses a threat to humans.

a. Law. Relating to essential legal rights and duties (as opposed to the forms of procedure); = substantial adj. 9b. Cf. substantive law n. at Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal concepts > [adjective]

substantive1729

substantial1768

statistic1871

1729 M. Wright Introd. Law Tenures iii. 184 A Misapprehension of this Rule, considering it as a Substantive Rule of Discent; whereas it is..of Evidence.

1770 G. Wilson Rep. Cases King's Courts 2 223 This is substantive matter, and sufficient to shew the plaintiff's right to this action.

1837 Penal Code prepared by Indian Law Commissioners (Indian Law Comm.) Introd. 1 The Penal Code cannot be clear and explicit while the substantive civil law and the law of procedure are dark and confused.

1859 Sc. Jurist 31 594/2 As a substantive legal proposition, it could not have been stated as matter of law in the unqualified terms in which it is expressed.

1927 W. S. Holdsworth Hist. Introd. to Land Law iv. 309 Little change was needed in the substantive rules of the land law.

1984 P. F. Smith & S. H. Bailey Mod. Eng. Legal Syst. i. 6 English law is expounded to law students as a system of substantive rules, derived from the common law and statute, which confer rights [etc.].

2005 T. Hayward Constitutional Environmental Rights ii. 84 Some legal theorists see the best way forward for environmental rights as lying in the provision of procedural rights rather than of a substantive right to an adequate environment.

†b. That belongs to the essence or intrinsic nature of a thing; essential. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [adjective] > essential or constituting the essence

formalc1386

substantial1422

essential1546

radical1562

constitutive1610

essentifical1656

constituent1659

vital1659

qualifying1704

constitutional1750

staminal1798

substantive1858

1858 N. Hawthorne Jrnl. 4 July in French & Ital. Notebks. (1980) v. 361 Growing out of the back of the monster, without possessing any original and substantive share in its nature.

1858 J. Martineau Stud. Christianity 277 Delivering to the world, as a substantive part of their message, a most solemn expectation which was not to be fulfilled.

1877 S. J. Owen in Marquess Wellesley Select. Despatches Introd. p. xxi The British Empire in India was already a great fact, and a substantive portion of the Empire at large.

5. That exists as a substance or individual thing; having an actual or real existence; not imaginary or illusory; real.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > substantiality or concreteness > [adjective]

substantiala1425

subsistent1597

subsisting1597

substant1618

subsistential1620

substanding1662

substantive1787

substantival1884

1787 World 13 Mar. A negative, not a substantive power was thought to be given to the Commissioners.

1830 T. Arnold Let. in A. P. Stanley Life & Corr. T. Arnold (1844) I. vi. 285 That our addresses should be those of substantive and tangible persons, not of anonymous shadows.

1867 Sat. Rev. 8 June 735 The mythical Prester John, who really appears to have had a substantive original among the Mongols.

1954 O. Sitwell Four Continents iv. 89 This faint music, whether substantive or imagined, combined with the scientific instruments.

2007 C. Semones And All Layered Light 141 I felt you happening before you happened. Something like anticipation of anticipation, and not imaginary, but substantive.

6. Medicine and Biology. Originally (of a disease): that is a disease in its own right (rather than a symptom of another); that is not caused by another disease or condition. In later use also: affecting or inherent in the substance of the body, an organ, etc.; constitutional. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > types > [adjective] > primary disease

idiopathetic1634

idiopathical1664

idiopathic1669

protopathic1714

substantive1815

1815 E. Grainger Med. & Surg. Remarks 212 He has completely proved that this [sc. Mercurial Disease] is a distinct, substantive disease; that it is no symptom of another complaint.

1833 Medico-chirurg. Rev., & Jrnl. Pract. Med. 19 294 It appears very evident that bleeding can, under no circumstances, be considered a substantive disease.

1875 tr. H. W. von Ziemssen et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. V. 346 Vesicular emphysema..either occurs as an idiopathic disease, i.e. as substantive or substantial emphysema, or it is developed in connection with other affections of the pulmonary parenchyma.

1894 W. Bateson Materials Study Variation Introd. 23 Variations in the actual constitution or substance of the parts themselves. To these Variations the name Substantive will be given.

1904 Lancet 20 Aug. 534/1 The reflected pain called for treatment by attention to the evidences of the existence of substantive disease such as erosions of the cervix, uterine conditions, diseases affecting the ovaries,..and the like.

1906 Science 30 Nov. 698/2 No biometric expression can, of course, be given for this substantive variation.

1944 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 6 May 642/1 Dr. Brian Taylor evidently considers asthma a substantive disease.

B. n.

a. = noun substantive n. 1; the part of speech which is used as the name of a person or thing; a noun. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > noun > [noun]

nameOE

nouna1398

substantivea1398

noun substantivec1450

descriptum1918

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. i. xiii. 49 Of nounes adiectiue..somme beþ iclepid numeralia, as vnus, duo, tres. And alle þese in þe neutir gendir beþ as it were substantiues [L. substantiva] and tokeneþ þe essenciam.

c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. iv. l. 338 [As] adiectif and substantyf vnite asken, Acordaunce in kynde, in cas and in numbre.

c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 178 (MED) How many acordys hast thou in grammer? Foure..the secunde bytwene the adiectyf and the substantyf.

1520 R. Whittington Uulgaria sig. B.v Whan ij. substantyues or moo come togyder.

1575 G. Gascoigne Certayne Notes Instr. in Posies sig. T.iiii^v The Latinists do commonly set the adiectiue after the Substantiue: As for example Femina pulchra.

1595 tr. G. Borgetto Divels Legend sig. A3 The father and the Sonne, without the Holy ghost, (for he like the vocatiue case, is wanting in all their substantiues).

a1634 W. Austin Devotionis Augustinianæ Flamma (1635) 74 If you will but give leave to turne a Participle into a Substantive.

1658 H. Grimston tr. G. Croke Reports II. 345 Action for these words, Thou art a Bankrupt knave... It was held by the Court that the words were scandalous, and Actionable, being two Substantives.

1706 J. Stevens New Spanish Dict. Pref. The Spanish Diminutives are much more numerous than the Substantives.

1761 Crit. Rev. Mar. 234 Milton and Fontaine did not write in the bask of court-favour, (by the bye, bask is no substantive).

1843 Proc. Philol. Soc. (1844) 1 142 Berber substantives have a distinction of gender into masculine and feminine.

1879 Casssell's Techn. Educ. IV. 95/2 Reducing the name of each plant to two words, the first substantive designating the genus.

a1892 H. E. Manning in E. S. Purcell Life Cardinal Manning (1896) I. 583 Mr. Gladstone is a substantive, and likes to be attended by adjectives.

1944 R. A. Hall Hungarian Gram. (Language Monograph No. 21) 22 There are three fundamental types of suffixes which are added to substantives.

2001 J. Bennett Learning from Six Philosophers I. xvii. 312 In an ideal language the only substantives would name substances—terms like ‘squareness’ and ‘wisdom’ would not occur.

†b. substantives and adjectives: a game of wit in which each player is asked to justify the collocation of an adjective and a noun chosen at random. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > parlour and party games > [noun] > other party or parlour games

drawing of glovesc1540

drawing gloves1599

substantives and adjectives1601

draw gloves1648

grinning-match1711

Move All1782

consequences1811

stagecoach1831

letters1845

Russian scandal1861

buzz1864

snap1865

slappy1868

apple-ducking1886

up Jenkins1889

piladex1895

telephone1910

hot potato1915

sardines1924

murder in the dark1930

pass the parcel1953

seven minutes in (also of) heaven1953

Chinese whispers1964

1601 B. Jonson Fountaine of Selfe-love iv. iii. sig. H Phi. For gods sake lets haue some Riddles or Purposes... What calde you that we had in the forenoone? Pha. Substantiues, and Adiectiues. Ist not Hedon?

1658 E. Phillips Generosi Ludentes 4 in Myst. Love & Eloquence A Description of the witty sport of Substantives and Adjectives.

1672 A. Marvell Rehearsal Transpros'd i. 70 You would think he were playing at Substantives and Adjectives.

†2. A self-subsisting or independent person or thing. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > [noun] > self-sufficiency > one who is self-sufficient

substantive1589

self-supporter1614

self-helper1661

self-sufficient1665

1589 W. Warner Albions Eng. (new ed.) v. xxiii. 104 They that bid me do, and do themselues the good they bid, Do leade me to the Substantiue, and leaue me not in quid.

1612 J. Taylor Laugh & be Fat 26 Now here's a Substantiue stands by himselfe.

1642 T. Fuller Holy State iii. vii. 168 Countrey-houses must be Substantives, able to stand of themselves.

1643 R. Baker Chron. Kings of Eng. i. 97 Now King John being a Substantive of himselfe.

Compounds

substantive law n. the branch of law that prescribes the rights, duties, and obligations of persons to one another, rather than the procedures by which these laws are enforced. Cf. procedure n. 1b.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > branch of the law > [adjective] > specific

setc1200

positivec1385

naturalc1390

directive1610

distributive1651

directory1692

substantive lawa1832

naturel1856

natural law1934

a1832 J. Bentham Princ. Internat. Law in Wks. (1843) II. 539 The laws of peace would..be the substantive laws of the international code: the laws of war would be the adjective laws of the same code.

1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vi. 89 The substantive law remained; but it remained unaccompanied by any formidable sanction or by any efficient system of procedure.

1956 Amer. Jrnl. Compar. Law 5 9 The fiction that an estate tail cannot be barred completely without the consent of the protector of the settlement became a substantive law rule.

2009 Univ. Chicago Law Rev. 76 373 A scholar interested in litigation-risk management, rather than substantive law.

substantive rationality n. Philosophy, Sociology, and Economics rationality which expresses or is guided by an absolute or intrinsic value held by the agent, as opposed to that concerned with the practical calculation of how to maximize the benefit or advantage gained from any particular outcome or result (called formal rationality).

ΚΠ

1946 H. H. Gerth & C. W. Mills tr. M. Weber Ess. Sociol. xiii. 331 In China, formal rationality and substantive rationality were in conflict [Ger. formale und materiale Rationalität standen hier im Konflikt miteinander].

1968 tr. M. Weber Econ. & Society 85 The ‘substantive rationality’..is the degree to which the provisioning of given groups of persons..with goods is shaped by economically oriented social action.

2009 J. Scott & G. Marshall Dict. Sociol. at Socialism Substantive rationality..involves acting in relation to some ultimate values, be they status, egalitarian, social justice, or indeed any infinite variety of value-scales by which to judge the outcome of actions.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	substantive
释义	substantiveadj.n. Brit. /ˈsʌbst(ə)ntɪv/, /səbˈstantɪv/, U.S. /ˈsəbstən(t)ɪv/ Forms: Middle English substantyf, Middle English substantyfe, Middle English substantyue, Middle English sustantif, Middle English sustantijf, Middle English sustantiue, Middle English sustentif, Middle English sustentyuus, Middle English 1600s substantif, Middle English–1500s substantyve, Middle English–1600s substantiue, 1500s substantife, 1600s sustantive, 1600s– substantive. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French substantif; Latin substantivus. Etymology: < (i) Middle French substantif, substentif, sustantif (French substantif ) (adjective) expressing the idea of substance or existence (end of the 13th cent. in Old French; early 14th cent. in nom substantif ), that forms a base, that supports (14th cent.), that relates to a noun (15th cent.), (of a dye) that fixes itself to the material coloured without the aid of a mordant (1796), (noun) a noun (c1325), summary (1478), and its etymon (ii) post-classical Latin substantivus having a real existence, that exists by itself (early 3rd cent. in Tertullian), expressing existence (5th or 6th cent. in Priscian), essential (12th cent. in a British source), denoting a substance (13th cent. in British sources) < classical Latin substantia substance n. + -īvus -ive suffix. Compare Occitan substantiu , Catalan substantiu (14th cent.), Spanish sustantivo (c1440), Portuguese substantivo (1540), Italian sostantivo (a1375 as sustantivo ). Compare noun substantive n. With use as noun compare post-classical Latin substantivum (neuter) noun (13th cent. in a British source; 15th cent. in a continental source); compare also German Substantiv noun (18th cent.; 1st half of the 16th cent. as †Substantivum). Semantic development. The use of post-classical Latin substantivus in grammatical contexts developed in the course of the Middle Ages. For Priscian (5th-6th cent.) a substantive noun (nomen substantivum ) is a type of pronoun, e.g. quī ‘who’, a substantive verb (verbum substantivum ) expresses existence, e.g. the verb ‘to be’ (Latin esse ), and a substantive participle (participium substantivum ) is the participle of the verb ‘to be’. For Bartholomaeus Anglicus (c1230–50; compare quotations a1398 at sense A. 1a, a1398 at sense B. 1a) a substantive (substantivum ) is a noun, i.e. a word denoting substance. Form history. In form sustentif probably by association with sustentive adj., although compare Middle French substentif (see above). Compare also sustentyuus, with the ending -us after the Latin nominative singular substantivus. A. adj. 1. Grammar. a. Of a word: denoting a substance; designating a person, place, or thing. Chiefly in noun substantive n. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > noun > [adjective] substantivea1398 substantivatec1400 nominalc1450 substantival1796 nounal1871 nouny1926 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. i. vii. 47 A noun essencial is substantif [L. substantivum] oþir adiectiue. If [MS Of] substantiue, he is abstractum oþir concretum oþir mene. c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 1 How knos þu a nowne substantiue? Hyt ys declynet w^t on articull or ij at þe most in on case. 1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1845) v. 24 A nowne substantyve Might stand wythout helpe of an adjectyve. 1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. i. 33 b This only name Iehouah whiche they call vnspeakable is a substantiue name [L. substantivum] to expresse hys essence. 1627 R. Sanderson Ten Serm. 98 By manifestation of the Spirit here our Apostle vnderstandeth none other thing, than hee doth by the adiectiue word πνεύματικὰ in the first, and by the substantiue word χαρίτματα in the last verse of the Chapter. 1651 C. Hoole Latine Gram. ii. 20 A Noun nameth a thing, and is Substantive Or Adjective. Proper Or Common. 1658 A. Burgess Doctr. Orig. Sin ii. vii. 108 The Scripture doth not in vain use such substantive names about our natural defilement. 1741 Gallant Exploits of Balancing Captain 6 So I by myself can Noun Substantive stand, Impose on my Owners, and save my dear Land. 1797 M. Dawes Exam. Particulars Last Elections Southwark 14 The pronoun Such is relative, and applies to the substantive word Election. 1853 H. Clarke Gram. Eng. Tongue 56 A Noun is the name of anything which is or of which we can think, and is either Substantive, or standing by itself..or Adjective. 1869 A. Findlater in J. Mill Anal. Human Mind (new ed.) I. iv. 135 Each [object] would..thus cease to be an attributive, and become a name substantive. 1900 Speaker 23 June 374/1 Sir is a noun substantive, masculine. 1955 M. Lazerowitz Struct. of Metaphysics ix. 183 He has committed the gross blunder of thinking that because 'nothing' is a substantive word it is the name of an object. 2006 R. J. Schwartzman Neurologic Exam. xi. 220 The phrases are short, have abnormal prosody, inflection and timbre. Substantive words are used without syntactic language. b. [After post-classical Latin verbum substantivum (5th or 6th cent. in Priscian), itself after Hellenistic Greek ῥῆμα ὑπαρκτικόν; compare also Middle French verbe substantif (c1325).] Expressing existence; in substantive verb (formerly verb substantive): the verb ‘to be’. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > verb > [noun] > other specific types of verb vocative verbc1414 activec1450 passivec1450 substantive verba1475 neuter1530 gesture1612 nominal1666 quiescent1720 reduplicative1756 dative verb1844 factitive1845 preterite-present1859 compound verb1863 pro-verb1868 preterito-presentia1870 preteritive present1872 action verb1877 verbid1914 inversive1931 eventive1946 hypothetical1957 non-factive1970 commonization1973 contrafactive1985 the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > verb > [adjective] > substantive substantivea1475 a1475 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 94 What maner of verbis haue strenght to cowpull lyke case? Verbys substantyves, uerbes vocatyves, and uerbys hauyng strenght. How mony uerbes substantyues ben þer? iii..‘Sum’, ‘fio’, and ‘existo’. 1546 S. Gardiner Declar. True Articles (new ed.) f. clxi Euery verbe passiue and deponente, boroweth in his preterperfittens, of the verbe substantiue, to ioyne with his participle. 1577 W. Fulke Serm. Preached on Sundaye sig. Ciiii^v There bee infynite places of Scripture, where thys verbe substantiue est, can not bee otherwyse interpreted, then for significat. 1620 T. Granger Syntagma Logicum 58 A verbe substantiue, or that which hath the force thereof gouerning two datiues. a1651 R. Steward Three Serm. (1658) 99 You may..take the word Passively, and then (by a Hebraism) understand in the Verb Substantive of the same signification. 1709 Brit. Apollo 12–14 Jan. This Expletive is usually attendant on the Verb Substantive. 1765 Philos. Trans. 1764 (Royal Soc.) 54 422 The verb substantive, in conformity to the Hebrew and Phœnician custom, has been apparently suppressed here. 1808 L. Murray Eng. Gram. Illustr. I. ii. vi. 118 The substantive verb followed by a verb in the infinitive mood,..as, ‘Ferdinand is to command the army..’. 1826 R. Whately Elements Logic ii. 57 The substantive verb being the only verb recognised by Logic. 1871 J. Earle Philol. Eng. Tongue vi. 239 The ‘substantive verb’..is the verb which expresses least of all verbs; for it expresses nothing but to have existence. 1939 Year's Work Eng. Stud. 1937 29 The first person plural of the substantive verb given as Sanskrit smaḥ. 2006 Ériu 56 27 This alternative to using the normal subordinate subjunctive is of course available only with the substantive verb. c. Of the nature of, equivalent to, or employed as a substantive; substantival. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > noun > [adjective] > employed as a noun substantivec1590 c1590 J. Leech Certaine Gram. Questions iii. sig. I4 Whatsoeuer is nominatiue case to the verbe, the same may be Substantiue to the Adiectiue. 1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. iv. vi. 446 All which difficulties will be most clearly stated by asserting it [sc. the infinitive] to be a Substantive Participle. 1802 L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 8) ii. iv. 47 Some writers are of opinion that the pronouns should be classed into substantive and adjective pronouns. 1857 J. W. Gibbs Philol. Stud. 167 Substantive clauses, expressing the subject, are placed at the commencement of the sentence. 1946 Language 22 219 The relatum is most commonly a noun or other type of substantive expression. 1965 N. Chomsky Aspects Theory Syntax i. 29 Substantive universals..concern the vocabulary for the description of language. 1993 Classical World 86 469 The article marks a noun not obviously pre-defined, but immediately clarified by the explanatory substantive clause that follows. 2. a. Of an immaterial subject: that has an independent existence or status; not dependent upon, subsidiary to, or referable to something else; self-sustaining. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > non-relation > [adjective] > independent substantivec1400 independing1604 self-contained1605 independent1614 self-centred1661 self-centring1695 self-existent1782 self-containing1826 c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. iv. l. 355 (MED) So of hol herte comeþ hope, and hardy relacion Sekeþ and suweþ hus sustentif [v.rr. sustantijf, substantif] sauacion That ys þe grounde of al a graciouse antecedent. a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) 79 I say not that in thingis worldely oon ne may abyde by hope relatif, but neuirthelesse so to abide by determinacion substantyve. 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Ee4^v It seemeth to mee rather a depredation of other Sciences, aduanced and exalted vnto some height of tearmes, then any thing solide or substantiue of it selfe. View more context for this quotation 1659 T. Fuller Appeal Iniured Innocence ii. 69 This dispute is substantive enough to stand by it self, and too large to bee adjected to this booke. 1771 Let. conc. Libels, Warrants, Seisure of Papers (ed. 7) 151 It was an independent, substantive resolution, followed by nothing. 1789 Obs. Mr. Paley's Theory Origin of Civil Govt. 44 If every political question be considered as substantive, and to be decided upon by itself, and by its own merits and defects. 1805 Ann. Rev. 3 198 His Holland is still independent. His Poland has a substantive existence. 1834 J. H. Newman Parochial Serm. xxi. 314 We have no direct cognizance of what may be called the substantive existence of the body, only of its accidents. 1896 E. S. Purcell Life Cardinal Manning (new ed.) I. 425 Archdeacon Manning..proposed an Amendment, which finally took the form of a substantive Resolution. 1917 P. Coffey Epistemology II. 17 This volume..led to the development of epistemology as a distinct and substantive department of philosophy. 1953 F. Harary & R. Z. Norman Graph Theory as Math. Model in Social Sci. p. iv A whole cluster of substantive problems in psychology and sociology may be treated fruitfully by a branch of mathematics known as ‘graph theory’. 1965 W. C. Krumbein & F. A. Graybill Introd. Statist. Models Geol. i. 4 Statistics is not a substantive science, concerned with specific objects or events. 2002 A. Feenberg Transforming Technol. (rev. ed.) i. 18 Social theory merely throws the question of the good life open to debate without proposing its own substantive conception. b. Of a person, nation, object, etc.: that stands of or by itself; independent, self-existent, self-sufficient.In quot. 1543: of independent means, wealthy. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > wealth > [adjective] richeOE eadyOE richfulc1300 plenteousc1350 wealthyc1380 wealthfula1400 wlouȝa1400 wellc1405 biga1425 goldedc1450 substantious1490 able1516 opulent?1518 substantive1543 strong1581 fat1611 juicy1627 fortuned1632 affluent1652 rhinocerical1688 rough1721 rowthy1792 golden1797 strong-handed1817 well-to-do1831 wealth-encumbered1844 nabobish1857 rhinoceral1860 ingoted1864 tinny1871 pocket-filled1886 oofy1896 nawabi1955 brewstered2001 society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > [adjective] > self-sufficient suffisanta1340 sufficient for (to) oneself1382 substantive1543 self-suffisant1589 self-sufficient1596 self-sustaining1598 self-contained1605 self-subsisting1608 self-supporting1632 self-dependent1642 self-full1642 self-subsistent1646 self-sufficing1647 self-relying1648 self-depending1669 independent1670 self-sustained1675 unbenefitable1688 self-sufficed1709 self-supported1736 self-containing1826 self-reliant1834 autarkic1883 1543 ( Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 345 (MED) Thus were there dukes fiue Of newe create, and none was substantiue; He made therle of Somerset marques Of Dorset..Of poore liuelode that was. 1611 T. Coryate Crudities sig. B2^v Hee is so Substantiue an Author as will stand by himselfe without the neede of his Booke to be ioyned with him. a1626 F. Bacon New Atlantis 15 in Sylva Sylvarum (1627) How sufficient and substantive this Land was, to maintaine it selfe without any ayd (at all) of the Forrainer. 1650 R. Heath Epigrams i. 33 in Clarastella Mine is a substantive unpension'd Muse; Nor e'r was hir'd to write an Epigram In praise of this fool Lord, or that proud Dame. 1797 E. Burke Three Memorials on French Affairs 88 We may..affirm, that Spain is not a substantive power: That she must lean on France, or on England. 1862 G. Rawlinson Five Great Monarchies: Chaldæa I. vii. 162 As a substantive deity, distinct from her husband. 1882 T. H. Dyer Imit. Art 322 The chapel..could not have been in the church in Cimabue's boyhood, but it may have been a substantive building afterwards incorporated in it. 1948 Libr. Jrnl. 73 976/2 They do not..appear to justify a separate substantive division with an executive secretary. 1983 M. Gee Sole Survivor vii. 66 But the cab was a substantive world and had no connection with ours. 2008 Scotsman (Nexis) 6 Nov. 15 hbos is not a political plaything. This is a real and substantive company that is actively looking after the interests of all its shareholders. c. Of a dye or pigment: that attaches itself directly to the stuff, without the necessity of using a mordant. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > colour > colouring > colouring matter > [adjective] > yielding dye > types of dye substantive1794 alizarin1857 Congo red1885 neutral1892 Janus1898 metachrome1901 direct1902 indigoid1908 reactive1941 thioindigoid1943 1794 E. Bancroft Exper. Res. Philos. Permanent Colours 78 The colours of the first class I shall denominate substantive; using the term in the same sense in which it was employed by Bacon Lord Verulam, as denoting a thing solid by, or depending only upon itself. 1845 P. Barlow Manuf. in Encycl. Metrop. VIII. 533/1 The cloth is then immersed in a bath composed of a substantive colour. 1864 J. C. Brough & A. J. Cooley Cycl. Pract. Receipts (ed. 4) 535/1 The colouring matters which impart their tints without the intervention of other substances are called ‘substantive colours’. 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 771/1 It is not unusual to arrange them [sc. pigments] into two groups, substantive and adjective. 1964 H. Hodges Artifacts xiii. 156 The former type of dye is sometimes described as substantive. 2007 H. M.-L. Miller Archaeological Approaches to Technol. iii. 82 Both substantive and mordant dyes are water soluble, but mordant dyes will not fix to the material without the added mordants. †d. Medicine. Of a medicinal agent: having an inherent or direct effect. Also (of a food): directly providing nutrients. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > [adjective] > relating to powers or effects of drugs > having independent activity substantive1820 1820 J. A. Paris Pharmacologia (ed. 4) 114 (note) It appears that there are two orders of medicinal elements,—the one comprehending those that possess an inherent and independent activity,—the other, those that are in themselves inert, but which are capable of imparting impulse and increased energy to the former when combined with them... I therefore propose to designate the former of these substantive, and the latter adjective constituents. 1836 R. Dunglison Gen. Therapeutics 496 The sugar, in these cases, appears to act both as a ‘substantive’ and ‘adjective’ aliment. e. Military. Of a member of the armed forces: definitely appointed to the rank specified. Also (of an appointment or rank): definite, not contingent. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military organization > enlistment or recruitment > appointment to rank > [adjective] commissionated1642 commissionate1647 commissioned?c1663 substantive1826 society > armed hostility > military organization > enlistment or recruitment > appointment to rank > [adjective] > of rank: definite substantive1826 1826 R. V. Barnewall & C. Cresswell Rep. Cases King's Bench 4 300 If this be a mere appointment and not a substantive commission, then it might be contended that an officer with a mere appointment might command a commissioned officer. 1854 T. Troubridge Let. 30 Dec. (MS.) I daresay they will make my Brevet rank substantive which is the new word they have coined for a real Lt. Colonelcy. 1883 Pall Mall Gaz. 14 Sept. 5/1 He..became ‘officiating’ Quartermaster-General..because, as Lieutenant-Colonel, he could not hold the substantive appointment. 1908 Man. Seamanship (1915) I. i. 13 Men..if they are below the rating of Chief Petty Officer, wear their distinguishing badges or substantive ratings on the left arm. 1978 Navy News Oct. 4/4 Capt. P. W. Greening is to be Naval Secretary in the acting rank of rear-admiral in November, and is to be promoted to the substantive rank in January. 2010 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 24 June 35 White often served one or two ranks above his substantive rank, and wore a full captain's uniform from the age of 29. 3. That has a firm or solid basis; enduring; important, significant, weighty; of substantial extent or amount, considerable. ΘΚΠ the world > time > duration > [adjective] > long-lasting or enduring longeOE longsomeeOE long of lifeOE lastinga1225 cleaving1340 continualc1340 dwellingc1380 long-livinga1382 everlastingc1384 long-duringa1387 long-lasting?a1400 long-liveda1400 broadc1400 permanable?c1422 perseverant?a1425 permanentc1425 perdurable?a1439 continuedc1440 abiding1448 unremoved1455 eternalc1460 long-continued1464 continuing1526 long-enduring1527 enduring1532 immortal1538 diuturn?1541 veterated1547 resiant?1567 stayinga1568 well-wearinga1568 substantive1575 pertinacious1578 extant1581 ceaseless1590 marble1596 of length1597 longeval1598 diuturnal1599 nine-lived1600 chronic1601 unexhausted1602 chronical1604 endurable1607 continuant1610 indeflourishing1610 aged1611 indurant1611 continuatea1616 perennious1628 seculara1631 undiscontinueda1631 continuated1632 untransitory1632 long-spun1633 momently1641 stative1643 outliving1645 constant1653 long-descended1660 voluminousa1661 perduring1664 perdurant1671 livelong1673 perennial1676 longeve1678 consequential1681 unquenched1703 lifelong1746 momentary1755 inveterate1780 stabile1797 persistent1826 unpassing1831 all-time1846 year-long1846 teak-built1847 lengthful1855 long-term1867 long haul1873 sticky1879 week-to-week1879 perenduring1883 long-range1885 longish1889 long-time1902 long run1904 long-life1915 the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] > considerable in amount or degree goodeOE fairOE goodlyc1275 largea1375 no littlea1413 substantial1413 unleast?1440 prettya1475 reasonablea1500 substantious1545 substantive1575 sensible1581 pretty and ——1596 goody1597 greatish1611 considerable1651 sonsy1721 respectable1736 smart1750 quite a little ——1763 gey1796 smartish1799 canny1805 serious1810 right smart1825 dunnamuch1831 snug1833 tidy1839 bonnyish1855 largish1872 a nice little ——1891 significant1898 healthy1901 beaucoup1917 the world > time > change > absence of change, changelessness > stability, fixity > [adjective] > established, settled steadfast1258 groundlyc1275 stablec1290 firmc1374 well-groundeda1393 irradicate1436 well-fixed1567 statary1581 solid1586 confirmed1594 lodged1600 well-entrenched1661 substantive1809 corroborated1822 stabilized1887 1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus i. f. 2 Thair waillit weid..[Sa] wariant to sicht and transitiue [Um]quhile agane serene and substantiue. 1644 J. Bulwer Chirologia sig. A6 For ballast to the subject, and to make the matter in Hand more sollid and substantive, I shall annex consultations with Nature. 1789 J. Morgan Ess. Law of Evid. II. 108 As a substantive objection, I am clearly of opinion that it ought not to be allowed. 1801 F. Vesey Rep. Cases in Chancery V. 368 He had given that child a substantive share, who therefore could not complain of the difference. 1809 S. Smith Serm. I. 42 As much is felt for character as for the more gross, and substantive advantages of life. 1819 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) III. 229 A poem of substantive length (above 600 lines) divided into several sections. 1847 W. E. Gladstone Diary 16 Dec. in J. Morley Life Gladstone (1903) I. iii. v. 375 The only substantive doubt it raises is about remaining in parliament. 1880 Sat. Rev. 3 Apr. 438 The work is far advanced at Newcastle, and a substantive beginning has been made at Wakefield. 1890 W. James Princ. Psychol. I. 243 Let us call the resting-places the ‘substantive parts’, and the places of flight the ‘transitive parts’, of the stream of thought. 1927 L. E. Mitchell Understanding Amer. 183 You, perhaps, are the happy possessor of the enthusiasm, the substantive belief. 1955 Bull. Atomic Scientists Apr. 114/2 The substantive issue of what constitutes forbidden political activity has rarely been faced. 1965 Economist 25 Dec. 1404/3 It seems that substantive issues are still beyond the diplomats' grasp. 1990 Newsweek 16 July 30/4 [They] were negotiating intensely to work out a substantive statement aimed at reopening talks. 2003 Elle June 131/2 However, no substantive research exists to show that..any other chemical screen poses a threat to humans. 4. a. Law. Relating to essential legal rights and duties (as opposed to the forms of procedure); = substantial adj. 9b. Cf. substantive law n. at Compounds. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal concepts > [adjective] substantive1729 substantial1768 statistic1871 1729 M. Wright Introd. Law Tenures iii. 184 A Misapprehension of this Rule, considering it as a Substantive Rule of Discent; whereas it is..of Evidence. 1770 G. Wilson Rep. Cases King's Courts 2 223 This is substantive matter, and sufficient to shew the plaintiff's right to this action. 1837 Penal Code prepared by Indian Law Commissioners (Indian Law Comm.) Introd. 1 The Penal Code cannot be clear and explicit while the substantive civil law and the law of procedure are dark and confused. 1859 Sc. Jurist 31 594/2 As a substantive legal proposition, it could not have been stated as matter of law in the unqualified terms in which it is expressed. 1927 W. S. Holdsworth Hist. Introd. to Land Law iv. 309 Little change was needed in the substantive rules of the land law. 1984 P. F. Smith & S. H. Bailey Mod. Eng. Legal Syst. i. 6 English law is expounded to law students as a system of substantive rules, derived from the common law and statute, which confer rights [etc.]. 2005 T. Hayward Constitutional Environmental Rights ii. 84 Some legal theorists see the best way forward for environmental rights as lying in the provision of procedural rights rather than of a substantive right to an adequate environment. †b. That belongs to the essence or intrinsic nature of a thing; essential. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > essence or intrinsic nature > [adjective] > essential or constituting the essence formalc1386 substantial1422 essential1546 radical1562 constitutive1610 essentifical1656 constituent1659 vital1659 qualifying1704 constitutional1750 staminal1798 substantive1858 1858 N. Hawthorne Jrnl. 4 July in French & Ital. Notebks. (1980) v. 361 Growing out of the back of the monster, without possessing any original and substantive share in its nature. 1858 J. Martineau Stud. Christianity 277 Delivering to the world, as a substantive part of their message, a most solemn expectation which was not to be fulfilled. 1877 S. J. Owen in Marquess Wellesley Select. Despatches Introd. p. xxi The British Empire in India was already a great fact, and a substantive portion of the Empire at large. 5. That exists as a substance or individual thing; having an actual or real existence; not imaginary or illusory; real. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > substantiality or concreteness > [adjective] substantiala1425 subsistent1597 subsisting1597 substant1618 subsistential1620 substanding1662 substantive1787 substantival1884 1787 World 13 Mar. A negative, not a substantive power was thought to be given to the Commissioners. 1830 T. Arnold Let. in A. P. Stanley Life & Corr. T. Arnold (1844) I. vi. 285 That our addresses should be those of substantive and tangible persons, not of anonymous shadows. 1867 Sat. Rev. 8 June 735 The mythical Prester John, who really appears to have had a substantive original among the Mongols. 1954 O. Sitwell Four Continents iv. 89 This faint music, whether substantive or imagined, combined with the scientific instruments. 2007 C. Semones And All Layered Light 141 I felt you happening before you happened. Something like anticipation of anticipation, and not imaginary, but substantive. 6. Medicine and Biology. Originally (of a disease): that is a disease in its own right (rather than a symptom of another); that is not caused by another disease or condition. In later use also: affecting or inherent in the substance of the body, an organ, etc.; constitutional. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > types > [adjective] > primary disease idiopathetic1634 idiopathical1664 idiopathic1669 protopathic1714 substantive1815 1815 E. Grainger Med. & Surg. Remarks 212 He has completely proved that this [sc. Mercurial Disease] is a distinct, substantive disease; that it is no symptom of another complaint. 1833 Medico-chirurg. Rev., & Jrnl. Pract. Med. 19 294 It appears very evident that bleeding can, under no circumstances, be considered a substantive disease. 1875 tr. H. W. von Ziemssen et al. Cycl. Pract. Med. V. 346 Vesicular emphysema..either occurs as an idiopathic disease, i.e. as substantive or substantial emphysema, or it is developed in connection with other affections of the pulmonary parenchyma. 1894 W. Bateson Materials Study Variation Introd. 23 Variations in the actual constitution or substance of the parts themselves. To these Variations the name Substantive will be given. 1904 Lancet 20 Aug. 534/1 The reflected pain called for treatment by attention to the evidences of the existence of substantive disease such as erosions of the cervix, uterine conditions, diseases affecting the ovaries,..and the like. 1906 Science 30 Nov. 698/2 No biometric expression can, of course, be given for this substantive variation. 1944 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 6 May 642/1 Dr. Brian Taylor evidently considers asthma a substantive disease. B. n. 1. a. = noun substantive n. 1; the part of speech which is used as the name of a person or thing; a noun. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > noun > [noun] nameOE nouna1398 substantivea1398 noun substantivec1450 descriptum1918 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add. 27944) (1975) I. i. xiii. 49 Of nounes adiectiue..somme beþ iclepid numeralia, as vnus, duo, tres. And alle þese in þe neutir gendir beþ as it were substantiues [L. substantiva] and tokeneþ þe essenciam. c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. iv. l. 338 [As] adiectif and substantyf vnite asken, Acordaunce in kynde, in cas and in numbre. c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 178 (MED) How many acordys hast thou in grammer? Foure..the secunde bytwene the adiectyf and the substantyf. 1520 R. Whittington Uulgaria sig. B.v Whan ij. substantyues or moo come togyder. 1575 G. Gascoigne Certayne Notes Instr. in Posies sig. T.iiii^v The Latinists do commonly set the adiectiue after the Substantiue: As for example Femina pulchra. 1595 tr. G. Borgetto Divels Legend sig. A3 The father and the Sonne, without the Holy ghost, (for he like the vocatiue case, is wanting in all their substantiues). a1634 W. Austin Devotionis Augustinianæ Flamma (1635) 74 If you will but give leave to turne a Participle into a Substantive. 1658 H. Grimston tr. G. Croke Reports II. 345 Action for these words, Thou art a Bankrupt knave... It was held by the Court that the words were scandalous, and Actionable, being two Substantives. 1706 J. Stevens New Spanish Dict. Pref. The Spanish Diminutives are much more numerous than the Substantives. 1761 Crit. Rev. Mar. 234 Milton and Fontaine did not write in the bask of court-favour, (by the bye, bask is no substantive). 1843 Proc. Philol. Soc. (1844) 1 142 Berber substantives have a distinction of gender into masculine and feminine. 1879 Casssell's Techn. Educ. IV. 95/2 Reducing the name of each plant to two words, the first substantive designating the genus. a1892 H. E. Manning in E. S. Purcell Life Cardinal Manning (1896) I. 583 Mr. Gladstone is a substantive, and likes to be attended by adjectives. 1944 R. A. Hall Hungarian Gram. (Language Monograph No. 21) 22 There are three fundamental types of suffixes which are added to substantives. 2001 J. Bennett Learning from Six Philosophers I. xvii. 312 In an ideal language the only substantives would name substances—terms like ‘squareness’ and ‘wisdom’ would not occur. †b. substantives and adjectives: a game of wit in which each player is asked to justify the collocation of an adjective and a noun chosen at random. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > parlour and party games > [noun] > other party or parlour games drawing of glovesc1540 drawing gloves1599 substantives and adjectives1601 draw gloves1648 grinning-match1711 Move All1782 consequences1811 stagecoach1831 letters1845 Russian scandal1861 buzz1864 snap1865 slappy1868 apple-ducking1886 up Jenkins1889 piladex1895 telephone1910 hot potato1915 sardines1924 murder in the dark1930 pass the parcel1953 seven minutes in (also of) heaven1953 Chinese whispers1964 1601 B. Jonson Fountaine of Selfe-love iv. iii. sig. H Phi. For gods sake lets haue some Riddles or Purposes... What calde you that we had in the forenoone? Pha. Substantiues, and Adiectiues. Ist not Hedon? 1658 E. Phillips Generosi Ludentes 4 in Myst. Love & Eloquence A Description of the witty sport of Substantives and Adjectives. 1672 A. Marvell Rehearsal Transpros'd i. 70 You would think he were playing at Substantives and Adjectives. †2. A self-subsisting or independent person or thing. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > independence > [noun] > self-sufficiency > one who is self-sufficient substantive1589 self-supporter1614 self-helper1661 self-sufficient1665 1589 W. Warner Albions Eng. (new ed.) v. xxiii. 104 They that bid me do, and do themselues the good they bid, Do leade me to the Substantiue, and leaue me not in quid. 1612 J. Taylor Laugh & be Fat 26 Now here's a Substantiue stands by himselfe. 1642 T. Fuller Holy State iii. vii. 168 Countrey-houses must be Substantives, able to stand of themselves. 1643 R. Baker Chron. Kings of Eng. i. 97 Now King John being a Substantive of himselfe. Compounds substantive law n. the branch of law that prescribes the rights, duties, and obligations of persons to one another, rather than the procedures by which these laws are enforced. Cf. procedure n. 1b. ΘΚΠ society > law > branch of the law > [adjective] > specific setc1200 positivec1385 naturalc1390 directive1610 distributive1651 directory1692 substantive lawa1832 naturel1856 natural law1934 a1832 J. Bentham Princ. Internat. Law in Wks. (1843) II. 539 The laws of peace would..be the substantive laws of the international code: the laws of war would be the adjective laws of the same code. 1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. II. vi. 89 The substantive law remained; but it remained unaccompanied by any formidable sanction or by any efficient system of procedure. 1956 Amer. Jrnl. Compar. Law 5 9 The fiction that an estate tail cannot be barred completely without the consent of the protector of the settlement became a substantive law rule. 2009 Univ. Chicago Law Rev. 76 373 A scholar interested in litigation-risk management, rather than substantive law. substantive rationality n. Philosophy, Sociology, and Economics rationality which expresses or is guided by an absolute or intrinsic value held by the agent, as opposed to that concerned with the practical calculation of how to maximize the benefit or advantage gained from any particular outcome or result (called formal rationality). ΚΠ 1946 H. H. Gerth & C. W. Mills tr. M. Weber Ess. Sociol. xiii. 331 In China, formal rationality and substantive rationality were in conflict [Ger. formale und materiale Rationalität standen hier im Konflikt miteinander]. 1968 tr. M. Weber Econ. & Society 85 The ‘substantive rationality’..is the degree to which the provisioning of given groups of persons..with goods is shaped by economically oriented social action. 2009 J. Scott & G. Marshall Dict. Sociol. at Socialism Substantive rationality..involves acting in relation to some ultimate values, be they status, egalitarian, social justice, or indeed any infinite variety of value-scales by which to judge the outcome of actions. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online June 2022). substantivev. Brit. /ˈsʌbst(ə)ntɪv/, /səbˈstantɪv/, U.S. /ˈsəbstən(t)ɪv/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymons: substantive n.; substantive adj. Etymology: Partly < substantive n. and partly < substantive adj. transitive. To make (a word) into a noun (substantive). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > noun > [verb (transitive)] substantivate1613 nominalize1659 substantive1678 substantize1794 substantivize1848 nounize1871 1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 264 The word δαιμόνιον..is..an Adjective Substantiv'd; as well as τό θεῖον is. 1794 E. Waring Ess. Princ. Human Knowl. 141 The same word sometimes denotes the particular or general..actions and relations substantived or personified. 1851 G. Brown Gram. of Eng. Gram. ii. vii. 391 The English verb is not only adjectived, but also substantived, if one may so speak. 1878 Proc. Amer. Philol. Soc. 18 It is unnatural to suppose that the participle was always substantived over the article. 1939 C. T. Carr Nominal Compounds in Germanic 120 The compound has been substantived in the OHG. 1994 B. Meyer Reusable Software viii. 167 The word is a substantived form of the ‘ary’ adjective ending. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2012; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.a1398v.1678
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substantiveadj.n.

Compounds

substantivev.