† tharfn.

Forms: Also Old English þearf, ðærf, Middle English þerf, Middle English ( Orm.) þarrfe.

Etymology: < tharf v. Compare Old Saxon tharf, Old High German darba, Old Norse þǫrf.

Obsolete.

Need, necessity.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > need or want > [noun]

tharf735

needOE

misterc1385

opportunity?a1475

suffrete1481

needing?a1513

scantc1550

want1551

necessitude1839

735 Bæda Death-song 2 Thonc snotturra than him tharf sie.

OE Beowulf 1797 Seleþegn..se for andrysnum ealle beweotede þegnes þearfe.

c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 84 gif þearf sie, sele hwilum wyrtdrenc.

c1175 Lamb. Hom. 9 Nis hit nan þerf þet me her on þisse liue for his saule bidde pater noster.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 12247 Onn alle þa þatt haffdenn ned. & þarrfe to þin hellpe.

c1330 Arth. & Merl. 16 And wele ysen, ȝif þai willen, Þat hem no þarf neuer spillen.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

tharfadj.

Forms: Old English þeorf, þearf, ( ðorof, ðærf), Middle English ( Orm.) þeorrf, Middle English þerf, -e, Middle English therf, Middle English tharf, tharfe. See also tharf-cake n.

Etymology: Old English þeorf ( < þerf ), unleavened, unsoured; of milk, sweet; Common Germanic = Old Frisian therf , derf , Middle Dutch derf (Kilian has ‘derf-brood , panis azymus’), Old High German, Middle High German derp unleavened, German derb solid, compact, rough, coarse, Old Norse þjarfr unleavened, insipid. With sense 2, compare the modern German sense of derb; apparently referring to the solid, heavy, or stiff quality of unleavened bread. Pre-Germanic etymology unknown.

Obsolete or dialect.

†1. Of bread, etc.: Not prepared with leaven, unleavened. Obsolete except in tharf-cake n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [adjective] > unleavened

tharfc950

tharflingc1050

unbarmedc1175

unlifa1325

sweet1526

unleavened1530

matzo1846

leavenless1852

society > faith > artefacts > consumables > bread > [adjective] > unleavened

tharfc950

sweet1526

unleavened1530

azymous1728

c950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxvi. 17 Ða forma uutedlice doege ðara ðorofra [Rushw. ðefra for ðerfa] mæta.

c1000 Ælfric Homilies II. 210 Þeorfe hlafas we bringað Gode to lace.

c1000 Ælfric Exodus xii. 39 Hi..worhton þeorfe heorþbacene hlafas.

c1000 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 153/32 Azimus, ðeorf.

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 997 Bræd All þeorrf. wiþþ utenn berrme.

1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Gen. xix. 3 He made a feest, sethede therf breed, and thei eten.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Mark xiv. 1 Pask and the feeste of therf looues withouȝten sourdowȝ was aftir the secunde day.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 6079 Wit therf bred and letus wild.

c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) iii. 10 Þai say we erre þat makes þe sacrement of tharf breed.

c1425 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 657/30 Panis siliginius, tharf~bred.

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 490/2 Therf, wythe owte sowre dowe.

1483 Cath. Angl. 381/2 Tharfe, azimus.

2. transferred. Lumpish, stiff, heavy, slow; hence figurative reluctant, unwilling, diffident, tardy. dialect.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > types of hardness > [adjective] > stiff or rigid

stithc897

stiff1000

starkOE

inflexiblec1400

rigent?1440

unbowable1537

staffish1545

steya1586

unpliablea1618

rigid1618

unsupple1621

unpliant1624

immercurial1637

steeve1637

starky1657

impliablea1734

tharf1747

stiff as a poker1798

unbending1802

unbowsome1818

crisp1851

unbendable1884

poker-stiff1894

unfluxile1925

the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [adjective]

argha1000

slowOE

unwillyc1200

sweera1300

unfain1338

loathc1374

dangerousc1386

eschewc1386

squeamous1387

obstinate?a1439

unpresta1500

ill-willing?1520

evil-willing1525

untowards1525

untowarda1530

unwilling1533

strange1548

ill-willed1549

dainty1553

relucting1553

squeamish?1553

nicea1560

loathful1561

coyish1566

coy1576

unhearty1583

costive1594

unready1595

tarrowinga1598

undisposed1597

involuntary1598

backward1600

retrograde1602

unpregnant1604

scrupulous1608

unprone1611

refractory1614

behindhanda1616

nilling1620

backwards1627

shya1628

retractable1632

reluctant1638

loughta1641

tendera1641

unapt1640

uninclinable1640

unbeteaming1642

boggling1645

averse1646

indisposed1646

aversant1657

incomposed1660

disinclined1703

unobliging1707

unconsenting1713

uninclined1729

tenacious1766

disinclinable1769

ill-disposed1771

unaffectioned1788

scruplesomec1800

back-handed1817

sweert1817

tharf1828

backward in coming forward1830

unvoluntary1834

misinclined1837

squeamy1838

balky1847

retractive1869

grudging1874

tharfish1876

unwishful1876

safety first1917

1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. V Tharf, when a Vein or Pipe alters from its own intrinsical Nature to another, that is more Hask, Barren, and Dry, and more bound up, and stiff.

1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) Tharf, stark, stiff, metaphorically, backward, unwilling.

1876 C. C. Robinson Gloss. Words Dial. Mid-Yorks. Tharf,..Thauf, diffident; unwilling; reluctant; tardy... Also tharfish adj., and tharfly adv.

Derivatives

ˈtharfish adj. in same sense.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [adjective]

argha1000

slowOE

unwillyc1200

sweera1300

unfain1338

loathc1374

dangerousc1386

eschewc1386

squeamous1387

obstinate?a1439

unpresta1500

ill-willing?1520

evil-willing1525

untowards1525

untowarda1530

unwilling1533

strange1548

ill-willed1549

dainty1553

relucting1553

squeamish?1553

nicea1560

loathful1561

coyish1566

coy1576

unhearty1583

costive1594

unready1595

tarrowinga1598

undisposed1597

involuntary1598

backward1600

retrograde1602

unpregnant1604

scrupulous1608

unprone1611

refractory1614

behindhanda1616

nilling1620

backwards1627

shya1628

retractable1632

reluctant1638

loughta1641

tendera1641

unapt1640

uninclinable1640

unbeteaming1642

boggling1645

averse1646

indisposed1646

aversant1657

incomposed1660

disinclined1703

unobliging1707

unconsenting1713

uninclined1729

tenacious1766

disinclinable1769

ill-disposed1771

unaffectioned1788

scruplesomec1800

back-handed1817

sweert1817

tharf1828

backward in coming forward1830

unvoluntary1834

misinclined1837

squeamy1838

balky1847

retractive1869

grudging1874

tharfish1876

unwishful1876

safety first1917

the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > [adjective] > somewhat dense

thickish1540

solidish1852

tharfish1876

1876 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Words Whitby Tharf, Tharfish, shy, diffident. Tharfly, slowly. ‘The rain comes nobbut tharfly’.

ˈtharfly adv. in a tharf or tharfish manner.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > slowness of action or operation > [adverb]

lateeOE

latelyOE

heavilyc1000

hoolya1340

slowlyc1384

slowa1398

sluggedlyc1450

tarryingly1530

loiteringly1547

sluggishly1565

languishingly1579

limpingly1579

lingeringly1589

tarde1598

unnimbly1607

longsomelyc1610

tardilya1616

languidly1655

heavy1701

slack1854

snailishly1889

tharfly1894

pole pole1902

weedy-slow1921

the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [adverb]

unwillc893

uneathc900

unthankc960

latelyOE

against a person's willa1225

loatha1340

grutchingly1340

at one's unthanksa1400

wandsomely?a1400

at (or again) one's unwillesc1400

uneathsa1425

unwilfully1435

invitec1450

tarrowinglyc1480

scantly1509

nicely1530

tarryingly1530

unwillingly?1531

loathly1547

faintly1548

evil-willingly1549

grudgingly1549

difficultly1551

loathsomely1561

dangerously1573

ill-willing1579

backwardlya1586

costively1598

with an ill will1601

with (a) bad (also ill) grace1614

sadly1622

tenderlya1628

reluctantly1646

shyly1701

uncheerfully1754

à contre-coeur1803

shrinkingly1817

retractatively1851

begrudgingly1853

forcibly1867

loathfully1887

tharfly1894

1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words Tharf, Tharfish, lumpish, heavy-countenanced, forbidding. Applied to substances it means ‘sad’, heavy, like liver in texture. Tharfly, slowly, reluctantly.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† tharftharv.

Forms: 1. Present indicative. a. 1st singular Old English þearf. OE Beowulf 2006 Ic ðæt eall gewræc, swa begylpan [ne] þearf Grendeles maga.OE Genesis 2177 Ne þearf ic yrfestol eaforan bytlian. b. 2nd singular

α. Old English þearft, Middle English þerf, Middle English þerft. OE Beowulf 1674 Þæt þu him ondrædan ne þearft.c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 180 Ne þearft þu þone wermod to don.c1175 Lamb. Hom. 37 Soðliche ne þerft þu bidden namare.a1225 Leg. Kath. 1160 Þu wenest ȝet þæt tu wenen ne þerf.

β. Middle English þært, Middle English thar, Middle English thare, Middle English tharst, Middle English þer, Middle English þers, Middle English þerstou, Middle English þert, Middle English þertes, Middle English þertestow, Middle English þertu. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 108 Ne þarf þu naut dreden þet attri neddre of helle.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 7228 Ne þræt þu nauere habben kare of uncuðe leoden.c1300 St. Brandan 626 Ne therstou nothing drede.c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 4877 Of Kent ne þertestow fle þat cost.1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 61 Me semeth that thou tharst noght care.a1450 Le Morte Arth. 3285 Othure warke thou thare not wene.a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. ii. 20 Thar thou nowther flyte ne chyde.

γ. Middle English dars, Middle English darstou, Middle English darstow, Middle English dert. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11439 Ne dert [c1300 Otho þert] þu nauere adrede.c1320 Cast. Love 975 Ne darstou on erþe þenchen elles nouht.1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xiv. 55 Bi so þat þow be sobre..Darstow [v.rr. Tharst þow, Thardestow] neuere care for corne, ne lynnen cloth ne wollen.

c. 3rd singular.

α. Old English þearf, Old English ðearf, Old English ðorfæð, Old English ðorfeð, Middle English tharf, Middle English þarf, Middle English þarrf ( Ormulum), Middle English þerf. c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxiv. §4 Ne ðearf he nanes þinges.c950 Lindisf. Gosp. John xiii. 10 Seðe geðuæn is ne ðorfæð [c975 Rushw. ðorfeð] þætte aðoa hine.c975 Rushw. Gosp. Matt. xxi. 3 Sæcgaþ þæt dryhten heora ðearf.c1175 Lamb. Hom. 9 Nu ne þerf na mon his sunne mid wite abuggen.a1250 Prov. Ælfred 161 in Old Eng. Misc. 113 Monymon weneþ þat he wene ne þarf longes lyues.c1330 Amis & Amil. 935 Tharf the neuer haue of him drede.

β. Middle English tar, Middle English thar, Middle English þar, Middle English thare, Middle English þare, Middle English tharre, Middle English thars, Middle English tharth, Middle English ther (Scottish and dialect), Middle English there, Middle English þerh. 1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 2167 He þat hates þis lyfes lykyng Thar noght drede þe dedes commyng.?1370 Robt. Cicyle 325 More then thars be an c. folde.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 19870 Þat to do þare þe nochte lete.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 13554 Fra nu thar him namar be ledd.a1400–50 Alexander 5377 Þe thare bot graunt me to geue quat guds as I craue.1414 T. Brampton Paraphr. Seven Penit. Psalms (1842) 45 Me thar no more but aske and have. c1440Tharth [see sense 2a]. c1460 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Laud) l. 10565 ffor to aske there no man yf they were glad & ioyfull þan.

γ. Middle English dar, Middle English dare, Middle English darf, Middle English darh, Middle English derf. a1240 Ureisun in Cott. Hom. 187 Hwa derf beon unsauuet þe haueþ se mihti salue.1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 6471 Me ne dar noȝt esse weþer he were kene þo & prout.a1300 Floriz & Bl. 315 Ich wene ne darf me axi noȝt.c1320 Cast. Love 733 Ne dar he seche non oþer leche.a1327 Pol. Songs (Camden) 250 Of gode knyhtes darh him nout fail.c1440 Sir Gowther 615 The dare not drede of thi werkys wyld.c1460 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Laud) l. 10461 To myrthe me dare [a1400 Vesp., Gött. thar; Trin. Cambr. þar] the not wene.

d. Plural.

α. Old English ðurfan, Old English þurfon, Old English–Middle English þurfe, Middle English þorhfe, Middle English þorve, Middle English þuruen, Middle English þurve, Middle English þurven. c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xiv. §2 Þa ðurfon swiþe lytles, ðe maran ne willniað þonne genoges.c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxiv. §4 Hwæt þurfon [v.r. þurfe] we nu ma..sprecan?c975 Rushw. Gosp. Matt. xxvi. 65 Hwæt þurfe we leng gewitnisse??c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 3 Ach alle ne maȝen naut halden ane riwle. ne ne þurue naut nene ahȝe naut halden on ane wise þe vtterre riwle.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12431 We ne þuruen [c1300 Otho þorhfe] na mare aswunden liggen here.c1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 106/160 Ȝe þorue [Harl. MS. þore] habbe of heom no kare.

β. Middle English thair (Scottish), Middle English thar, Middle English thore, Middle English þore. c1290 St. Brandan 121 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 223 Ȝe ne þore noþing drede.c1386 G. Chaucer Melibeus ⁋102 Yet thar ye nat accomplice thilke ordinance but yow like.c1430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 6868 Ye thar not drede of hem y-wis.1438 tr. Bk. Alexander Great (1831) 9 Ȝe thair nocht dreid na chaissing.c1485 Digby Myst. iii. 1437 Of þis cors we thar nat a-baffe. 1825¹ [see sense 1].

γ. Middle English dar, Middle English dorre, Middle English durre. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 4 Of fon hii dorre [c1425 Harl. heo durre] þe lasse doute bote hit be þorȝ gyle.1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 55 Ye dar not be aferd of dethe.

2. Present subjunctive (a) singular Old English ðyrfe, Old English–Middle English þurfe, Middle English þurrfe ( Ormulum), Middle English þurve; (b) plural Old English þurfen, Old English ðyrfen. c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxvi. §2 Sam hi þyrfen, sam hi na þurfon, hi willað þeah.c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care xliii. 312 Oft ðonne mon ma fæst ðonne he ðyrfe.c1000 West Saxon Gospels: John (Corpus Cambr.) iv. 15 Syle me þæt wæter þæt..ic ne ðurfe [c1160 Hatt. G. þurfe] her feccan.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7766 Þatt ure nan ne þurrfe. Vt off þe rihhte weȝȝe gan.c1275 Woman Samaria 26 in Old Eng. Misc. 85 Yef me þar-of to drynke Þat ich ne þurve more to þisse welle swynke. 3. Past indicative (and subjunctive). a. Singular.

α. Old English ðorfte, Middle English thurfte, Middle English þurfte, Middle English þurrfte ( Ormulum). c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xiv. §3 Ne þorfte he him nænne ondrædan.c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xiv. §3 Ne ðorftes þu ðe nanwuht ondrædan.c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxvi. §2 Ne ðorfte he no maran fultomes.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 16164 Swa þatt nan mann ne þurrfte off himm.a1325 Poem Times Edw. II 321 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 338 Thurfte him noht seke tresor so fer.14.. Sir Beues 4219 (MS. M.) Thurfte he never after to aske leche, That sir Mylis myght ouer-reche.

β. Middle English þart, Middle English þort, Middle English þorte, Middle English thourt, Middle English þurhte, Middle English þurst, Middle English þurste, Middle English thurt, Middle English þurt, Middle English thurte, Middle English þurte, Middle English (1800s Scottish) thurst. c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 35 He ne þurte naure þolen hunger ne þurst.a1272 Luue Ron 95 in Old Eng. Misc. 96 Ne þurhte þe neuer rewe.a1300 Cursor Mundi 23443 Ya forsoth thurt [v.r. thort] naman mare.c1330 Florice & Bl. 259 Now thourt him neuere ful iwis Willen after more blisse.1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. x. 257 Ho so þurste hit segge.a1425 Chron. R. Glouc. (Rolls) 6389 (MS. β) He ne þurst neuer eft care of drynke ne cloþe.a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxv. 331 For no catell thurt the craue. 1825¹ [see sense 1].

b. Plural.

α. Old English þorftan, Old English þorfton.

β. Middle English þeorte, Middle English þeorten, Middle English thurte, Middle English þurte, Middle English þurten.

c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care 9 Hi his sume ðorfton.OE Guthlac A 452 No we þe þus swiðe swencan þorftan, þær þu fromlice freonda larum hyran wolde.c1275 Laȝamon Brut 18650 For ne þeorte þe cnihtes buten biwiten þat castel ȝat.a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxx. 419 Thai thurte bot aske and haue thare boyn.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: A Common Germanic verb, belonging to the class of preterite-presents, in which the present tense is an original preterite (compare can v.¹, dow v.¹, dare v.¹, etc.): Old English *þurfan , present þearf —þurfon , past þorfte , = Old Frisian *thurva , thurf (thorf )—thurvon , Old Saxon thurƀan , tharf —thurƀun , thorfta , Middle Dutch dorven , dorfte (Dutch durven ), Old Norse þurfa , þarf—þurfom , þurfta (Swedish tarfva ), Old High German durfan , darf—durfun , dorfta (Middle High German durfen , German dürfen ), Gothic *þaurban , þarf—þaurbum , þaurfta < Old Germanic *þarf- , *þurƀ- ; corresponding to a pre-Germanic ablaut series *terp- , *torp- , *trp- , which has not been certainly identified. The Middle English β-forms had lost the f or v , apparently first in the 2nd singular present þearft , þeart-tu , þer-tu , leaving a stem þar- , þer- , þor- , þur- , which was afterwards often confused with the dar- , dor- , dur- of dare v.¹, so that the latter had forms in th , while there are here forms in d , especially in the 2nd and 3rd person singular of the present: see γ. This confusion of tharf and dare is also found in the cognate languages: see dare v.¹

Obsolete exc. Scottish dialect.

1. intransitive. To be under a necessity or obligation (to do something): = need v.² 6a, 10.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > be necessary [verb (intransitive)] > be under necessity to do something

tharfc890

needc1395

mister1445

require1559

note1789

c890–901 K. Ælfred Laws Introd. c. 28 gif..he..gewitnesse hæbbe, ne þearf he þæt geldan.

OE Genesis 611 Ic hit þe secgan ne þearf.

a1200 Moral Ode 44 Þer ne þerf he habben kare of ȝefe ne of ȝelde.

a1225 Juliana 68 Arude me þat þeos unselie ne þurue nawt seggen.

c1230 Hali Meid. 5 Ha nawiht ne þarf of oðer þing þenchen.

1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. (at cited word) ‘Ye thair n' fash’, you need not put yourself to the trouble.

1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. (at cited word) ‘Ye thurstn'’, ye needed not.

2. impersonal. It needs, there is need, it is needful [= Latin opus est, Greek δεῖ] . Const. dative of person and infinitive.

a. without subject it.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > be necessary [verb (intransitive)] > it is necessary

(it) needsOE

tharfc1175

(it) misters1424

it needsa1425

there needs?a1425

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 12886 Ne þarrf ȝuw nohht nu follȝhenn me.

c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 69 Þanne ne þarf us noðer gramien ne shamien.

a1250 Owl & Nightingale 190 Ne þarf þerof beo no tale.

c1275 Passion 17 in Old Eng. Misc. 37 Ne þerfþ þer non adrede.

c1275 Duty of Christians 37 in Old Eng. Misc. 142 Ne þarf vs neuer a-gryse.

c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 3053 Who wil lesinges layt, Þarf him no ferþer go.

c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 4145 Ne neuere þurt hem haue drad no tyde.

c1430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 3 Ne thar him nat be idel long.

c1440 Alphabet of Tales 361 Sho said hym þurte not be seke her-for.

1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 538 Me tharth haue nane noy of myne erand.

b. with subject it. rare.

ΚΠ

c1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode (1869) i. lxxxvii. 39 It thurt not recche to wite of this anoon.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. iv. 51 Myn ase shall with vs, if it thar.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

n.735

adj.c950

v.c890

单词	tharf
释义	† tharfn. Forms: Also Old English þearf, ðærf, Middle English þerf, Middle English ( Orm.) þarrfe. Etymology: < tharf v. Compare Old Saxon tharf, Old High German darba, Old Norse þǫrf. Obsolete. Need, necessity. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > need or want > [noun] tharf735 needOE misterc1385 opportunity?a1475 suffrete1481 needing?a1513 scantc1550 want1551 necessitude1839 735 Bæda Death-song 2 Thonc snotturra than him tharf sie. OE Beowulf 1797 Seleþegn..se for andrysnum ealle beweotede þegnes þearfe. c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 84 gif þearf sie, sele hwilum wyrtdrenc. c1175 Lamb. Hom. 9 Nis hit nan þerf þet me her on þisse liue for his saule bidde pater noster. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 12247 Onn alle þa þatt haffdenn ned. & þarrfe to þin hellpe. c1330 Arth. & Merl. 16 And wele ysen, ȝif þai willen, Þat hem no þarf neuer spillen. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online December 2020). tharfadj. Forms: Old English þeorf, þearf, ( ðorof, ðærf), Middle English ( Orm.) þeorrf, Middle English þerf, -e, Middle English therf, Middle English tharf, tharfe. See also tharf-cake n. Etymology: Old English þeorf ( < þerf ), unleavened, unsoured; of milk, sweet; Common Germanic = Old Frisian therf , derf , Middle Dutch derf (Kilian has ‘derf-brood , panis azymus’), Old High German, Middle High German derp unleavened, German derb solid, compact, rough, coarse, Old Norse þjarfr unleavened, insipid. With sense 2, compare the modern German sense of derb; apparently referring to the solid, heavy, or stiff quality of unleavened bread. Pre-Germanic etymology unknown. Obsolete or dialect. †1. Of bread, etc.: Not prepared with leaven, unleavened. Obsolete except in tharf-cake n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [adjective] > unleavened tharfc950 tharflingc1050 unbarmedc1175 unlifa1325 sweet1526 unleavened1530 matzo1846 leavenless1852 society > faith > artefacts > consumables > bread > [adjective] > unleavened tharfc950 sweet1526 unleavened1530 azymous1728 c950 Lindisf. Gosp. Matt. xxvi. 17 Ða forma uutedlice doege ðara ðorofra [Rushw. ðefra for ðerfa] mæta. c1000 Ælfric Homilies II. 210 Þeorfe hlafas we bringað Gode to lace. c1000 Ælfric Exodus xii. 39 Hi..worhton þeorfe heorþbacene hlafas. c1000 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 153/32 Azimus, ðeorf. c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 997 Bræd All þeorrf. wiþþ utenn berrme. 1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) Gen. xix. 3 He made a feest, sethede therf breed, and thei eten. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Mark xiv. 1 Pask and the feeste of therf looues withouȝten sourdowȝ was aftir the secunde day. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 6079 Wit therf bred and letus wild. c1400 Mandeville's Trav. (Roxb.) iii. 10 Þai say we erre þat makes þe sacrement of tharf breed. c1425 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 657/30 Panis siliginius, tharf~bred. c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 490/2 Therf, wythe owte sowre dowe. 1483 Cath. Angl. 381/2 Tharfe, azimus. 2. transferred. Lumpish, stiff, heavy, slow; hence figurative reluctant, unwilling, diffident, tardy. dialect. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > hardness > types of hardness > [adjective] > stiff or rigid stithc897 stiff1000 starkOE inflexiblec1400 rigent?1440 unbowable1537 staffish1545 steya1586 unpliablea1618 rigid1618 unsupple1621 unpliant1624 immercurial1637 steeve1637 starky1657 impliablea1734 tharf1747 stiff as a poker1798 unbending1802 unbowsome1818 crisp1851 unbendable1884 poker-stiff1894 unfluxile1925 the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [adjective] argha1000 slowOE unwillyc1200 sweera1300 unfain1338 loathc1374 dangerousc1386 eschewc1386 squeamous1387 obstinate?a1439 unpresta1500 ill-willing?1520 evil-willing1525 untowards1525 untowarda1530 unwilling1533 strange1548 ill-willed1549 dainty1553 relucting1553 squeamish?1553 nicea1560 loathful1561 coyish1566 coy1576 unhearty1583 costive1594 unready1595 tarrowinga1598 undisposed1597 involuntary1598 backward1600 retrograde1602 unpregnant1604 scrupulous1608 unprone1611 refractory1614 behindhanda1616 nilling1620 backwards1627 shya1628 retractable1632 reluctant1638 loughta1641 tendera1641 unapt1640 uninclinable1640 unbeteaming1642 boggling1645 averse1646 indisposed1646 aversant1657 incomposed1660 disinclined1703 unobliging1707 unconsenting1713 uninclined1729 tenacious1766 disinclinable1769 ill-disposed1771 unaffectioned1788 scruplesomec1800 back-handed1817 sweert1817 tharf1828 backward in coming forward1830 unvoluntary1834 misinclined1837 squeamy1838 balky1847 retractive1869 grudging1874 tharfish1876 unwishful1876 safety first1917 1747 W. Hooson Miners Dict. sig. V Tharf, when a Vein or Pipe alters from its own intrinsical Nature to another, that is more Hask, Barren, and Dry, and more bound up, and stiff. 1828 W. Carr Dial. Craven (ed. 2) Tharf, stark, stiff, metaphorically, backward, unwilling. 1876 C. C. Robinson Gloss. Words Dial. Mid-Yorks. Tharf,..Thauf, diffident; unwilling; reluctant; tardy... Also tharfish adj., and tharfly adv. Derivatives ˈtharfish adj. in same sense. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [adjective] argha1000 slowOE unwillyc1200 sweera1300 unfain1338 loathc1374 dangerousc1386 eschewc1386 squeamous1387 obstinate?a1439 unpresta1500 ill-willing?1520 evil-willing1525 untowards1525 untowarda1530 unwilling1533 strange1548 ill-willed1549 dainty1553 relucting1553 squeamish?1553 nicea1560 loathful1561 coyish1566 coy1576 unhearty1583 costive1594 unready1595 tarrowinga1598 undisposed1597 involuntary1598 backward1600 retrograde1602 unpregnant1604 scrupulous1608 unprone1611 refractory1614 behindhanda1616 nilling1620 backwards1627 shya1628 retractable1632 reluctant1638 loughta1641 tendera1641 unapt1640 uninclinable1640 unbeteaming1642 boggling1645 averse1646 indisposed1646 aversant1657 incomposed1660 disinclined1703 unobliging1707 unconsenting1713 uninclined1729 tenacious1766 disinclinable1769 ill-disposed1771 unaffectioned1788 scruplesomec1800 back-handed1817 sweert1817 tharf1828 backward in coming forward1830 unvoluntary1834 misinclined1837 squeamy1838 balky1847 retractive1869 grudging1874 tharfish1876 unwishful1876 safety first1917 the world > matter > constitution of matter > density or solidity > [adjective] > somewhat dense thickish1540 solidish1852 tharfish1876 1876 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Words Whitby Tharf, Tharfish, shy, diffident. Tharfly, slowly. ‘The rain comes nobbut tharfly’. ˈtharfly adv. in a tharf or tharfish manner. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > slowness of action or operation > [adverb] lateeOE latelyOE heavilyc1000 hoolya1340 slowlyc1384 slowa1398 sluggedlyc1450 tarryingly1530 loiteringly1547 sluggishly1565 languishingly1579 limpingly1579 lingeringly1589 tarde1598 unnimbly1607 longsomelyc1610 tardilya1616 languidly1655 heavy1701 slack1854 snailishly1889 tharfly1894 pole pole1902 weedy-slow1921 the mind > will > wish or inclination > unwillingness > [adverb] unwillc893 uneathc900 unthankc960 latelyOE against a person's willa1225 loatha1340 grutchingly1340 at one's unthanksa1400 wandsomely?a1400 at (or again) one's unwillesc1400 uneathsa1425 unwilfully1435 invitec1450 tarrowinglyc1480 scantly1509 nicely1530 tarryingly1530 unwillingly?1531 loathly1547 faintly1548 evil-willingly1549 grudgingly1549 difficultly1551 loathsomely1561 dangerously1573 ill-willing1579 backwardlya1586 costively1598 with an ill will1601 with (a) bad (also ill) grace1614 sadly1622 tenderlya1628 reluctantly1646 shyly1701 uncheerfully1754 à contre-coeur1803 shrinkingly1817 retractatively1851 begrudgingly1853 forcibly1867 loathfully1887 tharfly1894 1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words Tharf, Tharfish, lumpish, heavy-countenanced, forbidding. Applied to substances it means ‘sad’, heavy, like liver in texture. Tharfly, slowly, reluctantly. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † tharftharv. Forms: 1. Present indicative. a. 1st singular Old English þearf. OE Beowulf 2006 Ic ðæt eall gewræc, swa begylpan [ne] þearf Grendeles maga.OE Genesis 2177 Ne þearf ic yrfestol eaforan bytlian. b. 2nd singular α. Old English þearft, Middle English þerf, Middle English þerft. OE Beowulf 1674 Þæt þu him ondrædan ne þearft.c1000 Sax. Leechd. II. 180 Ne þearft þu þone wermod to don.c1175 Lamb. Hom. 37 Soðliche ne þerft þu bidden namare.a1225 Leg. Kath. 1160 Þu wenest ȝet þæt tu wenen ne þerf. β. Middle English þært, Middle English thar, Middle English thare, Middle English tharst, Middle English þer, Middle English þers, Middle English þerstou, Middle English þert, Middle English þertes, Middle English þertestow, Middle English þertu. ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 108 Ne þarf þu naut dreden þet attri neddre of helle.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 7228 Ne þræt þu nauere habben kare of uncuðe leoden.c1300 St. Brandan 626 Ne therstou nothing drede.c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 4877 Of Kent ne þertestow fle þat cost.1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 61 Me semeth that thou tharst noght care.a1450 Le Morte Arth. 3285 Othure warke thou thare not wene.a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. ii. 20 Thar thou nowther flyte ne chyde. γ. Middle English dars, Middle English darstou, Middle English darstow, Middle English dert. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 11439 Ne dert [c1300 Otho þert] þu nauere adrede.c1320 Cast. Love 975 Ne darstou on erþe þenchen elles nouht.1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xiv. 55 Bi so þat þow be sobre..Darstow [v.rr. Tharst þow, Thardestow] neuere care for corne, ne lynnen cloth ne wollen. c. 3rd singular. α. Old English þearf, Old English ðearf, Old English ðorfæð, Old English ðorfeð, Middle English tharf, Middle English þarf, Middle English þarrf ( Ormulum), Middle English þerf. c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxiv. §4 Ne ðearf he nanes þinges.c950 Lindisf. Gosp. John xiii. 10 Seðe geðuæn is ne ðorfæð [c975 Rushw. ðorfeð] þætte aðoa hine.c975 Rushw. Gosp. Matt. xxi. 3 Sæcgaþ þæt dryhten heora ðearf.c1175 Lamb. Hom. 9 Nu ne þerf na mon his sunne mid wite abuggen.a1250 Prov. Ælfred 161 in Old Eng. Misc. 113 Monymon weneþ þat he wene ne þarf longes lyues.c1330 Amis & Amil. 935 Tharf the neuer haue of him drede. β. Middle English tar, Middle English thar, Middle English þar, Middle English thare, Middle English þare, Middle English tharre, Middle English thars, Middle English tharth, Middle English ther (Scottish and dialect), Middle English there, Middle English þerh. 1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 2167 He þat hates þis lyfes lykyng Thar noght drede þe dedes commyng.?1370 Robt. Cicyle 325 More then thars be an c. folde.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Coll. Phys.) l. 19870 Þat to do þare þe nochte lete.a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 13554 Fra nu thar him namar be ledd.a1400–50 Alexander 5377 Þe thare bot graunt me to geue quat guds as I craue.1414 T. Brampton Paraphr. Seven Penit. Psalms (1842) 45 Me thar no more but aske and have. c1440Tharth [see sense 2a]. c1460 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Laud) l. 10565 ffor to aske there no man yf they were glad & ioyfull þan. γ. Middle English dar, Middle English dare, Middle English darf, Middle English darh, Middle English derf. a1240 Ureisun in Cott. Hom. 187 Hwa derf beon unsauuet þe haueþ se mihti salue.1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 6471 Me ne dar noȝt esse weþer he were kene þo & prout.a1300 Floriz & Bl. 315 Ich wene ne darf me axi noȝt.c1320 Cast. Love 733 Ne dar he seche non oþer leche.a1327 Pol. Songs (Camden) 250 Of gode knyhtes darh him nout fail.c1440 Sir Gowther 615 The dare not drede of thi werkys wyld.c1460 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Laud) l. 10461 To myrthe me dare [a1400 Vesp., Gött. thar; Trin. Cambr. þar] the not wene. d. Plural. α. Old English ðurfan, Old English þurfon, Old English–Middle English þurfe, Middle English þorhfe, Middle English þorve, Middle English þuruen, Middle English þurve, Middle English þurven. c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xiv. §2 Þa ðurfon swiþe lytles, ðe maran ne willniað þonne genoges.c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxiv. §4 Hwæt þurfon [v.r. þurfe] we nu ma..sprecan?c975 Rushw. Gosp. Matt. xxvi. 65 Hwæt þurfe we leng gewitnisse??c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 3 Ach alle ne maȝen naut halden ane riwle. ne ne þurue naut nene ahȝe naut halden on ane wise þe vtterre riwle.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 12431 We ne þuruen [c1300 Otho þorhfe] na mare aswunden liggen here.c1290 S. Eng. Leg. I. 106/160 Ȝe þorue [Harl. MS. þore] habbe of heom no kare. β. Middle English thair (Scottish), Middle English thar, Middle English thore, Middle English þore. c1290 St. Brandan 121 in S. Eng. Leg. I. 223 Ȝe ne þore noþing drede.c1386 G. Chaucer Melibeus ⁋102 Yet thar ye nat accomplice thilke ordinance but yow like.c1430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 6868 Ye thar not drede of hem y-wis.1438 tr. Bk. Alexander Great (1831) 9 Ȝe thair nocht dreid na chaissing.c1485 Digby Myst. iii. 1437 Of þis cors we thar nat a-baffe. 1825¹ [see sense 1]. γ. Middle English dar, Middle English dorre, Middle English durre. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 4 Of fon hii dorre [c1425 Harl. heo durre] þe lasse doute bote hit be þorȝ gyle.1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Hist. Jason (1913) 55 Ye dar not be aferd of dethe. 2. Present subjunctive (a) singular Old English ðyrfe, Old English–Middle English þurfe, Middle English þurrfe ( Ormulum), Middle English þurve; (b) plural Old English þurfen, Old English ðyrfen. c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxvi. §2 Sam hi þyrfen, sam hi na þurfon, hi willað þeah.c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care xliii. 312 Oft ðonne mon ma fæst ðonne he ðyrfe.c1000 West Saxon Gospels: John (Corpus Cambr.) iv. 15 Syle me þæt wæter þæt..ic ne ðurfe [c1160 Hatt. G. þurfe] her feccan.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 7766 Þatt ure nan ne þurrfe. Vt off þe rihhte weȝȝe gan.c1275 Woman Samaria 26 in Old Eng. Misc. 85 Yef me þar-of to drynke Þat ich ne þurve more to þisse welle swynke. 3. Past indicative (and subjunctive). a. Singular. α. Old English ðorfte, Middle English thurfte, Middle English þurfte, Middle English þurrfte ( Ormulum). c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xiv. §3 Ne þorfte he him nænne ondrædan.c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xiv. §3 Ne ðorftes þu ðe nanwuht ondrædan.c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxvi. §2 Ne ðorfte he no maran fultomes.c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 16164 Swa þatt nan mann ne þurrfte off himm.a1325 Poem Times Edw. II 321 in Pol. Songs (Camden) 338 Thurfte him noht seke tresor so fer.14.. Sir Beues 4219 (MS. M.) Thurfte he never after to aske leche, That sir Mylis myght ouer-reche. β. Middle English þart, Middle English þort, Middle English þorte, Middle English thourt, Middle English þurhte, Middle English þurst, Middle English þurste, Middle English thurt, Middle English þurt, Middle English thurte, Middle English þurte, Middle English (1800s Scottish) thurst. c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 35 He ne þurte naure þolen hunger ne þurst.a1272 Luue Ron 95 in Old Eng. Misc. 96 Ne þurhte þe neuer rewe.a1300 Cursor Mundi 23443 Ya forsoth thurt [v.r. thort] naman mare.c1330 Florice & Bl. 259 Now thourt him neuere ful iwis Willen after more blisse.1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. x. 257 Ho so þurste hit segge.a1425 Chron. R. Glouc. (Rolls) 6389 (MS. β) He ne þurst neuer eft care of drynke ne cloþe.a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxv. 331 For no catell thurt the craue. 1825¹ [see sense 1]. b. Plural. α. Old English þorftan, Old English þorfton. β. Middle English þeorte, Middle English þeorten, Middle English thurte, Middle English þurte, Middle English þurten. c897 K. Ælfred tr. Gregory Pastoral Care 9 Hi his sume ðorfton.OE Guthlac A 452 No we þe þus swiðe swencan þorftan, þær þu fromlice freonda larum hyran wolde.c1275 Laȝamon Brut 18650 For ne þeorte þe cnihtes buten biwiten þat castel ȝat.a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxx. 419 Thai thurte bot aske and haue thare boyn. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: A Common Germanic verb, belonging to the class of preterite-presents, in which the present tense is an original preterite (compare can v.¹, dow v.¹, dare v.¹, etc.): Old English þurfan , present þearf* —þurfon , past þorfte , = Old Frisian thurva , thurf* (thorf )—thurvon , Old Saxon thurƀan , tharf —thurƀun , thorfta , Middle Dutch dorven , dorfte (Dutch durven ), Old Norse þurfa , þarf—þurfom , þurfta (Swedish tarfva ), Old High German durfan , darf—durfun , dorfta (Middle High German durfen , German dürfen ), Gothic þaurban , þarf—þaurbum* , þaurfta < Old Germanic þarf- , þurƀ- ; corresponding to a pre-Germanic ablaut series terp- , torp- , trp- , which has not been certainly identified. The Middle English β-forms had lost the f or v , apparently first in the 2nd singular present þearft* , þeart-tu , þer-tu , leaving a stem þar- , þer- , þor- , þur- , which was afterwards often confused with the dar- , dor- , dur- of dare v.¹, so that the latter had forms in th , while there are here forms in d , especially in the 2nd and 3rd person singular of the present: see γ. This confusion of tharf and dare is also found in the cognate languages: see dare v.¹ Obsolete exc. Scottish dialect. 1. intransitive. To be under a necessity or obligation (to do something): = need v.² 6a, 10. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > be necessary [verb (intransitive)] > be under necessity to do something tharfc890 needc1395 mister1445 require1559 note1789 c890–901 K. Ælfred Laws Introd. c. 28 gif..he..gewitnesse hæbbe, ne þearf he þæt geldan. OE Genesis 611 Ic hit þe secgan ne þearf. a1200 Moral Ode 44 Þer ne þerf he habben kare of ȝefe ne of ȝelde. a1225 Juliana 68 Arude me þat þeos unselie ne þurue nawt seggen. c1230 Hali Meid. 5 Ha nawiht ne þarf of oðer þing þenchen. 1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. (at cited word) ‘Ye thair n' fash’, you need not put yourself to the trouble. 1825 J. Jamieson Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. Suppl. (at cited word) ‘Ye thurstn'’, ye needed not. 2. impersonal. It needs, there is need, it is needful [= Latin opus est, Greek δεῖ] . Const. dative of person and infinitive. a. without subject it. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > necessity > condition of being necessary > be necessary [verb (intransitive)] > it is necessary (it) needsOE tharfc1175 (it) misters1424 it needsa1425 there needs?a1425 c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 12886 Ne þarrf ȝuw nohht nu follȝhenn me. c1200 Trin. Coll. Hom. 69 Þanne ne þarf us noðer gramien ne shamien. a1250 Owl & Nightingale 190 Ne þarf þerof beo no tale. c1275 Passion 17 in Old Eng. Misc. 37 Ne þerfþ þer non adrede. c1275 Duty of Christians 37 in Old Eng. Misc. 142 Ne þarf vs neuer a-gryse. c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 3053 Who wil lesinges layt, Þarf him no ferþer go. c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 4145 Ne neuere þurt hem haue drad no tyde. c1430 Syr Gener. (Roxb.) 3 Ne thar him nat be idel long. c1440 Alphabet of Tales 361 Sho said hym þurte not be seke her-for. 1572 (a1500) Taill of Rauf Coilȝear (1882) 538 Me tharth haue nane noy of myne erand. b. with subject it. rare. ΚΠ c1430 Pilgr. Lyf Manhode (1869) i. lxxxvii. 39 It thurt not recche to wite of this anoon. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. iv. 51 Myn ase shall with vs, if it thar. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1912; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.735adj.c950v.c890
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