through-prefix

In sense 1 and most instances of sense 2, primary stress is retained by a subsequent element. In sense 3 and some instances of sense 2, primary stress is attracted to the prefix.

Forms: see through prep. and adv.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: < the same Germanic base as through prep. and adv. (compare cognates at that entry). Compare thorough- prefix.Þurh- was already in Old English used in compounds with different parts of speech: (i) with verbs (many probably inherited from Germanic), with the senses ‘so as to pass through (something)’, ‘(right) through’, ‘all through’, ‘thoroughly’ (especially denoting piercing or penetration and travel along the whole distance), as þurhborian through-bore v., þurhclǣnsian to cleanse thoroughly (compare cleanse v.), þurhfaran thoroughfare v.¹, þurhfēran throughfere v., þurhgān through-go v., þurhgangan through-gang v., þurhhǣlan to heal completely (compare heal v.¹), þurhiernan thorough-run v., þurhscēotan through-shoot v., þurhscīnan through-shine v., þurhsēcan through-seek v., þurhsēon thorough-see v., þurhsmierwan to anoint thoroughly (compare smear v.), þurhstingan through-sting v., þurhtēon to carry out, perform, accomplish (compare tee v.¹), þurhwlītan to look through (compare litten v.¹), etc., and (with temporal reference) þurhstandan to persist, continue (compare stand v.), þurhwacian to keep vigil (compare wake v.), þurhwunian through-won v.; compare also examples with past participles, as þurhbrogden transported, þurhburnen thoroughly burnt, burnt through; (ii) with adjectives, chiefly with the sense ‘thoroughly, completely’ (frequently as an intensifier: ‘very’), as þurhbeorht very bright (see through-bright at sense 2a), þurhbiter very bitter, perverse (compare bitter adj.), þurhhālig most holy (compare holy adj.), þurhhefig very heavy (compare heavy adj.¹), þurhspēdig very rich (compare speedy adj.), þurhscyldig very guilty (compare shildy adj.), þurhunrōt very sad, þurhwacol vigilant, wide awake, sleepless, þurhwǣt thorough wet adj., etc.; and (iii) (much less commonly) with nouns, with the sense ‘that goes through’, as þurhfæreld passage from one place to another, þurhfaru (plural) penetralia (see thoroughfare n. 1), þurhweg throughway n., and also with the sense ‘complete, comprehensive’, as þurhgefeoht war (translating post-classical Latin perduellium ; compare fight n.). In Old English the prefix conforms to the usual rules governing the stressing of prefixes, i.e. it is stressed in combination with adjectives and nouns, and unstressed in combination with verbs. With the latter it can also occur as a separable prefix, its position dependent on the form of the verb and grammar of the sentence (compare discussion at out- prefix). In Middle English many new formations are attested (often with variants in thorough- prefix, which at this time was fully interchangeable with through- prefix), including (i) (in combination with verbs, which continue to be very numerous) through-bear v., through-carve v., through-fill v., through-geng v., through-gird v., through-nail v., through-pierce v., through-ride v., through-stitch v., through-wound v.; (ii) (in combination with adjectives, and past participles) through-cold , through-dry , through-fine , through-gilt , through-hot , through-stiff (see sense 2); and (iii) (in combination with nouns) throughfare (see α. forms at thoroughfare n.), through-fleer deserter, fugitive (translating classical Latin perfuga ; compare fleer n.¹), throughgate n., through line n. 1, through-toll n. Later verb formations are few; among them are through-dry (see α. forms at thorough-dry v.), through-cast vb. at sense 1, through-swim vb. at sense 1 (compare also formations at thorough- prefix 1a which appear not to have variants in through- prefix). A rare 20th-cent. formation is shown by through-hike vb. at sense 1. Almost all of the earlier verb formations are now obsolete. Adjective formations (including combinations with participles) continue to be found in early modern English, as e.g. (in sense ‘thoroughly, completely, fully’) through-ripe (see α. forms at thorough ripe adj.), through-galled adj. at sense 2b, through-old (see α. forms at thorough-old adj.), through-formed (see α. forms at thorough-formed adj.), through-bred (see α. forms at thoroughbred adj. and n.), but tend to be superseded by variants in thorough- prefix (the more common form in later use); where examples survive in this sense they are now apprehended as showing forms of thorough adv. Compare also (in sense ‘right through, all the way through’; now the only current sense for adjective formations) through-lined adj., through-launched adj. at sense 2b, through-shot adj., and the more recent formations through-composed adj., through-sung adj. at sense 2b; compare also the β forms at thorough-thrilled adj., through-piercing adj., through-shining adj., etc. Noun formations (now the most productive category) are frequent in early modern English, mostly in the sense ‘that goes, passes, or extends (all the way) through’, as e.g. through-spavin (see α. forms at thorough spavin n.), through stitch n., through-passage n., through-splint (see α. forms at thorough splint n.), through-wort (see α. forms at thoroughwort n.), through-light (see α. forms at thorough light n. and adj.), through-path n. at sense 3 (compare also the β forms at thoroughleaf n., thorough-touch n., throughgoing n., through-post n., etc.), and become increasingly common in later modern English, especially in the fields of building and travel (the coming of the railways provided an important impetus for new formations from the 19th cent. onwards; compare through adj. 2); compare e.g. through-stone n.², through-bolt n., through traffic n., through line n. 2, etc. In Old English and Middle English frequently translating Latin per- (in verbs and nouns, especially in the Wycliffite Bible; see per- prefix) and prae- (in adjectives; see pre- prefix).

1. Compounded with verbs, with the senses ‘so as to pass through (something)’ (cf. through prep. and adv.); ‘(right) through’, ‘all through’, ‘thoroughly’ (cf. through adv. 1, 2, 4a).See also through-bear v., through-carve v., through-gird v., through-go v., through-seek v., through-sting v., etc.The majority of such formations are now obsolete: see further discussion in etymology section.

† through-cast v. [compare cast v. 57] Obsolete (transitive) to plaster throughout.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > surfacing or cladding > clad or cover [verb (transitive)] > plaster

teer1382

pargeta1398

plastera1400

tirea1400

spargetc1440

tarras1485

spargen1512

pargen1536

sparge1560

cast1577

through-cast1611

parge1637

emplaster1649

run1849

slur1885

1611 Contract 18 Apr. in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) II. 112 The whole passage to be throughecast with lime and haire.

† through-cut v. Obsolete (transitive) to cut through; to perforate by cutting.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > cutting > cut [verb (transitive)] > cut through

shearOE

hacka1325

through-carvec1330

through-cutc1330

detrench1398

rivea1400

trench1483

cross-cut1590

rescind1598

transect1634

the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > make (an opening or hole) [verb (transitive)] > by cutting

through-cutc1330

shearc1425

c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 9286 Ich of hem on þer hitt Oþer heued of smot or bodi þurth kitt.

1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon x. sig. A.iv^v/1 Thesame water dronken thre howres before brekefast in the mornyng, almoost an ounce and an halfe thrugh cuttith and deuideth olde and harde slymy matters layyng in the stomake.

1594 H. Plat Jewell House 34 (heading) How to graue any..deuise vpon an egge shel, & how to through-cut the same.

1653 R. Carpenter Anabaptist Washt lxxx. 284 The Answer which wholly and through-cuts the throat of the Argument.

1664 Floddan Field viii. 80 Then spears and pickes to work was put And blows with bils most dure was delt And many a cap of steel through cut.

† through-drive v. Obsolete (transitive) to drive (a nail, spike, etc.) through, to transfix. [Compare West Frisian trochdriuwe, Middle Dutch dōredrīven (Dutch doordrijven), Middle Low German dörchdrīven, Middle High German durchtrīben (German durchtreiben).]

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > make (an opening or hole) [verb (transitive)] > make an opening or hole in or into > bore, pierce, or perforate > with something sharp-pointed > transfix

through-driveOE

through-nimc1275

stickc1330

through-piercec1330

to stick througha1382

preenc1390

spitc1430

thirlc1450

broacha1470

prickc1475

to stick up1528

transfix1590

fix1638

bestick1667

impalea1678

spiculate1835

skewer1837

to strike through1893

OE Wulfstan Creed (Hatton 113) 159 Man..him ægðer þurhdraf mid isenum næglum ge fet ge handa.

c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) 555 Þat wes..mon & nawt godes drihtnesse þurh-driuen uppon þe rode.

c1390 Talkyng of Love of God (Vernon) (1950) 56 (MED) A, swete ladi..þi sone istreiht on roode, þorw driuen feet and hondes wiþ Irene nayles, blodi his syde.

1598 G. Chapman tr. Homer Seauen Bks. Iliades iii. 54 A sword, whose handle was with siluer studs through driuen.

† through-ficche v. [compare ficche v.] Obsolete (transitive) to pierce through, transfix.

ΘΚΠ

through-stingeOE

thorough-runOE

spitc1275

through-shovec1330

through-ficchea1400

through-girdc1405

tresperce1484

transpierce1594

reeve1681

a1400 tr. R. Rolle Oleum Effusum (Harl.) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 187 Ay-lastand luf has ouercomen me, noght for to sla me, bot for to qwyken me: bot it has wonded me for it suld leche me, It has thurgh-fitched [c1440 Thornton thurghe-fychede] my herte.

through-hike v.

Brit.

/ˌθruːˈhʌɪk/

U.S.

/ˌθruˈhaɪk/

(chiefly in form thru-hike) [after through-hiker n., through-hike n. at sense 3] North American (intransitive and transitive) to walk the entire length of a long-distance trail (esp. the Appalachian Trail) in a single continuous hike.

ΚΠ

1983 Harper's Bazaar Mar. 16/2 You can ‘thru-hike’—that is, cover the entire 2,100-plus miles of it.

1986 Chicago Tribune 10 Aug. xii. 10/3 The A.T.'s most legendary figure is Emma Gatewood, who through-hiked the Trail three times wearing sneakers.

1997 M. A. Blaney & L. K. Ullyart Journey of Friendship 2 Lindi answered an ad for a hiking partner to thru-hike the Appalachian Trail.

2011 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 24 July (Sports section) 7/2 In 2005, she took about four and a half months to thru-hike the Appalachian Trail.

† through-look v. Obsolete (transitive) to look through, examine thoroughly. [Earlier currency is perhaps implied by through-looking n. at sense 3.]

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > see [verb (transitive)] > examine or inspect

through-lookc1175

spyc1325

to see overc1475

to see over ——1490

overview1549

sight1556

pervise1577

speculate1616

study1616

to have (also take) a look1673

to have a look1725

to eye over1795

scan1798

search1811

survey1860

skin1876

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Ded. l. 68 & te bitæche icc off þiss boc..All to þurrhsekenn illc an ferrs. & to þurrhlokenn offte.

† through-nim v. Obsolete (transitive) to run through, transfix; (also figurative) to penetrate.

ΘΚΠ

through-driveOE

through-nimc1275

stickc1330

through-piercec1330

to stick througha1382

preenc1390

spitc1430

thirlc1450

broacha1470

prickc1475

to stick up1528

transfix1590

fix1638

bestick1667

impalea1678

spiculate1835

skewer1837

to strike through1893

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 7341 Catiger þer com & mid his spere hine þurh-nom [c1300 Otho þorh-nom].

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 3635 Into wepinge Sche fell, as sche that was thurgh nome With love.

† through-shed v. [translating classical Latin perfundere perfuse v.] Obsolete (transitive) to suffuse.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > cover [verb (transitive)] > form or act as covering for > by spreading > as fluid, light, or colour

through-sheda1382

suffuse1590

suffund1657

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Esther xv. 8 She forsothe thurȝshed [L. perfusa] the chere with rose colour.

† through-shove v. Obsolete (transitive) to thrust through, transfix.

ΘΚΠ

through-stingeOE

thorough-runOE

spitc1275

through-shovec1330

through-ficchea1400

through-girdc1405

tresperce1484

transpierce1594

reeve1681

c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 7959 Þer was mani wombe þurth schoue And mani heued cleued aboue.

a1450 in J. Kail 26 Polit. Poems (1904) 79 (MED) His herte was wiþ a spere þurgh-shoue.

† through-stick v. Obsolete (transitive) to stab (a person); to pierce (a part of the body); cf. through-stitch v.

ΚΠ

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 199 Ha þurch sticden him..iþe schere.

c1400 Prickynge of Love (Harl.) (1983) 30 Þourȝe-sticke þyn oune harde herte wit cristes precious woundes.

† through-swim v. Obsolete (transitive) to swim through.Re-formed in the 17th cent. [Compare Middle Dutch dōreswemmen (Dutch doorzwemmen), Middle High German durchswimmen (German durchschwimmen).]

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > progressive motion > moving with current of air or water > movement in or on water > move in or on water [verb (transitive)] > swim (a distance or a stroke) > swim through, over, or on

through-swimeOE

overswimOE

swima1616

beswim1805

eOE Corpus Gloss. (1890) 117/1 Tranant : ðorhsuimmað [L. superant montis et flumina tranant].

?1614 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses vii. 106 I yet, through-swomme the waues, that your shore binds.

a1631 J. Donne Poems (1633) 14 The net through-swome, she keepes the liquid Path.

a. Forming adjectives with the senses ‘(right) through’, ‘all through’, ‘thoroughly, completely’, as through-bright, through-holy, through-hot, etc. In early use frequently as an intensifier: ‘very’.See also through wet at thorough wet adj. α. forms. Cf. through adv. 2b for some less established collocations.

ΚΠ

OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1881) I. 240 Hi sungon on æfenunga eft oðerne sealm, and on heora gebedum wunodon þurhwacole oð midde niht.

OE Seven Sleepers (Julius) (1994) 57 Eall heora nebwlite ongann to scinenne swilce seo þurhbeorhte sunne.

OE Homily (Corpus Cambr. 162) in H. L. C. Tristram Vier Altenglische Predigten aus der Heterodoxen Trad. (Ph.D. diss., Freiburg) (1970) 428 Men ða leofestan we wyllað eow sume gereccednysse cyðan embe ðyses þurhhaligan symbeldæges mærsunge & wurðunge þe nu andwerd ys.

a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 145 (MED) Ðu makedest of hire, senfulle ðat hie was, þurȝhali.

c1300 St. Brendan (Harl.) l. 163 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 224 Þo þis fur was þurf-hot [a1350 Ashm. þoruhot; a1325 Corpus Cambr. þoru out hot], þe yle quakede anon.

?c1425 Recipe in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (Arun. 334) (1790) 459 When thai byn thurgh hote take hom up with a skymmour.

1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre iii. xxvi. 156 Once through-hot, long in cooling.

† through-burnen adj. [compare burnen , former past participle of burn v.¹] Obsolete thoroughly burnt, burnt through.

ΚΠ

OE Lacnunga (2001) I. lxxxiii. 70 Genim anes æges gewyrðe greates sealtes & bærn on anan claðe þæt hit si þurhburnen.

through-composed adj.

Brit.

/ˌθruːkəmˈpəʊzd/

U.S.

/ˌθrukəmˈpoʊzd/

[after German durchkomponiert (1857 or earlier in musical use: see durchkomponiert adj.)] Music (a) (of songs, etc.) having a different musical setting for each verse, stanza, or strophe, etc.; = durchkomponiert adj.; (b) (of an opera, operatic scene, etc.) containing no spoken dialogue not set to music; = through-sung adj.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > [adjective] > set to music > different setting for each verse

through-composed1873

1873 Fortn. Rev. Oct. 485 What the Germans call by the untranslateable but easily comprehensible title of ‘Durchcomponirtes (literally, throughcomposed) Lied,’ in which the melody follows as closely as possible the different feelings expressed by the words.

1884 F. Niecks Conc. Dict. Mus. Terms 122 A durch-componiertes Lied, ‘a through-composed song’, is a song of which each verse has a setting of its own.

1947 A. Einstein Music Romantic Era x. 117 In this prologue there is no longer any spoken dialogue; the scene is ‘through-composed’.

1992 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 7 Jan. c22/1 The vocal lines are narrative and through-composed, not strophic and recurring.

† through-launched adj. [compare launch v. 1a] Obsolete pierced, transfixed.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [adjective] > having (a) hole(s) > bored, pierced, or perforated > with a sharp-pointed instrument

pierceda1400

burled1451

thorough-thrilled1496

sticked1565

through-launched1590

empierced1591

through-shot1596

launched1601

thrilleda1618

darted1622

broached1633

punctured1672

stabbed1862

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. i. sig. N4^v As gentle Hynd, whose sides with cruell steele Through launched, forth her bleeding life does raine.

1595 E. Spenser Amoretti lvii, in Amoretti & Epithalamion sig. D6 Seeing my hart through launched euery where With thousand arrowes, which your eies haue shot.

† through-galled adj. [compare gall v.¹ 5] Obsolete thoroughly harassed or disabled.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > damage > [adjective] > damaged

mangledc1400

shendedc1400

vitiate?a1475

appaired1475

wrack1487

maggleda1522

manka1522

mankeda1522

spiltc1540

massacred1590

through-galled1594

spoiled1598

flawed1608

impaired1611

damaged1771

scathed1791

waterlogged1795

spoilt1816

wrecked1818

injured1857

marred1870

buggered-up1893

messed-up1909

puckerooed1919

dinged1920

trashed1926

mucked-up1930

sheg-up1941

buggered1942

screwed-up1942

mucked-about1966

1594 T. Kyd tr. R. Garnier Cornelia v. 308 Scipio that saw his ships through-galled, And by the foe fulfild with fire and blood.

through-sung adj.

Brit.

/ˌθruːˈsʌŋ/

U.S.

/ˌθruˈsəŋ/

(of an opera, theatrical musical, etc.) entirely or almost entirely sung; containing no spoken dialogue not set to music.Now more usually expressed by sung-through (see sung-through adj.).

ΚΠ

1973 Early Music 1 202 Those through-sung..Oberons prepared in the last hundred years or so by worthy revisers.

1997 G. Block Enchanted Evenings 118 The work is for the most part through-sung and contains proportionally far less talk than most Singspiels.

2012 London Evening Standard (Nexis) 7 Dec. 36 Hooper hasn't just made a film with musical numbers folded within it: Les Mis is genuinely through-sung.

† through-waxen adj. [compare waxen , past participle of wax v.¹] Obsolete grown over.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > [adjective] > covered > with or as with a growth

begrowna1250

through-waxenc1275

overgrowna1450

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 9151 Wes þe munt þurh-wexen [c1300 Otho þorh-woxe] mid ane wude feiren.

3. Forming nouns and adjectives (in combination with nouns), mostly with the sense ‘that goes, passes, or extends (all the way) through’. Cf. through adj. I.In early use frequently with reference to paths, roads, etc., which allow continuous or unrestricted passage through: see e.g. throughgang n., throughgate n., through-passage n., throughway n.See also throughband adj. and n., through-bolt n., through-deck n. and adj.², through-feed n., through-stone n.², etc.

through-arch n.

Brit.

/ˈθruːɑːtʃ/

U.S.

/ˈθruˌɑrtʃ/

Architecture an arch which occupies the whole thickness of a wall, as contrasted with the combination of an inner and outer arch (see quot. a1878).

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > types of window > [adjective] > other types of window

three-light1618

casemented1759

mullioned1763

quarried1805

lanceolated1821

supermullioned1838

north-facing1846

lanceted1855

lanciform1855

leaded1855

unmullioned1857

quarrelled1868

through-archa1878

shaftless1881

lanceolate1883

vitrailed1884

double-glazed1910

wind-up1951

screenless1976

thermal pane1978

a1878 G. G. Scott Lect. Mediæval Archit. (1879) I. vii. 283 The two systems may be distinguished as rere-arch windows and through-arch windows—i.e., those in which the inner is distinct from the outer arch, and those in which the same arch runs through the wall, showing itself more or less similarly on its outer and inner faces. In thick walls and rich work there is often another order of through-arch within the tracery order, or rather the outer order re-appears within.

2001 R. White & R. Darwall-Smith Archit. Drawings of Magdalen College, Oxf. 186/2 With minor differences (notably to the ornamental surrounds to the through-arch) the elevations were built as shown.

through-ball n.

Brit.

/ˈθruːbɔːl/

U.S.

/ˈθruˌbɔl/

/ˈθruˌbɑl/

chiefly Association Football a forward pass which goes through the other team's defensive formation.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > football > association football > [noun] > actions or manoeuvres

holding1866

hand-balling1867

left-footer1874

header1875

handball1879

goal kick1881

corner1882

spot kick1884

middle1899

clearance1920

cross-kick1927

cross-pass1929

body swerve1933

open goal1934

headball1936

chip1939

through-ball1956

wall pass1958

outswinger1959

cross1961

overlap1969

blooter1976

hospital pass1978

route one1978

sidefoot1979

top bin1999

ankle-biting2001

1956 Times 29 Oct. 13/6 A wild kick by Sawden mid-way through the second half allowed Roope to run on to a through ball.

1969 Punch 12 Feb. 248/4 I wish I could recall the lingo—the through-balls, high crosses, work-rates and searching diagonals.

1977 Times 28 Feb. 8/5 Another through ball and Souness was racing away to make a cross which Armstrong converted.

2016 Courier (Dundee) 4 Jan. (Perth & Perthshire ed.) 49/3 The French-Moroccan striker set up the opener in 18 minutes, feeding a delightful through ball to strike partner Moffat to fire a low shot past Jamie Sneddon.

through blow n.

Brit.

/ˈθruː bləʊ/

U.S.

/ˈθru ˌbloʊ/

the passage of a current of air from one side to the other of a compartment.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > gas > air > moving air > [noun] > a movement of air > a current of air > passing through a room, etc.

through-draught1728

through blow1872

1872 Architect 6 July 6/2 The stagnant air could be effectually carried away in a room lighted from the two ends and one side by opening the windows wide, thus causing a through blow.

1908 Builder 19 Dec. 685/2 The buildings should be capable of being aired or ‘blown through’ in the morning after having been closed up during the night. This airing or ‘through blow’ of air (of which the term ‘through ventilation’ conveys an utterly inadequate conception) can only be obtained from one front of a building through to another front.

2002 C. Cox & F. Traczyk in A. L. Mular et al. Mineral Processing Plant Design, Pract. & Control II. ix. 1350 Such ‘air through blow’ is performed at 5 to 8 bar effectively displacing liquid as it passes through the cake.

through bridge n.

Brit.

/ˈθruː brɪdʒ/

U.S.

/ˈθru ˌbrɪdʒ/

a bridge in which the roadway runs between the supporting structures; opposed to deck-bridge n. (b) at deck n.¹ Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

1866 11th Ann. Rep. Northern Central Railway Company (U.S.) 28 Roofed and Covered Deck Bridges with iron roof... Through Bridges, with slate roof.

1920 H. H. Bird Pract. Design Plate Girder Bridges iv. 41 In a ‘through’ bridge the wind bracing can only be placed across the bottom flanges.

2014 E. Ellobody Finite Elem. Anal. Composite Bridges i. 17 This bridge is a through bridge with enough height to contain traffic in addition to overhead clearance.

throughcare n.

Brit.

/ˈθruːkɛː/

U.S.

/ˈθruˌkɛ(ə)r/

originally and chiefly British continuity of care or supervision throughout (and sometimes beyond) the time spent by an inmate in a prison or (esp. outside the U.K.) by a resident in another institution; a system which emphasizes this.

ΚΠ

1971 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 18 Dec. 742/1 Now the officer sees the client in prison, may supervise him on parole, or help him voluntarily on discharge from prison; in fact the service can now offer real ‘through-care’.

1973 J. A. Pendleton in Internat. Jrnl. Offender Therapy & Compar. Criminol. 17 15 It had been said..that after-care should start at the moment when the offender is sentenced, or even earlier. At long last this notion has been put into practice. Many departments have already adopted a system of ‘through-care’.

1994 Daily Tel. 12 Oct. 37/7 In America ‘through-care’ is the buzz word. It means that the retirement home buyer can go through all the stages from ‘sprightly’ to ‘marvellous for his age’ and ‘getting a bit tottery’—and finally needing 24-hour nursing care—without having to move again.

2002 Sunday Herald (Glasgow) (Electronic ed.) 7 July A throughcare system which not only encourages prisoners to address their offending but also looks to their release with arrangements for housing tenancy and job interviews.

throughfall n.

Brit.

/ˈθruːfɔːl/

U.S.

/ˈθruˌfɔl/

/ˈθruˌfɑl/

Ecology (the amount of) precipitation that reaches the ground through a canopy of vegetation, either directly or by dripping from leaves, branches, etc. (often contrasted with stemflow n. at stem n.¹ Compounds 2).

ΚΠ

1948 P. B. Rowe Infl. Woodland Chaparral on Water & Soil in Central Calif. 46 Measurements on the undisturbed plots for the year 1937–38 showed that the precipitation reaching the ground in the open was 61.15 inches; precipitation reaching the ground as throughfall (rainfall passing or dripping from the brush cover) was 49.06 inches.

1949 E. L. Hamilton & P. B. Rowe Rainfall Interception by Chaparral in Calif. 17 For the two years of high precipitation, throughfall was 80 percent, stemflow 15 percent, and interception loss 5 percent of the annual rainfall.

1985 Austral. Jrnl. Forest Res. 15 309 Loss of organic matter after 2 years was strongly correlated with the amount of water reaching the forest floor as throughfall.

2011 J. Landsberg & P. Sands Physiol. Ecol. Forest Production vii. 192 For dense canopies throughfall may be very low until the canopy saturates.

† through-fang n. [compare fang n.¹ 6a] Obsolete = through-tang n.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > making tools, equipment, or fastenings > [noun] > making nails > specific processes

through-tang1832

through-fang1852

1852 C. Tomlinson Cycl. Useful Arts (1854) I. 487/2 A very good method is what is called through-fang, that is, to drill a hole completely through the handle, and to insert a..prong projecting from the blade, riveting it at the opposite end.

1869 G. Dodd Dict. Manuf. 164/1 Some handles are made..by the through fang, an iron prong projecting from the blade, fitted into a hole drilled right through the handle, and riveted at the end.

† through-fast n. [compare fast n.¹ 1] Obsolete a fast all through a period, e.g. the fast of Lent.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > liturgical year > fast > [noun] > period of > fast throughout

through-fast1652

the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > appetite > fasting > [noun] > a fast > prescribed or appointed fast

fasting daya1387

fasta1400

station day1631

station1636

through-fast1652

1652 T. Fuller Comment S. Matthew's Gospel ii. 19 ‘He had fasted fourty dayes and fourty nights.’ The words containe the through-fast of Christ.

throughflow n.

Brit.

/ˈθruːfləʊ/

U.S.

/ˈθruˌfloʊ/

(the amount of) the flow of a liquid, air, etc., through something; also attributive.In quot. 1967 = throughfall n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > [noun] > action or process of flowing > through

throughflow1863

1863 Jrnl. Gas Lighting 13 Jan. 11/2 A thimble or cap to prevent direct through-flow of the flushing ffuid [sic].

1920 R. Burton-Opitz Text-bk. Physiol. (1921) 420 The diminution in the caliber of the arterial terminals must reduce the arterial throughflow.

1967 M. E. Hale Biol. Lichens vii. 96 Stemflow on trees..has been shown to be enriched, relative to throughflow, with potassium and calcium.

1974 Country Life 17 Jan. 103/1 2 litre family saloon..throughflow heating and ventilation.

1999 Camping Mag. Apr. 8/1 The towel can then be folded back into its handy carry bag, which features a gauze panel allowing the through flow of air to assist drying.

† through-handling n. Obsolete management of details; carrying through; transaction.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > continuing > following up, through, or prosecution > [noun]

suinga1325

prosecution1545

conveyance1572

through-handlinga1586

carriage1589

pursuita1631

throughing1638

pursuance1642

persecution1647

transaction1655

pursual1878

follow-up1904

follow-through1918

a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) ii. xx. sig. Bb8^v (Skimming any thing that came before him) [he] was disciplined to leaue the through-handling of all, to his gentle wife.

through-hike n.

Brit.

/ˈθruːhʌɪk/

U.S.

/ˈθruˌhaɪk/

(chiefly in form thru-hike) [after through-hiker n.] North American a single continuous hike along the entire length of a long-distance trail (esp. the Appalachian Trail).

ΚΠ

1971 N.Y. Times 9 May x. 17/4 Chuck Ebersole..completed the through hike in 1964 with his 17-year-old son and a beagle which backpacked with its own food.

1994 L. Luxenberg Walking Appalachian Trail 153 Mary Ann joined one of Warren Doyle's group thru-hikes after seeing his slide show.

2010 Mountain Democrat (Placerville, Calif.) 16 June a5/1 The Tahoe Rim Trail Association is accepting a few more applications for the 2010 Annual Thru Hike.

through-hiker n.

Brit.

/ˈθruːˌhʌɪkə/

U.S.

/ˈθruˌhaɪkər/

(also thru-hiker) North American a person who walks the entire length of a long-distance trail (esp. the Appalachian Trail) in a single continuous hike. In quot. 1913: a participant in the 1913 Suffrage Hike to Washington, D.C.

ΚΠ

1913 Sun (Baltimore) 21 Feb. 1/8 Each of the 13 through hikers knelt on the line and grasped a handful of Maryland soil.

1970 Daily Mail (Hagerstown, Maryland) 29 May 10/2 People who are accustomed to the out-of-doors are usually careful of other people's property... ‘Your through hiker is a pretty reasonable person,’ Holmes said.

1991 Backpacker Apr. 131/2 During my recent thru-hike of the Appalachian Trail, I met a 1989 thru-hiker who frightened me with tales of readjustment to the real world.

2013 P. Molyneaux Child's Walk in Wilderness vi. 72 The hiker identifies himself as Nature Boy, a veteran thru-hiker who hopes to be the first of the class of 2010 to reach Katahdin.

through-hole n.

Brit.

/ˈθruːhəʊl/

U.S.

/ˈθruˌhoʊl/

a hole that passes completely through an object; esp. (in later use) a hole of this kind in a printed circuit board, used as a means for attaching electronic components (frequently attributive).

ΚΠ

1856 R. H. Dana Seaman's Friend (new ed.) 360 The sheaves, or wheels on which the rope runs, are grooved to receive the rope, and have in their centre, a brass or iron bush, with a through hole to receive the pin, on which the sheaves turn.

1965 in Precision Measurem. & Calibration: Sel. NBS Papers Mech. (1972) 300/1 The nozzles are sealed..by ‘Teflon’ ‘O’ rings, which are held in place by..stainless steel caps, each of which has a through hole and female pipe threads for the connection of tubing.

2014 A. Robinson et al. Raspberry Pi Projects viii. 183 Surface mount LEDs offer flatter and more even illumination than a through-hole part.

through-joint n.

Brit.

/ˈθruːdʒɔɪnt/

U.S.

/ˈθruˌdʒɔɪnt/

a joint passing through the thickness of something.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > specific parts built or constructed > [noun] > joint > types of

gemew?a1400

match-joint1683

matched joint1688

joggle1703

water joint1810

pin-joint1835

shackle-joint1837

screw shackle1847

through-joint1851

joggling1858

leg joint1858

splice1875

bed-joint1876

butting joint1887

saddle joint1901

contraction joint1909

1851 Trans. N.Y. State Agric. Soc. 1850 10 102 One great improvement is certainly secured in doing away with the through joints which cause much the greatest proportion of the wear and expense of repairing the track.

1859 Building News 14 Jan. 36/1 The improvements..in the construction of the brick inverts of sewers have for object to avoid the hitherto objectionable butt or through joint of a 9-inch brick sewer block, and to effect the proper bonding together of the blocks.

1862 Internat. Exhib.: Illustr. Catal. Industr. Dept. II. x. 53/1 The through-joints admit wet into the interior.

1944 Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 152/2 Scribe the dovetails on the end wood of the other piece, as with through joints.

1997 B. A. Russell in C. V. J. Dellino Cold & Chilled Storage Technol. (ed. 2) v. 148 A second layer of cork was then applied with all joints staggered and sealed, ensuring no through joints.

† through-key n. [compare key n.¹ 12a] Obsolete a key or pin fitting into a hole which passes right through the parts to be fastened by it.

ΚΠ

1864 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. 77 351 They use finer threads, double or jam nuts and through-keys in all bolts, from which by coming loose, accidents might occur.

1880 W. Allan Shipowners' & Engineers' Guide to Marine Engine 40 A through key, bearing fair against the nut, to be fitted through the shaft end.

1917 O. A. Leutwiler Elem. Machine Design xv. 401 The through keys or cotters are made of tool steel and tempered.

† through-lock n. Scottish Obsolete a lock with a keyhole passing through the width of a door so as to be operable from either side.

ΚΠ

1527–8 Extr. Burgh Rec. Stirling (1887) 32 Ane ke of ane throucht lok.

1548 in Accts. Ld. High Treasurer Scotl. (1911) IX. 167 Thre gret throuch lokes to the palice of Halyrudhous.

1617 in J. Imrie & J. G. Dunbar Accts. Master of Wks. (1982) II. 65 Throch lock.

† through-looking n. Obsolete a thorough examination, an overview. [Rendering classical Latin prooemium proem n., but perhaps originally an element-by-element gloss of a word in per- (such as perscrūtātiō perscrutation n. or perspicuitās perspicuity n.) either excerpted from a relevant explanatory gloss or displaced in transmission. Compare later through-look vb. at sense 1.]

ΚΠ

OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 112 Prohemium, þurhlocung.

through-lounge n.

Brit.

/ˈθruːlaʊn(d)ʒ/

U.S.

/ˈθruˌlaʊndʒ/

a lounge that extends from the front to the back of a house.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > room > room by type of use > [noun] > sitting room > extending from front to back of house

through-lounge1928

1928 Manch. Guardian 11 Aug. 4/3 New detached four-bed house: through lounge, panelled with ingle nook.

1962 B. Jackson & D. Marsden Educ. & Working Class v. 157 The interview took place in the through-lounge.

2004 Hot Property 6 Aug. 45/2 (advt.) Retains many original features and boasts a 25ft through lounge with stripped wood floor.

through-mortise n.

Brit.

/ˈθruːˌmɔːtɪs/

U.S.

/ˈθruˌmɔrdəs/

a mortise cut right through the timber.

ΚΠ

1873 J. H. Monckton National Carpenter & Joiner Pl. XLV Outside edges of the upper and lower sash showing the through mortices of the top and bottom rails.

1938 Motor Boating Aug. 59/1 A through mortise makes a strong door as the tenons can then be wedged, but the endwood will always show.

2014 C. Schwarz et al. Classic Amer. Furnit. 159/1 Gaps between a through-mortise and its tenon aren't acceptable in good work.

through-pass n.

Brit.

/ˈθruːpɑːs/

/ˈθruːpas/

U.S.

/ˈθruˌpæs/

†(a) a sword-thrust that passes right through something (obsolete); (b) chiefly Association Football = through-ball n.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > characteristics of team ball games > [noun] > actions or manoeuvres

ball1483

through-pass1673

intercept1821

fielding1823

outfielding1851

wrist stroke1851

goalkeeping1856

shot1868

scrimmage1872

passing1882

save1883

touchback1884

angle shot1885

shooting1885

pass1887

line1891

tackling1893

feeding1897

centre1898

chip shot1899

glovework1906

back-lift1912

push pass1919

aerial1921

screen1921

ball-hawking1925

fast break1929

tackle1930

chip1939

screenshot1940

snapshot1961

hang time1969

one-two1969

blooter1976

passback1976

sidefoot1979

1673 H. N. Payne Morning Ramble v. 69 I made a through pass, and run my Sword to'th' hilts.

1909 Times 1 Jan. 3/3 The next goal came from C. E. Brisley, who took a ‘through’ pass from A. H. Birks, and finished up with a very powerful shot.

1937 F. N. S. Creek Assoc. Football iii. 58 Short passing should always consist of ‘through’ passes so that the ball is sent behind an opponent and never..across his front.

1967 J. Potter Foul Play (1968) ii. 29 If you're playing on the left wing I'll feed you with through-passes to the corner flag.

2016 Scotsman (Nexis) 12 Mar. The goal arose from a sublime through pass.

through-path n.

Brit.

/ˈθruːpɑːθ/

/ˈθruːpaθ/

U.S.

/ˈθruˌpæθ/

a path or way through something.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > track, trail, or path > [noun] > through something

through-pathc1634

clearway1893

c1634 R. Corbet Speech Made (Brit. Libr. Harley MS 750) f. 173 Are we not beholding to it..for a prayer or a throwpath.

1876 Specifications & Drawings of Patents (U.S. Patent Office) 28 Nov. 859/2 Leaving a small through-path,..through which, by a jet of steam.., any deposit of cinders may be readily blown out.

1977 C. Alexander et al. Pattern Lang. 262 Make sure that the pedestrian path is a through path, leading into the cul-de-sac from one direction, and out of it in another direction.

2014 N. Ondra Five-plant Gardens 142 Separate the parts with a through-path or a short path ending in a bench.

through-rod n.

Brit.

/ˈθruːrɒd/

U.S.

/ˈθruˌrɑd/

a rod passing or extending through or from end to end of some structure or piece of mechanism.

ΚΠ

1856 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Patents 1855: Arts & Manuf. I. 758 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (34th Congr., 1st Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. No. 12) VI The through-rods N serve to hold the feed-plates against the force of the piston.

1912 Motorcycle Illustr. 31 Oct. 33/1 On the two-speed models, the clutch is operated by a through-rod with a rocker on the right side.

2015 C. Souder Temporary Struct. Design xii. 306 The timbers are bolted together with through-rods.

through-tang n.

Brit.

/ˈθruːtaŋ/

U.S.

/ˈθruˌtæŋ/

a tang (tang n.¹ 2a) inserted in a hole drilled right through the handle of a knife, fork, etc., and riveted at the end; (also) this method of hafting an implement.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > making tools, equipment, or fastenings > [noun] > making nails > specific processes

through-tang1832

through-fang1852

1832 Butlers' Commerc. List 86/2 Hop Knives, cast steel, through tangs.

1833 J. Holland Treat. Manuf. Metal II. 14 Hafting table knives by the insertion of that portion of the blade which has been properly drawn out, quite through the handle..is called through-tang.

1885 Sheffield & Rotherham Independent 21 July 2/7 The handles are exceedingly strong, and the blades are secured by through tangs and rivets.

1915 Gleanings Bee Culture Mar. 2/1 (advt.) The handles..have through tangs with three large brass saw rivets.

1985 T. McCreight Custom Knifemaking ix. 124/2 The size and shape of the blade used in a through-tang knife have no limitation.

1997 B. C. Wees Eng., Irish, & Sc. Silver at S. & F. Clark Inst. 259/1 Some porcelain-mounted cutlery has through tangs extending the length of the handle and capped with a silver terminal, but shorter tangs are also common.

through valley n.

Brit.

/ˈθruː ˌvali/

U.S.

/ˈθru ˌvæli/

Geomorphology a broad valley or channel with a level floor which has been eroded across a mountain divide and from which water drains into two distinct river systems.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > low land > valley > [noun] > other types

brem valayc1400

glack1535

grain1542

by-slade1635

by-vale1686

water gap1756

hanging valley1900

through valley1901

palm bottom1902

wadi1902

pocket valley1904

1901 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 57 196 Mr. A. Strahan reminded the Author that ‘through valleys’, such as he had described, occurred in many mountain-regions.

1969 G. C. Dickinson Maps & Air Photographs xiii. 208 A valley from one system may meet one from another system ‘back-to-back’ so that together they form a through valley with scarcely any feature separating the headwaters of the two systems.

2011 J. Knight et al. in M. J. Smith et al. Geomorphol. Mapping vi. 177 An example of this mapping methodology can be demonstrated from one of the complex landslides that characterise the through valley of Mallerstang in the western Pennines of northern England.

† through-work n. Obsolete work extending through the thickness, or occupying the whole breadth of, some structure.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > specific parts built or constructed > [noun] > other specific parts

panel1498

pane1582

well-curb1665

through-work1686

gathering1703

dripping1735

sweep1766

bridging1774

accouplement1823

sweep-work1847

1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. ix. 384 He also cuts wreath'd pillars with the same Engine (that are not through-work).

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2017; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	through-
释义	through-prefix In sense 1 and most instances of sense 2, primary stress is retained by a subsequent element. In sense 3 and some instances of sense 2, primary stress is attracted to the prefix. Forms: see through prep. and adv. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: < the same Germanic base as through prep. and adv. (compare cognates at that entry). Compare thorough- prefix.Þurh- was already in Old English used in compounds with different parts of speech: (i) with verbs (many probably inherited from Germanic), with the senses ‘so as to pass through (something)’, ‘(right) through’, ‘all through’, ‘thoroughly’ (especially denoting piercing or penetration and travel along the whole distance), as þurhborian through-bore v., þurhclǣnsian to cleanse thoroughly (compare cleanse v.), þurhfaran thoroughfare v.¹, þurhfēran throughfere v., þurhgān through-go v., þurhgangan through-gang v., þurhhǣlan to heal completely (compare heal v.¹), þurhiernan thorough-run v., þurhscēotan through-shoot v., þurhscīnan through-shine v., þurhsēcan through-seek v., þurhsēon thorough-see v., þurhsmierwan to anoint thoroughly (compare smear v.), þurhstingan through-sting v., þurhtēon to carry out, perform, accomplish (compare tee v.¹), þurhwlītan to look through (compare litten v.¹), etc., and (with temporal reference) þurhstandan to persist, continue (compare stand v.), þurhwacian to keep vigil (compare wake v.), þurhwunian through-won v.; compare also examples with past participles, as þurhbrogden transported, þurhburnen thoroughly burnt, burnt through; (ii) with adjectives, chiefly with the sense ‘thoroughly, completely’ (frequently as an intensifier: ‘very’), as þurhbeorht very bright (see through-bright at sense 2a), þurhbiter very bitter, perverse (compare bitter adj.), þurhhālig most holy (compare holy adj.), þurhhefig very heavy (compare heavy adj.¹), þurhspēdig very rich (compare speedy adj.), þurhscyldig very guilty (compare shildy adj.), þurhunrōt very sad, þurhwacol vigilant, wide awake, sleepless, þurhwǣt thorough wet adj., etc.; and (iii) (much less commonly) with nouns, with the sense ‘that goes through’, as þurhfæreld passage from one place to another, þurhfaru (plural) penetralia (see thoroughfare n. 1), þurhweg throughway n., and also with the sense ‘complete, comprehensive’, as þurhgefeoht war (translating post-classical Latin perduellium ; compare fight n.). In Old English the prefix conforms to the usual rules governing the stressing of prefixes, i.e. it is stressed in combination with adjectives and nouns, and unstressed in combination with verbs. With the latter it can also occur as a separable prefix, its position dependent on the form of the verb and grammar of the sentence (compare discussion at out- prefix). In Middle English many new formations are attested (often with variants in thorough- prefix, which at this time was fully interchangeable with through- prefix), including (i) (in combination with verbs, which continue to be very numerous) through-bear v., through-carve v., through-fill v., through-geng v., through-gird v., through-nail v., through-pierce v., through-ride v., through-stitch v., through-wound v.; (ii) (in combination with adjectives, and past participles) through-cold , through-dry , through-fine , through-gilt , through-hot , through-stiff (see sense 2); and (iii) (in combination with nouns) throughfare (see α. forms at thoroughfare n.), through-fleer deserter, fugitive (translating classical Latin perfuga ; compare fleer n.¹), throughgate n., through line n. 1, through-toll n. Later verb formations are few; among them are through-dry (see α. forms at thorough-dry v.), through-cast vb. at sense 1, through-swim vb. at sense 1 (compare also formations at thorough- prefix 1a which appear not to have variants in through- prefix). A rare 20th-cent. formation is shown by through-hike vb. at sense 1. Almost all of the earlier verb formations are now obsolete. Adjective formations (including combinations with participles) continue to be found in early modern English, as e.g. (in sense ‘thoroughly, completely, fully’) through-ripe (see α. forms at thorough ripe adj.), through-galled adj. at sense 2b, through-old (see α. forms at thorough-old adj.), through-formed (see α. forms at thorough-formed adj.), through-bred (see α. forms at thoroughbred adj. and n.), but tend to be superseded by variants in thorough- prefix (the more common form in later use); where examples survive in this sense they are now apprehended as showing forms of thorough adv. Compare also (in sense ‘right through, all the way through’; now the only current sense for adjective formations) through-lined adj., through-launched adj. at sense 2b, through-shot adj., and the more recent formations through-composed adj., through-sung adj. at sense 2b; compare also the β forms at thorough-thrilled adj., through-piercing adj., through-shining adj., etc. Noun formations (now the most productive category) are frequent in early modern English, mostly in the sense ‘that goes, passes, or extends (all the way) through’, as e.g. through-spavin (see α. forms at thorough spavin n.), through stitch n., through-passage n., through-splint (see α. forms at thorough splint n.), through-wort (see α. forms at thoroughwort n.), through-light (see α. forms at thorough light n. and adj.), through-path n. at sense 3 (compare also the β forms at thoroughleaf n., thorough-touch n., throughgoing n., through-post n., etc.), and become increasingly common in later modern English, especially in the fields of building and travel (the coming of the railways provided an important impetus for new formations from the 19th cent. onwards; compare through adj. 2); compare e.g. through-stone n.², through-bolt n., through traffic n., through line n. 2, etc. In Old English and Middle English frequently translating Latin per- (in verbs and nouns, especially in the Wycliffite Bible; see per- prefix) and prae- (in adjectives; see pre- prefix). 1. Compounded with verbs, with the senses ‘so as to pass through (something)’ (cf. through prep. and adv.); ‘(right) through’, ‘all through’, ‘thoroughly’ (cf. through adv. 1, 2, 4a).See also through-bear v., through-carve v., through-gird v., through-go v., through-seek v., through-sting v., etc.The majority of such formations are now obsolete: see further discussion in etymology section. † through-cast v. [compare cast v. 57] Obsolete (transitive) to plaster throughout. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > surfacing or cladding > clad or cover [verb (transitive)] > plaster teer1382 pargeta1398 plastera1400 tirea1400 spargetc1440 tarras1485 spargen1512 pargen1536 sparge1560 cast1577 through-cast1611 parge1637 emplaster1649 run1849 slur1885 1611 Contract 18 Apr. in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) II. 112 The whole passage to be throughecast with lime and haire. † through-cut v. Obsolete (transitive) to cut through; to perforate by cutting. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > cutting > cut [verb (transitive)] > cut through shearOE hacka1325 through-carvec1330 through-cutc1330 detrench1398 rivea1400 trench1483 cross-cut1590 rescind1598 transect1634 the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > make (an opening or hole) [verb (transitive)] > by cutting through-cutc1330 shearc1425 c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 9286 Ich of hem on þer hitt Oþer heued of smot or bodi þurth kitt. 1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon x. sig. A.iv^v/1 Thesame water dronken thre howres before brekefast in the mornyng, almoost an ounce and an halfe thrugh cuttith and deuideth olde and harde slymy matters layyng in the stomake. 1594 H. Plat Jewell House 34 (heading) How to graue any..deuise vpon an egge shel, & how to through-cut the same. 1653 R. Carpenter Anabaptist Washt lxxx. 284 The Answer which wholly and through-cuts the throat of the Argument. 1664 Floddan Field viii. 80 Then spears and pickes to work was put And blows with bils most dure was delt And many a cap of steel through cut. † through-drive v. Obsolete (transitive) to drive (a nail, spike, etc.) through, to transfix. [Compare West Frisian trochdriuwe, Middle Dutch dōredrīven (Dutch doordrijven), Middle Low German dörchdrīven, Middle High German durchtrīben (German durchtreiben).] ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > make (an opening or hole) [verb (transitive)] > make an opening or hole in or into > bore, pierce, or perforate > with something sharp-pointed > transfix through-driveOE through-nimc1275 stickc1330 through-piercec1330 to stick througha1382 preenc1390 spitc1430 thirlc1450 broacha1470 prickc1475 to stick up1528 transfix1590 fix1638 bestick1667 impalea1678 spiculate1835 skewer1837 to strike through1893 OE Wulfstan Creed (Hatton 113) 159 Man..him ægðer þurhdraf mid isenum næglum ge fet ge handa. c1225 (?c1200) St. Katherine (Royal) (1981) 555 Þat wes..mon & nawt godes drihtnesse þurh-driuen uppon þe rode. c1390 Talkyng of Love of God (Vernon) (1950) 56 (MED) A, swete ladi..þi sone istreiht on roode, þorw driuen feet and hondes wiþ Irene nayles, blodi his syde. 1598 G. Chapman tr. Homer Seauen Bks. Iliades iii. 54 A sword, whose handle was with siluer studs through driuen. † through-ficche v. [compare ficche v.] Obsolete (transitive) to pierce through, transfix. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > make (an opening or hole) [verb (transitive)] > make an opening or hole in or into > bore, pierce, or perforate > with something sharp-pointed > transpierce through-stingeOE thorough-runOE spitc1275 through-shovec1330 through-ficchea1400 through-girdc1405 tresperce1484 transpierce1594 reeve1681 a1400 tr. R. Rolle Oleum Effusum (Harl.) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 187 Ay-lastand luf has ouercomen me, noght for to sla me, bot for to qwyken me: bot it has wonded me for it suld leche me, It has thurgh-fitched [c1440 Thornton thurghe-fychede] my herte. through-hike v. Brit. /ˌθruːˈhʌɪk/ , U.S. /ˌθruˈhaɪk/ (chiefly in form thru-hike) [after through-hiker n., through-hike n. at sense 3] North American (intransitive and transitive) to walk the entire length of a long-distance trail (esp. the Appalachian Trail) in a single continuous hike. ΚΠ 1983 Harper's Bazaar Mar. 16/2 You can ‘thru-hike’—that is, cover the entire 2,100-plus miles of it. 1986 Chicago Tribune 10 Aug. xii. 10/3 The A.T.'s most legendary figure is Emma Gatewood, who through-hiked the Trail three times wearing sneakers. 1997 M. A. Blaney & L. K. Ullyart Journey of Friendship 2 Lindi answered an ad for a hiking partner to thru-hike the Appalachian Trail. 2011 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 24 July (Sports section) 7/2 In 2005, she took about four and a half months to thru-hike the Appalachian Trail. † through-look v. Obsolete (transitive) to look through, examine thoroughly. [Earlier currency is perhaps implied by through-looking n. at sense 3.] ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sight and vision > seeing or looking > see [verb (transitive)] > examine or inspect through-lookc1175 spyc1325 to see overc1475 to see over ——1490 view1544 overview1549 sight1556 pervise1577 speculate1616 study1616 to have (also take) a look1673 to have a look1725 to eye over1795 scan1798 search1811 survey1860 skin1876 c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) Ded. l. 68 & te bitæche icc off þiss boc..All to þurrhsekenn illc an ferrs. & to þurrhlokenn offte. † through-nim v. Obsolete (transitive) to run through, transfix; (also figurative) to penetrate. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > make (an opening or hole) [verb (transitive)] > make an opening or hole in or into > bore, pierce, or perforate > with something sharp-pointed > transfix through-driveOE through-nimc1275 stickc1330 through-piercec1330 to stick througha1382 preenc1390 spitc1430 thirlc1450 broacha1470 prickc1475 to stick up1528 transfix1590 fix1638 bestick1667 impalea1678 spiculate1835 skewer1837 to strike through1893 c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 7341 Catiger þer com & mid his spere hine þurh-nom [c1300 Otho þorh-nom]. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) v. l. 3635 Into wepinge Sche fell, as sche that was thurgh nome With love. † through-shed v. [translating classical Latin perfundere perfuse v.] Obsolete (transitive) to suffuse. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > cover [verb (transitive)] > form or act as covering for > by spreading > as fluid, light, or colour through-sheda1382 suffuse1590 suffund1657 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Esther xv. 8 She forsothe thurȝshed [L. perfusa] the chere with rose colour. † through-shove v. Obsolete (transitive) to thrust through, transfix. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > making holes or becoming holed > make (an opening or hole) [verb (transitive)] > make an opening or hole in or into > bore, pierce, or perforate > with something sharp-pointed > transpierce through-stingeOE thorough-runOE spitc1275 through-shovec1330 through-ficchea1400 through-girdc1405 tresperce1484 transpierce1594 reeve1681 c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 7959 Þer was mani wombe þurth schoue And mani heued cleued aboue. a1450 in J. Kail 26 Polit. Poems (1904) 79 (MED) His herte was wiþ a spere þurgh-shoue. † through-stick v. Obsolete (transitive) to stab (a person); to pierce (a part of the body); cf. through-stitch v. ΚΠ ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 199 Ha þurch sticden him..iþe schere. c1400 Prickynge of Love (Harl.) (1983) 30 Þourȝe-sticke þyn oune harde herte wit cristes precious woundes. † through-swim v. Obsolete (transitive) to swim through.Re-formed in the 17th cent. [Compare Middle Dutch dōreswemmen (Dutch doorzwemmen), Middle High German durchswimmen (German durchschwimmen).] ΘΚΠ the world > movement > progressive motion > moving with current of air or water > movement in or on water > move in or on water [verb (transitive)] > swim (a distance or a stroke) > swim through, over, or on through-swimeOE overswimOE swima1616 beswim1805 eOE Corpus Gloss. (1890) 117/1 Tranant : ðorhsuimmað [L. superant montis et flumina tranant]. ?1614 G. Chapman tr. Homer Odysses vii. 106 I yet, through-swomme the waues, that your shore binds. a1631 J. Donne Poems (1633) 14 The net through-swome, she keepes the liquid Path. 2. a. Forming adjectives with the senses ‘(right) through’, ‘all through’, ‘thoroughly, completely’, as through-bright, through-holy, through-hot, etc. In early use frequently as an intensifier: ‘very’.See also through wet at thorough wet adj. α. forms. Cf. through adv. 2b for some less established collocations. ΚΠ OE Ælfric Lives of Saints (Julius) (1881) I. 240 Hi sungon on æfenunga eft oðerne sealm, and on heora gebedum wunodon þurhwacole oð midde niht. OE Seven Sleepers (Julius) (1994) 57 Eall heora nebwlite ongann to scinenne swilce seo þurhbeorhte sunne. OE Homily (Corpus Cambr. 162) in H. L. C. Tristram Vier Altenglische Predigten aus der Heterodoxen Trad. (Ph.D. diss., Freiburg) (1970) 428 Men ða leofestan we wyllað eow sume gereccednysse cyðan embe ðyses þurhhaligan symbeldæges mærsunge & wurðunge þe nu andwerd ys. a1225 (c1200) Vices & Virtues (1888) 145 (MED) Ðu makedest of hire, senfulle ðat hie was, þurȝhali. c1300 St. Brendan (Harl.) l. 163 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 224 Þo þis fur was þurf-hot [a1350 Ashm. þoruhot; a1325 Corpus Cambr. þoru out hot], þe yle quakede anon. ?c1425 Recipe in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (Arun. 334) (1790) 459 When thai byn thurgh hote take hom up with a skymmour. 1639 T. Fuller Hist. Holy Warre iii. xxvi. 156 Once through-hot, long in cooling. b. † through-burnen adj. [compare burnen , former past participle of burn v.¹] Obsolete thoroughly burnt, burnt through. ΚΠ OE Lacnunga (2001) I. lxxxiii. 70 Genim anes æges gewyrðe greates sealtes & bærn on anan claðe þæt hit si þurhburnen. through-composed adj. Brit. /ˌθruːkəmˈpəʊzd/ , U.S. /ˌθrukəmˈpoʊzd/ [after German durchkomponiert (1857 or earlier in musical use: see durchkomponiert adj.)] Music (a) (of songs, etc.) having a different musical setting for each verse, stanza, or strophe, etc.; = durchkomponiert adj.; (b) (of an opera, operatic scene, etc.) containing no spoken dialogue not set to music; = through-sung adj. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > [adjective] > set to music > different setting for each verse through-composed1873 1873 Fortn. Rev. Oct. 485 What the Germans call by the untranslateable but easily comprehensible title of ‘Durchcomponirtes (literally, throughcomposed) Lied,’ in which the melody follows as closely as possible the different feelings expressed by the words. 1884 F. Niecks Conc. Dict. Mus. Terms 122 A durch-componiertes Lied, ‘a through-composed song’, is a song of which each verse has a setting of its own. 1947 A. Einstein Music Romantic Era x. 117 In this prologue there is no longer any spoken dialogue; the scene is ‘through-composed’. 1992 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 7 Jan. c22/1 The vocal lines are narrative and through-composed, not strophic and recurring. † through-launched adj. [compare launch v. 1a] Obsolete pierced, transfixed. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [adjective] > having (a) hole(s) > bored, pierced, or perforated > with a sharp-pointed instrument pierceda1400 burled1451 thorough-thrilled1496 sticked1565 through-launched1590 empierced1591 through-shot1596 launched1601 thrilleda1618 darted1622 broached1633 punctured1672 stabbed1862 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. i. sig. N4^v As gentle Hynd, whose sides with cruell steele Through launched, forth her bleeding life does raine. 1595 E. Spenser Amoretti lvii, in Amoretti & Epithalamion sig. D6 Seeing my hart through launched euery where With thousand arrowes, which your eies haue shot. † through-galled adj. [compare gall v.¹ 5] Obsolete thoroughly harassed or disabled. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > destruction > damage > [adjective] > damaged mangledc1400 shendedc1400 vitiate?a1475 appaired1475 wrack1487 maggleda1522 manka1522 mankeda1522 spiltc1540 massacred1590 through-galled1594 spoiled1598 flawed1608 impaired1611 damaged1771 scathed1791 waterlogged1795 spoilt1816 wrecked1818 injured1857 marred1870 buggered-up1893 messed-up1909 puckerooed1919 dinged1920 trashed1926 mucked-up1930 sheg-up1941 buggered1942 screwed-up1942 mucked-about1966 1594 T. Kyd tr. R. Garnier Cornelia v. 308 Scipio that saw his ships through-galled, And by the foe fulfild with fire and blood. through-sung adj. Brit. /ˌθruːˈsʌŋ/ , U.S. /ˌθruˈsəŋ/ (of an opera, theatrical musical, etc.) entirely or almost entirely sung; containing no spoken dialogue not set to music.Now more usually expressed by sung-through (see sung-through adj.). ΚΠ 1973 Early Music 1 202 Those through-sung..Oberons prepared in the last hundred years or so by worthy revisers. 1997 G. Block Enchanted Evenings 118 The work is for the most part through-sung and contains proportionally far less talk than most Singspiels. 2012 London Evening Standard (Nexis) 7 Dec. 36 Hooper hasn't just made a film with musical numbers folded within it: Les Mis is genuinely through-sung. † through-waxen adj. [compare waxen , past participle of wax v.¹] Obsolete grown over. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > [adjective] > covered > with or as with a growth begrowna1250 through-waxenc1275 overgrowna1450 c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 9151 Wes þe munt þurh-wexen [c1300 Otho þorh-woxe] mid ane wude feiren. 3. Forming nouns and adjectives (in combination with nouns), mostly with the sense ‘that goes, passes, or extends (all the way) through’. Cf. through adj. I.In early use frequently with reference to paths, roads, etc., which allow continuous or unrestricted passage through: see e.g. throughgang n., throughgate n., through-passage n., throughway n.See also throughband adj. and n., through-bolt n., through-deck n. and adj.², through-feed n., through-stone n.², etc. through-arch n. Brit. /ˈθruːɑːtʃ/ , U.S. /ˈθruˌɑrtʃ/ Architecture an arch which occupies the whole thickness of a wall, as contrasted with the combination of an inner and outer arch (see quot. a1878). ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > types of window > [adjective] > other types of window three-light1618 casemented1759 mullioned1763 quarried1805 lanceolated1821 supermullioned1838 north-facing1846 lanceted1855 lanciform1855 leaded1855 unmullioned1857 quarrelled1868 through-archa1878 shaftless1881 lanceolate1883 vitrailed1884 double-glazed1910 wind-up1951 screenless1976 thermal pane1978 a1878 G. G. Scott Lect. Mediæval Archit. (1879) I. vii. 283 The two systems may be distinguished as rere-arch windows and through-arch windows—i.e., those in which the inner is distinct from the outer arch, and those in which the same arch runs through the wall, showing itself more or less similarly on its outer and inner faces. In thick walls and rich work there is often another order of through-arch within the tracery order, or rather the outer order re-appears within. 2001 R. White & R. Darwall-Smith Archit. Drawings of Magdalen College, Oxf. 186/2 With minor differences (notably to the ornamental surrounds to the through-arch) the elevations were built as shown. through-ball n. Brit. /ˈθruːbɔːl/ , U.S. /ˈθruˌbɔl/ , /ˈθruˌbɑl/ chiefly Association Football a forward pass which goes through the other team's defensive formation. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > football > association football > [noun] > actions or manoeuvres holding1866 hand-balling1867 left-footer1874 header1875 handball1879 goal kick1881 corner1882 spot kick1884 middle1899 clearance1920 cross-kick1927 cross-pass1929 body swerve1933 open goal1934 headball1936 chip1939 through-ball1956 wall pass1958 outswinger1959 cross1961 overlap1969 blooter1976 hospital pass1978 route one1978 sidefoot1979 top bin1999 ankle-biting2001 1956 Times 29 Oct. 13/6 A wild kick by Sawden mid-way through the second half allowed Roope to run on to a through ball. 1969 Punch 12 Feb. 248/4 I wish I could recall the lingo—the through-balls, high crosses, work-rates and searching diagonals. 1977 Times 28 Feb. 8/5 Another through ball and Souness was racing away to make a cross which Armstrong converted. 2016 Courier (Dundee) 4 Jan. (Perth & Perthshire ed.) 49/3 The French-Moroccan striker set up the opener in 18 minutes, feeding a delightful through ball to strike partner Moffat to fire a low shot past Jamie Sneddon. through blow n. Brit. /ˈθruː bləʊ/ , U.S. /ˈθru ˌbloʊ/ the passage of a current of air from one side to the other of a compartment. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > gas > air > moving air > [noun] > a movement of air > a current of air > passing through a room, etc. through-draught1728 through blow1872 1872 Architect 6 July 6/2 The stagnant air could be effectually carried away in a room lighted from the two ends and one side by opening the windows wide, thus causing a through blow. 1908 Builder 19 Dec. 685/2 The buildings should be capable of being aired or ‘blown through’ in the morning after having been closed up during the night. This airing or ‘through blow’ of air (of which the term ‘through ventilation’ conveys an utterly inadequate conception) can only be obtained from one front of a building through to another front. 2002 C. Cox & F. Traczyk in A. L. Mular et al. Mineral Processing Plant Design, Pract. & Control II. ix. 1350 Such ‘air through blow’ is performed at 5 to 8 bar effectively displacing liquid as it passes through the cake. through bridge n. Brit. /ˈθruː brɪdʒ/ , U.S. /ˈθru ˌbrɪdʒ/ a bridge in which the roadway runs between the supporting structures; opposed to deck-bridge n. (b) at deck n.¹ Compounds 2. ΚΠ 1866 11th Ann. Rep. Northern Central Railway Company (U.S.) 28 Roofed and Covered Deck Bridges with iron roof... Through Bridges, with slate roof. 1920 H. H. Bird Pract. Design Plate Girder Bridges iv. 41 In a ‘through’ bridge the wind bracing can only be placed across the bottom flanges. 2014 E. Ellobody Finite Elem. Anal. Composite Bridges i. 17 This bridge is a through bridge with enough height to contain traffic in addition to overhead clearance. throughcare n. Brit. /ˈθruːkɛː/ , U.S. /ˈθruˌkɛ(ə)r/ originally and chiefly British continuity of care or supervision throughout (and sometimes beyond) the time spent by an inmate in a prison or (esp. outside the U.K.) by a resident in another institution; a system which emphasizes this. ΚΠ 1971 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 18 Dec. 742/1 Now the officer sees the client in prison, may supervise him on parole, or help him voluntarily on discharge from prison; in fact the service can now offer real ‘through-care’. 1973 J. A. Pendleton in Internat. Jrnl. Offender Therapy & Compar. Criminol. 17 15 It had been said..that after-care should start at the moment when the offender is sentenced, or even earlier. At long last this notion has been put into practice. Many departments have already adopted a system of ‘through-care’. 1994 Daily Tel. 12 Oct. 37/7 In America ‘through-care’ is the buzz word. It means that the retirement home buyer can go through all the stages from ‘sprightly’ to ‘marvellous for his age’ and ‘getting a bit tottery’—and finally needing 24-hour nursing care—without having to move again. 2002 Sunday Herald (Glasgow) (Electronic ed.) 7 July A throughcare system which not only encourages prisoners to address their offending but also looks to their release with arrangements for housing tenancy and job interviews. throughfall n. Brit. /ˈθruːfɔːl/ , U.S. /ˈθruˌfɔl/ , /ˈθruˌfɑl/ Ecology (the amount of) precipitation that reaches the ground through a canopy of vegetation, either directly or by dripping from leaves, branches, etc. (often contrasted with stemflow n. at stem n.¹ Compounds 2). ΚΠ 1948 P. B. Rowe Infl. Woodland Chaparral on Water & Soil in Central Calif. 46 Measurements on the undisturbed plots for the year 1937–38 showed that the precipitation reaching the ground in the open was 61.15 inches; precipitation reaching the ground as throughfall (rainfall passing or dripping from the brush cover) was 49.06 inches. 1949 E. L. Hamilton & P. B. Rowe Rainfall Interception by Chaparral in Calif. 17 For the two years of high precipitation, throughfall was 80 percent, stemflow 15 percent, and interception loss 5 percent of the annual rainfall. 1985 Austral. Jrnl. Forest Res. 15 309 Loss of organic matter after 2 years was strongly correlated with the amount of water reaching the forest floor as throughfall. 2011 J. Landsberg & P. Sands Physiol. Ecol. Forest Production vii. 192 For dense canopies throughfall may be very low until the canopy saturates. † through-fang n. [compare fang n.¹ 6a] Obsolete = through-tang n. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > making tools, equipment, or fastenings > [noun] > making nails > specific processes through-tang1832 through-fang1852 1852 C. Tomlinson Cycl. Useful Arts (1854) I. 487/2 A very good method is what is called through-fang, that is, to drill a hole completely through the handle, and to insert a..prong projecting from the blade, riveting it at the opposite end. 1869 G. Dodd Dict. Manuf. 164/1 Some handles are made..by the through fang, an iron prong projecting from the blade, fitted into a hole drilled right through the handle, and riveted at the end. † through-fast n. [compare fast n.¹ 1] Obsolete a fast all through a period, e.g. the fast of Lent. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > liturgical year > fast > [noun] > period of > fast throughout through-fast1652 the world > food and drink > food > consumption of food or drink > appetite > fasting > [noun] > a fast > prescribed or appointed fast fasting daya1387 fasta1400 station day1631 station1636 through-fast1652 1652 T. Fuller Comment S. Matthew's Gospel ii. 19 ‘He had fasted fourty dayes and fourty nights.’ The words containe the through-fast of Christ. throughflow n. Brit. /ˈθruːfləʊ/ , U.S. /ˈθruˌfloʊ/ (the amount of) the flow of a liquid, air, etc., through something; also attributive.In quot. 1967 = throughfall n. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > liquid > liquid flow > action or process of flowing > [noun] > action or process of flowing > through throughflow1863 1863 Jrnl. Gas Lighting 13 Jan. 11/2 A thimble or cap to prevent direct through-flow of the flushing ffuid [sic]. 1920 R. Burton-Opitz Text-bk. Physiol. (1921) 420 The diminution in the caliber of the arterial terminals must reduce the arterial throughflow. 1967 M. E. Hale Biol. Lichens vii. 96 Stemflow on trees..has been shown to be enriched, relative to throughflow, with potassium and calcium. 1974 Country Life 17 Jan. 103/1 2 litre family saloon..throughflow heating and ventilation. 1999 Camping Mag. Apr. 8/1 The towel can then be folded back into its handy carry bag, which features a gauze panel allowing the through flow of air to assist drying. † through-handling n. Obsolete management of details; carrying through; transaction. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > continuing > following up, through, or prosecution > [noun] suinga1325 prosecution1545 conveyance1572 through-handlinga1586 carriage1589 pursuita1631 throughing1638 pursuance1642 persecution1647 transaction1655 pursual1878 follow-up1904 follow-through1918 a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) ii. xx. sig. Bb8^v (Skimming any thing that came before him) [he] was disciplined to leaue the through-handling of all, to his gentle wife. through-hike n. Brit. /ˈθruːhʌɪk/ , U.S. /ˈθruˌhaɪk/ (chiefly in form thru-hike) [after through-hiker n.] North American a single continuous hike along the entire length of a long-distance trail (esp. the Appalachian Trail). ΚΠ 1971 N.Y. Times 9 May x. 17/4 Chuck Ebersole..completed the through hike in 1964 with his 17-year-old son and a beagle which backpacked with its own food. 1994 L. Luxenberg Walking Appalachian Trail 153 Mary Ann joined one of Warren Doyle's group thru-hikes after seeing his slide show. 2010 Mountain Democrat (Placerville, Calif.) 16 June a5/1 The Tahoe Rim Trail Association is accepting a few more applications for the 2010 Annual Thru Hike. through-hiker n. Brit. /ˈθruːˌhʌɪkə/ , U.S. /ˈθruˌhaɪkər/ (also thru-hiker) North American a person who walks the entire length of a long-distance trail (esp. the Appalachian Trail) in a single continuous hike. In quot. 1913: a participant in the 1913 Suffrage Hike to Washington, D.C. ΚΠ 1913 Sun (Baltimore) 21 Feb. 1/8 Each of the 13 through hikers knelt on the line and grasped a handful of Maryland soil. 1970 Daily Mail (Hagerstown, Maryland) 29 May 10/2 People who are accustomed to the out-of-doors are usually careful of other people's property... ‘Your through hiker is a pretty reasonable person,’ Holmes said. 1991 Backpacker Apr. 131/2 During my recent thru-hike of the Appalachian Trail, I met a 1989 thru-hiker who frightened me with tales of readjustment to the real world. 2013 P. Molyneaux Child's Walk in Wilderness vi. 72 The hiker identifies himself as Nature Boy, a veteran thru-hiker who hopes to be the first of the class of 2010 to reach Katahdin. through-hole n. Brit. /ˈθruːhəʊl/ , U.S. /ˈθruˌhoʊl/ a hole that passes completely through an object; esp. (in later use) a hole of this kind in a printed circuit board, used as a means for attaching electronic components (frequently attributive). ΚΠ 1856 R. H. Dana Seaman's Friend (new ed.) 360 The sheaves, or wheels on which the rope runs, are grooved to receive the rope, and have in their centre, a brass or iron bush, with a through hole to receive the pin, on which the sheaves turn. 1965 in Precision Measurem. & Calibration: Sel. NBS Papers Mech. (1972) 300/1 The nozzles are sealed..by ‘Teflon’ ‘O’ rings, which are held in place by..stainless steel caps, each of which has a through hole and female pipe threads for the connection of tubing. 2014 A. Robinson et al. Raspberry Pi Projects viii. 183 Surface mount LEDs offer flatter and more even illumination than a through-hole part. through-joint n. Brit. /ˈθruːdʒɔɪnt/ , U.S. /ˈθruˌdʒɔɪnt/ a joint passing through the thickness of something. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > specific parts built or constructed > [noun] > joint > types of gemew?a1400 match-joint1683 matched joint1688 joggle1703 water joint1810 pin-joint1835 shackle-joint1837 screw shackle1847 through-joint1851 joggling1858 leg joint1858 splice1875 bed-joint1876 butting joint1887 saddle joint1901 contraction joint1909 1851 Trans. N.Y. State Agric. Soc. 1850 10 102 One great improvement is certainly secured in doing away with the through joints which cause much the greatest proportion of the wear and expense of repairing the track. 1859 Building News 14 Jan. 36/1 The improvements..in the construction of the brick inverts of sewers have for object to avoid the hitherto objectionable butt or through joint of a 9-inch brick sewer block, and to effect the proper bonding together of the blocks. 1862 Internat. Exhib.: Illustr. Catal. Industr. Dept. II. x. 53/1 The through-joints admit wet into the interior. 1944 Pop. Sci. Monthly Apr. 152/2 Scribe the dovetails on the end wood of the other piece, as with through joints. 1997 B. A. Russell in C. V. J. Dellino Cold & Chilled Storage Technol. (ed. 2) v. 148 A second layer of cork was then applied with all joints staggered and sealed, ensuring no through joints. † through-key n. [compare key n.¹ 12a] Obsolete a key or pin fitting into a hole which passes right through the parts to be fastened by it. ΚΠ 1864 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. 77 351 They use finer threads, double or jam nuts and through-keys in all bolts, from which by coming loose, accidents might occur. 1880 W. Allan Shipowners' & Engineers' Guide to Marine Engine 40 A through key, bearing fair against the nut, to be fitted through the shaft end. 1917 O. A. Leutwiler Elem. Machine Design xv. 401 The through keys or cotters are made of tool steel and tempered. † through-lock n. Scottish Obsolete a lock with a keyhole passing through the width of a door so as to be operable from either side. ΚΠ 1527–8 Extr. Burgh Rec. Stirling (1887) 32 Ane ke of ane throucht lok. 1548 in Accts. Ld. High Treasurer Scotl. (1911) IX. 167 Thre gret throuch lokes to the palice of Halyrudhous. 1617 in J. Imrie & J. G. Dunbar Accts. Master of Wks. (1982) II. 65 Throch lock. † through-looking n. Obsolete a thorough examination, an overview. [Rendering classical Latin prooemium proem n., but perhaps originally an element-by-element gloss of a word in per- (such as perscrūtātiō perscrutation n. or perspicuitās perspicuity n.) either excerpted from a relevant explanatory gloss or displaced in transmission. Compare later through-look vb. at sense 1.] ΚΠ OE Antwerp-London Gloss. (2011) 112 Prohemium, þurhlocung. through-lounge n. Brit. /ˈθruːlaʊn(d)ʒ/ , U.S. /ˈθruˌlaʊndʒ/ a lounge that extends from the front to the back of a house. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > room > room by type of use > [noun] > sitting room > extending from front to back of house through-lounge1928 1928 Manch. Guardian 11 Aug. 4/3 New detached four-bed house: through lounge, panelled with ingle nook. 1962 B. Jackson & D. Marsden Educ. & Working Class v. 157 The interview took place in the through-lounge. 2004 Hot Property 6 Aug. 45/2 (advt.) Retains many original features and boasts a 25ft through lounge with stripped wood floor. through-mortise n. Brit. /ˈθruːˌmɔːtɪs/ , U.S. /ˈθruˌmɔrdəs/ a mortise cut right through the timber. ΚΠ 1873 J. H. Monckton National Carpenter & Joiner Pl. XLV Outside edges of the upper and lower sash showing the through mortices of the top and bottom rails. 1938 Motor Boating Aug. 59/1 A through mortise makes a strong door as the tenons can then be wedged, but the endwood will always show. 2014 C. Schwarz et al. Classic Amer. Furnit. 159/1 Gaps between a through-mortise and its tenon aren't acceptable in good work. through-pass n. Brit. /ˈθruːpɑːs/ , /ˈθruːpas/ , U.S. /ˈθruˌpæs/ †(a) a sword-thrust that passes right through something (obsolete); (b) chiefly Association Football = through-ball n. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > characteristics of team ball games > [noun] > actions or manoeuvres ball1483 through-pass1673 intercept1821 fielding1823 outfielding1851 wrist stroke1851 goalkeeping1856 shot1868 scrimmage1872 passing1882 save1883 touchback1884 angle shot1885 shooting1885 pass1887 line1891 tackling1893 feeding1897 centre1898 chip shot1899 glovework1906 back-lift1912 push pass1919 aerial1921 screen1921 ball-hawking1925 fast break1929 tackle1930 chip1939 screenshot1940 snapshot1961 hang time1969 one-two1969 blooter1976 passback1976 sidefoot1979 1673 H. N. Payne Morning Ramble v. 69 I made a through pass, and run my Sword to'th' hilts. 1909 Times 1 Jan. 3/3 The next goal came from C. E. Brisley, who took a ‘through’ pass from A. H. Birks, and finished up with a very powerful shot. 1937 F. N. S. Creek Assoc. Football iii. 58 Short passing should always consist of ‘through’ passes so that the ball is sent behind an opponent and never..across his front. 1967 J. Potter Foul Play (1968) ii. 29 If you're playing on the left wing I'll feed you with through-passes to the corner flag. 2016 Scotsman (Nexis) 12 Mar. The goal arose from a sublime through pass. through-path n. Brit. /ˈθruːpɑːθ/ , /ˈθruːpaθ/ , U.S. /ˈθruˌpæθ/ a path or way through something. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > track, trail, or path > [noun] > through something through-pathc1634 clearway1893 c1634 R. Corbet Speech Made (Brit. Libr. Harley MS 750) f. 173 Are we not beholding to it..for a prayer or a throwpath. 1876 Specifications & Drawings of Patents (U.S. Patent Office) 28 Nov. 859/2 Leaving a small through-path,..through which, by a jet of steam.., any deposit of cinders may be readily blown out. 1977 C. Alexander et al. Pattern Lang. 262 Make sure that the pedestrian path is a through path, leading into the cul-de-sac from one direction, and out of it in another direction. 2014 N. Ondra Five-plant Gardens 142 Separate the parts with a through-path or a short path ending in a bench. through-rod n. Brit. /ˈθruːrɒd/ , U.S. /ˈθruˌrɑd/ a rod passing or extending through or from end to end of some structure or piece of mechanism. ΚΠ 1856 Ann. Rep. Commissioner Patents 1855: Arts & Manuf. I. 758 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (34th Congr., 1st Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. No. 12) VI The through-rods N serve to hold the feed-plates against the force of the piston. 1912 Motorcycle Illustr. 31 Oct. 33/1 On the two-speed models, the clutch is operated by a through-rod with a rocker on the right side. 2015 C. Souder Temporary Struct. Design xii. 306 The timbers are bolted together with through-rods. through-tang n. Brit. /ˈθruːtaŋ/ , U.S. /ˈθruˌtæŋ/ a tang (tang n.¹ 2a) inserted in a hole drilled right through the handle of a knife, fork, etc., and riveted at the end; (also) this method of hafting an implement. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > making tools, equipment, or fastenings > [noun] > making nails > specific processes through-tang1832 through-fang1852 1832 Butlers' Commerc. List 86/2 Hop Knives, cast steel, through tangs. 1833 J. Holland Treat. Manuf. Metal II. 14 Hafting table knives by the insertion of that portion of the blade which has been properly drawn out, quite through the handle..is called through-tang. 1885 Sheffield & Rotherham Independent 21 July 2/7 The handles are exceedingly strong, and the blades are secured by through tangs and rivets. 1915 Gleanings Bee Culture Mar. 2/1 (advt.) The handles..have through tangs with three large brass saw rivets. 1985 T. McCreight Custom Knifemaking ix. 124/2 The size and shape of the blade used in a through-tang knife have no limitation. 1997 B. C. Wees Eng., Irish, & Sc. Silver at S. & F. Clark Inst. 259/1 Some porcelain-mounted cutlery has through tangs extending the length of the handle and capped with a silver terminal, but shorter tangs are also common. through valley n. Brit. /ˈθruː ˌvali/ , U.S. /ˈθru ˌvæli/ Geomorphology a broad valley or channel with a level floor which has been eroded across a mountain divide and from which water drains into two distinct river systems. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > low land > valley > [noun] > other types brem valayc1400 glack1535 grain1542 by-slade1635 by-vale1686 water gap1756 hanging valley1900 through valley1901 palm bottom1902 wadi1902 pocket valley1904 1901 Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 57 196 Mr. A. Strahan reminded the Author that ‘through valleys’, such as he had described, occurred in many mountain-regions. 1969 G. C. Dickinson Maps & Air Photographs xiii. 208 A valley from one system may meet one from another system ‘back-to-back’ so that together they form a through valley with scarcely any feature separating the headwaters of the two systems. 2011 J. Knight et al. in M. J. Smith et al. Geomorphol. Mapping vi. 177 An example of this mapping methodology can be demonstrated from one of the complex landslides that characterise the through valley of Mallerstang in the western Pennines of northern England. † through-work n. Obsolete work extending through the thickness, or occupying the whole breadth of, some structure. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > specific parts built or constructed > [noun] > other specific parts panel1498 pane1582 well-curb1665 through-work1686 gathering1703 dripping1735 sweep1766 bridging1774 accouplement1823 sweep-work1847 1686 R. Plot Nat. Hist. Staffs. ix. 384 He also cuts wreath'd pillars with the same Engine (that are not through-work). This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2017; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < prefixeOE
随便看	know like a book know like the back of one's hand know little and care less know neither buff nor stye know no better know no bounds know no different know no faces know no measure know nothing and care less know of know on know on which side one's bread is buttered know one's know one's abc know one's business know one's distance know one's good know one's know know one's onions know one's own know know one's own mind know one's part in several know one's place know one's several