-istsuffix

Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.

Etymology: Corresponding to French -iste , Latin -ista , Greek -ιστής , forming agent nouns from verbs in -ίζειν (see -ize suffix), consisting of the agentive suffix -της added to the verb-stem, as in βαπτίζειν to dip, βαπτιστής dipper, Latin baptista , French baptiste baptist. Cognate to the suffix -ισμός , -ism suffix.Examples of the Greek use are ἀγωνιστής combatant, competitor, λογιστής calculator, πολεμιστής warrior, σοϕιστής clever man, sophist; κιθαριστής player on the cithara, λυριστής player on the lyre, τυμπανιστής drummer; Ἀττικιστής a partisan of Athens, one who Atticizes, Ἑλληνιστής a Hellenizer, one who speaks Greek; Λακωνιστής one who sides with or imitates Lacedaemon, or uses laconism. A few words of this form were taken into Latin during or soon after the classical period, e.g. citharista , cymbalista , danīsta (usurer), grammatista , logista , lyrista , petaurista (rope-dancer), sophista , tympanista ; the number of these was greatly increased by Christian writers, in the latinizing of scriptural and ecclesiastical terms, such as agōnista , baptista , catēchista , collybista , euangelista , exorcista , psalmista , tocista . In later use, -ista became a favourite formative of names denoting the observers of a particular rite, the holders of special religious or philosophical tenets, or the adherents of particular teachers or heresiarchs; hence such names as Catharista , Origenista , Platōnista , and in scholastic use Scotista , Thōmista , nōminālista , reālista , etc. Hence the suffix (with the needed adaptations, French -iste , English and German -ist , etc.) has passed into the modern languages. In English, its use has received a wide extension, it being now used not merely as the agent noun of verbs in -ize (beside -izer suffix), as in plagiarize , plagiarist , and in association with nouns of action or function in -ism , as in altruism , altruist , but also, on the analogy of these, in a multitude of terms, having no corresponding words in -ize or -ism , which designate the professed followers of some leader or school, the professional devotees of some principle, or the practisers of some art. In some cases, the form in -ist approaches closely to the native agent noun in -er , being distinguished only by the more professional or systematic sense which it implies: cf. conformer n., conformist n.; copier , copyist ; cycler , cyclist ; philologer , philologist . Many of the nouns in -ist give rise to adjectives in -istic suffix, -istical suffix; but words of modern formation are to a great extent used adjectively unchanged, as in the royalist party, a Bonapartist plot, nonconformist principles.

The following are the chief modern English uses of the suffix:

1. Forming a simple agent noun derived from a Greek verb in -ίζειν, and often accompanying an English verb in -ize. Such are agonist, antagonist, baptist, catechist, epitomist, evangelist, exorcist; apologist, plagiarist, ostracist, syllogist.

2. Designating a person who practises some art or method, or who prosecutes, studies, or devotes himself to some science, art, or branch of knowledge, originally expressed by a word of Greek formation in -ια (English -y), -μα(τ) (-ma, -m), -η (-e), etc., but in later examples, also by words of Latin or other origin. Such are archæologist, chronologist, economist, etymologist, genealogist, geologist, meteorologist, mineralogist, mythologist, philologist, physiologist, zoologist; alchemist, algebr(a)ist, anatomist, botanist, chemist, metallurgist, microscopist, phlebotomist, physicist, physiognomist, theorist; academist, chirographist, monopolist, rhapsodist, symmetrist; bigamist, monogamist, polygamist; dogmatist, dramatist, epigrammatist, schematist, etc. To these may be added (from Latin sources) annalist, capitalist, journalist, memorialist, mineralist, moralist, satirist, scientist (Latin scientia), etc.These have a possible verb in -ize, often in use, e.g. anatomize, botanize, dogmatize, dramatize, economize, geologize, journalize, monopolize, moralize, theorize, etc.

Designating an adherent or professor of some creed, doctrine, system, or art, which is usually designated by a cognate -ism: e.g. altruist (a professor of altruism), animist, atheist, Chartist, deist, egoist, egotist, hedonist, monotheist, pædobaptist, polytheist, ritualist, ventriloquist, etc.; with a large number derived from personal names, as Bonapartist, Brownist, Buddhist, Calvinist, Darwinist, Hattemist, Scotist, Spinozist, Thomist, Wycliffist, and nonce-words without limit, as Lambist, Lockeist, Stuartist, Weismannist, etc.

b. Formed on an adjective (usually also with a cognate noun in -ism and often an adjective in -istic), as devotionalist, externalist, fatalist, formalist, humanist, idealist, imperialist, loyalist, materialist, naturalist, nominalist, opportunist, pluralist, positivist, purist, rationalist, realist, royalist, socialist, universalist.

Formed from other nouns (chiefly Latin) without accompanying words in -ize or -ism, and denoting one whose profession or business it is to have to do with the thing or subject in question, as amorist, artist, canonist, casuist, colourist, decretist, dentist, duellist, fashionist, florist, humorist, jurist, linguist, medallist, novelist, numerist, oculist, opinionist, organist, querist, statist, tobacco(n)ist. Also from names of languages, as Americanist, Anglist, Germanist, Hebraist, Hellenist, Latinist, Orientalist. Sometimes, from verbs, as conformist, computist, controvertist, favourist, impartist, separatist, speculatist.

b. These lead the way to modern formations from current words of all kinds and even from phrases; as balloonist, billiardist, bimetallist, 'celloist, cocainist, cyclist, fetishist, footballist; with such nonce-formations as hammerist, selfist, truthist; great aukist, physical forcist, red tapist, second adventist, etc. Words in -ist are treated, according to their importance, in their alphabetical places, or under the Main words on which they are formed; the following are illustrations of some of those of more trivial or ephemeral character, nonce-words, and the like.

ΚΠ

1884 Pall Mall Gaz. 17 Sept. 11/1 Associations of amateur balloonists.

1897 Pall Mall Mag. Feb. 196 Chalmers the 'celloist and orientalist.1897 Westm. Gaz. 22 Jan. 8/1 A considerable proportion of chronic cocainists have fallen under the dominion of the drug from a desire to stimulate their powers of imagination.1862 Literary Churchman VIII. 207/2 If by any chance the Benedicite should be used, the Consecutivist would be completely bewildered.1869 Contemp. Rev. 12 278 The obstructive Conservative in art may just as naturally be a classicist as a mediævalist or dark-ageist.1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (1876) II. App. 558 This time we for once get the Godwinist version.1900 Daily Express 20 June 5/2 The gem of the collection is a great auk's egg,..and is regarded by great aukists as the finest specimen of its special type of marking in the world.1857 C. Reade Course True Love 48 The hammerist [i.e. field geologist] can jump out of his gig at any turn of the road.1850 tr. Mosheim's Eccl. Hist. (1863) III. iv. ii. ii. §36. 390 The Dutch sects of Verschorists and Hattemists having been better known among us.1876 Johnson Univ. Cycl. Hattemists, the followers of one Pontianus van Hattem, a Dutch minister of the eighteenth century who was excommunicated for Spinozism.1892 Pall Mall Gaz. 19 May 6/1 Philosopher—artist—and general impartist Of cynical views on society.1898 Daily News 3 Jan. 6/4 The Prince was not disposed to reject contemptuously those Lamaist miracles of which he heard.1868 G. A. Sala Lamb's Wks. I. p. xiv There have not been any Lambists; on no particular shoulders did the mantle of his idiosyncrasies descend.1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits xiv. 239 'Tis quite certain, that Spenser, Burns, Byron, and Wordsworth will be Platonists; and that the dull men will be Lockists.1848 W. E. Forster Diary 26 May in T. W. Reid Life W. E. Forster (1888) I. vii. 247 The physical forcists have gained a strength in my absence which [etc.].1890 J. W. Brown Italian Campaign i. iv. 103 The Protestant movement..was prejudiced by Plymouthists and their sectarian spirit.1842 R. Ford Let. in S. Smiles Publisher & Friends (1891) II. xxxvi. 491 [They] yield not in..insolence to any kind of red-tapists.1897 Westm. Gaz. 29 Dec. 2/1 The colony of German ‘Second Adventists’, just outside the Jaffa Gate, has done far more than anything else to spoil the approach to the Holy City.1898 Daily News 10 Oct. 7/4 There were six heats, and the semi-finalists were Gandin, Deltour, Ashe, and Machenry.1889 Daily News 4 Oct. 5/1 The true Stuartists..were all for the propagation of the faith, according to the profession of the Order of the White Rose.1897 Westm. Gaz. 5 Feb. 10/1 Our Stuartist and ‘White Rose’ ladies and gentlemen.1896 Life A. J. Gordon 315 Not that one should be a pessimist..he should, above all else, be a truthist.1890 Times (Weekly ed.) 10 Jan. 7/3 There are [in biology] pure Darwinists, Wallaceists, Weismannists, Lamarckites, and Romanesists.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2020).

单词	-ist
释义	-istsuffix Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Etymology: Corresponding to French -iste , Latin -ista , Greek -ιστής , forming agent nouns from verbs in -ίζειν (see -ize suffix), consisting of the agentive suffix -της added to the verb-stem, as in βαπτίζειν to dip, βαπτιστής dipper, Latin baptista , French baptiste baptist. Cognate to the suffix -ισμός , -ism suffix.Examples of the Greek use are ἀγωνιστής combatant, competitor, λογιστής calculator, πολεμιστής warrior, σοϕιστής clever man, sophist; κιθαριστής player on the cithara, λυριστής player on the lyre, τυμπανιστής drummer; Ἀττικιστής a partisan of Athens, one who Atticizes, Ἑλληνιστής a Hellenizer, one who speaks Greek; Λακωνιστής one who sides with or imitates Lacedaemon, or uses laconism. A few words of this form were taken into Latin during or soon after the classical period, e.g. citharista , cymbalista , danīsta (usurer), grammatista , logista , lyrista , petaurista (rope-dancer), sophista , tympanista ; the number of these was greatly increased by Christian writers, in the latinizing of scriptural and ecclesiastical terms, such as agōnista , baptista , catēchista , collybista , euangelista , exorcista , psalmista , tocista . In later use, -ista became a favourite formative of names denoting the observers of a particular rite, the holders of special religious or philosophical tenets, or the adherents of particular teachers or heresiarchs; hence such names as Catharista , Origenista , Platōnista , and in scholastic use Scotista , Thōmista , nōminālista , reālista , etc. Hence the suffix (with the needed adaptations, French -iste , English and German -ist , etc.) has passed into the modern languages. In English, its use has received a wide extension, it being now used not merely as the agent noun of verbs in -ize (beside -izer suffix), as in plagiarize , plagiarist , and in association with nouns of action or function in -ism , as in altruism , altruist , but also, on the analogy of these, in a multitude of terms, having no corresponding words in -ize or -ism , which designate the professed followers of some leader or school, the professional devotees of some principle, or the practisers of some art. In some cases, the form in -ist approaches closely to the native agent noun in -er , being distinguished only by the more professional or systematic sense which it implies: cf. conformer n., conformist n.; copier , copyist ; cycler , cyclist ; philologer , philologist . Many of the nouns in -ist give rise to adjectives in -istic suffix, -istical suffix; but words of modern formation are to a great extent used adjectively unchanged, as in the royalist party, a Bonapartist plot, nonconformist principles. The following are the chief modern English uses of the suffix: 1. Forming a simple agent noun derived from a Greek verb in -ίζειν, and often accompanying an English verb in -ize. Such are agonist, antagonist, baptist, catechist, epitomist, evangelist, exorcist; apologist, plagiarist, ostracist, syllogist. 2. Designating a person who practises some art or method, or who prosecutes, studies, or devotes himself to some science, art, or branch of knowledge, originally expressed by a word of Greek formation in -ια (English -y), -μα(τ) (-ma, -m), -η (-e), etc., but in later examples, also by words of Latin or other origin. Such are archæologist, chronologist, economist, etymologist, genealogist, geologist, meteorologist, mineralogist, mythologist, philologist, physiologist, zoologist; alchemist, algebr(a)ist, anatomist, botanist, chemist, metallurgist, microscopist, phlebotomist, physicist, physiognomist, theorist; academist, chirographist, monopolist, rhapsodist, symmetrist; bigamist, monogamist, polygamist; dogmatist, dramatist, epigrammatist, schematist, etc. To these may be added (from Latin sources) annalist, capitalist, journalist, memorialist, mineralist, moralist, satirist, scientist (Latin scientia), etc.These have a possible verb in -ize, often in use, e.g. anatomize, botanize, dogmatize, dramatize, economize, geologize, journalize, monopolize, moralize, theorize, etc. 3. Designating an adherent or professor of some creed, doctrine, system, or art, which is usually designated by a cognate -ism: e.g. altruist (a professor of altruism), animist, atheist, Chartist, deist, egoist, egotist, hedonist, monotheist, pædobaptist, polytheist, ritualist, ventriloquist, etc.; with a large number derived from personal names, as Bonapartist, Brownist, Buddhist, Calvinist, Darwinist, Hattemist, Scotist, Spinozist, Thomist, Wycliffist, and nonce-words without limit, as Lambist, Lockeist, Stuartist, Weismannist, etc. b. Formed on an adjective (usually also with a cognate noun in -ism and often an adjective in -istic), as devotionalist, externalist, fatalist, formalist, humanist, idealist, imperialist, loyalist, materialist, naturalist, nominalist, opportunist, pluralist, positivist, purist, rationalist, realist, royalist, socialist, universalist. 4. Formed from other nouns (chiefly Latin) without accompanying words in -ize or -ism, and denoting one whose profession or business it is to have to do with the thing or subject in question, as amorist, artist, canonist, casuist, colourist, decretist, dentist, duellist, fashionist, florist, humorist, jurist, linguist, medallist, novelist, numerist, oculist, opinionist, organist, querist, statist, tobacco(n)ist. Also from names of languages, as Americanist, Anglist, Germanist, Hebraist, Hellenist, Latinist, Orientalist. Sometimes, from verbs, as conformist, computist, controvertist, favourist, impartist, separatist, speculatist. b. These lead the way to modern formations from current words of all kinds and even from phrases; as balloonist, billiardist, bimetallist, 'celloist, cocainist, cyclist, fetishist, footballist; with such nonce-formations as hammerist, selfist, truthist; great aukist, physical forcist, red tapist, second adventist, etc. Words in -ist are treated, according to their importance, in their alphabetical places, or under the Main words on which they are formed; the following are illustrations of some of those of more trivial or ephemeral character, nonce-words, and the like. ΚΠ 1884 Pall Mall Gaz. 17 Sept. 11/1 Associations of amateur balloonists. 1897 Pall Mall Mag. Feb. 196 Chalmers the 'celloist and orientalist.1897 Westm. Gaz. 22 Jan. 8/1 A considerable proportion of chronic cocainists have fallen under the dominion of the drug from a desire to stimulate their powers of imagination.1862 Literary Churchman VIII. 207/2 If by any chance the Benedicite should be used, the Consecutivist would be completely bewildered.1869 Contemp. Rev. 12 278 The obstructive Conservative in art may just as naturally be a classicist as a mediævalist or dark-ageist.1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (1876) II. App. 558 This time we for once get the Godwinist version.1900 Daily Express 20 June 5/2 The gem of the collection is a great auk's egg,..and is regarded by great aukists as the finest specimen of its special type of marking in the world.1857 C. Reade Course True Love 48 The hammerist [i.e. field geologist] can jump out of his gig at any turn of the road.1850 tr. Mosheim's Eccl. Hist. (1863) III. iv. ii. ii. §36. 390 The Dutch sects of Verschorists and Hattemists having been better known among us.1876 Johnson Univ. Cycl. Hattemists, the followers of one Pontianus van Hattem, a Dutch minister of the eighteenth century who was excommunicated for Spinozism.1892 Pall Mall Gaz. 19 May 6/1 Philosopher—artist—and general impartist Of cynical views on society.1898 Daily News 3 Jan. 6/4 The Prince was not disposed to reject contemptuously those Lamaist miracles of which he heard.1868 G. A. Sala Lamb's Wks. I. p. xiv There have not been any Lambists; on no particular shoulders did the mantle of his idiosyncrasies descend.1856 R. W. Emerson Eng. Traits xiv. 239 'Tis quite certain, that Spenser, Burns, Byron, and Wordsworth will be Platonists; and that the dull men will be Lockists.1848 W. E. Forster Diary 26 May in T. W. Reid Life W. E. Forster (1888) I. vii. 247 The physical forcists have gained a strength in my absence which [etc.].1890 J. W. Brown Italian Campaign i. iv. 103 The Protestant movement..was prejudiced by Plymouthists and their sectarian spirit.1842 R. Ford Let. in S. Smiles Publisher & Friends (1891) II. xxxvi. 491 [They] yield not in..insolence to any kind of red-tapists.1897 Westm. Gaz. 29 Dec. 2/1 The colony of German ‘Second Adventists’, just outside the Jaffa Gate, has done far more than anything else to spoil the approach to the Holy City.1898 Daily News 10 Oct. 7/4 There were six heats, and the semi-finalists were Gandin, Deltour, Ashe, and Machenry.1889 Daily News 4 Oct. 5/1 The true Stuartists..were all for the propagation of the faith, according to the profession of the Order of the White Rose.1897 Westm. Gaz. 5 Feb. 10/1 Our Stuartist and ‘White Rose’ ladies and gentlemen.1896 Life A. J. Gordon 315 Not that one should be a pessimist..he should, above all else, be a truthist.1890 Times (Weekly ed.) 10 Jan. 7/3 There are [in biology] pure Darwinists, Wallaceists, Weismannists, Lamarckites, and Romanesists. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1900; most recently modified version published online June 2020). < suffix1842
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