释义 |
tombn.Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French tombe. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman toumbe, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French tombe, Anglo-Norman and Middle French tumbe (mid 12th cent.; French tombe) place of burial, grave (c1150), sepulchral monument, grave marker (1311), (in extended use) death (16th cent. or earlier) < post-classical Latin tumba (5th cent.) < ancient Greek τύμβος burial mound, grave, further etymology uncertain and disputed (see below).Romance parallels. Compare Old Occitan tumba , Catalan tomba (14th cent.), Spanish tumba (13th cent.), Portuguese tumba (15th cent. as tonba , tomba ), Italian tomba (beginning of the 14th cent.). Ulterior etymology. With ancient Greek τύμβος compare ancient Greek (Corcyrean) τῦμος (6th cent. b.c.). Two etymologies within Indo-European have been suggested: the Greek word may be cognate with classical Latin tumulus tumulus n., tumēre to swell, and thumb n., or it may derive from the same base as ancient Greek τύϕη Typha n. It is also possible that the word is not Indo-European (the suffix with a voiced labial does not correspond to a recognized Indo-European type). Specific senses. In sense 5 after the corresponding post-classical Latin specific use (18th cent. or earlier) of classical Latin tumba. Pronunciation. The final b became mute in the Middle English period, and the β. forms graphically reflect this sound change; compare e.g. lamb n.1, dumb adj. The retention of b is due to the influence of the French and Latin words. Earlier attestation as surname. Also attested early as a surname (Willelmus de Tomb, 1284–5), although it is unclear whether this shows currency of the Anglo-Norman or the Middle English word. 1. the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > grave or burial-place > [noun] the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > grave or burial-place > types of tomb > [noun] > monumental c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) l. 2341 in C. Horstmann (1887) 173 Riȝt so he wende to þe stude þere seint thomas lai At is toumbe he feol a-doun a-kneo wepinde wel sore. c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) l. 2617 He bad þat..me is bodi nome & bured it..In an tumbe suiþe hey þat hii miȝte hit ver yse. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 17798 Yee sal find þair tumbs [Gött. tumbes] tome [= toom]. a1450 (Faust.) (1883) l. 3122 (MED) Þrye þe lomb ron abouȝt þe tomb. 1474 W. Caxton tr. (1883) iii. iv. 110 Than they toke the body out of the tombe. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil v. vii. 16 At the tumbe [L. tumulum]..Quhair beryit was Hector of maist renoun. c1540 (?a1400) (2002) f. 183 Þis burd was broght to þe bare toumb. 1642 T. Fuller iii. xiv. 187 Tombes are the clothes of the dead. 1693 N. Tate tr. Juvenal in J. Dryden et al. tr. Juvenal xv. 304 Convey'd to earth, and Cradled in a Tomb. 1786 W. M. Smith 37 Let me wander, thro' the churchyard gloom, And gaze attentive on the grassy tomb. 1838 C. Thirlwall (new ed.) II. xvi. 389 A tomb..which was generally believed to contain his bones. 1866 C. Kingsley II. xiv. 248 He beheld St. Etheldreda and her maidens rise from their tombs by night. 1922 30 Nov. 13/3 Beyond this..lies another chamber which may prove to be the actual tomb of the king whose funeral relics lie in bewildering profusion in the first two rooms. 1951 J. Hawkes vii. 114 The cruciform megalithic tomb of Maeshowe in the Orkneys, the finest monument of its kind in Britain. 2015 (Nexis) 16 Aug. 18 His parish..is the last stop on the pilgrims' route to Bardsey Island, where holy men sleep in their tombs. the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > receptacle for remains > [noun] > coffin c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Otho) (1963) l. 3031 Hii makede one tumbe [c1275 Calig. tunne] of golde and of gimes þane kinge hii dude þar-ine..and leide hine mid honure heȝe in þan toure. c1300 11000 Virgins (Harl.) l. 162 in (1923) 57 107 (MED) Þo þis bodi him was bitake, tuelf monþ he let hit beo..in a chiste of treo..Þis monekes þo hi þis iseȝe adrad & sori were; To þe tumbe [c1300 Laud cheste] hi wende þer heo was & nefonde hire noȝt þere. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 14318 (MED) He bad þe graf suld be vndon, Of þe tumb tak of þe lidd. c1450 ( St. Bartholomew (Egerton) in R. Hamer (1978) 81 (MED) Whanne the Paynimes of hym sawe that his sepulcre was gretly worshipped..thei had gret dispite, and putte hym in to a tumbe of lede, and caste hym in to the see. the world > life > death > obsequies > monument > [noun] the world > life > death > obsequies > monument > [noun] > cenotaph ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng (Petyt) (1996) i. l. 7677 Bi þe se side birie me þere... Do mak a toumbe þat long may laste. a1470 T. Malory (Winch. Coll. 13) (1990) I. 77 Kynge Arthure lette make the tombe of kynge Lotte passyng rychely. 1545 in J. W. Clay (1902) VI. 234 Fortie poundes..to make a tombe over my grave. 1613 S. Purchas iii. xii. 256 The common sort haue their toombes of marble engrauen with letters. 1657 in H. J. F. Swayne (1896) 234 To make a Toombe ouer his wiues Graue. a1718 T. Parnell (1721) 154 The Marble Tombs that rise on high, Whose Dead in vaulted Arches lye. 1780 J. Moore (new ed.) I. xxxiii. 218 It is presumable that those who protected Ludlow, did not approve of this part of his story, and on that account a particular mention of it was not made on his tomb. 1820 W. Irving vii. 13 I paused to contemplate a tomb on which lay the effigy of a knight in complete armour. 1951 N. Pevsner Introd. 14 Two members of the family have rich canopied tombs in the church. 2008 25 July 25/3 No one would deny the attention-grabbing sumptuousness of Henry VII's tomb in Westminster Abbey. the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > grave or burial-place > [noun] > anything like or used as ?1566 J. Alday tr. P. Boaistuau ii. sig. E.vii The Prophet Ieremie being pricked with the like spirite,..doeth wishe that his mothers wombe had serued for his tombe [Fr. tombeau]. 1652 4 So close and thick did they ply the enemy with Key-shot, long Chains, and Bolts of Iron, that divers of the Dutch were inforced to make the Sea their Tomb. 1714 A. Philips tr. I. 278 I am determined to cast my self headlong into one of these unsearchable Gulphs, which Heaven without doubt has reserved for my Tomb. 1791 tr. J. P. C. de Florian iv. 222 I pursued my way to the cavern... The obscurity and the total retirement of that habitation, made me chuse it for my tomb. 1812 J. Wilson i. 646 The sails now serve them for a shroud, And the sea-cave is their tomb. c1885 L. Hearn tr. in G. M. Gould (1908) viii. 142 The serpent-of-the-rattles Who knows how to charm the little bird, And who has a mouth ever ready for it To serve it for a tomb! 1913 26 July 195/1 To be of any use, the report must not be consigned to the dusty tomb of a pigeon-hole, but must be followed by immediate action. 1931 2 June 22/2 This abandoned ship, the S. S. Harvard, might have been the watery tomb of 500 Memorial day excursionists if it had not been for a prompt rescue. 1988 (Nexis) 6 June Tunnels believed to have become tombs for 57 miners. 2012 L. C. Steffy xii. 127 After two thousand years in its muddy tomb, the ancient boat took to the water once again. the world > life > death > [noun] > state or condition of 1559 W. Baldwin et al. Henry VI. f. lxxxiiv Would god the rufull toumbe had bene my royall trone. 1678 N. Wanley 59 The Young and Strong make more haste to the Tomb, than the Aged and Weak. 1690 J. Locke ii. x. 66 Our Minds represent to us those Tombs, to which we are approaching. 1769 T. Gray 50 Charity, that glows beyond the tomb. 1787 J. Ryland in J. Rippon dxlv. sig. Pp2v He that form'd me in the Womb He shall guide me to the Tomb. 1822 Ld. Byron Heaven & Earth i. iii, in 1 206 Than to behold the universal tomb. 1866 J. E. Cooke i. 10 To..reproduce those figures which have descended into the tomb, is the aim which I propose to myself in writing these memoirs. 1929 M. Reed tr. M. Vaucaire l. 197 If my death can bring an end to discord I shall go down happy to the tomb. 1990 M. van Duyn iv. 68 I thought, where is joy without fresh bloom, that old hearts' ploy to mask the tomb? 1565 tr. Origen sig. C.vii I dare boldely vndertake, if in faith thou shalte stande at the tombe of thy hearte. 1605 Bp. J. Hall I. lxx. 83 Euerie mans heart is a Toombe, and euerie mannes tongue writes an Epitaph vpon the well behaued. 1677 tr. J. Camus i. 13 The living Brother shall raise up seed to the dead, to retrieve his Name and Memory from the Tomb of oblivion. 1734 R. Morris iii. 40 Genius's who brought Architecture from its Tomb, and rais'd it, like the Phoenix, to new Life from its Ashes. 1769 M. S. Cooper II. lxiii. 109 No wonder then that marriage soon becomes the tomb of their affection. 1809 3rd Hexade 1 145 So long as a disease remains in any respect unknown, so long is it the duty of the practitioners of medicine to make every effort to hunt it from its tomb of obscurity. 1838 Jan. 83 France began to study America, which had hitherto been represented by one party as a model of excellence, and by others as the tomb of all useful and necessary institutions. 1861 21 July 8/2 In the public estimation, the House of Lords has become the tomb of all political greatness. 1907 12 Sept. 222/2 The office of mayor has been the tomb of many political ambitions. 2009 (Nexis) 10 Apr. 19 People who have stood at the tomb of their hopes and refused to give in. 1840 27 Aug. 2/3 Poor Chapman..is in the ‘Tombs’, charged with false swearing at an election. 1842 C. Dickens I. vi. 199 What is this dismal-fronted pile of bastard Egyptian..!—a famous prison, called the Tombs. 1889 28 Aug. Snyder was committed to the Tombs without bail. 1935 A. G. Macdonell iii. 53 A criminal had been brought from the Tombs..to be examined in the ‘Line-Up’. 2005 May 184/1 Another of Becker's men, William Alberts, better known as Big Jack Zelig, was in the Tombs. society > faith > artefacts > division of building (general) > altar > parts of altar > [noun] > cavity 1886 XX. 357/2 Every altar used for the celebration of mass must, according to Roman Catholic rule, contain some authorized relics. These are inserted into a cavity prepared for their reception, called ‘the tomb’, by the bishop of the diocese, and sealed up with the episcopal seal. Compounds C1. ?1520 in A. H. Thompson (1940) I. 134 Idem rector idem rector accepit duos lapides anglice Tumbe stonys. 1625 J. Stradling vii. 270 Vpon the Tombe dore-stone he [sc. an angel] sweetly sits. 1654 R. Whitlock 408 Tomb-Burglary in this kind, being so uncouth a Case, as Law never made Provision against it. 1771 A. Meagher 51 The Romanists have..their Angel-worship,..Relic-worship, Tomb-worship, Well-worship, &c. &c. 1785 T. Cumber Diary in (1902) 4 226 The following inscription on a tomb board. 1830 15 Sept. (advt.) The villain or villains, who broke the Marble Tomb Slab, at my shop on Sunday night last. 1885 10 Sept. 1/5 Mrs. Grant walked to the tomb entrance with her face heavily veiled. 1906 Oct. 896 Such an almost pathetic beauty is the dominant note of the later tomb-reliefs of Athenian sculpture. 1958 62 179/2 A fairly large narrow stone slab, which might perhaps have been intended for use as a tomb marker. 2000 R. King (2001) xviii. 156 There is no grand monument.., only a simple marble tomb slab. 1580 Indenture in (1851) 8 185 Richard Roiley..Tumbe maker. 1631 J. Weever 51 These Tombe-breakers, these graue-diggers. 1838 10 Nov. Mr. George Dare, glazier and tomb engraver. 1865 380 They were the tomb plunderers. 1882 July 186/2 Their ostensible calling being that of guides and donkey-masters, their private profession that of tomb-breakers and mummy-snatchers. 1939 W. B. Yeats 20 What great tomb-haunter sweeps the distant sky. 1963 67 358/1 The purpose of the slab in the north wall is not clear, unless the tomb-builder feared the rubble corbelling would not support the roof. 2010 F. Lentricchia 106 Look, my tomb-lover—are you alive? 1590 E. Spenser ii. viii. sig. T5 To decke his herce, and trap his tomblacke steed. 1825 W. Tennant i. i. 4 'Tis she; 'tis she; Black, black, tomb-black as the calamitous And dismal freight she is surcharged with! 1839 J. C. Mangan tr. J. Kerner in June 672 Slowly through the tomb-still streets I go. 1917 May 81/1 The next half hour was tomb-quiet. 1966 J. K. Baxter 23 Caryatids Hoisting up, on bent knees, The weight of a tomb-dark winter sky. 2012 (Nexis) 14 Jan. (Features section) 5 I remember the museum as a cheerless place where..students would huddle in a tomb-cold library. 1804 J. Grahame 4 The throng moves slowly o'er the tomb-pav'd ground. a1889 G. M. Hopkins Nondum in (1915) Sept. 247 I move along life's tomb-decked way. 1906 20 July 5/5 In a quiet tomb-strewn graveyard among the winding lanes of Welwyn. 1923 H. A. Franck xiii. 237 The most magnificent of the Eastern Tombs, perhaps the finest one in all tomb-ridden China. 2005 (Nexis) 20 Oct. 28 What has brought us here, to this city of death.., hundreds of us, old and young, strolling the tomb-lined avenues? 1856 12 May You look through the open-work doors into the little tomb-chapels. 1891 G. F. X. Griffith tr. C. Fouard I. 310 (note) Numerous tomb-caves are still to be seen hollowed out of the mountain-side. 1901 Jan. 33 The tomb-palaces of long-dead kings. 1904 H. Spencer II. xii. lvii. 335 The thing which impressed me was the tomb-temple in which we picnic'd. 1952 2 166 In 1941 an Early Bronze Age tomb-cave was found at Kibbus Kinneret west of Khirbet el-Kerak. 2012 71 303/2 Massive granodiorite statues of Sekhmet that had been commissioned by Amenhotep III for his tomb chapel. C2. 1801 R. Southey II. viii. 115 The Old Man answered nothing, but he held His garment and to the door Of the Tomb Chamber followed him. 1906 W. M. F. Petrie iii. 12 In Upper Egypt at present a hole is left at the top of the tomb chamber; and I have seen a woman remove the covering of the hole, and talk down to her deceased husband. 2013 72 291/2 The timbers used in the construction of the tomb chamber were felled in 740 +4/-7 b.c.e. 1917 Nov. 193/2 A remarkable tomb chest in Salisbury Cathedral. 1955 M. D. Anderson ii. ii. 44 The late medieval tomb chests often have small figures arranged in niches all round them. 2004 31 Dec. 28/3 Black tomb-chests glisten with grime in the churchyard opposite. 1863 S. Baring-Gould xv. 275 It is told of Grettir that he broke open an old vikings-cairn, and, after a hard struggle with the tomb-dweller, despoiled him of his sword and treasures. 1925 H. R. Haggard viii. 89 About my neck I have a holy charm which is said to defend its wearer from all tomb-dwellers and other evil things. 1932 24 Oct. 7/5 The tomb-dweller..told the police he had been living there because he was unable to find other shelter. 1993 (Nexis) 25 Feb. 24 Tens of thousands of people are living in the capital's graveyard. Here's a rare look into the closed world of Egypt's tomb-dwellers. 2009 (Nexis) 25 Aug. 3 A gloriously gruesome tomb-dweller..with his wrappings eerily unfurling. 1821 J. B. Gilchrist (ed. 2) ii. 115/1 Dhora, tomb effigy (also called dhorha). 1929 24 54/2 Visitors to The Cloisters will recall the beautiful thirteenth-century tomb effigy of a knight placed on a low base in the center of the nave. 2015 (Nexis) 20 Feb. Robert de Ros, lord of Helmsley..died in 1226 and his tomb effigy is at Temple Church, London. 1853 Jan. 295 In their civilian costume, apparently that given in the Temah'u tomb-figures, they wore, not their own hair, but a kind of wig-like head-gear. 1882 1 July 3/1 In the Mediaeval period, the tomb-figures are always represented recumbent and generally as if to convey the idea of sleep. 1925 B. Rackham in R. Fry et al. 13 In his wonderful tomb figures..we come to the very border-line of sculpture. 1942 1 49/2 Four recumbent tomb figures. 2012 (Nexis) 23 Aug. e30 A small goat figurine from 220 BCE..was a tomb figure, placed with human remains to help carry the spirit to the next world. 1914 May 70/2 Compared with the tomb figurines they are as the moon among the lesser lights. 1976 ‘M. Delving’ v. 56 Tashjian..had..unloaded an extremely dubious Han tomb figurine on an unsuspecting German dealer. 2010 W. Hung ii. 100 Abundant archaeological evidence proves Confucius' claim, that tomb figurines first emerged as substitutes for human sacrifice. 1888 2 91/2 The Etruscan sarcophagus recently acquired by the British Museum, with woodcuts of the tomb furniture. 1977 23 Apr. 13/3 The increasing vogue for tomb ‘furniture’ among the lower echelons of T'ang society. 2004 12 477/1 A characteristic item of tomb furniture at Knossos seems to have been a small wooden chest with bronze fittings. 1672 E. Ashmole iv. 136 A little Building of Free-stone raised by Cardinal Wolsey, called the Tombe-house. 1762 H. Walpole I. iv. 104 Leland says that..Henry VII. pulled it down, and erected the present tomb-house in it's place. 1854 3 117 Beneath the east window is an aspiring tomb-house, indicating the gathering together, in slow but sure succession, of kindred dust. 1952 17 54 In..western Indo-China..the corner posts of tomb-houses..are sometimes carved with human heads. 2012 M. Greenhalgh 183 Splendid stone or marble tombs or tomb-houses. 1845 J. Kitto 74/2 The tomb-paintings in Egypt, indeed, afford very ample illustrations of the modes of working in wood. 1925 39 44/2 The illustrations are ample in number..though we think that..less than justice is done to Etruscan tomb-painting. 2009 37 163 The pose of this couple is standard in Yuan tomb painting. 2014 (Nexis) 18 Feb. 55 Gods are often represented in tomb paintings as larger than ordinary mortals. 1955 4 Apr. 17/7 (headline) 10 Italians held as tomb raiders. 1985 2 Mar. 19/4 Building up his collection when it was still possible to buy in Egypt from traders with direct access to tomb raiders. 2006 17 June c9/1 A suspected tomb raider turned police informant has led archaeologists to..the oldest known frescoed burial chamber in Europe. 1823 W. Benbow 59 Alas, the consecrated dome affords no security from the tomb robber. 1873 25 Aug. 5/4 The secret hoard of one of those tomb-robbers by whom this country has been from all ages infested. 1908 21 Mar. 360/3 A tomb-robber could..remove the jewellery and other valuable objects buried with the corpse. 2009 (National ed.) 17 Mar. c2/3 When they began excavating soon after, they found that tomb robbers had already been there. Derivatives 1624 J. Smith v. 193 So finding also a great Marble stone..hee caused it by Masons to bee wrought handsomely and laid ouer the place, which hee inuironed with a square wall of hewen stone, Tombe like. 1635 J. Bentham vii. 101 The proud and tombe-like Pharisees. 1795 M. Wollstonecraft 10 June (2003) 295 We are here..in a sort of tomb-like house. 1845 H. B. Hirst 18 No murmur broke The silence of that tomb-like spot. 1856 H. K. Cornish 86 That single arch's grace Stands tomb-like o'er the spot. 1906 R. W. Chambers xiii. 420 Miles of elaborate, untenanted dwellings..stood tomb-like in barren magnificence against the blazing blue of noon. 1989 D. Koontz i. xiv. 58 In tomblike blackness Sam fumbled for a lock button. 2015 K. B. Roth xxvii. 327 The tomb-like silence that followed seemed to suck the very air from the room. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). tombv.Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Perhaps also partly formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymons: tomb n.; entomb v. Etymology: Originally < tomb n. (although this is first attested slightly later). In later use perhaps also partly shortened < entomb v. Now rare (chiefly archaic or poetic in later use). 1. the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > bury or entomb [verb (transitive)] c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Calig.) (1978) l. 13934 Arður ȝæf him þene tun and he þer-to tumde. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng (Petyt) (1996) ii. l. 1145 He lies at Glastenbire toumbed, as I wene. c1475 (?c1451) (Royal) (1860) 45 And there made his faire ende at Rone, where he liethe tombid. a1500 (?c1300) (Chetham) l. 4321 He towmbed ham to geder in ffere, Kyng and quene as they were. 1591 R. Greene sig. C3 His liuelesse bodie I will leaue to thee, Let that be earthde and tombde in gorgeous wise. ?1611 G. Chapman tr. Homer xxiii. 305 Imagine them some monument, of one long since tomb'd there. 1628 T. May tr. Virgil iv. 134 Youths, that tomb'd before their parents were. 1759 W. Mason 80 Ye can tomb me in this sacred place. 1832 L. Hunt 242 I'd just as lief be buried, tomb'd and grass'd in. 1899 J. Lumsden 16 In the Atlantic's bed Tombed ten leagues deep. 1957 D. L. Sayers tr. 193 They watch by her all night, Then, near an altar, she's tombed with solemn rites. 2011 (Nexis) 30 Apr. rw4 A genuine nobility pulses through the ancient cathedral where the great of England are tombed, from poets to kings. 1595 G. Chapman sig. B2v Shee vsde the Founte, where Niobe, Toomb'd in her selfe, pourde her lost soule in teares. 1611 T. Heywood i. sig. C I'le toombe th' usurper in his Infant bloud. 1613 J. Marston & W. Barksted i. sig. A3 [I'll bury thee] In the Swans downe, and tombe thee in mine armes. 1658 T. Flatman sig. B7v His head then was tomb'd Within a Cap of linnen. 1794 J. Courtenay 73 Thro' streets tomb'd in ashes, delighted we tread. 1813 W. Scott ii. 81 There dig and tomb your precious heap, And bid the dead your treasure keep. 1853 E. Arnold 144 They needed no prayers, and no mourning-bell, They were tombed in the true hearts that knew them well. 1914 A. Stringer 112 There's a poet tombed in you. 1995 J. G. Nichols tr. U. Foscolo in 4 83 The learned already and the rich and noble—the mind and ornament of Italy—are tombed alive in sycophantic courts. the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > bury or entomb [verb (transitive)] > said of the earth or tomb the world > life > death > disposal of corpse > burial > grave or burial-place > [verb (transitive)] > serve as tomb for a1586 Sir P. Sidney (1593) iii. xx. sig. Cc1 The stone That tombes the two. 1837 Feb. 184 Some were found wrapt as in a crystal shroud Of waves concealed, that tombed them where they clung. 1840 J. Middleton 31 The ground that tombs the righteous Is ever hallowed! 1872 J. S. Blackie 121 Long dry tomes that tomb the dusty past. 1902 C. B. Pallen 122 The Past forever tombing present good. 1994 A. Darlington in S. Jones & D. Sutton 240 The shafts tombing them had been sealed off. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, January 2018; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1300v.c1275 |