tongan.¹

/ˈtɒŋɡə/

Forms: Also tanga.

Etymology: < Hindi tāngā.

East India.

A light and small two-wheeled carriage or cart used in India.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > [noun] > light

Germantown1766

dearborn1820

cart1823

wagon1837

springboard1857

runabout1863

buck-wagon1864

beach-wagon1869

buckboard1874

tonga1874

buck-cart1884

jutka1886

runabout wagon1886

1874 Settlement Rep. Nasik Driving light tongas drawn by ponies or oxen.

1882 F. M. Crawford Mr. Isaacs ix The Himalayan tonga is a thing of delight.

1894 I. Petrie in M. L. Carus-Wilson Irene Petrie: Missionary to Kashmir (1900) vii. 136 A tonga resembles a squat dog-cart with a hood.

1904 Times 6 Jan. 5/2 The Indian tongas used in South Africa were very suitable over even ground.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

tonga cart n.

ΚΠ

1881 Let. fr. Bombay Govt. to Govt. of India 17 June Gallantly defending the mail tonga cart.

tonga-driver n.

ΚΠ

1882 F. M. Crawford Mr. Isaacs ix Every tonga-driver is provided with a post horn.

tonga-horn n.

ΚΠ

1886 R. Kipling Departm. Ditties (1899) 86 So long as 'neath the Kalka hills The tonga-horn shall ring.

tonga road n.

ΚΠ

1894 I. Petrie in M. L. Carus-Wilson Irene Petrie: Missionary to Kashmir (1900) vii. 141 The tonga road was demolished by recent snows.

C2.

tonga wallah n. the driver of a tonga.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > driving or operating a vehicle > driver or operator of vehicle > [noun] > driver of specific type of carriage

vetturino1789

volantier1791

phaetoneer1795

dragsman1812

carriage man1857

bandymana1881

tonga wallah1942

1942 M. R. Anand Sword & Sickle i. 27 A tonga wallah called rudely.

1955 R. P. Jhabvala To whom she Will xiv. 98 The tonga-walla in his stained turban cursed and muttered and whipped his horse.

1978 ‘M. M. Kaye’ Far Pavilions ii. x. 155 Tell the tonga-wallah to wait.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2021).

tongan.²

/ˈtɒŋɡə/

Etymology: An arbitrary name, said in Pharmaceut. Jrnl. to have been invented by Mr. Ryder, who first sent specimens to Europe.

A drug extracted from the root of the Fijian plant Epipremnum pinnatum, Engler, used by the indigenous people of Fiji as a remedy for neuralgia. Also attributive.Also known in England and America. (For its introduction into England, see The Lancet for Mar., 1880, 360, 361, also 445, and the Pharmaceut. Jrnl. for Apr., 1880. A full history in Gardeners' Chron. 1882, XVII. 180, and Jrnl. Bot. 1882, 332.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > analgesic > [noun] > other analgesics > plant-derived

tormentila1400

laudanumc1602

paregoric1671

tormentil-root1712

paregoric elixir1746

loddy1811

morphia1817

morphine1817

morphium1817

veratria1821

veratrine1822

veratrin1830

veratroidea1874

diacetylmorphine1875

tonga1880

diamorphine1914

1880 S. Ringer in Lancet 6 Mar. 360/2 (heading) On Tonga: a remedy for neuralgia, used by the natives of the Fiji Islands.

1880 Kew Report 55.

1882 Gardeners' Chron. 17 180/2 The Tonga plant is an ornamental climber of rapid growth, with bold dark green pinnatisect leaves.

1883 Science 1 80/2 The drug tonga is shown..to be the product mainly of a climbing aroid (Epiprem[n]um mirabile).

Derivatives

tongine n.

/ˈtɒŋɡaɪn/ Chemistry see quot. 1890.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > alkaloids > [noun] > miscellaneous other

daturia1820

piperine1820

opiane1824

daturine1825

aconitine1826

serpentaria1829

solania1830

fagine1833

aconitia1834

buxine1836

porphyroxine1838

surinamine1838

staphisaïne1842

lobeline1844

passiflorine1846

aricine1847

arnicine1847

harmaline1847

papaverine1848

pelosine1851

colchicine1853

helleborin1853

parvoline1855

punicin1855

aconella1864

fluavil1864

physostigmine1864

herapathite1865

ratanhine1868

sipeerine1868

staphisagrine1868

codamine1870

rhoeagenine1870

aconelline1871

helleborein1871

helleboresin1871

helleboretin1871

meconidine1871

napelline1871

hyoscine1872

porphyrine1872

septicine1872

paytine1873

reducine1875

hydrastine1876

pelosia1876

veratralbia1876

aconine1878

piturine1878

paytamine1879

skatol1879

tropidine1879

pelletierine1881

thalictrine1881

tetano-cannabine1883

cupreine1884

scopoleine1885

trigonelline1886

hydrastinine1887

jaborine1887

scopoline1887

apomorphine1888

imperialine1888

tetanine1888

tongine1890

guvacine1891

veratralbine1891

veratroidine1891

scopolamine1892

corybulbine1893

corycavine1893

corytuberine1893

septentrionaline1894

theophylline1894

pellotine1895

yohimbenine1897

ibogaine1902

scopine1923

nornicotine1927

norephedrine1929

pyrrolizidine alkaloid1951

psilocin1958

psilocybin1958

sodide1977

1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II Tongine, a volatile alkaloid found by Gerrard in tonga.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2020).

tongan.³

/ˈtɒŋɡə/

Etymology: < a South American Indian language of Peru.

A beverage inducing stupefaction and delirium, prepared from the seeds of Datura sanguinea by the Indians of Peru. Also in combinations.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > an intoxicating drug > [noun] > a) narcotic drug(s) > narcotic drink or drug used for

dwale1393

tonga1852

locus1859

knock-out drops1895

Mickey Finn1918

Michael1932

Mickey1938

incapacitant1961

1852 W. H. G. Kingston Manco (1853) iii. 36 Our brother has but drunk the tonga; his spirit has departed for a season.

1852 W. H. G. Kingston Manco (1853) iii. 37 The group of Indians..collected round the tonga-drinker.

1853 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 9) at Datura A narcotic drink called Tonga.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2020).

Tongan.⁴adj.¹

Brit.

/ˈtɒŋɡə/, U.S.

/ˈtɑŋɡə/, East African English

/ˈtoŋɡa/

Inflections: Plural unchanged, Tongas.

Origin: A borrowing from Zambian Tonga. Etymon: Zambian Tonga -tonga.

Etymology: < Zambian Tonga -tonga, self-designation (in (i)Batonga, denoting the people (singular (i)Mutonga) and (i)Chitonga, denoting the language). N.E.D. (1913) gives the pronunciation as (tǫ·ŋă) /ˈtɒŋə/.

A. n.⁴

1. The Bantu language of the Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe (see sense A. 2). Although often confused with the Tonga language of Malawi (cf. Tonga n.⁵ 1), the Tonga language spoken in Zambia and Zimbabwe is a distinct language that belongs to a different branch of the Bantu language family.

1883 R. N. Cust Sketch Mod. Langs. Afr. II. xii. 322 Toka, alias Tonga. Is spoken by the Ba-Toka on the Central Basin of the Zambési.

1968 Guardian 15 Apr. 9/4 In Zambia..there are four strong tribal vernaculars—Bemba, Tonga, Lozi and Nyanja.

2015 Southern Eye (Zimbabwe) (Nexis) 16 Jan. The launch of textbooks and the teaching of Tonga from primary school up to secondary level was a great achievement.

2. A member of a Bantu-speaking people mainly inhabiting southern Zambia and northern Zimbabwe. Although often confused with the Tonga of Malawi (cf. Tonga n.⁵ 2), the Tonga of Zambia and Zimbabwe are a distinct, unrelated people.

ΘΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of Africa > peoples of Southern Africa > [noun] > Bantu peoples

Xhosa1801

amaXhosa1809

Matabele1823

Amapondo1824

amaZulu1829

Bapedi1835

Basotho1835

knobnose1848

Ovambo1853

Sotho1883

Tonga1891

Ronga1899

Venda1901

Pedi1912

Mopedi1928

Ndebele1930

Lobedu1933

Tsonga1937

Pondo1950

Nguni1957

the mind > language > languages of the world > African languages > Niger-Kordofanian > [noun] > Niger-Congo > Niger-Congo proper languages > Kwa family > Bantu languages > Tonga

Tonga1891

1891 J. Torrend Compar. Gram. S.-Afr. Bantu Langs. iv. 179 Tongas often like to replace such expressions by simple demonstrative pronouns preceded by copula-containing personal pronouns.

1951 E. Colson & M. Gluckman Seven Tribes Brit. Central Afr. ii. i. 94 The Plateau Tonga, a matrilineal people, occupy a large portion of the Southern Province of Northern Rhodesia.

2016 Times of Zambia (Nexis) 21 Apr. If PF is a tribal party.., how did the party's founder..agree to work with the UPND leader.., a Tonga?

B. adj.¹

Of, belonging to, or relating to the Tonga of Zambia and Zimbabwe or their language.

ΘΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Pacific islands > [adjective]

Otaheitana1771

Tahitian1822

Fijian1846

Samoan1846

Micronesian1847

Niuean1868

Tonga1891

Gilbertese1893

Lifuan1917

Pascuan1940

Palauan1946

Belauan1974

the mind > language > languages of the world > African languages > Niger-Kordofanian > [adjective] > of or relating to Bantu languages

Kaffir1588

Kongo1597

Xhosa1812

Amapondo1830

Zulu1839

Sesotho1844

Swahilian1846

Kikuyu1850

Bantu1858

Fan1861

Amandebele1872

Nyamwezi1872

Wagogo1878

Lunda1879

Luganda1882

Sotho1883

Gogo1891

Tonga1891

Chichewa1897

Ronga1897

Bemba1904

Ila1907

Tsonga1907

Meru1908

Chewa1909

Venda1913

Lingala1922

Luba1922

Pedi1922

Nyanja1923

Nguni1929

Ndebele1930

Lobedu1937

Tiv1939

Mongo1961

Siswati1964

1891 J. Torrend Compar. Gram. S.-Afr. Bantu Langs. Introd. p. xxvii The Tonga language of the Middle Zambezi represents well the proper features of the larger number of Bantu languages.

1970 P. Oliver Savannah Syncopators 26 The Ila and Tonga people are neither of them West African,..being of the Middle Zambesi 2,300 miles away.

2016 Herald (Harare) (Nexis) 19 Feb. Training of Tonga teachers started recently at the Great Zimbabwe University.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2022).

Tongan.⁵adj.²

Brit.

/ˈtɒŋɡə/, U.S.

/ˈtɑŋɡə/

Inflections: Plural unchanged, Tongas.

Origin: A borrowing from Malawian Tonga. Etymon: Malawian Tonga -tonga.

Etymology: < Malawian Tonga -tonga, self-designation (in Ŵatonga, Watonga, denoting the people (singular Mutonga) and Chitonga, denoting the language).

A. n.⁵

1. The Bantu language of the Tonga people of Malawi. Although often confused with the Tonga language of Zambia and Zimbabwe (cf. Tonga n.⁴ 1), Malawi Tonga is a distinct language that belongs to a different branch of the Bantu language family.

1883 R. N. Cust Sketch Mod. Langs. Afr. II. xii. 321 Bántu family... Southern sub-branch. The following are the Languages:..Toka... Nansa... Nyal... Kamanga... Tonga [etc.].

1910 Jrnl. Afr. Soc. 9 305 The Tonga of the Zambezi is..a different language from the one just mentioned [sc. Thonga], and also distinct from the Tonga of Lake Nyasa.

2014 D. K. Mphande Oral Lit. & Moral Educ. Lakeside Tonga N. Malawi ii. 76 In Tonga, Mulungu gives the picture of one who creates or moulds.

2. A member of a Bantu-speaking people of Malawi. Although often confused with the Tonga of Zambia and Zimbabwe (cf. Tonga n.⁴ 2), the Tonga of Malawi are a distinct, unrelated people.

1891 Missionary Rev. of World Nov. 812 This language [sc. Tonga] is spoken by those belonging to the tribe of the same name who are enslaved by the Ngoni, and by the remaining Tonga living in the vicinity of Bandawe.

1964 J. van Velsen Polit. Kinship ii. 28 Every kinship relationship and marriage is involved in these struggles;..they are the stuff of politics for the average Tonga.

2019 Maravi Post (Nexis) 1 Mar. The whole spectrum of tribes in the country such as Tumbukas, Tongas,..Ngonis, Senas.

B. adj.²

Of, belonging to, or relating to the Tonga of Malawi or their language.

1893 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 15 App. p. clvii The relative importance of the Tonga people and language..is indicated in the fact that Dr. Cust's formal account of the Tongas is finished in eight lines.

1953 P. Deane Colonial Social Accounting xi. 158 For the Tonga villages the population figures can be regarded as relatively reliable.

2017 Africa News: Malawi News Agency (Nexis) 23 Aug. Tonga heritage celebration which is slated to take place at Chinteche in Nkhata Bay..will help accelerate development.

This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, June 2022).

n.¹1874

n.²1880

n.³1852

n.⁴adj.¹1883

n.⁵adj.²1883

单词	tonga
释义	tongan.¹ /ˈtɒŋɡə/ Forms: Also tanga. Etymology: < Hindi tāngā. East India. A light and small two-wheeled carriage or cart used in India. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > cart, carriage, or wagon > [noun] > light Germantown1766 dearborn1820 cart1823 wagon1837 springboard1857 runabout1863 buck-wagon1864 beach-wagon1869 buckboard1874 tonga1874 buck-cart1884 jutka1886 runabout wagon1886 1874 Settlement Rep. Nasik Driving light tongas drawn by ponies or oxen. 1882 F. M. Crawford Mr. Isaacs ix The Himalayan tonga is a thing of delight. 1894 I. Petrie in M. L. Carus-Wilson Irene Petrie: Missionary to Kashmir (1900) vii. 136 A tonga resembles a squat dog-cart with a hood. 1904 Times 6 Jan. 5/2 The Indian tongas used in South Africa were very suitable over even ground. Compounds C1. General attributive. tonga cart n. ΚΠ 1881 Let. fr. Bombay Govt. to Govt. of India 17 June Gallantly defending the mail tonga cart. tonga-driver n. ΚΠ 1882 F. M. Crawford Mr. Isaacs ix Every tonga-driver is provided with a post horn. tonga-horn n. ΚΠ 1886 R. Kipling Departm. Ditties (1899) 86 So long as 'neath the Kalka hills The tonga-horn shall ring. tonga road n. ΚΠ 1894 I. Petrie in M. L. Carus-Wilson Irene Petrie: Missionary to Kashmir (1900) vii. 141 The tonga road was demolished by recent snows. C2. tonga wallah n. the driver of a tonga. ΘΚΠ society > travel > transport > transport or conveyance in a vehicle > driving or operating a vehicle > driver or operator of vehicle > [noun] > driver of specific type of carriage vetturino1789 volantier1791 phaetoneer1795 dragsman1812 carriage man1857 bandymana1881 tonga wallah1942 1942 M. R. Anand Sword & Sickle i. 27 A tonga wallah called rudely. 1955 R. P. Jhabvala To whom she Will xiv. 98 The tonga-walla in his stained turban cursed and muttered and whipped his horse. 1978 ‘M. M. Kaye’ Far Pavilions ii. x. 155 Tell the tonga-wallah to wait. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2021). tongan.² /ˈtɒŋɡə/ Etymology: An arbitrary name, said in Pharmaceut. Jrnl. to have been invented by Mr. Ryder, who first sent specimens to Europe. A drug extracted from the root of the Fijian plant Epipremnum pinnatum, Engler, used by the indigenous people of Fiji as a remedy for neuralgia. Also attributive.Also known in England and America. (For its introduction into England, see The Lancet for Mar., 1880, 360, 361, also 445, and the Pharmaceut. Jrnl. for Apr., 1880. A full history in Gardeners' Chron. 1882, XVII. 180, and Jrnl. Bot. 1882, 332.) ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > analgesic > [noun] > other analgesics > plant-derived tormentila1400 laudanumc1602 paregoric1671 tormentil-root1712 paregoric elixir1746 loddy1811 morphia1817 morphine1817 morphium1817 veratria1821 veratrine1822 veratrin1830 veratroidea1874 diacetylmorphine1875 tonga1880 diamorphine1914 1880 S. Ringer in Lancet 6 Mar. 360/2 (heading) On Tonga: a remedy for neuralgia, used by the natives of the Fiji Islands. 1880 Kew Report 55. 1882 Gardeners' Chron. 17 180/2 The Tonga plant is an ornamental climber of rapid growth, with bold dark green pinnatisect leaves. 1883 Science 1 80/2 The drug tonga is shown..to be the product mainly of a climbing aroid (Epiprem[n]um mirabile). Derivatives tongine n. /ˈtɒŋɡaɪn/ Chemistry see quot. 1890. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > alkaloids > [noun] > miscellaneous other daturia1820 piperine1820 opiane1824 daturine1825 aconitine1826 serpentaria1829 solania1830 fagine1833 aconitia1834 buxine1836 porphyroxine1838 surinamine1838 staphisaïne1842 lobeline1844 passiflorine1846 aricine1847 arnicine1847 harmaline1847 papaverine1848 pelosine1851 colchicine1853 helleborin1853 parvoline1855 punicin1855 aconella1864 fluavil1864 physostigmine1864 herapathite1865 ratanhine1868 sipeerine1868 staphisagrine1868 codamine1870 rhoeagenine1870 aconelline1871 helleborein1871 helleboresin1871 helleboretin1871 meconidine1871 napelline1871 hyoscine1872 porphyrine1872 septicine1872 paytine1873 reducine1875 hydrastine1876 pelosia1876 veratralbia1876 aconine1878 piturine1878 paytamine1879 skatol1879 tropidine1879 pelletierine1881 thalictrine1881 tetano-cannabine1883 cupreine1884 scopoleine1885 trigonelline1886 hydrastinine1887 jaborine1887 scopoline1887 apomorphine1888 imperialine1888 tetanine1888 tongine1890 guvacine1891 veratralbine1891 veratroidine1891 scopolamine1892 corybulbine1893 corycavine1893 corytuberine1893 septentrionaline1894 theophylline1894 pellotine1895 yohimbenine1897 ibogaine1902 scopine1923 nornicotine1927 norephedrine1929 pyrrolizidine alkaloid1951 psilocin1958 psilocybin1958 sodide1977 1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II Tongine, a volatile alkaloid found by Gerrard in tonga. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2020). tongan.³ /ˈtɒŋɡə/ Etymology: < a South American Indian language of Peru. A beverage inducing stupefaction and delirium, prepared from the seeds of Datura sanguinea by the Indians of Peru. Also in combinations. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > use of drugs and poison > an intoxicating drug > [noun] > a) narcotic drug(s) > narcotic drink or drug used for dwale1393 tonga1852 locus1859 knock-out drops1895 Mickey Finn1918 Michael1932 Mickey1938 incapacitant1961 1852 W. H. G. Kingston Manco (1853) iii. 36 Our brother has but drunk the tonga; his spirit has departed for a season. 1852 W. H. G. Kingston Manco (1853) iii. 37 The group of Indians..collected round the tonga-drinker. 1853 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 9) at Datura A narcotic drink called Tonga. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online June 2020). Tongan.⁴adj.¹ Brit. /ˈtɒŋɡə/, U.S. /ˈtɑŋɡə/, East African English /ˈtoŋɡa/ Inflections: Plural unchanged, Tongas. Origin: A borrowing from Zambian Tonga. Etymon: Zambian Tonga -tonga. Etymology: < Zambian Tonga -tonga, self-designation (in (i)Batonga, denoting the people (singular (i)Mutonga) and (i)Chitonga, denoting the language). N.E.D. (1913) gives the pronunciation as (tǫ·ŋă) /ˈtɒŋə/. A. n.⁴ 1. The Bantu language of the Tonga people of Zambia and Zimbabwe (see sense A. 2). Although often confused with the Tonga language of Malawi (cf. Tonga n.⁵ 1), the Tonga language spoken in Zambia and Zimbabwe is a distinct language that belongs to a different branch of the Bantu language family. Π 1883 R. N. Cust Sketch Mod. Langs. Afr. II. xii. 322 Toka, alias Tonga. Is spoken by the Ba-Toka on the Central Basin of the Zambési. 1968 Guardian 15 Apr. 9/4 In Zambia..there are four strong tribal vernaculars—Bemba, Tonga, Lozi and Nyanja. 2015 Southern Eye (Zimbabwe) (Nexis) 16 Jan. The launch of textbooks and the teaching of Tonga from primary school up to secondary level was a great achievement. 2. A member of a Bantu-speaking people mainly inhabiting southern Zambia and northern Zimbabwe. Although often confused with the Tonga of Malawi (cf. Tonga n.⁵ 2), the Tonga of Zambia and Zimbabwe are a distinct, unrelated people. ΘΠ the world > people > ethnicities > peoples of Africa > peoples of Southern Africa > [noun] > Bantu peoples Xhosa1801 amaXhosa1809 Matabele1823 Amapondo1824 amaZulu1829 Bapedi1835 Basotho1835 knobnose1848 Ovambo1853 Sotho1883 Tonga1891 Ronga1899 Venda1901 Pedi1912 Mopedi1928 Ndebele1930 Lobedu1933 Tsonga1937 Pondo1950 Nguni1957 the mind > language > languages of the world > African languages > Niger-Kordofanian > [noun] > Niger-Congo > Niger-Congo proper languages > Kwa family > Bantu languages > Tonga Tonga1891 1891 J. Torrend Compar. Gram. S.-Afr. Bantu Langs. iv. 179 Tongas often like to replace such expressions by simple demonstrative pronouns preceded by copula-containing personal pronouns. 1951 E. Colson & M. Gluckman Seven Tribes Brit. Central Afr. ii. i. 94 The Plateau Tonga, a matrilineal people, occupy a large portion of the Southern Province of Northern Rhodesia. 2016 Times of Zambia (Nexis) 21 Apr. If PF is a tribal party.., how did the party's founder..agree to work with the UPND leader.., a Tonga? B. adj.¹ Of, belonging to, or relating to the Tonga of Zambia and Zimbabwe or their language. ΘΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Pacific islands > [adjective] Otaheitana1771 Tahitian1822 Fijian1846 Samoan1846 Micronesian1847 Niuean1868 Tonga1891 Gilbertese1893 Lifuan1917 Pascuan1940 Palauan1946 Belauan1974 the mind > language > languages of the world > African languages > Niger-Kordofanian > [adjective] > of or relating to Bantu languages Kaffir1588 Kongo1597 Xhosa1812 Amapondo1830 Zulu1839 Sesotho1844 Swahilian1846 Kikuyu1850 Bantu1858 Fan1861 Amandebele1872 Nyamwezi1872 Wagogo1878 Lunda1879 Luganda1882 Sotho1883 Gogo1891 Tonga1891 Chichewa1897 Ronga1897 Bemba1904 Ila1907 Tsonga1907 Meru1908 Chewa1909 Venda1913 Lingala1922 Luba1922 Pedi1922 Nyanja1923 Nguni1929 Ndebele1930 Lobedu1937 Tiv1939 Mongo1961 Siswati1964 1891 J. Torrend Compar. Gram. S.-Afr. Bantu Langs. Introd. p. xxvii The Tonga language of the Middle Zambezi represents well the proper features of the larger number of Bantu languages. 1970 P. Oliver Savannah Syncopators 26 The Ila and Tonga people are neither of them West African,..being of the Middle Zambesi 2,300 miles away. 2016 Herald (Harare) (Nexis) 19 Feb. Training of Tonga teachers started recently at the Great Zimbabwe University. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2022). Tongan.⁵adj.² Brit. /ˈtɒŋɡə/, U.S. /ˈtɑŋɡə/ Inflections: Plural unchanged, Tongas. Origin: A borrowing from Malawian Tonga. Etymon: Malawian Tonga -tonga. Etymology: < Malawian Tonga -tonga, self-designation (in Ŵatonga, Watonga, denoting the people (singular Mutonga) and Chitonga, denoting the language). A. n.⁵ 1. The Bantu language of the Tonga people of Malawi. Although often confused with the Tonga language of Zambia and Zimbabwe (cf. Tonga n.⁴ 1), Malawi Tonga is a distinct language that belongs to a different branch of the Bantu language family. Π 1883 R. N. Cust Sketch Mod. Langs. Afr. II. xii. 321 Bántu family... Southern sub-branch. The following are the Languages:..Toka... Nansa... Nyal... Kamanga... Tonga [etc.]. 1910 Jrnl. Afr. Soc. 9 305 The Tonga of the Zambezi is..a different language from the one just mentioned [sc. Thonga], and also distinct from the Tonga of Lake Nyasa. 2014 D. K. Mphande Oral Lit. & Moral Educ. Lakeside Tonga N. Malawi ii. 76 In Tonga, Mulungu gives the picture of one who creates or moulds. 2. A member of a Bantu-speaking people of Malawi. Although often confused with the Tonga of Zambia and Zimbabwe (cf. Tonga n.⁴ 2), the Tonga of Malawi are a distinct, unrelated people. Π 1891 Missionary Rev. of World Nov. 812 This language [sc. Tonga] is spoken by those belonging to the tribe of the same name who are enslaved by the Ngoni, and by the remaining Tonga living in the vicinity of Bandawe. 1964 J. van Velsen Polit. Kinship ii. 28 Every kinship relationship and marriage is involved in these struggles;..they are the stuff of politics for the average Tonga. 2019 Maravi Post (Nexis) 1 Mar. The whole spectrum of tribes in the country such as Tumbukas, Tongas,..Ngonis, Senas. B. adj.² Of, belonging to, or relating to the Tonga of Malawi or their language. Π 1893 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 15 App. p. clvii The relative importance of the Tonga people and language..is indicated in the fact that Dr. Cust's formal account of the Tongas is finished in eight lines. 1953 P. Deane Colonial Social Accounting xi. 158 For the Tonga villages the population figures can be regarded as relatively reliable. 2017 Africa News: Malawi News Agency (Nexis) 23 Aug. Tonga heritage celebration which is slated to take place at Chinteche in Nkhata Bay..will help accelerate development. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, June 2022). < n.¹1874n.²1880n.³1852n.⁴adj.¹1883n.⁵adj.²1883
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tongan.1

Compounds

tongan.2

Derivatives

tongan.3

Tongan.4adj.1

Tongan.5adj.2

tongan.¹

tongan.²

tongan.³

Tongan.⁴adj.¹

Tongan.⁵adj.²