tornadon.

Brit.

/tɔːˈneɪdəʊ/, U.S.

/tɔrˈneɪdoʊ/

Forms: (1500s–1600s ternado), 1600s– tornado; also 1600s–1700s turnado, (1600s tornatho, tornada, 1700s tournado). See also tornade n.

Etymology: In Hakluyt and his contemporaries, ternado; from Purchas 1625 onward, turnado, tournado, tornado. In none of these forms does the word exist in Spanish or Portuguese. But the early sense makes it probable that ternado was a bad adaptation (perhaps originally a blundered spelling) of Spanish tronada ‘thunderstorm’ ( < tronar to thunder), and that tornado was an attempt to improve it by treating it as a derivative of Spanish tornar to turn, return; compare tornado participle, returned. It is notable that this spelling is identified with explanations in which, not the thunder, but the turning, shifting, or whirling winds are the main feature. This is emphasized in the variants turnado, tournado. Modern French tornado is from English (not Portuguese, as in Littré).

a. A term applied by 16th cent. navigators to violent thunderstorms of the tropical Atlantic, with torrential rain, and often with sudden and violent gusts of wind. Now rare or passing into 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > thunder and lightning > [noun] > thunder > thunderstorm

thundera1400

tempest?1533

tornado1589

tornade1634

thunder-storma1656

line-thunderstorm1887

1589 Voy. W. Towrson in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations i. 100 The 4.day we had terrible thunder and lightning, with exceeding great gusts of raine called Ternados.

1599 R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (new ed.) II. ii. 103 We had nothing but Ternados, with such thunder, lightning, and raine, that we could not keep our men drie.

1600 in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (new ed.) III. 719 The ternados, that is thundrings and lightnings.

1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 216 We crost the Æquator, where we had too many Tornathoes [1638, 355 wee were pesterd with continuall Tornathes; a variable weather, compos'd of lowd blasts, stinking showers, and terrible thunders; ed. 1677, 393 Tornado's].

1697 W. Dampier New Voy. around World iii. 31 We had fine weather while we lay here [an. 1681], only some Tornadoes, or Thunder-showers.

1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies II. xliv. 140 The Coast is subject to frequent Tornadoes, or Squalls of Wind and Rain, introduced with much Thunder and Lightning.

1788 J. Matthews Voy. River Sierra Leone (1791) iii. 30 Had at least one tornado every twenty-four hours, which are always attended with violent gusts of wind, thunder, lightning, and excessive rain; but which greatly purify the air.

1832 G. Downes Lett. from Continental Countries I. 71 The return of the storm, swooping down in its various elements of thunder, lightning, and rain, with all the fierce grandeur of an Alpine tornado.

†b. transferred. Chiefly in plural. The season at which such storms are prevalent. Obsolete. rare.In quot. 1657 perhaps associated with the ‘turning’ of the sun at the tropic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [noun] > stormy weather > period of stormy weather > specific periods

tornado1634

change (also breaking-up, changing, shift) of the monsoon(s)1673

1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 5 Nor is this weather rare about the Æquinoctiall; by Mariners termed the Tornadoes: and tis so vncertaine, that now you shall haue a quiet breath and gale, and suddenly an vnexpected violent gust.

1657 R. Ligon True Hist. Barbados 9 The time of our stay there, being the Turnado, when the sunne..became Zenith to the inhabitants.

1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 10 These Seasons the Seamen term the Tornados.

2. A very violent storm (now without implication of thunder), affecting a limited area, in which the wind is constantly changing its direction or rotating; a whirling wind, whirlwind; loosely, any very violent storm of wind, a hurricane. spec.

a. On the west coast of Africa, a rotatory storm in which the wind revolves violently under a moving arch of clouds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [noun] > strong or violent wind > whirlwind or tornado

thodec725

storbilonc1315

whirlwinda1340

whirl-puffa1382

whirly-wind14..

rodion?a1439

tourbillion1477

trobelliona1500

hurlwind1509

typhon1555

whirler1606

travado1625

tornado1626

wild winda1661

turbo1677

vortexa1700

tornade1727

twirlwind1770

whirl-blast1800

coup de vent1831

twirlblast1865

twister1897

1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes II. ix. vi. §1. 1463 We met with winds which the Mariners call The Turnadoes, so variable and vncertaine, that sometime within the space of one houre, all the two and thirtie seuerall winds will blow. These winds were accompanied with much thunder and lightning, and with extreme rayne.]

1626 J. Smith Accidence Young Sea-men 17 A gust, a storme, a spoute, a loume gaile, an eddy wind, a flake of wind, a Turnado.

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Tornado, (from the Span. Tornada, i. a returne, or turning about) is a sudden, violent and forcible storme of raine and ill weather at sea, so termed by the Mariners; and does most usually happen about the Æquator.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 23/1 A Turnado [is] a fierce Wind.

1693 T. P. Blount Nat. Hist. 434 The Tornados are variable Winds, call'd in the Portugal Language Travados.

1710 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum II Tornado, is the Name given by the Seamen for a violent Storm of Wind, and sometimes followed by Rain; it usually swifts or turns about to almost all Points of the Compass, whence I suppose its name.

1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 47 When a violent Tournado or Hurricane took us quite out of our Knowledge.

1727 P. Longueville Hermit 51 Several Storms and Turnadoes.

1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. Tornado, a hurricane, a whirlwind.

1770 O. Goldsmith Deserted Village 357 While oft in whirls the mad tornado flies.

1772 J. Adams tr. A. de Ulloa Voy. S. Amer. (ed. 3) I. 13 From what quarter these tornadoes or squalls proceed, I cannot positively affirm.

1788 W. Cowper Negro's Compl. 33 Hark! He answers—Wild tornadoes..Wasting towns, plantations, meadows.

1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 45 This tract is subject to frequent calms, and to sudden gusts of winds called tornadoes, which blow from all points of the horizon.

1849 P. Hawker Diary (1893) II. 296 The gale increased to an absolute tornado.

b. In the Mississippi region of U.S., a destructive rotatory storm under a funnel-shaped cloud like a water-spout, which advances in a narrow path over the land for many miles.Quot. 1625 at sense 2a shows the transition from 1 to 2.

ΚΠ

1849 C. Lyell 2nd Visit U.S. (1850) II. 199 This tornado checked the progress of Natchez, as did the removal of the seat of Legislature to Jackson.

1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 130/1 The region of most frequent occurrence of tornadoes is the region where a large number of the cyclones of the United States appear to originate.

1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 130/2 The wind of the tornado reaches a velocity probably never equalled in cyclones.

c. figurative; cf. tempest n., storm n., whirlwind n.

ΘΠ

the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > commotion, disturbance, or disorder > [noun] > violent

tempestc1315

combustion1589

turbulence1598

turbulency1607

turbulentness1610

simoom1813

tornado1818

the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [noun] > person

tyrant1377

routera1500

termagant1508

ruffy?a1513

ruffiana1525

pander1593

thunderbolt1593

bully1604

ruffiano1611

tearer1633

violentoa1661

boy1662

violent1667

hardhead1774

Arab1788

ring-tailed roarer1828

blood-tub1853

tornado1863

stormer1886

hooligan1898

Apache1902

ned1910

rough-up1911

radge1923

goonda1926

pretty-boy1931

tough baby1932

bad-john1935

hoon1938

shit-kicker1954

tough boy1958

oafo1959

ass-kicker1962

droog1962

trog1983

1818 Lady Morgan in Passages from Autobiogr. (1859) 28 We live in a sort of tornado between business and pleasure, and my head literally turns round.

1840 W. M. Thackeray Pict. Rhapsody in Fraser's Mag. June 728/2 Beneath one of Turner's magnificent tornadoes of colour.

1848 A. H. Clough Bothie of Toper-na-Fuosich i. 162 On this passage followed a great tornado of cheering.

1863 C. C. Clarke Shakespeare-characters xvii. 416 The tornado of the north—Harry Percy, most commonly surnamed ‘Hotspur’.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

tornado cloud n.

1899 M. H. Kingsley W. Afr. Stud. ii. 48 If..you see that well-known tornado-cloud arch coming..the sooner you get her [the ship] ready to run, the better.

tornado mood n.

1897 Dublin Rev. Oct. 299 Saner counsels prevailed over Gordon's tornado mood.

tornado night n.

1897 M. Kingsley Trav. W. Afr. 312 Particularly vigilant has he got to be on tornado nights.

tornado oath n.

tornado pitch n.

tornado rain n.

1897 M. Kingsley Trav. W. Afr. 396 When the wet season's tornado rain comes down on it.

tornado spirit n.

1863 C. C. Clarke Shakespeare-characters xiii. 330 His tornado spirit hurries him at once into a quarrel with the Duke of Austria.

tornado wind n.

1669 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 4 1003 These North-East-Winds hold most commonly to 8 degrees North-Latitude, and then begin the Tornado Winds.

1671 R. Bohun Disc. Wind 236 So variable and unsteady are the Tornado-winds, so little obliged to any certain law.

tornado-breeding adj.

1861 H. Angus Serm. 150 The death-distilling, tornado-breeding atmospheric stagnation of the tropics.

tornado-haunted adj.

1896 Westm. Gaz. 28 Dec. 7/1 Her ascent..to the bleak summit of a tornado-haunted volcano.

C2.

tornado-cellar n. = tornado-pit n.

tornado-funnel n. see 2b.

tornado-lamp n. = tornado-lantern n.

tornado-lantern n. a hurricane-lamp, storm-lantern.

tornado-pit n. an underground place of refuge from tornadoes (in sense 2b); a cyclone-pit.

Derivatives

torˈnadoish adj. [-ish suffix¹] Apparently an isolated use.

1889 Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch 16 Jan. Its [a storm's] powerful warm, wet, tornadoish right, and cold, snowy, blizzardy left hand.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	tornado
释义	tornadon. Brit. /tɔːˈneɪdəʊ/, U.S. /tɔrˈneɪdoʊ/ Forms: (1500s–1600s ternado), 1600s– tornado; also 1600s–1700s turnado, (1600s tornatho, tornada, 1700s tournado). See also tornade n. Etymology: In Hakluyt and his contemporaries, ternado; from Purchas 1625 onward, turnado, tournado, tornado. In none of these forms does the word exist in Spanish or Portuguese. But the early sense makes it probable that ternado was a bad adaptation (perhaps originally a blundered spelling) of Spanish tronada ‘thunderstorm’ ( < tronar to thunder), and that tornado was an attempt to improve it by treating it as a derivative of Spanish tornar to turn, return; compare tornado participle, returned. It is notable that this spelling is identified with explanations in which, not the thunder, but the turning, shifting, or whirling winds are the main feature. This is emphasized in the variants turnado, tournado. Modern French tornado is from English (not Portuguese, as in Littré). 1. a. A term applied by 16th cent. navigators to violent thunderstorms of the tropical Atlantic, with torrential rain, and often with sudden and violent gusts of wind. Now rare or passing into 2. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > thunder and lightning > [noun] > thunder > thunderstorm thundera1400 tempest?1533 tornado1589 tornade1634 thunder-storma1656 line-thunderstorm1887 1589 Voy. W. Towrson in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations i. 100 The 4.day we had terrible thunder and lightning, with exceeding great gusts of raine called Ternados. 1599 R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (new ed.) II. ii. 103 We had nothing but Ternados, with such thunder, lightning, and raine, that we could not keep our men drie. 1600 in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations (new ed.) III. 719 The ternados, that is thundrings and lightnings. 1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 216 We crost the Æquator, where we had too many Tornathoes [1638, 355 wee were pesterd with continuall Tornathes; a variable weather, compos'd of lowd blasts, stinking showers, and terrible thunders; ed. 1677, 393 Tornado's]. 1697 W. Dampier New Voy. around World iii. 31 We had fine weather while we lay here [an. 1681], only some Tornadoes, or Thunder-showers. 1727 A. Hamilton New Acct. E. Indies II. xliv. 140 The Coast is subject to frequent Tornadoes, or Squalls of Wind and Rain, introduced with much Thunder and Lightning. 1788 J. Matthews Voy. River Sierra Leone (1791) iii. 30 Had at least one tornado every twenty-four hours, which are always attended with violent gusts of wind, thunder, lightning, and excessive rain; but which greatly purify the air. 1832 G. Downes Lett. from Continental Countries I. 71 The return of the storm, swooping down in its various elements of thunder, lightning, and rain, with all the fierce grandeur of an Alpine tornado. †b. transferred. Chiefly in plural. The season at which such storms are prevalent. Obsolete. rare.In quot. 1657 perhaps associated with the ‘turning’ of the sun at the tropic. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > bad weather > [noun] > stormy weather > period of stormy weather > specific periods tornado1634 change (also breaking-up, changing, shift) of the monsoon(s)1673 1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 5 Nor is this weather rare about the Æquinoctiall; by Mariners termed the Tornadoes: and tis so vncertaine, that now you shall haue a quiet breath and gale, and suddenly an vnexpected violent gust. 1657 R. Ligon True Hist. Barbados 9 The time of our stay there, being the Turnado, when the sunne..became Zenith to the inhabitants. 1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 10 These Seasons the Seamen term the Tornados. 2. A very violent storm (now without implication of thunder), affecting a limited area, in which the wind is constantly changing its direction or rotating; a whirling wind, whirlwind; loosely, any very violent storm of wind, a hurricane. spec. a. On the west coast of Africa, a rotatory storm in which the wind revolves violently under a moving arch of clouds. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [noun] > strong or violent wind > whirlwind or tornado thodec725 storbilonc1315 whirlwinda1340 whirl-puffa1382 whirly-wind14.. rodion?a1439 tourbillion1477 trobelliona1500 hurlwind1509 typhon1555 whirler1606 travado1625 tornado1626 wild winda1661 turbo1677 vortexa1700 tornade1727 twirlwind1770 whirl-blast1800 coup de vent1831 twirlblast1865 twister1897 1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes II. ix. vi. §1. 1463 We met with winds which the Mariners call The Turnadoes, so variable and vncertaine, that sometime within the space of one houre, all the two and thirtie seuerall winds will blow. These winds were accompanied with much thunder and lightning, and with extreme rayne.] 1626 J. Smith Accidence Young Sea-men 17 A gust, a storme, a spoute, a loume gaile, an eddy wind, a flake of wind, a Turnado. 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Tornado, (from the Span. Tornada, i. a returne, or turning about) is a sudden, violent and forcible storme of raine and ill weather at sea, so termed by the Mariners; and does most usually happen about the Æquator. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory ii. 23/1 A Turnado [is] a fierce Wind. 1693 T. P. Blount Nat. Hist. 434 The Tornados are variable Winds, call'd in the Portugal Language Travados. 1710 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum II Tornado, is the Name given by the Seamen for a violent Storm of Wind, and sometimes followed by Rain; it usually swifts or turns about to almost all Points of the Compass, whence I suppose its name. 1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 47 When a violent Tournado or Hurricane took us quite out of our Knowledge. 1727 P. Longueville Hermit 51 Several Storms and Turnadoes. 1755 S. Johnson Dict. Eng. Lang. Tornado, a hurricane, a whirlwind. 1770 O. Goldsmith Deserted Village 357 While oft in whirls the mad tornado flies. 1772 J. Adams tr. A. de Ulloa Voy. S. Amer. (ed. 3) I. 13 From what quarter these tornadoes or squalls proceed, I cannot positively affirm. 1788 W. Cowper Negro's Compl. 33 Hark! He answers—Wild tornadoes..Wasting towns, plantations, meadows. 1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 45 This tract is subject to frequent calms, and to sudden gusts of winds called tornadoes, which blow from all points of the horizon. 1849 P. Hawker Diary (1893) II. 296 The gale increased to an absolute tornado. b. In the Mississippi region of U.S., a destructive rotatory storm under a funnel-shaped cloud like a water-spout, which advances in a narrow path over the land for many miles.Quot. 1625 at sense 2a shows the transition from 1 to 2. ΚΠ 1849 C. Lyell 2nd Visit U.S. (1850) II. 199 This tornado checked the progress of Natchez, as did the removal of the seat of Legislature to Jackson. 1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 130/1 The region of most frequent occurrence of tornadoes is the region where a large number of the cyclones of the United States appear to originate. 1883 Encycl. Brit. XVI. 130/2 The wind of the tornado reaches a velocity probably never equalled in cyclones. c. figurative; cf. tempest n., storm n., whirlwind n. ΘΠ the world > relative properties > order > disorder > confusion or disorder > commotion, disturbance, or disorder > [noun] > violent tempestc1315 combustion1589 turbulence1598 turbulency1607 turbulentness1610 simoom1813 tornado1818 the world > action or operation > behaviour > bad behaviour > violent behaviour > [noun] > person tyrant1377 routera1500 termagant1508 ruffy?a1513 ruffiana1525 pander1593 thunderbolt1593 bully1604 ruffiano1611 tearer1633 violentoa1661 boy1662 violent1667 hardhead1774 Arab1788 ring-tailed roarer1828 blood-tub1853 tornado1863 stormer1886 hooligan1898 Apache1902 ned1910 rough-up1911 radge1923 goonda1926 pretty-boy1931 tough baby1932 bad-john1935 hoon1938 shit-kicker1954 tough boy1958 oafo1959 ass-kicker1962 droog1962 trog1983 1818 Lady Morgan in Passages from Autobiogr. (1859) 28 We live in a sort of tornado between business and pleasure, and my head literally turns round. 1840 W. M. Thackeray Pict. Rhapsody in Fraser's Mag. June 728/2 Beneath one of Turner's magnificent tornadoes of colour. 1848 A. H. Clough Bothie of Toper-na-Fuosich i. 162 On this passage followed a great tornado of cheering. 1863 C. C. Clarke Shakespeare-characters xvii. 416 The tornado of the north—Harry Percy, most commonly surnamed ‘Hotspur’. Compounds C1. General attributive. a. tornado cloud n. Π 1899 M. H. Kingsley W. Afr. Stud. ii. 48 If..you see that well-known tornado-cloud arch coming..the sooner you get her [the ship] ready to run, the better. tornado mood n. Π 1897 Dublin Rev. Oct. 299 Saner counsels prevailed over Gordon's tornado mood. tornado night n. Π 1897 M. Kingsley Trav. W. Afr. 312 Particularly vigilant has he got to be on tornado nights. tornado oath n. tornado pitch n. tornado rain n. Π 1897 M. Kingsley Trav. W. Afr. 396 When the wet season's tornado rain comes down on it. tornado spirit n. Π 1863 C. C. Clarke Shakespeare-characters xiii. 330 His tornado spirit hurries him at once into a quarrel with the Duke of Austria. tornado wind n. Π 1669 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 4 1003 These North-East-Winds hold most commonly to 8 degrees North-Latitude, and then begin the Tornado Winds. 1671 R. Bohun Disc. Wind 236 So variable and unsteady are the Tornado-winds, so little obliged to any certain law. b. tornado-breeding adj. Π 1861 H. Angus Serm. 150 The death-distilling, tornado-breeding atmospheric stagnation of the tropics. tornado-haunted adj. Π 1896 Westm. Gaz. 28 Dec. 7/1 Her ascent..to the bleak summit of a tornado-haunted volcano. C2. tornado-cellar n. = tornado-pit n. tornado-funnel n. see 2b. tornado-lamp n. = tornado-lantern n. tornado-lantern n. a hurricane-lamp, storm-lantern. tornado-pit n. an underground place of refuge from tornadoes (in sense 2b); a cyclone-pit. Derivatives torˈnadoish adj. [-ish suffix¹] Apparently an isolated use. Π 1889 Columbus (Ohio) Dispatch 16 Jan. Its [a storm's] powerful warm, wet, tornadoish right, and cold, snowy, blizzardy left hand. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1913; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1589
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