villeinagen.

Brit.

/ˈvɪlᵻnɪdʒ/,

/ˈvɪleɪnɪdʒ/, U.S.

/ˈvɪlᵻnɪdʒ/,

/ˈvɪˌleɪnɪdʒ/

Forms: α. Middle English–1800s villenage (1500s vyllenage, vyllynage, vellenage), Middle English vilenage. β. 1500s–1800s villanage, 1600s villonage, villianage, 1600s–1800s villainage. γ. 1600s– villeinage (1800s vileinage).

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman vilenage, villenage, Old French vilenage, villenage, vila(i)nage, = Provençal vilanatge , Spanish villanage , Portuguese villanagem ), or < medieval Latin villenagium , vil(l)anagium , vileinagium , from the same source: see villein n. and -age suffix.

Now Historical.

a. The tenure by which a feudal villein held or occupied his land; tenure of lands by bond-service rendered to the lord or superior. Also called tenure in villeinage.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > [noun] > tenure by service > tenure of villein

villeinagea1325

villeining1471

bondage1651

villein-socage1766

α.

a1325 MS Rawl. B. 520 f. 56^v Also lith assise after excepcion of villenage ȝif þat vileyn vnder his louerdes power purchasede ani lond.

c1450 Godstow Reg. (1905) 207 iiij. acres and an half acre and half a Rode of arable lond,..the whiche he holdith in vilenage or bondage.

1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Surueyeng xi. f. 12 All these tenauntes maye holde their landes by dyuers tenures..: as by..burgage, tenures, and tenure in vyllenage.

1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xiiii^v Tenure in vyllenage is moost properly whan a vylayne holdeth of his lorde to whom he is vylayne certayne londes and tenementes after the custome and maner or elles at the wyll of his lorde, and to doo to his vylayne seruyce.

1598 J. Marston Scourge of Villanie i. ii. sig. C2 Once Albion liu'd in such a cruell age That men did hold by seruile villenage.

1602 W. Fulbecke Parallele or Conf. Law i. 211 Villenage, is where a man holdeth of his Lord, either by doing vnto him some particular base seruice, and such a one is called a tenant by villenage, or by doing generally whatsoeuer base seruice his Lord will commaund and impose vpon him, and such a tenaunt is termed in our Law a villaine.

1607 J. Cowell Interpreter sig. S3^v/1 It was wont to be called tenure in villenage, and that this copihould is but a new name.

1607 J. Cowell Interpreter sig. Yyy4/2 For euery one that houldeth in villenage, is not a villein, or a bond man.

1612 J. Davies Discouerie Causes Ireland 274 There was but one Free-holder made in a whole Country, which was the Lord himselfe; al the rest were but tenants at Wil, or rather tenants in villenage.

1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 92 With regard to the folk-land, or estates held in villenage.

1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) I. 308 Copyholds being derived from the tenure in villenage, they were not originally within the jurisdiction of the king's courts at Westminster.

1818 H. Hallam View Europe Middle Ages II. viii. 384 The tenements in villenage, whether by law or usage, were never separated from the lordship.

1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. (1896) II. xvi. 475 So villenage grew to be a base tenure, differing in degree rather than in kind from socage, and privileged as well as burdened.

attributive.1679 T. Blount Fragmenta Antiquitatis 21 This was an usual restraint of old in Villenage Tenure.β. 1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Colonarii,..rusticall people, tenantes in villanages.1607 J. Norden Surueyors Dialogue ii. 77 A matter almost out of vse, a tenure called Villanage: that is, where the Tenants of a Mannor were Bondmen and Bond~women.a1618 W. Raleigh Remains (1644) 59 The bondmen..were grievously prest by their Lords in their tenure of Villanage.1681 H. Neville Plato Redivivus 133 Not only all Villanage is long since abollished, but the other Tenures are so altered and qualified, that they signifie nothing towards making the Yeomandry depend upon the Lords.1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. iii. ii. 473 Tenure in villanage gradually wore out. 1812 G. Chalmers Hist. View Domest. Econ. Great Brit. & Ireland 23 It is extremely difficult to ascertain the time, when villainage ceased in England, or even to trace its decline.1872 O. W. Holmes Poet at Breakfast-table vi We return to the state of villanage, holding our tenement-houses..of the State.figurative.a1657 G. Daniel Idyllia in Poems (1878) IV. v. 132 The Earth runs in one Tenure, and we but Prevent Repeals; Villainage is the Lott.γ. 1641 Rastell's Termes de la Ley (new ed.) f. 262 To hold in pure Villeinage, is to do all that the Lord will him command.1845 S. Austin tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Reformation in Germany (ed. 2) II. 225 The abolition of the punishment of death, of the lesser tithes, and of villeinage were especially insisted on.1845 J. Williams Princ. Law Real Prop. iii. 265 Villeinage is to hold part of the demesnes of any lord..by villein services.

†b. Land held by this tenure. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > a legal holding > [noun] > a feudal holding or fief > held in villeinage

villeinagec1450

villein1528

c1450 Godstow Reg. (1906) 576 The tythes of the villenagis of medys and litell medis of the same towne.

c1460 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Oseney Abbey (1907) 26 In cleydon, ij. hides of villenage, þe which my modur ȝafe to þe same church.

2. The state or condition of a feudal villein; complete subjection to a feudal lord or superior; bondage, serfdom, servitude.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > serfdom > [noun]

churldomc1386

villainyc1386

bondshipc1440

servage1523

villeinage1531

culvertage1613

serfage1816

serfship1830

serfdom1850

unfreedom1884

α.

1531 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 196 Ony maner of Entree into the seid Courte Rolles..Concernyng ony vyllenage agenst the seid defendauntes.

1551 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Court of Requests (1898) 58 To dyscharge the vyllynage and bondage of the bloudde of the said complaynants.

1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xli. viii. 1101 They that were to leave such yssue at home, gave their children as it were in villenage to some Romane citizen or other whom they liked of.

1643 J. Milton Soveraigne Salve 26 Reduced to the terms of the Peasants of France, of villenage and slavery.

1699 W. Temple Introd. Hist. Eng. 59 The Children that were born of these miserable People, belonged to the Lord of the Soil,..and thus began Villenage in England.

1818 H. Hallam View Europe Middle Ages I. iv. 450 The villenage of the peasantry in some parts of Catalonia was very severe.

1852 H. Rogers Eclipse of Faith 418 Mr. Newman says that it was Christians, not men, that the Church sought to enfranchise; it little matters; she sought to abolish all villenage.

1866 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices I. iv. 70 I do not doubt that the social state of villenage existed.

figurative.1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. xi. sig. Y7 No wretchednesse is like to sinfull vellenage.1604 S. Hieron Preachers Plea in Wks. (1620) I. 481 The continuall gamster is, as it were, in the state of villenage to his humor.1644 J. Milton Doctr. Divorce (ed. 2) 36 I spake ev'n now, as if sin were condemn'd in a perpetual villenage never to be free by law, never to be manumitted.β. 1589 W. Warner Albions Eng. (new ed.) v. xxiii. sig. P Thus Englands hope with Englands heire in one same Bark did saile: When desprat from their villanage was English bloud of baile.1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 449 For those [ichneumons] that are ouercome in combates one with another, are branded with a warlicke marke of Villanage, or subiection to their Conquerors.1700 J. Dryden Chaucer's Wife of Bathe's Tale in Fables 495 Their Glories shine; But Infamy and Villanage are thine.1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. to Henry VII I. App. ii. 404 A great part of them were serfs, and lived in a state of absolute slavery or villainage.1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 245 Joseph II rendered an essential service to humanity, in abolishing the servitude or villanage of the peasants of Bohemia.1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India II. ix. ii. 287 The original population..had..been conquered and reduced to a sort of villanage by certain Afghán tribes.1876 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest V. xxiv. 480 While the churl sank to the state of villainage, the slave rose to it.γ. 1641 Rastell's Termes de la Ley (new ed.) f. 262^v The division of Villeinage, is villeine of blood, and of tenure.1832 H. Martineau Demerara ii. 22 Then came the bondage and villeinage of the Gothic nations.1873 H. Spencer Study Sociol. v. 103 When villeinage had passed away and serfs were no longer maintained by their owners.1888 A. Jessopp Coming of Friars ii. 66 A man or woman born in villeinage could never shake it off.

3. The body of villeins; villeins collectively.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [noun] > villein or cottar > collectively

villeinage1864

society > society and the community > social class > the common people > specific ranks of common people > [noun] > villein > collectively

villein1528

villeinage1864

1864 J. H. Burton Scot Abroad I. i. 31 The French peasantry or villainage of the period.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	villeinage
释义	villeinagen. Brit. /ˈvɪlᵻnɪdʒ/, /ˈvɪleɪnɪdʒ/, U.S. /ˈvɪlᵻnɪdʒ/, /ˈvɪˌleɪnɪdʒ/ Forms: α. Middle English–1800s villenage (1500s vyllenage, vyllynage, vellenage), Middle English vilenage. β. 1500s–1800s villanage, 1600s villonage, villianage, 1600s–1800s villainage. γ. 1600s– villeinage (1800s vileinage). Etymology: < Anglo-Norman vilenage, villenage, Old French vilenage, villenage, vila(i)nage, = Provençal vilanatge , Spanish villanage , Portuguese villanagem ), or < medieval Latin villenagium , vil(l)anagium , vileinagium , from the same source: see villein n. and -age suffix. Now Historical. 1. a. The tenure by which a feudal villein held or occupied his land; tenure of lands by bond-service rendered to the lord or superior. Also called tenure in villeinage. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > [noun] > tenure by service > tenure of villein villeinagea1325 villeining1471 bondage1651 villein-socage1766 α. a1325 MS Rawl. B. 520 f. 56^v Also lith assise after excepcion of villenage ȝif þat vileyn vnder his louerdes power purchasede ani lond. c1450 Godstow Reg. (1905) 207 iiij. acres and an half acre and half a Rode of arable lond,..the whiche he holdith in vilenage or bondage. 1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Surueyeng xi. f. 12 All these tenauntes maye holde their landes by dyuers tenures..: as by..burgage, tenures, and tenure in vyllenage. 1528–30 tr. T. Littleton Tenures (new ed.) f. xiiii^v Tenure in vyllenage is moost properly whan a vylayne holdeth of his lorde to whom he is vylayne certayne londes and tenementes after the custome and maner or elles at the wyll of his lorde, and to doo to his vylayne seruyce. 1598 J. Marston Scourge of Villanie i. ii. sig. C2 Once Albion liu'd in such a cruell age That men did hold by seruile villenage. 1602 W. Fulbecke Parallele or Conf. Law i. 211 Villenage, is where a man holdeth of his Lord, either by doing vnto him some particular base seruice, and such a one is called a tenant by villenage, or by doing generally whatsoeuer base seruice his Lord will commaund and impose vpon him, and such a tenaunt is termed in our Law a villaine. 1607 J. Cowell Interpreter sig. S3^v/1 It was wont to be called tenure in villenage, and that this copihould is but a new name. 1607 J. Cowell Interpreter sig. Yyy4/2 For euery one that houldeth in villenage, is not a villein, or a bond man. 1612 J. Davies Discouerie Causes Ireland 274 There was but one Free-holder made in a whole Country, which was the Lord himselfe; al the rest were but tenants at Wil, or rather tenants in villenage. 1766 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. II. 92 With regard to the folk-land, or estates held in villenage. 1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) I. 308 Copyholds being derived from the tenure in villenage, they were not originally within the jurisdiction of the king's courts at Westminster. 1818 H. Hallam View Europe Middle Ages II. viii. 384 The tenements in villenage, whether by law or usage, were never separated from the lordship. 1875 W. Stubbs Constit. Hist. (1896) II. xvi. 475 So villenage grew to be a base tenure, differing in degree rather than in kind from socage, and privileged as well as burdened. attributive.1679 T. Blount Fragmenta Antiquitatis 21 This was an usual restraint of old in Villenage Tenure.β. 1565 T. Cooper Thesaurus Colonarii,..rusticall people, tenantes in villanages.1607 J. Norden Surueyors Dialogue ii. 77 A matter almost out of vse, a tenure called Villanage: that is, where the Tenants of a Mannor were Bondmen and Bond~women.a1618 W. Raleigh Remains (1644) 59 The bondmen..were grievously prest by their Lords in their tenure of Villanage.1681 H. Neville Plato Redivivus 133 Not only all Villanage is long since abollished, but the other Tenures are so altered and qualified, that they signifie nothing towards making the Yeomandry depend upon the Lords.1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. iii. ii. 473 Tenure in villanage gradually wore out. View more context for this quotation1812 G. Chalmers Hist. View Domest. Econ. Great Brit. & Ireland 23 It is extremely difficult to ascertain the time, when villainage ceased in England, or even to trace its decline.1872 O. W. Holmes Poet at Breakfast-table vi We return to the state of villanage, holding our tenement-houses..of the State.figurative.a1657 G. Daniel Idyllia in Poems (1878) IV. v. 132 The Earth runs in one Tenure, and we but Prevent Repeals; Villainage is the Lott.γ. 1641 Rastell's Termes de la Ley (new ed.) f. 262 To hold in pure Villeinage, is to do all that the Lord will him command.1845 S. Austin tr. L. von Ranke Hist. Reformation in Germany (ed. 2) II. 225 The abolition of the punishment of death, of the lesser tithes, and of villeinage were especially insisted on.1845 J. Williams Princ. Law Real Prop. iii. 265 Villeinage is to hold part of the demesnes of any lord..by villein services. †b. Land held by this tenure. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > a legal holding > [noun] > a feudal holding or fief > held in villeinage villeinagec1450 villein1528 c1450 Godstow Reg. (1906) 576 The tythes of the villenagis of medys and litell medis of the same towne. c1460 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Oseney Abbey (1907) 26 In cleydon, ij. hides of villenage, þe which my modur ȝafe to þe same church. 2. The state or condition of a feudal villein; complete subjection to a feudal lord or superior; bondage, serfdom, servitude. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > service > feudal service > serfdom > [noun] churldomc1386 villainyc1386 bondshipc1440 servage1523 villeinage1531 culvertage1613 serfage1816 serfship1830 serfdom1850 unfreedom1884 α. 1531 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 196 Ony maner of Entree into the seid Courte Rolles..Concernyng ony vyllenage agenst the seid defendauntes. 1551 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Court of Requests (1898) 58 To dyscharge the vyllynage and bondage of the bloudde of the said complaynants. 1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xli. viii. 1101 They that were to leave such yssue at home, gave their children as it were in villenage to some Romane citizen or other whom they liked of. 1643 J. Milton Soveraigne Salve 26 Reduced to the terms of the Peasants of France, of villenage and slavery. 1699 W. Temple Introd. Hist. Eng. 59 The Children that were born of these miserable People, belonged to the Lord of the Soil,..and thus began Villenage in England. 1818 H. Hallam View Europe Middle Ages I. iv. 450 The villenage of the peasantry in some parts of Catalonia was very severe. 1852 H. Rogers Eclipse of Faith 418 Mr. Newman says that it was Christians, not men, that the Church sought to enfranchise; it little matters; she sought to abolish all villenage. 1866 J. E. T. Rogers Hist. Agric. & Prices I. iv. 70 I do not doubt that the social state of villenage existed. figurative.1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. xi. sig. Y7 No wretchednesse is like to sinfull vellenage.1604 S. Hieron Preachers Plea in Wks. (1620) I. 481 The continuall gamster is, as it were, in the state of villenage to his humor.1644 J. Milton Doctr. Divorce (ed. 2) 36 I spake ev'n now, as if sin were condemn'd in a perpetual villenage never to be free by law, never to be manumitted.β. 1589 W. Warner Albions Eng. (new ed.) v. xxiii. sig. P Thus Englands hope with Englands heire in one same Bark did saile: When desprat from their villanage was English bloud of baile.1607 E. Topsell Hist. Foure-footed Beastes 449 For those [ichneumons] that are ouercome in combates one with another, are branded with a warlicke marke of Villanage, or subiection to their Conquerors.1700 J. Dryden Chaucer's Wife of Bathe's Tale in Fables 495 Their Glories shine; But Infamy and Villanage are thine.1761 D. Hume Hist. Eng. to Henry VII I. App. ii. 404 A great part of them were serfs, and lived in a state of absolute slavery or villainage.1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) II. 245 Joseph II rendered an essential service to humanity, in abolishing the servitude or villanage of the peasants of Bohemia.1841 M. Elphinstone Hist. India II. ix. ii. 287 The original population..had..been conquered and reduced to a sort of villanage by certain Afghán tribes.1876 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest V. xxiv. 480 While the churl sank to the state of villainage, the slave rose to it.γ. 1641 Rastell's Termes de la Ley (new ed.) f. 262^v The division of Villeinage, is villeine of blood, and of tenure.1832 H. Martineau Demerara ii. 22 Then came the bondage and villeinage of the Gothic nations.1873 H. Spencer Study Sociol. v. 103 When villeinage had passed away and serfs were no longer maintained by their owners.1888 A. Jessopp Coming of Friars ii. 66 A man or woman born in villeinage could never shake it off. 3. The body of villeins; villeins collectively. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farmer > [noun] > villein or cottar > collectively villeinage1864 society > society and the community > social class > the common people > specific ranks of common people > [noun] > villein > collectively villein1528 villeinage1864 1864 J. H. Burton Scot Abroad I. i. 31 The French peasantry or villainage of the period. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.a1325
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