verticaladj.n.

Brit.

/ˈvəːtᵻkl/, U.S.

/ˈvərdək(ə)l/

Forms: Also 1500s–1600s verticall.

Etymology: < French vertical (1545, = Spanish vertical , Portuguese vertical , Italian verticale ), or < late Latin verticālis (Quicherat), < vertic- , stem of vertex vertex n.

A. adj.

1. Of or pertaining to, placed or situated at, passing through, the vertex or zenith; occupying a position in the heavens directly overhead or above a given place or point.

†a. vertical point n. = vertex n. 2. Also figurative, the culminating or highest point, the point of greatest development or perfection (frequently in the 17th cent.). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > celestial sphere > [noun] > zenith

zenitha1387

vertical point1559

medium coeli1585

high noon1629

vertex1646

vertice1665

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > perfection > [noun] > peak of perfection

perfection1340

pointc1400

pinnaclec1450

firmament1526

tipe1548

vertical point1559

acmea1568

status1577

summity1588

sublimation1591

turret1593

topgallant1597

non ultra?1606

vertical1611

non plus ultra1647

ne ultraa1657

verticle1658

summit1661

ne plus ultra1664

ne plus1665

nonplus1670

tip-top1702

pink1720

sublime1748

eminencea1854

it1896

1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 16 Leuell with th' earth, and his verticall point, in the forsaid Æquinoctial.

1622 H. Peacham Compl. Gentleman vii. 61 Latitude is the distance of the Meridian, betweene the verticall point (or pole of the Horizon) and the Æquinoctiall.

1653 W. Ramesey Astrologia Restaurata i. viii. 15 Those that live further North are of stronger body,..because their vertigal [sic] point being far removed from the Suns course, they more abound in cold and moisture.

1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. ii. §57. 348 Let XBL be a Vertical, X the Zenith, (for the Vertical point may be considered as moved in regard of the Ecliptic unmoved..).

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Point The Zenith and Nadir are the Vertical Points.

figurative.1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xii. 579/2 Such successe, as well declared it was Gods will..that the English name should now be brought to the verticall point thereof, without any thing being able to resist it.1626 T. Hawkins tr. N. Caussin Holy Court I. 363 Saint Ireneus..calleth Charity..the top, and verticall point of all vertues, guifts, and fauours of God.a1649 W. Drummond Hist. James III in Wks. (1711) 43 This Family seemed now in the Zenith and Vertical Point of its Greatness.a1671 T. Fairfax Short Mem. (1699) 103 Here was the vertical point on which the army's honour and reputation turned into reproach and scandal.1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 284 Both Christianity and their Country are past their Vertical Point, and are upon their Declension.

b. vertical circle n. an azimuth-circle (see azimuth n. 1).

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > celestial sphere > circle of celestial sphere > [noun] > great circle > azimuth circle

azimuthc1400

vertical circle1559

zenith line1585

vertical1669

1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 22 Here you se A.E.C. represent the verticall point, B.D. the poles of the world, by which and A. (being the vertical circle) is the meridian circle A.B.C.D. delineated.

1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iii. i. xix. f. 152^v There is another great circle called the circle Verticall, which passeth right ouer our heads through our Zenith.

1595 J. Davis Seamans Secrets ii. sig. J1^v Circles of Azumuths, or verticall circles, are quarters of great circles, concurring together in the Zenith.

1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. vi. iii. 112 Measure the extent CM on the Vertical-Circle, and apply it to the Line of Signs.

1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Azimuths or Vertical Circles, are great Circles intersecting each other in the Zenith and Nadir,..and cutting the Horizon at Right Angles.

1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. ii. §57. 348 Let ZBL be a Vertical Circle, in which Z is the Zenith.

1846 A. Young Naut. Dict. 24 The vertical circle which passes through the east and west points of the horizon is termed the Prime Vertical.

1860 D. Olmsted Mech. Heavens 23 But if the point is above the horizon, then its azimuth is estimated by passing a vertical circle through it [etc.].

c. Of the sun, stars, etc., or in general use.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > celestial sphere > [adjective] > zenith

vertical1593

zenithal?1731

1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iv. xxvi. f. 226 As many starres as passe right vnder your Zenith are saide to bee verticall.

1625 N. Carpenter Geogr. Delineated i. x. 220 To them the Sunne is twice in the yeare verticall, that is directly ouer their heads.

1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 43 The extream heat of the Sun, which when vertical usually raises vapors in abundance.

1679 J. Moxon Math. made Easie at Vertex The Equator is said to be Vertical to them who have a continual Equinox; because, it constantly passes by the Vertex of the Place.

1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. ii. §15. 271 The Globe must be turn'd about till the first of the two Places becomes Vertical, (which it will be, when it arrives at the Meridian of the Globe..).

1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) I. 21 He knew that the sun, at the summer solstice, was vertical to the inhabitants of Syene.

1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 53 We find the services of the winds almost equally important in meliorating the fervour of a vertical sun.

1844 A. W. Kinglake Eothen xvii. 273 Becalmed under a vertical sun in the midst of the wide ocean.

1880 A. Geikie Elem. Lessons Physical Geogr. (new ed.) i. ii. 16 At each equinox the sun appears vertical over the equator.

figurative.1593 G. Harvey Pierces Supererogation 173 Come all the daintiest dainties of this toungue, and doe homage to your Verticall Starre.a1734 R. North Examen (1740) i. ii. §96 82 It fell out in a Conjuncture so vertical, that without it both Nations might have plunged into a mischievous Condition of Civil War.1844 A. W. Kinglake Eothen iv. 58 The strong vertical light of Homer's Poetry is blazing so full upon the people, and things of the Iliad.

†d. figurative. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or denoting the period or position of greatest eminence or perfection; at one's highest point or position. Cf. vertical point n. at sense A. 1a (a. figurative above). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > perfection > [adjective] > most or completely perfect

consummatea1530

crowning1604

sublime1605

vertical1641

preterpluperfect1652

preterperfecta1784

pluterperfect1908

1641 Ld. J. Digby Speech in Comm. 19 Jan. 25 In voting this bill, we shall contribute..to the perpetuating our Sun, our Soveraigne, in his vesticall [sic.], in his noone-day lustre.

1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. iv. 175 But now in the time of the aforesaid William Heyworth, the Cathedral of Litchfield was in the verticall height thereof.

1655 T. Fuller Hist. Cambr. Univ. (1840) 186 As Cambridge was his vertical place, wherein he was in height of honour.

1673 E. Hickeringill Gregory 38 Though Greg. and his virtuoso's seem to themselves to be vertical and cock-a-hoop.

2. vertical angle:

a. An opposite angle (see opposite adj. 1a).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > geometry > angle > [noun] > other angles

vertical angle?a1560

trient1563

vertical1728

recipient1811

perigon1868

steregon1881

?a1560 L. Digges Geom. Pract.: Pantometria (1571) i. vi. sig. C iij Two right lines crossing one an other, make the contrary or verticall angles equall.

1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements i. 17 The verticall (or opposite) angles.

1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I. at Angles Opposite or vertical Angles, as, 1. Those that are made by two Right Lines crossing each other, and which touch only in their Angular Point.

1771 Encycl. Brit. III. 910/2 The tangent of half the vertical angle.

1771 Encycl. Brit. III. 910/2 The line CF bisecting the vertical angle.

1862 I. Todhunter Elem. Euclid i. 15 If two straight lines cut one another, the vertical or opposite angles shall be equal.

b. The angle opposite the base of a triangle or polygon.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > geometry > angle > [noun] > other angles > opposite base of shape

vertical angle1798

1798 C. Hutton Course Math. I. 366 In a Triangle, having given the two Sides, about the Vertical Angle.

3. Placed or extending at right angles to the plane of the horizon; perpendicular; upright.

a. Geometry. Of a straight line or plane surface. See also vertical plane n. at Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > geometry > line > [adjective] > other

finite1570

adscribed1625

comprehending?1677

vertical1704

anharmonic1848

bilinear1851

collinear1863

nodal1863

congruent1864

non-concurrent1888

1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Line Vertical, in Perspective, is the common Section of the Vertical Plane and of the Draught.

1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I. at Plane Vertical Plane, in Opticks and Perspective, is a Plain Surface which passeth along the Principal Ray, and consequently thro' the Eye, and is perpendicular to the Geometrical Plane.

1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. iii. §29. 436 Therefore there is given both the Angle Llλ the difference or sum of them, and the Vertical to it Flf.

1812 J. Playfair Outl. Nat. Philos. I. Introd. 11 A plane at any place perpendicular to the line in which bodies gravitate, is called a horizontal plane; and any plane passing through that line is called a vertical plane.

1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) I. iv. 111 When the short diagonal of the prism was vertical.

b. In general use.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > vertical position > [adjective]

plumb rightc1445

perpendiculara1450

plumba1500

downright1530

straight-upc1590

vertic1607

up and downc1710

vertical1725

1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Windmil That is reputed the best made with vertical Sails, like the ordinary Windmils.

1756 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. I. 7 Vertical rainbows in the sky are not uncommon, whereas the horizontal are very extraordinary.

1813 R. Bakewell Introd. Geol. vi. 149 In some [coal fields] one part of a stratum is inclined, and the other part vertical.

1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics xxxi. 260 Some phenomena both of vertical and lateral mirage.

1855 M. F. Maury Physical Geogr. Sea vi. 326 Under the vertical rays of the never clouded sun.

1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 940 The adaptation of the Virginian Creeper to climbing up vertical walls.

in combination.1857 T. Moore Handbk. Brit. Ferns (ed. 3) 10 The vertical-ringed spore-cases, when mature, split suddenly with a transverse fissure.

c. With abstract nouns, esp. of movement or direction.

ΚΠ

1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. IV. l. 457 His poker and tongs were natural magnets, and had their verticity fixed by being heated and cooled in a vertical position.

1802 W. Paley Nat. Theol. ix. 144 The compound motion of the lower jaw, half lateral and half vertical.

1813 R. Bakewell Introd. Geol. i. 28 Plates of rock, which have generally a vertical direction.

1830 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 410 Four-fifths of the town of Cumana was shaken down by a vertical shock.

1859 J. R. Greene Man. Animal Kingdom I. Introd. p. xxix The relations of animals to the elements in which they live... Their vertical (bathymetrical) distribution.

1872 C. Darwin Expression Emotions Man & Animals xi. 273 We give a vertical nod of approval..when we approve of their conduct.

in combination.1850 E. B. Denison Rudimentary Treat. Clock & Watch Making i. xxxi. 48 It would fail for a balance or vertical-force-magnetometer.

d. Of mechanical appliances or structures. Also in technical use applied to machines which operate vertically.Numerous other examples are given in E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. (1875 and 1884).

ΚΠ

1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 141 The comparative power of horizontal and vertical windmills.

1859 M. I. O. Gascoigne Handbk. Turning (new ed.) 79 The vertical, or universal cutter.

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2708/1 Vertical Boring-machine, a drill or boring-machine having a vertical spindle.

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2708/1 Vertical Planing-machine.

1888 C. T. Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 151 Vertical engine, an upright engine, as distinct from a ‘horizontal one’.

e. Music. Involving, pertaining to, or directed at the relationship between notes sounded simultaneously, rather than the pattern of successive notes; harmonic or chordal rather than melodic.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > harmony or sounds in combination > [adjective]

harmonic1667

harmonical1728

vertical1889

1889 Cent. Dict. Vertical composition, musical composition in which the chief attention is put on the harmonic structure of the successive chords.

1928 Grove's Dict. Music (ed. 3) V. 164/1 Later events have made it almost superfluous to discuss..his [sc. R. Strauss's] theories of ‘vertical hearing’.

1942 E. Blom Mus. in Eng. ii. 21 Vertical hearing, i.e. listening to the chordal incidence of parts rather than to their separate horizontal flow.

1946 A. Bliss in A. L. Bacharach Brit. Music xi. 156 As in all his music, one must concentrate on horizontal as well as vertical listening so as to savour the beauty and interest of the inner parts.

4. Having a position at right angles to the plane of the axis, body, or supporting surface; pointing or situated directly upwards or downwards.

a. Botany. Of a leaf or other part.Martyn Lang. Bot. (1793) also gives vertical leaf (after Linnæus's folium verticale) as = obverse leaf, but objects to the use of the term.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > (defined by) distribution, arrangement, or position > [adjective] > horizontal or vertical

horizontal1753

vertical1776

1776 J. Lee Introd. Bot. (ed. 3) Explan. Terms 382 Vertical, Leaves so situated that the Base is perpendicular to the Apex.

1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 1212 1.

1879 A. Gray in A. Gray & G. L. Goodale Bot. Text-bk. (ed. 6) I. iii. §4 108 Vertical leaves, those with blades of the ordinary kind, but presenting their edges instead of their faces to the earth and sky, or when erect with one edge directed to the stem and the other away from it.

b. Zoology, esp. of certain fins of fishes.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > fish > parts of fish > [adjective] > having fin(s) > pointing upwards or downwards

vertical1834

1834 H. McMurtrie tr. G. Cuvier Animal Kingdom (abridged ed.) 203 A vertical caudal, as in Gymnetrus, but shorter.

1880 A. Günther Introd. Study of Fishes 40 The vertical fins are situated in the median dorsal line, from the head to the extremity of the tail.

5. Zoology, Anatomy, etc. Of or pertaining to, situated on, affecting, the vertex of the head.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > top of head > [adjective]

pated1542

polled1728

vertical1826

coronal1828

1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. IV. 315 Stemmata: Vertical, when they are placed in the Vertex.

1891 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) Vertical eyes of a fish.

1891 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) The vertical crest of some birds is horizontal when not erected.

1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VII. 546 Meningitis, whether vertical or posterior-basic, is caused by an invasion of micro-organisms.

†6. Belonging to giddiness. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΚΠ

1623 in H. Cockeram Eng. Dict.

7. Of or pertaining to the different levels of a hierarchy or progression.

a. Extending over or involving successive stages in the production of a particular class of goods. Opposed to horizontal adj. 3b.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > manufacture or production > [adjective] > involving successive stages

vertical1920

1920 Westm. Gaz. 2 Dec. 6/1 The vertical Trusts constructed by Stumm, Thyssen and the other raw-material magnates.

1927 Daily Tel. 11 Oct. 15/4 He had created what is technically called a vertical combination, embracing every stage of the soap industry.

1930 M. Clark Home Trade 204 ‘Vertical combines’..aim at ensuring, for the manufacturing business, adequate supplies of all the essential raw materials or semi-finished goods.

1959 Listener 5 Nov. 768/2 The existing vertical firms have been operating in a market dominated by the factors created by horizontal trading and few indeed have controlled their price policies by vertical statistics and vertical objectives.

1960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 29 Mar. 78/2 The broiler industry..had to go in for ‘vertical integration’... It is not farming, it is agri~business.

1962 R. B. Fuller Epic Poem on Industrialization 27 A corporation gun nuzzling trick;..precipitating vertical merger.

1967 Economist 15 Apr. 253/3 He also held that all mergers must be judged by the same standards, whether they be vertical, horizontal or conglomerate.

1968 J. Ironside Fashion Alphabet 232 The textile and fashion industry works in two ways—horizontal or vertical... The ‘horizontal’ system means that in each stage of its manufacture..the textile goes through different hands... In the ‘vertical’ system, everything from weaving..to making up the garments..is done under one organisation.

1975 N.Y. Times Mag. 3 Oct. 15 Proponents of the effort call it vertical divestiture, by which they mean forcing the largest oil companies to pick one activity—production or refining or transportation/marketing—and sell off the other parts of the action.

1975 J. De Bres tr. E. Mandel Late Capitalism xii. 384 The process of centralization can only find expression in a growing centralization of capital, among other things, in the form of vertical integration of big companies.

b. Involving differences or changes of level as in social class, income group, or the like.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > social class > [adjective] > socially mobile

mobile1846

vertical1927

upward-mobile1949

spiralist1957

upwardly mobile1964

1927 P. A. Sorokin Social Mobility vii. 133 There are two principal types of social mobility, horizontal and vertical.

1931 H. G. Wells Work, Wealth & Happiness Mankind (1932) xi. 540 The only remaining physical differences between man and woman are becoming horizontal, i.e., differences between individuals in the same class, and not vertical differences, in which all women are put below all men, or vice versa.

1976 F. Zweig New Acquisitive Society i. v. 52 The shedding of middle-class values and style of life in the younger generation..is of much deeper significance, transcending the confines of vertical mobility.

c. vertical union, a trade union which draws its members from a particular industry without regard to their individual crafts; vertical market, one comprising all the potential purchasers in a particular occupation or industry.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > working > association of employers or employees > [noun] > trade union > of particular industry regardless of craft

industrial union1923

vertical union1933

society > trade and finance > trading conditions > [noun] > supply and demand or market > type of market

free trade1596

home market1680

open market1766

mass market1922

media market1956

vertical market1978

mid-market1993

1933 Sun (Baltimore) 1 Sept. 2/1 This means a vertical union in each industry, free of domination or control either by employers or outside labor leaders.

1937 H. Feldman Probl. Labor Relations iv. 255 Shall the mass production industries..be organized on a ‘horizontal’ (craft union) basis, or in ‘vertical’ (industrial) unions?

1950 W. Theimer & P. Campbell Encycl. World Politics 425/1 Unions may be craft unions, also known as horizontal unions, or industrial unions, also known as vertical unions.

1978 Business Week (Industr. ed.) 17 July 36 g H-P's role has been primarily as a systems company emphasizing vertical markets needing a wide variety of supporting electronics.

1983 Austral. Microcomputer Mag. Aug. 16/3 HiSoft believes there is a big need for vertical market software, in which a common shell is modified to suit individual needs.

1984 Sydney Morning Herald 10 Nov. 6/1 (advt.) They are presently expanding into a new and highly promising vertical market and offer a Sales Management Opportunity.

1985 Which Computer? Apr. 45/1 This means that BOS is one of the richest potential sources of vertical market software written in the UK for the UK market.

d. vertical proliferation n. (see quots.).

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > arming or equipping with weapons > [noun] > proliferation

build-up1943

proliferation1961

vertical proliferation1966

1966 Economist 22 Oct. 350/2 Like other near-nuclear nations, they are unwilling to promise to stay out of the club unless its members will promise to halt what Canada's foreign minister has called their ‘vertical proliferation’; that is, promise to stop testing, producing and piling up nuclear arms.

1980 Sci. Amer. July 31/2 In the circumstances what can be done to curb both ‘vertical’ proliferation (the increase in the numbers and kinds of nuclear weapons in the hands of the nuclear-weapons states) and ‘horizontal’ proliferation (the further spread of nuclear weapons to nations that do not already have them)?

e. vertical thinking n. deductive reasoning; opposed to lateral adj.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > process of reasoning, ratiocination > process of inferring, inference > [noun]

reasoning?c1400

collection1529

conclusion1532

induction1551

inferring1571

remotion1587

syllogism1588

deduction1593

inference1593

inferment1593

extraction1622

eduction1654

perduction1656

reducementa1750

deducing1826

vertical thinking1966

1966 London Life 22 Oct. 20/3 He [sc. Dr. Edward De Bono] divides thinking into two methods. One he calls ‘vertical thinking’—that is, using the processes of logic, the traditional-historical method... The other type he calls ‘lateral thinking’, which involves disrupting an apparent sequence and arriving at the solution from another angle.

1967 E. de Bono Use of Lateral Thinking 5 Some people are aware of another sort of thinking which..leads to those simple ideas that are obvious only after they have been thought of. This book is an attempt to look at this sort of thinking... For the sake of convenience, the term ‘lateral thinking’ has been coined to describe this other sort of thinking; ‘vertical thinking’ is used to denote the conventional logical process.

1970 G. Greer Female Eunuch 108 The take-over by computers of much vertical thinking has placed more and more emphasis on the creative propensities of human thought.

8. Pertaining to or being an aerial photograph taken looking vertically downwards.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > a photograph > [adjective] > aerial photographs

mosaic1920

vertical1925

1925 Jones & Griffiths Aerial Surveying by Rapid Methods ii. 8 Such a procedure will..be necessary when mapping any large area, whether the work be done by ‘vertical’ or ‘oblique’ photographs.

1932 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 36 503 The first field operation is the vertical photography along strips about thirty miles apart.

1932 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 36 503 As soon as each vertical flight was completed the films were developed.

1974 P. R. Wolf Elem. Photogrammetry vi. 117 Relief displacement often causes straight roads, fence lines, etc., on rolling ground to appear crooked on a vertical photograph.

1983 J. C. McCormack Surveying Fund. xxii. 404 The oblique view is more easily understood by the public than is the plan view contained in vertical aerial photographs.

B. n. [Elliptical use of the adj.]

†1. The vertical point; the vertex or zenith. In quots. figurative. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > perfection > [noun] > peak of perfection

perfection1340

pointc1400

pinnaclec1450

firmament1526

tipe1548

vertical point1559

acmea1568

status1577

summity1588

sublimation1591

turret1593

topgallant1597

non ultra?1606

vertical1611

non plus ultra1647

ne ultraa1657

verticle1658

summit1661

ne plus ultra1664

ne plus1665

nonplus1670

tip-top1702

pink1720

sublime1748

eminencea1854

it1896

1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xv. 645/2 King Henries glory thus ascended to the highest verticall in France.

a1652 J. Smith Select Disc. (1821) iv. vi. 104 A naked intuition of eternal truth which is always the same, which never rises nor sets, but always stands still in its vertical, and fills the whole horizon of the soul with a mild and gentle light.

1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. ix. 100 Now she was in the Verticall of her favour, wherein hence-forward she began to decline.

a. A vertical circle, line, or plane.prime vertical: see prime vertical n. at prime adj. and adv. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > celestial sphere > circle of celestial sphere > [noun] > great circle > azimuth circle

azimuthc1400

vertical circle1559

zenith line1585

vertical1669

1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. vii. x. 15 If you have not time until the Sun cometh unto the Azimuth of the Wall, or the Vertical of it, which cutteth the Pole thereof.

1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. vii. x. 15 The Sun is neerer to the Meridian, than to the Vertical of the Plane.

1674 J. Moxon Tutor to Astron. & Geogr. (ed. 3) v. Prob. iv. 154 You may reduce all Verticals into Horizontals [in dialling].

1774 M. Mackenzie Treat. Maritim Surv. 52 This Angle PZs..is therefore equal to the horizontal Distance of the Vertical of the two Stars from the Meridian.

1834 M. Somerville On Connexion Physical Sci. vii. 55 The difference of the latitudes being the angle contained between the verticals at the extremities of the arc.

1868 W. Lockyer & J. N. Lockyer tr. A. Guillemin Heavens (ed. 3) 449 Every portion of matter left to itself..falls in the direction of the vertical of the place on which it falls.

1882 A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. iv. vi. 526 In an inclined fault the level of the selected stratum is protracted across the fissure until a vertical from it will reach the level of the same bed.

b. Mathematics. A vertical angle (see A. 2).

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > geometry > angle > [noun] > other angles

vertical angle?a1560

trient1563

vertical1728

recipient1811

perigon1868

steregon1881

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Angle The Measure of an Angle without the Centre, is half of the Arches HI and LM, whereon it and its Vertical K do stand.

c. the vertical, the vertical line or position; the perpendicular.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > vertical position > [noun]

perpendicularity1589

upright1683

perpendicular1787

the vertical1834

the world > space > relative position > vertical position > [noun] > vertical line or plane

upright1563

perpendicular1604

downright1674

erect1676

the vertical1834

1834 M. Somerville On Connexion Physical Sci. vii. 56 Local attractions, which cause the plumb-line to deviate from the vertical.

1840 M. Somerville On Connexion Physical Sci. (ed. 5) xxix. 335 The dip [of the needle] was 89° 59′, which was within one minute of the vertical.

1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 849 A line drawn tangentially to the apical portion will very nearly coincide with the vertical.

1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 849 In consequence of the continuing curvature..the now erect apical portion becomes bent over out of the vertical.

d. Australian. Opal-mining. (See quots.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > minerals > mineral sources > [noun] > crack containing opals

vertical1934

1934 Geol. Surv., Mineral Resources (New South Wales Dept. Mines) No. 36. 116 The mineral is found also in vertical or sub-vertical joints and cracks..known locally as ‘verticals’.

1967 I. L. Idriess Opals & Sapphires 48 A vertical seam cuts in: that is, a seam running downward from the roof..which in general we used to call a ‘vertical’.

3. A vertical dial (see Compounds 1).In contrast to later use, Sturmy gives the name of vertical to the horizontal dial.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > navigational aids > [noun] > dial on vertical place facing cardinal point

vertical1669

vertical dial1669

1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. Aaaa 2 I will name the Dials,..viz. Eight Verticals and Decliners.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Vertical Dial, is a Sun-Dial, drawn on the Plane of a Vertical Circle; or perpendicular to the Horizon... These are particularly call'd Oriental, East, Occidental, West, Meridional, South, and Septentrional, or North Verticals, when opposed to one, or other of these Cardinal Points of the Horizon.

4. (See quot. 1902.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > by habitat or distribution > [noun] > growing on or among stone or rock

rock herb1626

rock plant1694

rupestral1847

ruderal1873

stone-plant1883

lithophyte1895

chasmophyte1900

vertical1902

chomophyte1909

1902 C. J. Cornish Naturalist on Thames 180 In the slang of the rock garden the plants living..on upright rocks are called ‘verticals’.

5. A vertical aerial photograph (see sense A. 8 above).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > a photograph > [noun] > aerial photograph

aerial shot1920

photomosaic1920

vertical1925

pinpoint1943

orthophotograph1955

orthophoto1965

1925 Jones & Griffiths Aerial Surveying by Rapid Methods vi. 69 These [oblique photographs] provide valuable information about the nature of the ground which eventually is to be mapped by verticals.

1954 W. D. Thornbury Princ. Geomorphol. xxi. 535 Verticals are more widely used than obliques in geologic field work.

1976 J. B. Garner et al. Surveying xiii. 233 If it is required to photograph a long strip of land, many photographs will be required. Each photograph should be a good vertical.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

vertical bond n.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > disposition of stones or bricks > [noun] > single layer on same level > types of

grass tablea1472

coping1601

tableting1610

plinth1640

plinth course1693

stretching-course1700

bench1730

binding1730

earth table1822

lacing course1833

vertical bond1833

rowlock1864

cope1880

soldier course1948

1833 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Cottage Archit. 1131 Vertical bond is a course of bricks, stone, or other materials, tending to support or strengthen the building vertically.

vertical care-grinder n.

ΚΠ

1859 J. C. Hotten Dict. Slang 114 Vertical care-grinder, the treadmill.

vertical dial n. cf. sense B. 3.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > navigational aids > [noun] > dial on vertical place facing cardinal point

vertical1669

vertical dial1669

1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. vii. vi. 11 The Vertical Dial, whose Plane lieth in the Horizon, for which cause many call it the Horizontal Dial.

1728 [see sense B. 3].

1877 Encycl. Brit. VII. 155/1 Vertical dials, when on a vertical plane facing one of the cardinal points.

vertical escapement n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > instruments for measuring time > clock > [noun] > part(s) of

nut1428

peise1428

plumbc1450

Jack1498

clockwork1516

larum1542

Jack of the clockhouse1563

watch-wheel1568

work1570

plummeta1578

Jack of the clock1581

snail-cam1591

snail-work1591

pointer1596

quarter jack1604

mainspring1605

winder1606

notch-wheel1611

fusee1622

count-wheel1647

jack-wheel1647

frame1658

arbor1659

balance1660

fuse1674

hour-figure1675

stop1675

pallet1676

regulator1676

cock1678

movement1678

detent1688

savage1690

clock1696

pinwheel1696

starred wheel1696

swing-wheel1696

warning-wheel1696

watch1696

watch-part1696

hoop-wheel1704

hour-wheel1704

snail1714

step-wheel1714

tide-work1739

train1751

crutch1753

cannon pinion1764

rising board1769

remontoire1774

escapement1779

clock jack1784

locking plate1786

scapement1789

motion work1795

anchor escapement1798

scape1798

star-wheel1798

recoil escapement1800

recoiling pallet1801

recoiling scapement1801

cannon1802

hammer-tail1805

recoiling escapement1805

bottle jack1810

renovating spring1812

quarter-boy1815

pin tooth1817

solar wheel1819

impulse-teeth1825

pendulum wheel1825

pallet arbor1826

rewinder1826

rack hook1829

snail-wheel1831

quarter bell1832

tow1834

star pulley1836

watch train1838

clock train1843

raising-piece1843

wheelwork1843

gravity escapement1850

jumper1850

vertical escapement1850

time train1853

pin pallet1860

spade1862

dead well1867

stop-work1869

ringer1873

strike-or-silent1875

warning-piece1875

guard-pin1879

pendulum cock1881

warning-lever1881

beat-pin1883

fusee-piece1884

fusee-snail1884

shutter1884

tourbillion1884

tumbler1884

virgule1884

foliot1899

grasshopper1899

grasshopper escapement1899

trunk1899

pin lever1908

clock spring1933

1850 E. B. Denison Rudimentary Treat. Clock & Watch Making i. xxi. 33 The escapement was exactly the same as that of a bottle-jack, or the commonest kind of watch, and is called a vertical escapement.

1884 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockmakers' Handbk. (new ed.) 284 Vertical Escapement, an escapement in which the pallet axis or the balance staff is set at right angles to the axis of the escape wheel.

vertical file n.

ΚΠ

1906 Library Jrnl. 31 13 A newspaper man..goes to the vertical file, picks out a handful of articles on the subject.

vertical filing n.

ΚΠ

1909 Independent (N.Y.) 18 Nov. 1126/1 An assistant..deposits the article in an oblong vertical filing-envelope, ten by eleven inches.

vertical fire n.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > action of propelling missile > discharge of firearms > management of artillery > [noun] > types of firing

reverse fire1758

vertical fire1852

broadsiding1858

map fire1922

1852 R. Burn Naval & Mil. Techn. Dict. French Lang. (ed. 2) ii. 161 Feu courbe ou vertical, curved or vertical fire, generally from mortars laid at an angle of not less than 15°.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 712 Vertical fire, in artillery, that directed upward at such an angle as that it will fall vertically, or nearly so, to its destination.

vertical-shaft n.

ΚΠ

1940 Chambers's Techn. Dict. 891/2 Vertical shaft alternator.

1967 Irving & Saxton in Uhl & Gray Mixing II. viii. 214 Vertical~shaft mixers..include planetary mixers and Pony mixers, as well as heavier duty, twin-shaft machines.

vertical -spindle n.

ΚΠ

1935 Discovery May 143/1 Vertical spindle pump.

1964 S. Crawford Basic Engin. Processes vii. 190 Vertical-spindle machine employing the face of a cup or segmental wheel.

vertical -take-off n.

ΚΠ

1935 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 39 1137 So that probably on any day one could actually hover in an autogiro; and they knew also that with the machine which had been illustrated they could achieve vertical take-off as well.

1960 Daily Tel. 26 Apr. 1 Britain, France and West Germany are to co-operate in developing a supersonic, vertical-take-off military aircraft.

1972 Guardian 28 June 1/2 The fourth of the RAF's vertical take-off Harriers to crash in the past few weeks came down yesterday at Düsseldorf.

vertical watch n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > instruments for measuring time > watch > [noun] > particular types of watch

German watch1611

larum watch1619

clock-watch1625

minute watch1660

pendulum watch1664

watch1666

alarm watch1669

finger watch1679

string-watch1686

scout1688

balance-watch1690

hour-watch1697

warming-pan1699

minute pendulum watch1705

jewel watch1711

suit1718

repeater1725

Tompion1727

pendulum spring1728

second-watch1755

Geneva watch1756

cylinder-watch1765

watch-paper1777

ring watch1788

verge watch1792

watch lamp1823

hack1827

bull's-eye1833

vertical watch1838

quarter-repeater1840

turnip1840

hunting-watch1843

minute repeater1843

hunter1851

job watch1851

Geneva1852

watch-lining1856

touch watch1860

musical watch1864

lever1865

neep1866

verge1871

independent seconds watch1875

stem-winder1875

demi-hunter1884

fob-watch1884

three-quarter plate1884

wrist-watch1897

turnip-watch1898

sedan-chair watch1904

Rolex1922

Tank watch1923

strap watch1926

chatelaine watch1936

sedan clock1950

quartz watch1969

pulsar1970

1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 302/2 We shall now give a description of a common vertical watch.

1850 E. B. Denison Rudimentary Treat. Clock & Watch Making ii. cxiv. 145 The old vertical watch, so called because the scape-wheel stands vertically when the other wheels are horizontal.

C2. Special collocations. A number of other scientific or special terms are defined in encyclopædic dictionaries.

vertical breeze n. = breeze n.² 3b.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > fear > nervousness or uneasiness > [noun] > nervousness

nerves1742

nervosity1787

nervousness1798

all-overs1829

nerviness1916

vertical gust1917

wind-up1917

vertical breeze1925

nail-biting1952

1925 E. Fraser & J. Gibbons Soldier & Sailor Words 296 To suffer from a vertical breeze (also vertical gust), to be nervous.

1934 D. L. Sayers Nine Tailors 279 He got a vertical breeze up.

1965 J. R. Hetherington Selina's Aunt 59 The term ‘vertical breeze’ was co-temporary [with ‘wind up’], and may have been either the originating phrase or a further refinement.

vertical cut n. motion of a recording stylus up and down, rather than from side to side; also attributive; cf. hill and dale at hill n. 1b; opposed to lateral adj.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > record > recording or reproducing sound or visual material > sound recording and reproduction > [noun] > cutting with stylus

gramophone-cut1913

vertical cut1935

1935 J. Mills Fugue in Cycles & Bels (1936) xi. 145 Vertical-cut phonograph discs of the most recent type can record from 40 to 9000 cycles.

1975 Hi-Fi Answers Feb. 59/2 Modulation levels..which upset it at 8 kHz (for both vertical and lateral cuts) and 18 kHz (for lateral cuts only).

1977 Gramophone Apr. 1522/1 Every one of these hill-and-dale vertical-cut labels had given place to lateral-cut issues under the same mark by that year [sc. 1920].

vertical gust n. = vertical breeze n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > fear > nervousness or uneasiness > [noun] > nervousness

nerves1742

nervosity1787

nervousness1798

all-overs1829

nerviness1916

vertical gust1917

wind-up1917

vertical breeze1925

nail-biting1952

1917 Daily Mail 19 July 4/5 Stalled his 'bus and pancaked thirty feet…crashed completely…put a vertical gust up me.

1925Vertical gust [see vertical breeze n.].

vertical interval n. the vertical distance between the heights represented by adjacent contours on a map.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > earth sciences > geography > map-making > surveying > [noun] > distances measured between points or lines

easting1652

northing1652

southing1652

westing1652

offset1725

vertical interval1885

horizontal equivalent1889

tangent distance1983

1885 G. W. Usill in H. S. Marrett Pract. Treat. Land & Engin. Surveying (ed. 4) 320 In this way a table may be calculated showing the horizontal equivalents for the required vertical interval at each degree of slope up to about 30°.

1969 G. C. Dickinson Maps & Air Photographs iv. 62 Although contours are widely understood several aspects of their significance are not always fully appreciated. For example their effectiveness in representing terrain is closely controlled by the vertical interval.

vertical man n. a living man, one standing upright (as opposed to a recumbent or dead one).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > source or principle of life > [noun] > living form

livelihead1557

live shape1635

vertical man1930

1930 W. H. Auden Poems 2 Let us honour if we can The vertical man Though we value none But the horizontal one.

1961 Guardian 16 Feb. 10/5 He was..a ‘vertical man’, and that in an age when intellectuals have been found flat on their faces.

1975 G. Howell In Vogue 61 T. S. Eliot was one vertical man who was honoured..by contemporary writers.

vertical plane n. Perspective a plane perpendicular to the horizon, passing through the eye of the spectator, and intersecting the perspective plane at right angles.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [noun] > planes, lines, or points

horizontal plane1638

eye-pointa1650

table1670

principal point1671

plan1678

geometrical plane1695

terrestrial line1704

vertical plane1704

baseline1724

station line1724

middle ground1753

picture plane1771

middle distance1778

primitive plane1798

seat1815

mid-distance1828

ground-plane1833

station point1859

mid-ground1864

no-sky line1927

1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Line Vertical, in Perspective, is the common Section of the Vertical Plane and of the Draught.

1851 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca i. 62 Their shell is usually straight, or coiled in a vertical plane.

vertical recording n. magnetic recording in which the direction of magnetization is at right angles to the plane of the recording medium.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > record > recording or reproducing sound or visual material > sound recording and reproduction > [noun] > systems of

phonography1861

wire recording1933

stereophony1950

half-track1956

stereo1956

stereophonics1958

lip-synchronization1959

mono1959

monophony1959

pretaping1959

over-recording1961

Dolby1966

quadraphonics1968

quadraphony1969

surround sound1969

periphony1970

quad1971

multitrack1972

quadraphonic1972

quadro1972

pseudoquadraphony1975

multitracking1977

vertical recording1982

bitstream1989

1982 Sci. Amer. July 71/3 A number of companies in the U.S., Europe and Japan are working on high-density memory systems based on vertical recording.

1983 Austral. Microcomputer Mag. Aug. 67/1 It has announced prototypes of vertical-recording technology disk drives.

Derivatives

ˈverticalness n. rare In later dictionaries.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΚΠ

1727 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. II Verticalness, the being right over one's Head.

Draft additions December 2004

vertical blind n. any of various types of blind which hang down from above a window; (now) spec. a louvre blind on which the slats hang vertically.

ΚΠ

1851 Sci. Amer. 7 June 302/2 I claim [as a patent] the application of vertical blinds, shutters, or screens on the outside of railroad cars..to prevent the entrance of dust, &c. into the windows.

1949 Berkshire Evening Eagle (Pittsfield, Mass.) 26 Nov. 12/1 (advt.) Vertical blinds... For complete light and view control, panels rotate 180°.

1995 K. Ishiguro Unconsoled xxi. 293 I awoke to find bright sunlight pouring in through the vertical blinds.

Draft additions October 2021

vertical farm n. (a) a farm on a steep incline, such as a hill or mountainside (now somewhat rare); (b) a building or other structure in which crops for human consumption are grown commercially in multiple layers or levels, often with the help of artificially controlled lighting and nutrients.With sense (b) cf. the following, with reference to an imagined structure in a future society:

1923 San Antonio (Texas) Evening News 31 Jan. 1/3 The artist who produced this pictorial forecast of San Antonio in 1973 said that he wanted to get in an outline of one of the vertical farms expected to be in use at that period. These farms will be constructed like giant silos, miles in height, and will have vegetables growing upon the circular sides.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farm > [noun] > other farms

home farm1749

city farm1750

county farm1785

factory farm1824

bird farm1842

provision farm1846

spade-farm1848

bush-farm1851

poor farm1852

sewage farm1870

cacao farm1871

mixed farm1872

vertical farm1897

prison farm1961

nuplex1968

1897 Tyrone (Pa.) Daily Herald 20 July William Neill, nursery agent, trudged down the road to Jake Peters' vertical farm just east of town.

1988 Globe & Mail (Canada) (Nexis) 4 Mar. Vertical farms were hacked out of the fertile mountainsides, and they have lasted for hundreds of years.

2000 Province (Vancouver) 1 Jan. b15/2 Ogden says the Lower Mainland [of British Columbia] population will continue to increase—especially when 'vertical farms' (controlled cinder-block growing centres that will provide crops year-round) free up agriculture land for housing.

2019 New Yorker 15 Apr. 54/1 The farms most amenable to automation are indoor ones—both greenhouses and the newer vertical farms that have begun to appear in urban areas in recent years.

vertical farming n. †(a) a method of agriculture involving the use of dynamite to break up hard subsoil in order to increase the potential for crop production (obsolete); (b) the commercial cultivation of crops for human consumption in multiple layers or levels in a building or other structure, often with the help of artificially controlled lighting and nutrients.

ΚΠ

1914 Daily New Era (Lancaster, Pa.) 13 Aug. 12/4 Where is our friend on the question of vertical farming, a system of sub-soiling with dynamite, loosening the sub-soil to a considerable depth, giving a deeper and better seed-bed?

2000 Daily News (Prince Rupert, Brit. Columbia) 12 Jan. (Nexis) (Opinion section) 4 Waves of propaganda have been announcing how urban expansion and highways are paving over valuable and irreplaceable farmland. There may be a solution. Companies like Kraft have been developing the theory and practice of ‘vertical farming’.

2018 K. Al-Kodmany Vertical City xi. 415/2 Vertical farming seeks to ensure the sustainability of our cities proactively by addressing food security to the world's ever-increasing urban population.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	vertical
释义	verticaladj.n. Brit. /ˈvəːtᵻkl/, U.S. /ˈvərdək(ə)l/ Forms: Also 1500s–1600s verticall. Etymology: < French vertical (1545, = Spanish vertical , Portuguese vertical , Italian verticale ), or < late Latin verticālis (Quicherat), < vertic- , stem of vertex vertex n. A. adj. 1. Of or pertaining to, placed or situated at, passing through, the vertex or zenith; occupying a position in the heavens directly overhead or above a given place or point. †a. vertical point n. = vertex n. 2. Also figurative, the culminating or highest point, the point of greatest development or perfection (frequently in the 17th cent.). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > celestial sphere > [noun] > zenith zenitha1387 vertical point1559 medium coeli1585 high noon1629 vertex1646 vertice1665 the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > perfection > [noun] > peak of perfection perfection1340 pointc1400 pinnaclec1450 firmament1526 tipe1548 vertical point1559 acmea1568 status1577 summity1588 sublimation1591 turret1593 topgallant1597 non ultra?1606 vertical1611 non plus ultra1647 ne ultraa1657 verticle1658 summit1661 ne plus ultra1664 ne plus1665 nonplus1670 tip-top1702 pink1720 sublime1748 eminencea1854 it1896 1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 16 Leuell with th' earth, and his verticall point, in the forsaid Æquinoctial. 1622 H. Peacham Compl. Gentleman vii. 61 Latitude is the distance of the Meridian, betweene the verticall point (or pole of the Horizon) and the Æquinoctiall. 1653 W. Ramesey Astrologia Restaurata i. viii. 15 Those that live further North are of stronger body,..because their vertigal [sic] point being far removed from the Suns course, they more abound in cold and moisture. 1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. ii. §57. 348 Let XBL be a Vertical, X the Zenith, (for the Vertical point may be considered as moved in regard of the Ecliptic unmoved..). 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Point The Zenith and Nadir are the Vertical Points. figurative.1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xii. 579/2 Such successe, as well declared it was Gods will..that the English name should now be brought to the verticall point thereof, without any thing being able to resist it.1626 T. Hawkins tr. N. Caussin Holy Court I. 363 Saint Ireneus..calleth Charity..the top, and verticall point of all vertues, guifts, and fauours of God.a1649 W. Drummond Hist. James III in Wks. (1711) 43 This Family seemed now in the Zenith and Vertical Point of its Greatness.a1671 T. Fairfax Short Mem. (1699) 103 Here was the vertical point on which the army's honour and reputation turned into reproach and scandal.1698 J. Fryer New Acct. E.-India & Persia 284 Both Christianity and their Country are past their Vertical Point, and are upon their Declension. b. vertical circle n. an azimuth-circle (see azimuth n. 1). ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > celestial sphere > circle of celestial sphere > [noun] > great circle > azimuth circle azimuthc1400 vertical circle1559 zenith line1585 vertical1669 1559 W. Cuningham Cosmogr. Glasse 22 Here you se A.E.C. represent the verticall point, B.D. the poles of the world, by which and A. (being the vertical circle) is the meridian circle A.B.C.D. delineated. 1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iii. i. xix. f. 152^v There is another great circle called the circle Verticall, which passeth right ouer our heads through our Zenith. 1595 J. Davis Seamans Secrets ii. sig. J1^v Circles of Azumuths, or verticall circles, are quarters of great circles, concurring together in the Zenith. 1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. vi. iii. 112 Measure the extent CM on the Vertical-Circle, and apply it to the Line of Signs. 1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Azimuths or Vertical Circles, are great Circles intersecting each other in the Zenith and Nadir,..and cutting the Horizon at Right Angles. 1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. ii. §57. 348 Let ZBL be a Vertical Circle, in which Z is the Zenith. 1846 A. Young Naut. Dict. 24 The vertical circle which passes through the east and west points of the horizon is termed the Prime Vertical. 1860 D. Olmsted Mech. Heavens 23 But if the point is above the horizon, then its azimuth is estimated by passing a vertical circle through it [etc.]. c. Of the sun, stars, etc., or in general use. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > celestial sphere > [adjective] > zenith vertical1593 zenithal?1731 1594 T. Blundeville Exercises iv. xxvi. f. 226 As many starres as passe right vnder your Zenith are saide to bee verticall. 1625 N. Carpenter Geogr. Delineated i. x. 220 To them the Sunne is twice in the yeare verticall, that is directly ouer their heads. 1665 T. Herbert Some Years Trav. (new ed.) 43 The extream heat of the Sun, which when vertical usually raises vapors in abundance. 1679 J. Moxon Math. made Easie at Vertex The Equator is said to be Vertical to them who have a continual Equinox; because, it constantly passes by the Vertex of the Place. 1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. ii. §15. 271 The Globe must be turn'd about till the first of the two Places becomes Vertical, (which it will be, when it arrives at the Meridian of the Globe..). 1796 J. Morse Amer. Universal Geogr. (new ed.) I. 21 He knew that the sun, at the summer solstice, was vertical to the inhabitants of Syene. 1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 53 We find the services of the winds almost equally important in meliorating the fervour of a vertical sun. 1844 A. W. Kinglake Eothen xvii. 273 Becalmed under a vertical sun in the midst of the wide ocean. 1880 A. Geikie Elem. Lessons Physical Geogr. (new ed.) i. ii. 16 At each equinox the sun appears vertical over the equator. figurative.1593 G. Harvey Pierces Supererogation 173 Come all the daintiest dainties of this toungue, and doe homage to your Verticall Starre.a1734 R. North Examen (1740) i. ii. §96 82 It fell out in a Conjuncture so vertical, that without it both Nations might have plunged into a mischievous Condition of Civil War.1844 A. W. Kinglake Eothen iv. 58 The strong vertical light of Homer's Poetry is blazing so full upon the people, and things of the Iliad. †d. figurative. Pertaining to, characteristic of, or denoting the period or position of greatest eminence or perfection; at one's highest point or position. Cf. vertical point n. at sense A. 1a (a. figurative above). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > perfection > [adjective] > most or completely perfect consummatea1530 crowning1604 sublime1605 vertical1641 preterpluperfect1652 preterperfecta1784 pluterperfect1908 1641 Ld. J. Digby Speech in Comm. 19 Jan. 25 In voting this bill, we shall contribute..to the perpetuating our Sun, our Soveraigne, in his vesticall [sic.], in his noone-day lustre. 1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. iv. 175 But now in the time of the aforesaid William Heyworth, the Cathedral of Litchfield was in the verticall height thereof. 1655 T. Fuller Hist. Cambr. Univ. (1840) 186 As Cambridge was his vertical place, wherein he was in height of honour. 1673 E. Hickeringill Gregory 38 Though Greg. and his virtuoso's seem to themselves to be vertical and cock-a-hoop. 2. vertical angle: a. An opposite angle (see opposite adj. 1a). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > geometry > angle > [noun] > other angles vertical angle?a1560 trient1563 vertical1728 recipient1811 perigon1868 steregon1881 ?a1560 L. Digges Geom. Pract.: Pantometria (1571) i. vi. sig. C iij Two right lines crossing one an other, make the contrary or verticall angles equall. 1660 tr. I. Barrow Euclide's Elements i. 17 The verticall (or opposite) angles. 1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I. at Angles Opposite or vertical Angles, as, 1. Those that are made by two Right Lines crossing each other, and which touch only in their Angular Point. 1771 Encycl. Brit. III. 910/2 The tangent of half the vertical angle. 1771 Encycl. Brit. III. 910/2 The line CF bisecting the vertical angle. 1862 I. Todhunter Elem. Euclid i. 15 If two straight lines cut one another, the vertical or opposite angles shall be equal. b. The angle opposite the base of a triangle or polygon. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > geometry > angle > [noun] > other angles > opposite base of shape vertical angle1798 1798 C. Hutton Course Math. I. 366 In a Triangle, having given the two Sides, about the Vertical Angle. 3. Placed or extending at right angles to the plane of the horizon; perpendicular; upright. a. Geometry. Of a straight line or plane surface. See also vertical plane n. at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > geometry > line > [adjective] > other finite1570 adscribed1625 comprehending?1677 vertical1704 anharmonic1848 bilinear1851 collinear1863 nodal1863 congruent1864 non-concurrent1888 1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Line Vertical, in Perspective, is the common Section of the Vertical Plane and of the Draught. 1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I. at Plane Vertical Plane, in Opticks and Perspective, is a Plain Surface which passeth along the Principal Ray, and consequently thro' the Eye, and is perpendicular to the Geometrical Plane. 1715 tr. D. Gregory Elements Astron. I. iii. §29. 436 Therefore there is given both the Angle Llλ the difference or sum of them, and the Vertical to it Flf. 1812 J. Playfair Outl. Nat. Philos. I. Introd. 11 A plane at any place perpendicular to the line in which bodies gravitate, is called a horizontal plane; and any plane passing through that line is called a vertical plane. 1871 J. Tyndall Fragm. Sci. (1879) I. iv. 111 When the short diagonal of the prism was vertical. b. In general use. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > vertical position > [adjective] plumb rightc1445 perpendiculara1450 plumba1500 downright1530 straight-upc1590 vertic1607 up and downc1710 vertical1725 1725 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Œconomique at Windmil That is reputed the best made with vertical Sails, like the ordinary Windmils. 1756 tr. J. G. Keyssler Trav. I. 7 Vertical rainbows in the sky are not uncommon, whereas the horizontal are very extraordinary. 1813 R. Bakewell Introd. Geol. vi. 149 In some [coal fields] one part of a stratum is inclined, and the other part vertical. 1831 D. Brewster Treat. Optics xxxi. 260 Some phenomena both of vertical and lateral mirage. 1855 M. F. Maury Physical Geogr. Sea vi. 326 Under the vertical rays of the never clouded sun. 1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 940 The adaptation of the Virginian Creeper to climbing up vertical walls. in combination.1857 T. Moore Handbk. Brit. Ferns (ed. 3) 10 The vertical-ringed spore-cases, when mature, split suddenly with a transverse fissure. c. With abstract nouns, esp. of movement or direction. ΚΠ 1794 G. Adams Lect. Nat. & Exper. Philos. IV. l. 457 His poker and tongs were natural magnets, and had their verticity fixed by being heated and cooled in a vertical position. 1802 W. Paley Nat. Theol. ix. 144 The compound motion of the lower jaw, half lateral and half vertical. 1813 R. Bakewell Introd. Geol. i. 28 Plates of rock, which have generally a vertical direction. 1830 C. Lyell Princ. Geol. I. 410 Four-fifths of the town of Cumana was shaken down by a vertical shock. 1859 J. R. Greene Man. Animal Kingdom I. Introd. p. xxix The relations of animals to the elements in which they live... Their vertical (bathymetrical) distribution. 1872 C. Darwin Expression Emotions Man & Animals xi. 273 We give a vertical nod of approval..when we approve of their conduct. in combination.1850 E. B. Denison Rudimentary Treat. Clock & Watch Making i. xxxi. 48 It would fail for a balance or vertical-force-magnetometer. d. Of mechanical appliances or structures. Also in technical use applied to machines which operate vertically.Numerous other examples are given in E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. (1875 and 1884). ΚΠ 1825 ‘J. Nicholson’ Operative Mechanic 141 The comparative power of horizontal and vertical windmills. 1859 M. I. O. Gascoigne Handbk. Turning (new ed.) 79 The vertical, or universal cutter. 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2708/1 Vertical Boring-machine, a drill or boring-machine having a vertical spindle. 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 2708/1 Vertical Planing-machine. 1888 C. T. Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 151 Vertical engine, an upright engine, as distinct from a ‘horizontal one’. e. Music. Involving, pertaining to, or directed at the relationship between notes sounded simultaneously, rather than the pattern of successive notes; harmonic or chordal rather than melodic. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > harmony or sounds in combination > [adjective] harmonic1667 harmonical1728 vertical1889 1889 Cent. Dict. Vertical composition, musical composition in which the chief attention is put on the harmonic structure of the successive chords. 1928 Grove's Dict. Music (ed. 3) V. 164/1 Later events have made it almost superfluous to discuss..his [sc. R. Strauss's] theories of ‘vertical hearing’. 1942 E. Blom Mus. in Eng. ii. 21 Vertical hearing, i.e. listening to the chordal incidence of parts rather than to their separate horizontal flow. 1946 A. Bliss in A. L. Bacharach Brit. Music xi. 156 As in all his music, one must concentrate on horizontal as well as vertical listening so as to savour the beauty and interest of the inner parts. 4. Having a position at right angles to the plane of the axis, body, or supporting surface; pointing or situated directly upwards or downwards. a. Botany. Of a leaf or other part.Martyn Lang. Bot. (1793) also gives vertical leaf (after Linnæus's folium verticale) as = obverse leaf, but objects to the use of the term. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > (defined by) distribution, arrangement, or position > [adjective] > horizontal or vertical horizontal1753 vertical1776 1776 J. Lee Introd. Bot. (ed. 3) Explan. Terms 382 Vertical, Leaves so situated that the Base is perpendicular to the Apex. 1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 1212 1. 1879 A. Gray in A. Gray & G. L. Goodale Bot. Text-bk. (ed. 6) I. iii. §4 108 Vertical leaves, those with blades of the ordinary kind, but presenting their edges instead of their faces to the earth and sky, or when erect with one edge directed to the stem and the other away from it. b. Zoology, esp. of certain fins of fishes. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > fish > parts of fish > [adjective] > having fin(s) > pointing upwards or downwards vertical1834 1834 H. McMurtrie tr. G. Cuvier Animal Kingdom (abridged ed.) 203 A vertical caudal, as in Gymnetrus, but shorter. 1880 A. Günther Introd. Study of Fishes 40 The vertical fins are situated in the median dorsal line, from the head to the extremity of the tail. 5. Zoology, Anatomy, etc. Of or pertaining to, situated on, affecting, the vertex of the head. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > head > top of head > [adjective] pated1542 polled1728 vertical1826 coronal1828 1826 W. Kirby & W. Spence Introd. Entomol. IV. 315 Stemmata: Vertical, when they are placed in the Vertex. 1891 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) Vertical eyes of a fish. 1891 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) The vertical crest of some birds is horizontal when not erected. 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VII. 546 Meningitis, whether vertical or posterior-basic, is caused by an invasion of micro-organisms. †6. Belonging to giddiness. Obsolete. rare.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1623 in H. Cockeram Eng. Dict. 7. Of or pertaining to the different levels of a hierarchy or progression. a. Extending over or involving successive stages in the production of a particular class of goods. Opposed to horizontal adj. 3b. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > manufacture or production > [adjective] > involving successive stages vertical1920 1920 Westm. Gaz. 2 Dec. 6/1 The vertical Trusts constructed by Stumm, Thyssen and the other raw-material magnates. 1927 Daily Tel. 11 Oct. 15/4 He had created what is technically called a vertical combination, embracing every stage of the soap industry. 1930 M. Clark Home Trade 204 ‘Vertical combines’..aim at ensuring, for the manufacturing business, adequate supplies of all the essential raw materials or semi-finished goods. 1959 Listener 5 Nov. 768/2 The existing vertical firms have been operating in a market dominated by the factors created by horizontal trading and few indeed have controlled their price policies by vertical statistics and vertical objectives. 1960 Farmer & Stockbreeder 29 Mar. 78/2 The broiler industry..had to go in for ‘vertical integration’... It is not farming, it is agri~business. 1962 R. B. Fuller Epic Poem on Industrialization 27 A corporation gun nuzzling trick;..precipitating vertical merger. 1967 Economist 15 Apr. 253/3 He also held that all mergers must be judged by the same standards, whether they be vertical, horizontal or conglomerate. 1968 J. Ironside Fashion Alphabet 232 The textile and fashion industry works in two ways—horizontal or vertical... The ‘horizontal’ system means that in each stage of its manufacture..the textile goes through different hands... In the ‘vertical’ system, everything from weaving..to making up the garments..is done under one organisation. 1975 N.Y. Times Mag. 3 Oct. 15 Proponents of the effort call it vertical divestiture, by which they mean forcing the largest oil companies to pick one activity—production or refining or transportation/marketing—and sell off the other parts of the action. 1975 J. De Bres tr. E. Mandel Late Capitalism xii. 384 The process of centralization can only find expression in a growing centralization of capital, among other things, in the form of vertical integration of big companies. b. Involving differences or changes of level as in social class, income group, or the like. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > social class > [adjective] > socially mobile mobile1846 vertical1927 upward-mobile1949 spiralist1957 upwardly mobile1964 1927 P. A. Sorokin Social Mobility vii. 133 There are two principal types of social mobility, horizontal and vertical. 1931 H. G. Wells Work, Wealth & Happiness Mankind (1932) xi. 540 The only remaining physical differences between man and woman are becoming horizontal, i.e., differences between individuals in the same class, and not vertical differences, in which all women are put below all men, or vice versa. 1976 F. Zweig New Acquisitive Society i. v. 52 The shedding of middle-class values and style of life in the younger generation..is of much deeper significance, transcending the confines of vertical mobility. c. vertical union, a trade union which draws its members from a particular industry without regard to their individual crafts; vertical market, one comprising all the potential purchasers in a particular occupation or industry. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > working > association of employers or employees > [noun] > trade union > of particular industry regardless of craft industrial union1923 vertical union1933 society > trade and finance > trading conditions > [noun] > supply and demand or market > type of market free trade1596 home market1680 open market1766 mass market1922 media market1956 vertical market1978 mid-market1993 1933 Sun (Baltimore) 1 Sept. 2/1 This means a vertical union in each industry, free of domination or control either by employers or outside labor leaders. 1937 H. Feldman Probl. Labor Relations iv. 255 Shall the mass production industries..be organized on a ‘horizontal’ (craft union) basis, or in ‘vertical’ (industrial) unions? 1950 W. Theimer & P. Campbell Encycl. World Politics 425/1 Unions may be craft unions, also known as horizontal unions, or industrial unions, also known as vertical unions. 1978 Business Week (Industr. ed.) 17 July 36 g H-P's role has been primarily as a systems company emphasizing vertical markets needing a wide variety of supporting electronics. 1983 Austral. Microcomputer Mag. Aug. 16/3 HiSoft believes there is a big need for vertical market software, in which a common shell is modified to suit individual needs. 1984 Sydney Morning Herald 10 Nov. 6/1 (advt.) They are presently expanding into a new and highly promising vertical market and offer a Sales Management Opportunity. 1985 Which Computer? Apr. 45/1 This means that BOS is one of the richest potential sources of vertical market software written in the UK for the UK market. d. vertical proliferation n. (see quots.). ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > arming or equipping with weapons > [noun] > proliferation build-up1943 proliferation1961 vertical proliferation1966 1966 Economist 22 Oct. 350/2 Like other near-nuclear nations, they are unwilling to promise to stay out of the club unless its members will promise to halt what Canada's foreign minister has called their ‘vertical proliferation’; that is, promise to stop testing, producing and piling up nuclear arms. 1980 Sci. Amer. July 31/2 In the circumstances what can be done to curb both ‘vertical’ proliferation (the increase in the numbers and kinds of nuclear weapons in the hands of the nuclear-weapons states) and ‘horizontal’ proliferation (the further spread of nuclear weapons to nations that do not already have them)? e. vertical thinking n. deductive reasoning; opposed to lateral adj. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > understanding > reason, faculty of reasoning > process of reasoning, ratiocination > process of inferring, inference > [noun] reasoning?c1400 collection1529 conclusion1532 induction1551 inferring1571 remotion1587 syllogism1588 deduction1593 inference1593 inferment1593 extraction1622 eduction1654 perduction1656 reducementa1750 deducing1826 vertical thinking1966 1966 London Life 22 Oct. 20/3 He [sc. Dr. Edward De Bono] divides thinking into two methods. One he calls ‘vertical thinking’—that is, using the processes of logic, the traditional-historical method... The other type he calls ‘lateral thinking’, which involves disrupting an apparent sequence and arriving at the solution from another angle. 1967 E. de Bono Use of Lateral Thinking 5 Some people are aware of another sort of thinking which..leads to those simple ideas that are obvious only after they have been thought of. This book is an attempt to look at this sort of thinking... For the sake of convenience, the term ‘lateral thinking’ has been coined to describe this other sort of thinking; ‘vertical thinking’ is used to denote the conventional logical process. 1970 G. Greer Female Eunuch 108 The take-over by computers of much vertical thinking has placed more and more emphasis on the creative propensities of human thought. 8. Pertaining to or being an aerial photograph taken looking vertically downwards. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > a photograph > [adjective] > aerial photographs mosaic1920 vertical1925 1925 Jones & Griffiths Aerial Surveying by Rapid Methods ii. 8 Such a procedure will..be necessary when mapping any large area, whether the work be done by ‘vertical’ or ‘oblique’ photographs. 1932 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 36 503 The first field operation is the vertical photography along strips about thirty miles apart. 1932 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 36 503 As soon as each vertical flight was completed the films were developed. 1974 P. R. Wolf Elem. Photogrammetry vi. 117 Relief displacement often causes straight roads, fence lines, etc., on rolling ground to appear crooked on a vertical photograph. 1983 J. C. McCormack Surveying Fund. xxii. 404 The oblique view is more easily understood by the public than is the plan view contained in vertical aerial photographs. B. n. [Elliptical use of the adj.] †1. The vertical point; the vertex or zenith. In quots. figurative. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > perfection > [noun] > peak of perfection perfection1340 pointc1400 pinnaclec1450 firmament1526 tipe1548 vertical point1559 acmea1568 status1577 summity1588 sublimation1591 turret1593 topgallant1597 non ultra?1606 vertical1611 non plus ultra1647 ne ultraa1657 verticle1658 summit1661 ne plus ultra1664 ne plus1665 nonplus1670 tip-top1702 pink1720 sublime1748 eminencea1854 it1896 1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. ix. xv. 645/2 King Henries glory thus ascended to the highest verticall in France. a1652 J. Smith Select Disc. (1821) iv. vi. 104 A naked intuition of eternal truth which is always the same, which never rises nor sets, but always stands still in its vertical, and fills the whole horizon of the soul with a mild and gentle light. 1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. ix. 100 Now she was in the Verticall of her favour, wherein hence-forward she began to decline. 2. a. A vertical circle, line, or plane.prime vertical: see prime vertical n. at prime adj. and adv. Compounds. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > celestial sphere > circle of celestial sphere > [noun] > great circle > azimuth circle azimuthc1400 vertical circle1559 zenith line1585 vertical1669 1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. vii. x. 15 If you have not time until the Sun cometh unto the Azimuth of the Wall, or the Vertical of it, which cutteth the Pole thereof. 1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. vii. x. 15 The Sun is neerer to the Meridian, than to the Vertical of the Plane. 1674 J. Moxon Tutor to Astron. & Geogr. (ed. 3) v. Prob. iv. 154 You may reduce all Verticals into Horizontals [in dialling]. 1774 M. Mackenzie Treat. Maritim Surv. 52 This Angle PZs..is therefore equal to the horizontal Distance of the Vertical of the two Stars from the Meridian. 1834 M. Somerville On Connexion Physical Sci. vii. 55 The difference of the latitudes being the angle contained between the verticals at the extremities of the arc. 1868 W. Lockyer & J. N. Lockyer tr. A. Guillemin Heavens (ed. 3) 449 Every portion of matter left to itself..falls in the direction of the vertical of the place on which it falls. 1882 A. Geikie Text-bk. Geol. iv. vi. 526 In an inclined fault the level of the selected stratum is protracted across the fissure until a vertical from it will reach the level of the same bed. b. Mathematics. A vertical angle (see A. 2). ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > geometry > angle > [noun] > other angles vertical angle?a1560 trient1563 vertical1728 recipient1811 perigon1868 steregon1881 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Angle The Measure of an Angle without the Centre, is half of the Arches HI and LM, whereon it and its Vertical K do stand. c. the vertical, the vertical line or position; the perpendicular. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > vertical position > [noun] perpendicularity1589 upright1683 perpendicular1787 the vertical1834 the world > space > relative position > vertical position > [noun] > vertical line or plane upright1563 perpendicular1604 downright1674 erect1676 the vertical1834 1834 M. Somerville On Connexion Physical Sci. vii. 56 Local attractions, which cause the plumb-line to deviate from the vertical. 1840 M. Somerville On Connexion Physical Sci. (ed. 5) xxix. 335 The dip [of the needle] was 89° 59′, which was within one minute of the vertical. 1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 849 A line drawn tangentially to the apical portion will very nearly coincide with the vertical. 1882 S. H. Vines tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. (ed. 2) 849 In consequence of the continuing curvature..the now erect apical portion becomes bent over out of the vertical. d. Australian. Opal-mining. (See quots.) ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > minerals > mineral sources > [noun] > crack containing opals vertical1934 1934 Geol. Surv., Mineral Resources (New South Wales Dept. Mines) No. 36. 116 The mineral is found also in vertical or sub-vertical joints and cracks..known locally as ‘verticals’. 1967 I. L. Idriess Opals & Sapphires 48 A vertical seam cuts in: that is, a seam running downward from the roof..which in general we used to call a ‘vertical’. 3. A vertical dial (see Compounds 1).In contrast to later use, Sturmy gives the name of vertical to the horizontal dial. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > navigational aids > [noun] > dial on vertical place facing cardinal point vertical1669 vertical dial1669 1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. Aaaa 2 I will name the Dials,..viz. Eight Verticals and Decliners. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. Vertical Dial, is a Sun-Dial, drawn on the Plane of a Vertical Circle; or perpendicular to the Horizon... These are particularly call'd Oriental, East, Occidental, West, Meridional, South, and Septentrional, or North Verticals, when opposed to one, or other of these Cardinal Points of the Horizon. 4. (See quot. 1902.) ΘΚΠ the world > plants > by habitat or distribution > [noun] > growing on or among stone or rock rock herb1626 rock plant1694 rupestral1847 ruderal1873 stone-plant1883 lithophyte1895 chasmophyte1900 vertical1902 chomophyte1909 1902 C. J. Cornish Naturalist on Thames 180 In the slang of the rock garden the plants living..on upright rocks are called ‘verticals’. 5. A vertical aerial photograph (see sense A. 8 above). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > a photograph > [noun] > aerial photograph aerial shot1920 photomosaic1920 vertical1925 pinpoint1943 orthophotograph1955 orthophoto1965 1925 Jones & Griffiths Aerial Surveying by Rapid Methods vi. 69 These [oblique photographs] provide valuable information about the nature of the ground which eventually is to be mapped by verticals. 1954 W. D. Thornbury Princ. Geomorphol. xxi. 535 Verticals are more widely used than obliques in geologic field work. 1976 J. B. Garner et al. Surveying xiii. 233 If it is required to photograph a long strip of land, many photographs will be required. Each photograph should be a good vertical. Compounds C1. General attributive. vertical bond n. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > disposition of stones or bricks > [noun] > single layer on same level > types of grass tablea1472 coping1601 tableting1610 plinth1640 plinth course1693 stretching-course1700 bench1730 binding1730 earth table1822 lacing course1833 vertical bond1833 rowlock1864 cope1880 soldier course1948 1833 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Cottage Archit. 1131 Vertical bond is a course of bricks, stone, or other materials, tending to support or strengthen the building vertically. vertical care-grinder n. ΚΠ 1859 J. C. Hotten Dict. Slang 114 Vertical care-grinder, the treadmill. vertical dial n. cf. sense B. 3. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > equipment of vessel > navigational aids > [noun] > dial on vertical place facing cardinal point vertical1669 vertical dial1669 1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. vii. vi. 11 The Vertical Dial, whose Plane lieth in the Horizon, for which cause many call it the Horizontal Dial. 1728 [see sense B. 3]. 1877 Encycl. Brit. VII. 155/1 Vertical dials, when on a vertical plane facing one of the cardinal points. vertical escapement n. ΘΚΠ the world > time > instruments for measuring time > clock > [noun] > part(s) of nut1428 peise1428 plumbc1450 Jack1498 clockwork1516 larum1542 Jack of the clockhouse1563 watch-wheel1568 work1570 plummeta1578 Jack of the clock1581 snail-cam1591 snail-work1591 pointer1596 quarter jack1604 mainspring1605 winder1606 notch-wheel1611 fusee1622 count-wheel1647 jack-wheel1647 frame1658 arbor1659 balance1660 fuse1674 hour-figure1675 stop1675 pallet1676 regulator1676 cock1678 movement1678 detent1688 savage1690 clock1696 pinwheel1696 starred wheel1696 swing-wheel1696 warning-wheel1696 watch1696 watch-part1696 hoop-wheel1704 hour-wheel1704 snail1714 step-wheel1714 tide-work1739 train1751 crutch1753 cannon pinion1764 rising board1769 remontoire1774 escapement1779 clock jack1784 locking plate1786 scapement1789 motion work1795 anchor escapement1798 scape1798 star-wheel1798 recoil escapement1800 recoiling pallet1801 recoiling scapement1801 cannon1802 hammer-tail1805 recoiling escapement1805 bottle jack1810 renovating spring1812 quarter-boy1815 pin tooth1817 solar wheel1819 impulse-teeth1825 pendulum wheel1825 pallet arbor1826 rewinder1826 rack hook1829 snail-wheel1831 quarter bell1832 tow1834 star pulley1836 watch train1838 clock train1843 raising-piece1843 wheelwork1843 gravity escapement1850 jumper1850 vertical escapement1850 time train1853 pin pallet1860 spade1862 dead well1867 stop-work1869 ringer1873 strike-or-silent1875 warning-piece1875 guard-pin1879 pendulum cock1881 warning-lever1881 beat-pin1883 fusee-piece1884 fusee-snail1884 shutter1884 tourbillion1884 tumbler1884 virgule1884 foliot1899 grasshopper1899 grasshopper escapement1899 trunk1899 pin lever1908 clock spring1933 1850 E. B. Denison Rudimentary Treat. Clock & Watch Making i. xxi. 33 The escapement was exactly the same as that of a bottle-jack, or the commonest kind of watch, and is called a vertical escapement. 1884 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockmakers' Handbk. (new ed.) 284 Vertical Escapement, an escapement in which the pallet axis or the balance staff is set at right angles to the axis of the escape wheel. vertical file n. ΚΠ 1906 Library Jrnl. 31 13 A newspaper man..goes to the vertical file, picks out a handful of articles on the subject. vertical filing n. ΚΠ 1909 Independent (N.Y.) 18 Nov. 1126/1 An assistant..deposits the article in an oblong vertical filing-envelope, ten by eleven inches. vertical fire n. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > operation and use of weapons > action of propelling missile > discharge of firearms > management of artillery > [noun] > types of firing reverse fire1758 vertical fire1852 broadsiding1858 map fire1922 1852 R. Burn Naval & Mil. Techn. Dict. French Lang. (ed. 2) ii. 161 Feu courbe ou vertical, curved or vertical fire, generally from mortars laid at an angle of not less than 15°. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. 712 Vertical fire, in artillery, that directed upward at such an angle as that it will fall vertically, or nearly so, to its destination. vertical-shaft n. ΚΠ 1940 Chambers's Techn. Dict. 891/2 Vertical shaft alternator. 1967 Irving & Saxton in Uhl & Gray Mixing II. viii. 214 Vertical~shaft mixers..include planetary mixers and Pony mixers, as well as heavier duty, twin-shaft machines. vertical -spindle n. ΚΠ 1935 Discovery May 143/1 Vertical spindle pump. 1964 S. Crawford Basic Engin. Processes vii. 190 Vertical-spindle machine employing the face of a cup or segmental wheel. vertical -take-off n. ΚΠ 1935 Jrnl. Royal Aeronaut. Soc. 39 1137 So that probably on any day one could actually hover in an autogiro; and they knew also that with the machine which had been illustrated they could achieve vertical take-off as well. 1960 Daily Tel. 26 Apr. 1 Britain, France and West Germany are to co-operate in developing a supersonic, vertical-take-off military aircraft. 1972 Guardian 28 June 1/2 The fourth of the RAF's vertical take-off Harriers to crash in the past few weeks came down yesterday at Düsseldorf. vertical watch n. ΘΚΠ the world > time > instruments for measuring time > watch > [noun] > particular types of watch German watch1611 larum watch1619 clock-watch1625 minute watch1660 pendulum watch1664 watch1666 alarm watch1669 finger watch1679 string-watch1686 scout1688 balance-watch1690 hour-watch1697 warming-pan1699 minute pendulum watch1705 jewel watch1711 suit1718 repeater1725 Tompion1727 pendulum spring1728 second-watch1755 Geneva watch1756 cylinder-watch1765 watch-paper1777 ring watch1788 verge watch1792 watch lamp1823 hack1827 bull's-eye1833 vertical watch1838 quarter-repeater1840 turnip1840 hunting-watch1843 minute repeater1843 hunter1851 job watch1851 Geneva1852 watch-lining1856 touch watch1860 musical watch1864 lever1865 neep1866 verge1871 independent seconds watch1875 stem-winder1875 demi-hunter1884 fob-watch1884 three-quarter plate1884 wrist-watch1897 turnip-watch1898 sedan-chair watch1904 Rolex1922 Tank watch1923 strap watch1926 chatelaine watch1936 sedan clock1950 quartz watch1969 pulsar1970 1838 Penny Cycl. XII. 302/2 We shall now give a description of a common vertical watch. 1850 E. B. Denison Rudimentary Treat. Clock & Watch Making ii. cxiv. 145 The old vertical watch, so called because the scape-wheel stands vertically when the other wheels are horizontal. C2. Special collocations. A number of other scientific or special terms are defined in encyclopædic dictionaries. vertical breeze n. = breeze n.² 3b. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > fear > nervousness or uneasiness > [noun] > nervousness nerves1742 nervosity1787 nervousness1798 all-overs1829 nerviness1916 vertical gust1917 wind-up1917 vertical breeze1925 nail-biting1952 1925 E. Fraser & J. Gibbons Soldier & Sailor Words 296 To suffer from a vertical breeze (also vertical gust), to be nervous. 1934 D. L. Sayers Nine Tailors 279 He got a vertical breeze up. 1965 J. R. Hetherington Selina's Aunt 59 The term ‘vertical breeze’ was co-temporary [with ‘wind up’], and may have been either the originating phrase or a further refinement. vertical cut n. motion of a recording stylus up and down, rather than from side to side; also attributive; cf. hill and dale at hill n. 1b; opposed to lateral adj. ΘΚΠ society > communication > record > recording or reproducing sound or visual material > sound recording and reproduction > [noun] > cutting with stylus gramophone-cut1913 vertical cut1935 1935 J. Mills Fugue in Cycles & Bels (1936) xi. 145 Vertical-cut phonograph discs of the most recent type can record from 40 to 9000 cycles. 1975 Hi-Fi Answers Feb. 59/2 Modulation levels..which upset it at 8 kHz (for both vertical and lateral cuts) and 18 kHz (for lateral cuts only). 1977 Gramophone Apr. 1522/1 Every one of these hill-and-dale vertical-cut labels had given place to lateral-cut issues under the same mark by that year [sc. 1920]. vertical gust n. = vertical breeze n. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > fear > nervousness or uneasiness > [noun] > nervousness nerves1742 nervosity1787 nervousness1798 all-overs1829 nerviness1916 vertical gust1917 wind-up1917 vertical breeze1925 nail-biting1952 1917 Daily Mail 19 July 4/5 Stalled his 'bus and pancaked thirty feet…crashed completely…put a vertical gust up me. 1925Vertical gust [see vertical breeze n.]. vertical interval n. the vertical distance between the heights represented by adjacent contours on a map. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > earth sciences > geography > map-making > surveying > [noun] > distances measured between points or lines easting1652 northing1652 southing1652 westing1652 offset1725 vertical interval1885 horizontal equivalent1889 tangent distance1983 1885 G. W. Usill in H. S. Marrett Pract. Treat. Land & Engin. Surveying (ed. 4) 320 In this way a table may be calculated showing the horizontal equivalents for the required vertical interval at each degree of slope up to about 30°. 1969 G. C. Dickinson Maps & Air Photographs iv. 62 Although contours are widely understood several aspects of their significance are not always fully appreciated. For example their effectiveness in representing terrain is closely controlled by the vertical interval. vertical man n. a living man, one standing upright (as opposed to a recumbent or dead one). ΘΚΠ the world > life > source or principle of life > [noun] > living form livelihead1557 live shape1635 vertical man1930 1930 W. H. Auden Poems 2 Let us honour if we can The vertical man Though we value none But the horizontal one. 1961 Guardian 16 Feb. 10/5 He was..a ‘vertical man’, and that in an age when intellectuals have been found flat on their faces. 1975 G. Howell In Vogue 61 T. S. Eliot was one vertical man who was honoured..by contemporary writers. vertical plane n. Perspective a plane perpendicular to the horizon, passing through the eye of the spectator, and intersecting the perspective plane at right angles. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > perspective > [noun] > planes, lines, or points horizontal plane1638 eye-pointa1650 table1670 principal point1671 plan1678 geometrical plane1695 terrestrial line1704 vertical plane1704 baseline1724 station line1724 middle ground1753 picture plane1771 middle distance1778 primitive plane1798 seat1815 mid-distance1828 ground-plane1833 station point1859 mid-ground1864 no-sky line1927 1704 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum I Line Vertical, in Perspective, is the common Section of the Vertical Plane and of the Draught. 1851 S. P. Woodward Man. Mollusca i. 62 Their shell is usually straight, or coiled in a vertical plane. vertical recording n. magnetic recording in which the direction of magnetization is at right angles to the plane of the recording medium. ΘΚΠ society > communication > record > recording or reproducing sound or visual material > sound recording and reproduction > [noun] > systems of phonography1861 wire recording1933 stereophony1950 half-track1956 stereo1956 stereophonics1958 lip-synchronization1959 mono1959 monophony1959 pretaping1959 over-recording1961 Dolby1966 quadraphonics1968 quadraphony1969 surround sound1969 periphony1970 quad1971 multitrack1972 quadraphonic1972 quadro1972 pseudoquadraphony1975 multitracking1977 vertical recording1982 bitstream1989 1982 Sci. Amer. July 71/3 A number of companies in the U.S., Europe and Japan are working on high-density memory systems based on vertical recording. 1983 Austral. Microcomputer Mag. Aug. 67/1 It has announced prototypes of vertical-recording technology disk drives. Derivatives ˈverticalness n. rare In later dictionaries.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1727 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. II Verticalness, the being right over one's Head. Draft additions December 2004 vertical blind n. any of various types of blind which hang down from above a window; (now) spec. a louvre blind on which the slats hang vertically. ΚΠ 1851 Sci. Amer. 7 June 302/2 I claim [as a patent] the application of vertical blinds, shutters, or screens on the outside of railroad cars..to prevent the entrance of dust, &c. into the windows. 1949 Berkshire Evening Eagle (Pittsfield, Mass.) 26 Nov. 12/1 (advt.) Vertical blinds... For complete light and view control, panels rotate 180°. 1995 K. Ishiguro Unconsoled xxi. 293 I awoke to find bright sunlight pouring in through the vertical blinds. Draft additions October 2021 vertical farm n. (a) a farm on a steep incline, such as a hill or mountainside (now somewhat rare); (b) a building or other structure in which crops for human consumption are grown commercially in multiple layers or levels, often with the help of artificially controlled lighting and nutrients.With sense (b) cf. the following, with reference to an imagined structure in a future society: 1923 San Antonio (Texas) Evening News 31 Jan. 1/3 The artist who produced this pictorial forecast of San Antonio in 1973 said that he wanted to get in an outline of one of the vertical farms expected to be in use at that period. These farms will be constructed like giant silos, miles in height, and will have vegetables growing upon the circular sides. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farm > [noun] > other farms home farm1749 city farm1750 county farm1785 factory farm1824 bird farm1842 provision farm1846 spade-farm1848 bush-farm1851 poor farm1852 sewage farm1870 cacao farm1871 mixed farm1872 vertical farm1897 prison farm1961 nuplex1968 1897 Tyrone (Pa.) Daily Herald 20 July William Neill, nursery agent, trudged down the road to Jake Peters' vertical farm just east of town. 1988 Globe & Mail (Canada) (Nexis) 4 Mar. Vertical farms were hacked out of the fertile mountainsides, and they have lasted for hundreds of years. 2000 Province (Vancouver) 1 Jan. b15/2 Ogden says the Lower Mainland [of British Columbia] population will continue to increase—especially when 'vertical farms' (controlled cinder-block growing centres that will provide crops year-round) free up agriculture land for housing. 2019 New Yorker 15 Apr. 54/1 The farms most amenable to automation are indoor ones—both greenhouses and the newer vertical farms that have begun to appear in urban areas in recent years. vertical farming n. †(a) a method of agriculture involving the use of dynamite to break up hard subsoil in order to increase the potential for crop production (obsolete); (b) the commercial cultivation of crops for human consumption in multiple layers or levels in a building or other structure, often with the help of artificially controlled lighting and nutrients. ΚΠ 1914 Daily New Era (Lancaster, Pa.) 13 Aug. 12/4 Where is our friend on the question of vertical farming, a system of sub-soiling with dynamite, loosening the sub-soil to a considerable depth, giving a deeper and better seed-bed? 2000 Daily News (Prince Rupert, Brit. Columbia) 12 Jan. (Nexis) (Opinion section) 4 Waves of propaganda have been announcing how urban expansion and highways are paving over valuable and irreplaceable farmland. There may be a solution. Companies like Kraft have been developing the theory and practice of ‘vertical farming’. 2018 K. Al-Kodmany Vertical City xi. 415/2 Vertical farming seeks to ensure the sustainability of our cities proactively by addressing food security to the world's ever-increasing urban population. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1917; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.n.1559
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