viraladj.

Brit.

/ˈvʌɪrəl/,

/ˈvʌɪrl̩/, U.S.

/ˈvaɪrəl/

Etymology: < vir- (in virus n.) + -al suffix¹.

Of the nature of, caused by, or pertaining to a virus or viruses.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > virus > [adjective]

viral1948

1948 Diagnostic Procedures for Virus & Rickettsial Diseases (Amer. Public Health Assoc.) 15 Viral agents belonging to the psittacosis group.

1955 Sci. News Let. 3 Sept. 148/2 Viral hepatitis, better known to the layman as jaundice; psittacosis or parrot fever; rabies; smallpox; yellow fever; the common cold,..are other of the virus diseases.

a1974 R. Crossman Diaries (1977) III. 371 She said the viral pneumonia seemed to have cleared up, and the only area of danger was his bronchial tubes.

1976 G. M. Edington & H. M. Gilles Pathol. in Tropics (ed. 2) xi. 577 Although many viruses may cause hepatitis there are two main types—infectious hepatitis and homologous serum jaundice. It is now recommended that these conditions be redesignated viral hepatitis type A and viral hepatitis type B respectively (WHO, 1973).

1983 New Scientist 10 Mar. 642/1 If chemicals can be found that inhibit the activity of these viral enzymes, while leaving cellular enzymes unaffected, then the path to anti-viral drugs will have been cleared.

Derivatives

ˈvirally adv. by a virus or viruses.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > virus > [adverb]

virally1968

1968 Biochem. & Biophysical Res. Communications XXXIII. 563 The normal and the virally transformed cells differ in regard to the quantity of glycolipids.

1977 Proc. Royal Soc. Med. 70 559/1 Gradually interest in the viral theory was restored as examples of virally-induced tumours were discovered in mammals.

1982 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79 6822/1 Virally transformed rat embryo cells.

Draft additions January 2005

Chiefly Marketing. Of, designating, or involving the rapid spread of information (esp. about a product or service) amongst customers by word of mouth, e-mail, etc. to go viral: to propagate in such a manner; to (be) spread widely and rapidly.Recorded earliest in viral marketing n. at Additions.

ΚΠ

1989 PC User (Nexis) 27 Sept. 31 The staff almost unanimously voted with their feet as long waiting lists developed for use of the Macintoshes... ‘It's viral marketing. You get one or two in and they spread throughout the company.’

1992 Independent 9 May 33/8 In hardline CVT [= Cultural Virus Theory] all ideas, beneficial or harmful, rational or irrational, are viral entities.

1998 Washington Post (Nexis) 6 Aug. b1 Chiat/Day refers to such tactics as ‘viral’ campaigns, in which the consumer becomes the transmitter.

2001 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 30 Aug. d1/4 Many of the new games are viral, meaning that they permit players to spread the games by e-mail to friends.

2004 A. Boyd in A. M. Brown et al. How to get Stupid White Men out of Office xxi. 168 Their petition also went viral, gathering half a million signatures in a few weeks.

Draft additions June 2006

viral load n. the concentration of a virus in a sample of water, blood, tissue, etc., used especially as an indicator of the activity, severity, or infectivity of a viral disease.

ΚΠ

1967 Environmental Health (India) July 188/2 In order to assess the performance of these stabilization ponds with reference to ‘viral load’ reduction, samples of both raw sewage (influent) and treated sewage (effluent) were collected from both the ponds.

1996 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 23 May 18/3 One promising shortcut to defining drug efficacy is to measure the amount of HIV in the blood (viral load).

2004 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 19 June i. 10/2 Antiretrovirals not only keep people alive so they can return to work, but they also dramatically reduce their viral load and the chances of infecting others.

2020 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 30 Dec. 4 Analyzing the viral load soon after exposure, for example, could help reveal whether people who die from Covid-19 are more likely to have high viral loads at the start of their illnesses.

Draft additions January 2005

viral marketing n. an approach to marketing which relies on customers to spread information about a product or service, esp. by e-mail.

ΚΠ

1989 PC User 27 Sept. 31/2 The staff almost unanimously voted with their feet as long waiting lists developed for use of the Macintoshes... ‘It's viral marketing. You get one or two in and they spread throughout the company.’

2001 F. Popcorn & A. Hanft Dict. Future 259 Another kind of viral marketing is when an application is so cool—a game, for example—that you can't resist emailing it to your entire address book.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1986; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	viral
释义	viraladj. Brit. /ˈvʌɪrəl/, /ˈvʌɪrl̩/, U.S. /ˈvaɪrəl/ Etymology: < vir- (in virus n.) + -al suffix¹. Of the nature of, caused by, or pertaining to a virus or viruses. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > virus > [adjective] viral1948 1948 Diagnostic Procedures for Virus & Rickettsial Diseases (Amer. Public Health Assoc.) 15 Viral agents belonging to the psittacosis group. 1955 Sci. News Let. 3 Sept. 148/2 Viral hepatitis, better known to the layman as jaundice; psittacosis or parrot fever; rabies; smallpox; yellow fever; the common cold,..are other of the virus diseases. a1974 R. Crossman Diaries (1977) III. 371 She said the viral pneumonia seemed to have cleared up, and the only area of danger was his bronchial tubes. 1976 G. M. Edington & H. M. Gilles Pathol. in Tropics (ed. 2) xi. 577 Although many viruses may cause hepatitis there are two main types—infectious hepatitis and homologous serum jaundice. It is now recommended that these conditions be redesignated viral hepatitis type A and viral hepatitis type B respectively (WHO, 1973). 1983 New Scientist 10 Mar. 642/1 If chemicals can be found that inhibit the activity of these viral enzymes, while leaving cellular enzymes unaffected, then the path to anti-viral drugs will have been cleared. Derivatives ˈvirally adv. by a virus or viruses. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > organism > micro-organism > virus > [adverb] virally1968 1968 Biochem. & Biophysical Res. Communications XXXIII. 563 The normal and the virally transformed cells differ in regard to the quantity of glycolipids. 1977 Proc. Royal Soc. Med. 70 559/1 Gradually interest in the viral theory was restored as examples of virally-induced tumours were discovered in mammals. 1982 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79 6822/1 Virally transformed rat embryo cells. Draft additions January 2005 Chiefly Marketing. Of, designating, or involving the rapid spread of information (esp. about a product or service) amongst customers by word of mouth, e-mail, etc. to go viral: to propagate in such a manner; to (be) spread widely and rapidly.Recorded earliest in viral marketing n. at Additions. ΚΠ 1989 PC User (Nexis) 27 Sept. 31 The staff almost unanimously voted with their feet as long waiting lists developed for use of the Macintoshes... ‘It's viral marketing. You get one or two in and they spread throughout the company.’ 1992 Independent 9 May 33/8 In hardline CVT [= Cultural Virus Theory] all ideas, beneficial or harmful, rational or irrational, are viral entities. 1998 Washington Post (Nexis) 6 Aug. b1 Chiat/Day refers to such tactics as ‘viral’ campaigns, in which the consumer becomes the transmitter. 2001 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 30 Aug. d1/4 Many of the new games are viral, meaning that they permit players to spread the games by e-mail to friends. 2004 A. Boyd in A. M. Brown et al. How to get Stupid White Men out of Office xxi. 168 Their petition also went viral, gathering half a million signatures in a few weeks. Draft additions June 2006 viral load n. the concentration of a virus in a sample of water, blood, tissue, etc., used especially as an indicator of the activity, severity, or infectivity of a viral disease. ΚΠ 1967 Environmental Health (India) July 188/2 In order to assess the performance of these stabilization ponds with reference to ‘viral load’ reduction, samples of both raw sewage (influent) and treated sewage (effluent) were collected from both the ponds. 1996 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 23 May 18/3 One promising shortcut to defining drug efficacy is to measure the amount of HIV in the blood (viral load). 2004 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 19 June i. 10/2 Antiretrovirals not only keep people alive so they can return to work, but they also dramatically reduce their viral load and the chances of infecting others. 2020 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 30 Dec. 4 Analyzing the viral load soon after exposure, for example, could help reveal whether people who die from Covid-19 are more likely to have high viral loads at the start of their illnesses. Draft additions January 2005 viral marketing n. an approach to marketing which relies on customers to spread information about a product or service, esp. by e-mail. ΚΠ 1989 PC User 27 Sept. 31/2 The staff almost unanimously voted with their feet as long waiting lists developed for use of the Macintoshes... ‘It's viral marketing. You get one or two in and they spread throughout the company.’ 2001 F. Popcorn & A. Hanft Dict. Future 259 Another kind of viral marketing is when an application is so cool—a game, for example—that you can't resist emailing it to your entire address book. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1986; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < adj.1948
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