virtun.

Brit.

/vəːˈtuː/, U.S.

/ˌvərˈtu/

Forms:

α. 1700s virtû, 1700s 1900s– virtú, 1700s– virtù, 1700s– virtu.

β. 1700s vértu, 1700s vertú, 1700s–1800s vertù, 1700s– vertu, 1800s vertû.

Origin: A borrowing from Italian. Etymon: Italian virtù.

Etymology: < Italian virtù moral worth, virtue (end of the 13th cent.), determination, perseverance (a1321; frequently in Machiavelli's Principe (1513)), military valour’ (a1374), the liberal or fine arts as a subject of study or interest, also appreciation of, taste for, or expertise in, the fine arts, also objects of art considered collectively (all late 16th cent.) < classical Latin virtūt- , virtus virtue n.The β. forms may either be influenced by Italian †vertù, variant of virtù , or perhaps by French vertu virtue n. (although that word is not attested in the specific uses with reference to the fine arts), or may show alteration after α. forms at virtue n.

a. The fine arts as a subject of study or interest; (also) appreciation or taste for, or expertise in, the fine arts. In later use frequently depreciative: interest in or collection of antiques, natural curiosities, rarities, etc., pursued in the manner of a dabbler or dilettante. Now chiefly historical.Also personified.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > the arts in general > [noun] > love or study of the arts

virtuosity1673

virtue1709

virtu1722

dilettantism1808

dilettanteship1835

art appreciation1857

dilettantedom1887

α.

1722 J. Richardson Acct. Statues Italy 290 The whole Nation have a sort of Love to what they call the Virtù, and know Something of it.

1752 D. Garrick in S. Foote Taste Prol. Virtû to such a Heighth is grown, All Artists are encourag'd—but our own.

1782 H. More Let. in W. Roberts Mem. (1834) I. 248 Mr. Locke, a man of fashion,..and so deep in virtú, that every artist of every sort allows Mr. Locke to beat him even in the secrets of his own art.

1841 E. Bulwer-Lytton Night & Morning I. 34 Lumber, indeed! what Virtù double-locks in cabinets is the real lumber to the boy!

1858 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia I. iii. viii. 266 No noble Nation, sunk from virtue to virtù, ever offered such a spectacle before.

1922 Print Collector's Q. Feb. 29 This pursuit [sc. collecting works of art for their hallmarks] would be as respectable as many which have received recognition in the world of virtù.

2004 P. Rogers Alexander Pope Encycl. 8/1 The pursuit of virtù, that is, the cult of fine objects of art.

β. 1742 A. Pope New Dunciad 561 Her Children..Who study Shakespeare at the Inns of Court, Impale a Glow-worm, or Vertú profess.1771 H. Mackenzie Man of Feeling xxxvi. 204 Fashion, Bon-ton, and Vertu, are the names of certain idols, to which we sacrifice the genuine pleasures of the soul.1815 W. H. Ireland Scribbleomania 118 A Walpole for love of vertû far renown'd.1820 W. Scott Let. 22 Feb. (1934) VI. 139 It may be the foundation of a set of Bronzes if stout Lord Walter should turn to vertu.1830 A. Cunningham Lives Brit. Painters (ed. 2) I. 236 This country at that period..exported swarms of men with the malady of vertu upon them.1871 S. Smiles Character ix. 262 There [i.e. at Rome], the virtus or valour of the ancient Romans has characteristically degenerated into vertu, or a taste for knicknacks.1901 Freemason 18 May 272/2 Thomas, Earl of Arundel, the father of vertu in England.

†b. As a count noun: any of the branches of the fine arts. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > the arts in general > [noun] > love or study of the arts > a single branch of

virtu1746

1746 M. Delany Autobiogr. & Corr. (1861) II. 429 Last Tuesday Mr. Bristowe, an uncle of Miss Dashwood's, dined here; he is a great virtuoso, understands all the virtus to perfection.

c. Objects of art considered collectively; antiques; curios. Now historical.Not always clearly distinguishable from sense 1a.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > types of > objet d'art or curio

curiosity1645

virtu1746

article (also piece, bit, etc.) of virtu1755

object of art1830

objet d'art1840

chinoiserie1841

art object1848

curio1851

object of virtu1854

objet1857

objet de vertu1862

Japanesery1885

japonaiserie1896

Chinesery1907

1746 H. Walpole Let. 17 June in Corr. (1941) IX. 32 My books, my virtu, and my other follies and amusements take up too much of my time, to leave me much leisure to think of other people's affairs.

1768 Earl of Carlisle Let. 18 June in J. H. Jesse G. Selwyn & his Contemp. (1843) II. 308 My longing to see my own collection of virtu at Castle Howard is wonderful.

1792 J. Wolcot Epist. to Sir W. Hamilton Postscr. 4 What Britons, knowing in the Virtú trade, Soon as a grand discov'ry shall be made, Are near thee,..prepar'd to bite?

1840 R. H. Barham Some Acct. New Play in Ingoldsby Legends 1st Ser. 307 Some Vandal or Jew, With a taste for virtu, Has knock'd off his toes, to place, I suppose, In some Pickwick Museum.

1858 D. Costello Millionaire of Mincing Lane ii. 12 Pictures, crockery, gimcracks of all kinds—what is generally known as virtù.

1909 I. M. E. Blandin Hist. Higher Educ. Women South xxv. 283 A museum which comprised cabinets of minerals, rocks, and fossils..; an anatomical cabinet and a collection of curios and virtu.

1997 P. Ayres Classical Culture & Idea Rome in 18th-cent. Eng. iv. 138 The..sale of Count Obdam's collection of virtù in the middle of 1750.

d. man (also lady, gentleman, etc.) of virtu: a student or admirer of the fine arts; a collector of antiques or curios; a connoisseur. Cf. virtuoso n. 1b. Now historical and rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > the arts in general > [noun] > love or study of the arts > student or lover of the arts

virtuosoa1650

virtuosea1721

dilettante1733

man of virtu1749

conoscente1766

cognoscente1777

art-lover1847

dilettant1875

1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones V. xiii. v. 34 They..may be called Men of Wisdom and Vertù (take heed you do not read Virtue).

1787 Gentleman's Mag. 57 Suppl. 1163/1 Being in company lately with several gentlemen of virtù, I found in their conversation frequent use of the word Taste in a sense I was unaccustomed to.

1819 London Lit. Gaz. 18 Sept. 604/3 Paris, at that time abounded with persons of virtu. Every man of education, was a man of taste.

1837 N.-Y. Rev. Oct. 292 Two white mice, which, if he had money for a cage and a proper suit of clothes, he could sell to the Duchess of Manchester, a lady of virtù in such matters.

2004 R. Sweet Antiquaries v. 163 The connoisseur, the man of virtù, who sought only perfection in the individual object.

e. article (also piece, bit, etc.) of virtu: an article such as art connoisseurs or collectors are interested in; an antique, curio, or other product of the fine arts. See also object of virtu at object n. 1d. Now chiefly historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > types of > objet d'art or curio

curiosity1645

virtu1746

article (also piece, bit, etc.) of virtu1755

object of art1830

objet d'art1840

chinoiserie1841

art object1848

curio1851

object of virtu1854

objet1857

objet de vertu1862

Japanesery1885

japonaiserie1896

Chinesery1907

1755 J. Shebbeare Lydia II. xlii. 116 The most elegant Piece of Virtu I have ever seen.

1771 O. Goldsmith Haunch of Venison 8 I had thoughts in my chambers to place it in view, To be shown to my friends as a piece of virtù.

1825 T. D. Lauder Lochandhu III. vii. 104 A list of the marble statues and busts, the bronzes, the pictures, and the various other items of vertu decorating the hall.

1848 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair xlix. 436 Bareacres Castle was theirs,..with all its costly pictures, furniture, and articles of vertù.

1879 S. C. Bartlett Egypt to Palestine iv. 74 An immense number of articles of virtu from Egypt are now scattered through the world.

1920 Country Life Mar. 108 In articles for the toilet, jewel boxes, seals, paperweights, etc., form and design are emphasized... Each article is in itself a rare bit of vertu.

2010 W. H. Faude Hidden Hist. Connecticut 12 The Wadsworth Atheneum would receive an itemized list of paintings, sculpture, arms, armor, medals, guns and articles of virtu.

2. Chiefly with reference to the writings of Niccolò Machiavelli: the strength of character necessary for political or military success; forceful vitality; ruthless determination. Cf. Machiavellian adj.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > resolution or determination > [noun]

willOE

businessa1387

wilfulnessc1386

restc1400

point1477

appointmenta1535

firmitude?1541

resoluteness?1560

resolve1592

resolution1594

constancy1603

resolvance1603

resolvedness1611

intensiona1619

determinateness1652

decisiveness1714

determinedness1747

decision1770

decidedness1800

setness1818

determinativeness1821

determination1822

virtu1876

the courage of one's convictions or opinions1878

self-determination1890

adamancy1898

drivenness1902

adamance1925

the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [noun] > vigour or liveliness

jollinessc1386

liveliheadc1425

quicknessc1425

vyfnes1475

ramagec1485

couragea1498

liveliness1534

spritec1540

livelihood1566

life1583

sprightliness1599

sprightfulness1602

ruach1606

sprightiness1607

sparkle1611

airiness1628

vivacy1637

spiritfulness1644

spirit1651

vivacity1652

spiritedness1654

brightness1660

sprightness1660

ramageness1686

race1690

friskiness1727

spirituousness1727

vivaciousness1727

brio1731

raciness1759

phlogiston1789

animation1791

lifefulness1829

pepper-and-salt1842

corkiness1845

aliveness1853

vitality1858

music1859

virtu1876

liveness1890

zippiness1907

bounce1909

zing1917

radioactivity1922

oomph1937

pizzazz1937

zinginess1938

hep1946

vavoom1962

welly1977

masala1986

1876 Mrs. Tait tr. J. Klaczko Two Chancellors v. 156 The great Machiavelli himself would have taken a ‘divine’ pleasure in contemplating the address, or, as he would have said, the virtù with which the Knight of the Mark..managed to..take into his own matchless hands the holy cause of the German fatherland.

1897 W. J. Courthope Hist. Eng. Poetry II. xii. 405 Tamburlaine, the hero of which is evidently meant to be the incarnation of virtù.

1969 Listener 14 Aug. 214/3 This latter [sc. Cromwell] was represented by Michael Hawke as an astute Machiavellian politician... Cromwell was shown in the same light—of a de facto sovereign come into power thanks to his virtù—by Clarendon.

2007 J. Khoury in P. Vilches & G. Seaman Seeking Real Truths 346 Cosroe seizes his fortune but is not able to maintain it because he lacks Machiavellian virtù, unlike Tamburlaine who brings Cosroe to ruin.

3. The good qualities inherent in a person or thing; esp. moral worth or virtue.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > disposition or character > [noun] > good part of character

better self1599

virtu1906

society > morality > virtue > [noun] > moral excellence

goodwilleOE

goodnesseOE

thewnessc1200

goodlaikc1225

goodheadc1275

honestete1340

bountyc1386

goodliheada1393

prowessc1395

honestyc1400

goodliness1405

virtuosityc1443

virtuousnessc1449

virtueheada1456

good naturec1475

integrity1548

honestness1556

graciousness1591

saintship1613

gracefulness1619

saintliness1838

te1895

virtu1906

1906 Atlantic Monthly July 42/2 The intensity with which Ibsen had pressed his moral quality, his virtù, upon the Norwegian conscience.

1934 E. Pound Eleven New Cantos xxxvi. 27 Or say where it [sc. love] hath birth What is its virtu and power.

2002 L. Stras in T. M. Borgerding Gender, Sexuality, & Early Music v. 128 She who rejects her feminine virtù, immodest and loquacious by choice, is an object of derision.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2013; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	virtu
释义	virtun. Brit. /vəːˈtuː/, U.S. /ˌvərˈtu/ Forms: α. 1700s virtû, 1700s 1900s– virtú, 1700s– virtù, 1700s– virtu. β. 1700s vértu, 1700s vertú, 1700s–1800s vertù, 1700s– vertu, 1800s vertû. Origin: A borrowing from Italian. Etymon: Italian virtù. Etymology: < Italian virtù moral worth, virtue (end of the 13th cent.), determination, perseverance (a1321; frequently in Machiavelli's Principe (1513)), military valour’ (a1374), the liberal or fine arts as a subject of study or interest, also appreciation of, taste for, or expertise in, the fine arts, also objects of art considered collectively (all late 16th cent.) < classical Latin virtūt- , virtus virtue n.The β. forms may either be influenced by Italian †vertù, variant of virtù , or perhaps by French vertu virtue n. (although that word is not attested in the specific uses with reference to the fine arts), or may show alteration after α. forms at virtue n. 1. a. The fine arts as a subject of study or interest; (also) appreciation or taste for, or expertise in, the fine arts. In later use frequently depreciative: interest in or collection of antiques, natural curiosities, rarities, etc., pursued in the manner of a dabbler or dilettante. Now chiefly historical.Also personified. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > the arts in general > [noun] > love or study of the arts virtuosity1673 virtue1709 virtu1722 dilettantism1808 dilettanteship1835 art appreciation1857 dilettantedom1887 α. 1722 J. Richardson Acct. Statues Italy 290 The whole Nation have a sort of Love to what they call the Virtù, and know Something of it. 1752 D. Garrick in S. Foote Taste Prol. Virtû to such a Heighth is grown, All Artists are encourag'd—but our own. 1782 H. More Let. in W. Roberts Mem. (1834) I. 248 Mr. Locke, a man of fashion,..and so deep in virtú, that every artist of every sort allows Mr. Locke to beat him even in the secrets of his own art. 1841 E. Bulwer-Lytton Night & Morning I. 34 Lumber, indeed! what Virtù double-locks in cabinets is the real lumber to the boy! 1858 T. Carlyle Hist. Friedrich II of Prussia I. iii. viii. 266 No noble Nation, sunk from virtue to virtù, ever offered such a spectacle before. 1922 Print Collector's Q. Feb. 29 This pursuit [sc. collecting works of art for their hallmarks] would be as respectable as many which have received recognition in the world of virtù. 2004 P. Rogers Alexander Pope Encycl. 8/1 The pursuit of virtù, that is, the cult of fine objects of art. β. 1742 A. Pope New Dunciad 561 Her Children..Who study Shakespeare at the Inns of Court, Impale a Glow-worm, or Vertú profess.1771 H. Mackenzie Man of Feeling xxxvi. 204 Fashion, Bon-ton, and Vertu, are the names of certain idols, to which we sacrifice the genuine pleasures of the soul.1815 W. H. Ireland Scribbleomania 118 A Walpole for love of vertû far renown'd.1820 W. Scott Let. 22 Feb. (1934) VI. 139 It may be the foundation of a set of Bronzes if stout Lord Walter should turn to vertu.1830 A. Cunningham Lives Brit. Painters (ed. 2) I. 236 This country at that period..exported swarms of men with the malady of vertu upon them.1871 S. Smiles Character ix. 262 There [i.e. at Rome], the virtus or valour of the ancient Romans has characteristically degenerated into vertu, or a taste for knicknacks.1901 Freemason 18 May 272/2 Thomas, Earl of Arundel, the father of vertu in England. †b. As a count noun: any of the branches of the fine arts. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > the arts in general > [noun] > love or study of the arts > a single branch of virtu1746 1746 M. Delany Autobiogr. & Corr. (1861) II. 429 Last Tuesday Mr. Bristowe, an uncle of Miss Dashwood's, dined here; he is a great virtuoso, understands all the virtus to perfection. c. Objects of art considered collectively; antiques; curios. Now historical.Not always clearly distinguishable from sense 1a. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > types of > objet d'art or curio curiosity1645 virtu1746 article (also piece, bit, etc.) of virtu1755 object of art1830 objet d'art1840 chinoiserie1841 art object1848 curio1851 object of virtu1854 objet1857 objet de vertu1862 Japanesery1885 japonaiserie1896 Chinesery1907 1746 H. Walpole Let. 17 June in Corr. (1941) IX. 32 My books, my virtu, and my other follies and amusements take up too much of my time, to leave me much leisure to think of other people's affairs. 1768 Earl of Carlisle Let. 18 June in J. H. Jesse G. Selwyn & his Contemp. (1843) II. 308 My longing to see my own collection of virtu at Castle Howard is wonderful. 1792 J. Wolcot Epist. to Sir W. Hamilton Postscr. 4 What Britons, knowing in the Virtú trade, Soon as a grand discov'ry shall be made, Are near thee,..prepar'd to bite? 1840 R. H. Barham Some Acct. New Play in Ingoldsby Legends 1st Ser. 307 Some Vandal or Jew, With a taste for virtu, Has knock'd off his toes, to place, I suppose, In some Pickwick Museum. 1858 D. Costello Millionaire of Mincing Lane ii. 12 Pictures, crockery, gimcracks of all kinds—what is generally known as virtù. 1909 I. M. E. Blandin Hist. Higher Educ. Women South xxv. 283 A museum which comprised cabinets of minerals, rocks, and fossils..; an anatomical cabinet and a collection of curios and virtu. 1997 P. Ayres Classical Culture & Idea Rome in 18th-cent. Eng. iv. 138 The..sale of Count Obdam's collection of virtù in the middle of 1750. d. man (also lady, gentleman, etc.) of virtu: a student or admirer of the fine arts; a collector of antiques or curios; a connoisseur. Cf. virtuoso n. 1b. Now historical and rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > the arts in general > [noun] > love or study of the arts > student or lover of the arts virtuosoa1650 virtuosea1721 dilettante1733 man of virtu1749 conoscente1766 cognoscente1777 art-lover1847 dilettant1875 1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones V. xiii. v. 34 They..may be called Men of Wisdom and Vertù (take heed you do not read Virtue). View more context for this quotation 1787 Gentleman's Mag. 57 Suppl. 1163/1 Being in company lately with several gentlemen of virtù, I found in their conversation frequent use of the word Taste in a sense I was unaccustomed to. 1819 London Lit. Gaz. 18 Sept. 604/3 Paris, at that time abounded with persons of virtu. Every man of education, was a man of taste. 1837 N.-Y. Rev. Oct. 292 Two white mice, which, if he had money for a cage and a proper suit of clothes, he could sell to the Duchess of Manchester, a lady of virtù in such matters. 2004 R. Sweet Antiquaries v. 163 The connoisseur, the man of virtù, who sought only perfection in the individual object. e. article (also piece, bit, etc.) of virtu: an article such as art connoisseurs or collectors are interested in; an antique, curio, or other product of the fine arts. See also object of virtu at object n. 1d. Now chiefly historical. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > work of art > [noun] > types of > objet d'art or curio curiosity1645 virtu1746 article (also piece, bit, etc.) of virtu1755 object of art1830 objet d'art1840 chinoiserie1841 art object1848 curio1851 object of virtu1854 objet1857 objet de vertu1862 Japanesery1885 japonaiserie1896 Chinesery1907 1755 J. Shebbeare Lydia II. xlii. 116 The most elegant Piece of Virtu I have ever seen. 1771 O. Goldsmith Haunch of Venison 8 I had thoughts in my chambers to place it in view, To be shown to my friends as a piece of virtù. 1825 T. D. Lauder Lochandhu III. vii. 104 A list of the marble statues and busts, the bronzes, the pictures, and the various other items of vertu decorating the hall. 1848 W. M. Thackeray Vanity Fair xlix. 436 Bareacres Castle was theirs,..with all its costly pictures, furniture, and articles of vertù. 1879 S. C. Bartlett Egypt to Palestine iv. 74 An immense number of articles of virtu from Egypt are now scattered through the world. 1920 Country Life Mar. 108 In articles for the toilet, jewel boxes, seals, paperweights, etc., form and design are emphasized... Each article is in itself a rare bit of vertu. 2010 W. H. Faude Hidden Hist. Connecticut 12 The Wadsworth Atheneum would receive an itemized list of paintings, sculpture, arms, armor, medals, guns and articles of virtu. 2. Chiefly with reference to the writings of Niccolò Machiavelli: the strength of character necessary for political or military success; forceful vitality; ruthless determination. Cf. Machiavellian adj. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > resolution or determination > [noun] willOE businessa1387 wilfulnessc1386 restc1400 point1477 appointmenta1535 firmitude?1541 resoluteness?1560 resolve1592 resolution1594 constancy1603 resolvance1603 resolvedness1611 intensiona1619 determinateness1652 decisiveness1714 determinedness1747 decision1770 decidedness1800 setness1818 determinativeness1821 determination1822 virtu1876 the courage of one's convictions or opinions1878 self-determination1890 adamancy1898 drivenness1902 adamance1925 the world > action or operation > manner of action > vigour or energy > [noun] > vigour or liveliness jollinessc1386 liveliheadc1425 quicknessc1425 vyfnes1475 ramagec1485 couragea1498 liveliness1534 spritec1540 livelihood1566 life1583 sprightliness1599 sprightfulness1602 ruach1606 sprightiness1607 sparkle1611 airiness1628 vivacy1637 spiritfulness1644 spirit1651 vivacity1652 spiritedness1654 brightness1660 sprightness1660 ramageness1686 race1690 friskiness1727 spirituousness1727 vivaciousness1727 brio1731 raciness1759 phlogiston1789 animation1791 lifefulness1829 pepper-and-salt1842 corkiness1845 aliveness1853 vitality1858 music1859 virtu1876 liveness1890 zippiness1907 bounce1909 zing1917 radioactivity1922 oomph1937 pizzazz1937 zinginess1938 hep1946 vavoom1962 welly1977 masala1986 1876 Mrs. Tait tr. J. Klaczko Two Chancellors v. 156 The great Machiavelli himself would have taken a ‘divine’ pleasure in contemplating the address, or, as he would have said, the virtù with which the Knight of the Mark..managed to..take into his own matchless hands the holy cause of the German fatherland. 1897 W. J. Courthope Hist. Eng. Poetry II. xii. 405 Tamburlaine, the hero of which is evidently meant to be the incarnation of virtù. 1969 Listener 14 Aug. 214/3 This latter [sc. Cromwell] was represented by Michael Hawke as an astute Machiavellian politician... Cromwell was shown in the same light—of a de facto sovereign come into power thanks to his virtù—by Clarendon. 2007 J. Khoury in P. Vilches & G. Seaman Seeking Real Truths 346 Cosroe seizes his fortune but is not able to maintain it because he lacks Machiavellian virtù, unlike Tamburlaine who brings Cosroe to ruin. 3. The good qualities inherent in a person or thing; esp. moral worth or virtue. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > disposition or character > [noun] > good part of character better self1599 virtu1906 society > morality > virtue > [noun] > moral excellence goodwilleOE goodnesseOE thewnessc1200 goodlaikc1225 goodheadc1275 honestete1340 bountyc1386 goodliheada1393 prowessc1395 honestyc1400 goodliness1405 virtuosityc1443 virtuousnessc1449 virtueheada1456 good naturec1475 integrity1548 honestness1556 graciousness1591 saintship1613 gracefulness1619 saintliness1838 te1895 virtu1906 1906 Atlantic Monthly July 42/2 The intensity with which Ibsen had pressed his moral quality, his virtù, upon the Norwegian conscience. 1934 E. Pound Eleven New Cantos xxxvi. 27 Or say where it [sc. love] hath birth What is its virtu and power. 2002 L. Stras in T. M. Borgerding Gender, Sexuality, & Early Music v. 128 She who rejects her feminine virtù, immodest and loquacious by choice, is an object of derision. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2013; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1722
随便看	dulcamara dulcamaras dulcamaretin dulcamarin dulcarnon dulce dulce de leche dulce de leche cake dulce de leche ice cream dulce et decorum dulce et decorum est dulcean dulcely dulceness dulceous dulcerate dulceration dulcescate dulcet dulcet-chinking dulcet-eyed dulcet-voiced dulcetchinking dulceter dulcetest