wardn.²

Brit.

/wɔːd/, U.S.

/wɔrd/

Forms: Old English weard, Middle English–1600s warde, Middle English Scottish vard, Middle English waard, northern wayrd, Middle English–1700s Scottish waird, 1500s–1600s (rare) word(e, 1600s Scottish wairde, Middle English– ward.

Etymology: Old English weard strong feminine = Middle Low German warde , Old High German warta (Middle High German warte , wart , guard, watch, observation, modern German warte watchtower) < Germanic *warđō , < *warđ- (see ward n.¹), whence also Old Norse varðe weak masculine, varða weak feminine, cairn, heap of stones. The Germanic word was adopted in Romance: Old French warde (north-eastern), guarde , garde (whence guard n.), modern French garde, Provençal garda, Spanish guarda. Some of the senses below are derived from the Law French warde (whence Anglo-Latin warda), which appears to be in part an adoption of the English word, and in part the north-eastern Old French form. In Law French, from the 13th cent. onward, the word has regularly the form garde.

I. Action of watching or guarding.

1. The action or function of a watchman, sentinel, or the like; observation for the purpose of discovering the approach of danger; look-out, watch, guard; also, surveillance. Phrases, to hold, keep ward. Also in the alliterative formula watch and ward (originally a law phrase): see watch n. Now archaic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > watching or keeping guard > [noun] > as a watchman or sentinel

wardOE

day watchOE

watch1377

watch and ward1390

wakingc1440

scout-watch1464

watching and warding1579

sentinel1585

day ward1597

romboyle1612

escouta1627

sentry1639

watchment1740

wardage1878

sentry-go1880

sentry-going1901

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > local or municipal taxes or dues > [noun] > rates > for watchmen

watch1430

watch and ward1546

watch1566

watch rate1835

watching-rate1836

OE Beowulf 319 Ic to sæ wille, wið wrað werod wearde healdan.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 2202 But ward was þer set wide wher a-boute, of bold burnes of armes þe beres forto seche.

1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. vi. 186 Let no kynne consail ne couetyse ȝow departe, That on wit and on wil alle ȝoure wardes kepe.

1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) iii. iii. sig. q.ii And therfore watchen they vpon theyr warde.

1546 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 52 Rise with the said Eirle and pay ward and watch with him during the tyme of were.

1563 P. Whitehorne tr. Onasander Of Generall Captaine & his Office f. 47 Those, whiche shalbe appointed to make the ward, let them go before the Campe,..and make fyres after suche sorte, that they may see those farre of.

1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. xx. 26 [We] gaue to vnderstand too him that had the warde, that the Ambassadour was there.

1649 C. Wase tr. Sophocles Electra 50 Had not I light in the house to keep A faithfull ward.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis vi, in tr. Virgil Wks. 384 And dire Tisiphone there keeps the Ward.

1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. ix. 345 Ward, guard, or custodia, is chiefly intended of the day time... Watch is properly applicable to the night only.

1778 R. Lowth Isaiah xxi. 8. 51 O my Lord, I keep my station all the day long; And on my ward have I continued every night.

1813 W. Scott Bridal of Triermain iii. x. 141 Sounds were heard, as when a guard, Of some proud castle, holding ward, Pace forth their nightly round.

1835 R. C. Trench Gibraltar in Poems I..saw thy gallant children to and fro Pace, keeping ward at one of those huge gates.

a. gen. Guardianship, keeping, control. Now rare. †out of ward: beyond control, out of hand (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > control > [noun] > charge

holda1100

yemselc1175

ward?c1225

carec1540

matronizing1832

society > authority > lack of subjection > unruliness > unruly [phrase] > out of control

out of ward?c1225

out of rulea1387

out of order1530

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 317 Almichti god wite ow inhis warde.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 9681 He bi-tahten him þa warde [c1300 Otho ferde] of alle þissen ærde.

c1290 St. Francis 66 in S. Eng. Leg. 55 Seint Fraunceys nam þat tresor..and in ore louerdes warde it tok.

c1305 St. Swithin 26 in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 44 Wel him wiste þis holi man and god warde to him nom.

c1386 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale ⁋880 My lord hath take to me vnder my warde al that he hath in this world.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 10342 Ioseph..of egypti was hei stiward, And al þat land had in his ward.

c1425 Wyntoun Cron. ii. 340 Bot he [Joseph] refoysitt þat curtassy, For þe worschep of his larde, Þat al his gud put in his warde.

1459 W. Wainfleet in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 538 That fyrst an jnuentorie be made holye of hys godes and catell..and thayt they be leyd yn sure waard.

1485 W. Caxton tr. Paris & Vienne (1957) 49 That he kepe you in hys holy warde.

1530 Bible (Tyndale) Exod. xii. f. xviii And ye shall kepe him [sc. the paschal lamb] in warde, vntyll the xiiij. daye of the same moneth.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 3709 The two brether were abidyng bothe in a shippe, þat was stird with the storme streght out of warde.

1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters iii. 144 The infant from his birth is overfed..till he is put into his own ward.

1827 J. F. Cooper Prairie xiv Such events as occurred during the ward of Ellen Wade. [A person left in charge of the camp and children.]

1873 J. G. Holland Arthur Bonnicastle xi. 175 Under the conduct and ward of a Shepherd who would lead me only through green pastures.

b. spec. Guardianship of a child, a minor, or other person legally incapable of conducting his affairs. Also, the condition of being subject to a guardian.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [noun] > guardianship of minor or incapable person

wardc1290

wardship1454

guardianship1556

curatel1562

guardianage1600

c1290 Beket 267 in S. Eng. Leg. 114 So muche he caste is heorte on him þat in his warde he let do his eldeste sone sire henri.

1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 6426 King edmond biqueþ Is kinedom & al is lond king knout biuore is deþ, & þe warde of is tueye sones vor te hii of elde were.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 345 He..tok this child into his warde.

1444 Maldon (Essex) Liber A lf. 32^v If the children be with in xiiii ȝere age, the moder shall haue the warde of hem tyl thei come to the seide age.

a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 124 The faute of bryngyng up of the nobylyte, wych for the most parte are nuryschyd wyt[h]out cure bothe of theyr parentys being alyfe, & much wors of them in whose ward commynly they dow fal aftur theyr deth.

1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 40. ⁋4 The Law certainly gives these Persons [sc. idiots] into the Ward and Care of the Crown.

1849 G. P. R. James Woodman III. iv. 96 You are in ward to me, and not Lord Calverly.

a1901 W. Bright Age of Fathers (1903) I. 365 Ecclesiastics were to abstain from visiting widows and heiresses under ward.

c. Feudal Law. The control and use of the lands of a deceased tenant by knight-service, and the guardianship of the infant heir, which belonged to the superior until the heir attained his majority.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > [noun] > tenure by service > by military or knight service > tenure and guardianship of heir

ward1338

1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 214 Of wardes & relefe þat barons of him held, Þer ne was ore of chefe, tille him no þing suld ȝeld.

1422 Rolls of Parl. IV. 176/1 All maner Wardes, Mariages, Fermes, and other casueltees.

1461 Rolls of Parl. V. 473/1 Any Graunte made..of the Warde of Lond and of the body, with the mariage of John Kenne.

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xii. 320 Gif ony deis in this battaill, His air, but ward, releif, or taill, On the first day his land sall weild.

1507 in M. Livingstone Reg. Secreti Sigilli Regum Scotorum (1908) I. 205/2 Pertenyn to the King be reson of ward throw the said Patrikkis deceis.

a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. xix A Parlyament was holden..where amonge other thyngys, the Lordis and Barony of the Lande graunted vnto the Kynge & to his heyres Kyngys the warde & maryage of theyr heyres.

a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) i. i. 5 I must attend his maiesties command, to whom I am now in Ward .

1616 A. Rathborne Surveyor 192 The Lord..shall haue the Ward, that is, the custodie and keeping of those lands so holden of him, to his owne vse and behoofe, without account, vntill the heire come to the full age of one and twentie yeares.

a1646 T. Hope Minor Practicks (1726) §117. 44 The Donatar during the Time of the Ward is in Place of the Master.

1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. viii. 293 [The statute 17 Edw. II, c. 9] directs..that the king shall have ward of the lands of natural fools, taking the profits without waste or destruction.

1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake ii. 93 My sovereign holds in ward my land.

1878 J. Davidson Inverurie ii. 73 Norman de Leslie..held the ward of the estate of Kemnay in 1348.

d. Court of Wards: a court established by Henry VIII for the trial of causes relating to wardships; subsequently called Court of Wards and Liveries; abolished by Stat. 12 Car. II. cap. 24 (1660). Also, in British India, the title of a court which dealt with cases pertaining to the property of minors. Master of the Wards (and Liveries), the presiding judge of the Court of Wards (1541–1660).

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > courts established by Henry VIII

Court of (the) Augmentation(s)1535

Court of Wards1561

Augmentation Court1592

society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > [noun] > one who presides at a court > specific

(Lord) Warden of the Stannaries1485

feudary1495

vice-warden1536

Master of the Wards (and Liveries)1561

feudatary1607

Steward of the High Peak1653

1561 B. Googe tr. ‘M. Palingenius’ Zodiake of Life (new ed.) Ded. sig. a5 To..Sir William Cecill, Knight..Master of the Wardes, and Liueries.

a1601 W. Lambarde Archion (1635) 232 The Court of Wards began in our minority, about the 32. yeare of the Reigne of King Hen. 8. who also in the next yeare after, added thereunto the office of the Master of the Liveries..,ordayning that it should bee called the Court of Wards and Liveries.

1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. iii. 167 The Lord Say was to be Master of the Wards.

1914 Contemp. Rev. Mar. 397 Legal Adviser to Purdanashins under the guardianship of the Court of Wards of Bengal.

3. Care or charge of a prisoner; the condition of being a prisoner; custody, imprisonment. Now rare.free ward (see free adj., n., and adv. Compounds 2).The phrase to ward was sometimes written as one word.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > [noun]

prisonOE

wardc1290

prisoning1344

keepingc1384

imprisonment1389

prisonment1422

jail1447

fasteningc1460

warding1497

firmancea1522

incarcerationc1540

imprisoningc1542

limbo1590

limbus?a1600

endurance1610

jailing1622

restraint1829

carceration1870

holiday1901

Paddy Doyle1919

bird1924

c1290 St. Katherine 63 in S. Eng. Leg. 94 Maide, he seide, þou schalt abide In warde here mid me.

1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 6619 Gentil men þat he vond in prison ek ydo, Oþer in warde mid vnriȝt, he boȝte hom out al so.

c1400 Rom. Rose 5856 The olde wyf that [kepeth] so harde Fair-Welcoming within her warde.

1423 Kingis Quair xxv In strayte ward and in strong prisoun.

1429 Rolls of Parl. IV. 346/1 That the Keper and Wardeyn of the same Prisone..savely kepe every persone to his warde so commytted.

1474 in T. Dickson Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1877) I. 53 Item gevin to Skrymgeour masare to convoye James Hering to warde, vs.

a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxv. 330 Here haue they soriornyd, noght as thyne Bot in thi wayrd.

1546 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 36 Remane in fre waird within ony place the Eirle of Huntlie forsaid pleissis to assign.

1564 Reg. Privy Council Scotl. 293 He sall remane in fre ward within the burgh of Edinburgh, and on na wayis depart furth of the samyn.

1565 Reg. Privy Council Scotl. 414 He brak his ward furth of oure castell of Edinburgh.

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 408 He was attached by the Erle Marshall, and committed to ward in the Abbey of Saint Albones.

1578–9 Reg. Privy Council Scotl. III. 66 That Hob Ellot..sould remane and keip his ward with Williame Portarfeild of Duchall, and on nawayis eschaip.

1611 Bible (King James) Gen. xl. 3 And he put them in ward in the house of the captaine of the guard, into the prison.

a1614 J. Melville Autobiogr. & Diary (1842) 267 It was thought best that the first sort sould be chargit to warde; the second apprehendit at unawars and punished.

1633 T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia i. i. 11 To bee committed to ward, there to remaine in safe custodie, untill the time that the pleasure of use the Lord Deputie, and Councell be knowen in the premisses. .

1637 S. Rutherford Let. 10 Aug. in Joshua Redivivus (1664) 341 It is easie for you to cast your light into prison,..But that prisoner will break ward to your incomparable torture.

1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth vii, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. III. 173 I trust your Grace remembers that you are under ward.

1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth vii, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. III. 173 I have already said your Highness lies in ward here.

1869 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (1876) III. xii. 193 He..kept him in ward two years till he agreed to the hard conditions.

1871 J. S. Blackie Four Phases Morals i. 148 He remained in ward thirty days, till the sacred ship should return from the Delian festival.

†4. Charge, duty entrusted to one; office. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > duties > [noun]

wikec1000

workOE

wikenc1175

misterc1225

curec1300

officec1330

ward1338

duty1375

parta1382

businessc1400

commissionc1450

besoigne1474

roomth?1504

function1533

exercitation1737

pidgin1807

job1841

biz1862

1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 149 We þre haf þe ward of God & our ladie, Þe schippes of kyng Richard to kepe & ȝow þam bie.

c1460 J. Russell Bk. Nurture 1193 Þerto let hym take good hede, and his warde wayte wisely.

†5. Care, regard. In phrases, to have no ward of, not to regard, not to fear; no ward, no matter (if, how). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > importance > unimportance > be of no importance [phrase]

forcec1330

no wardc1330

no strength1340

no forcec1369

no mattera1466

what force?a1513

no skill1575

what matter?1678

the game (play, etc.) is not worth the candlea1699

nix my dolly1795

what the hell1872

the mind > emotion > indifference > be indifferent or show indifference to [verb (transitive)] > not regard or fear

to have no ward ofc1330

c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 5011 He wende of þeym haue hed no warde, Bot hym fel þer a chek ful harde.

c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 24 For haue þei here myrþe and iolite, no warde to hem hou faste þe woluys of helle wirien cristen soulis & beren hem to helle.

c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 72 Ȝif mennus soulis gon to helle bi brekynge of goddis comaundementis no warde, so þat þe peny come faste to fille here hondis & coffris.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 20705 Ne has na ward of na juu, For i self ai wel be wit ȝow.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 11637 Moder, he said, haf þou na ward, Noþer o leon ne o lepard.

II. A person who is ‘in ward’ (see 2).

a. A minor under the control of a guardian. Also Scottish. †ward-minor.In Feudal Law the term (Anglo-Norman garde) was applied spec. to an heir or heiress whose person and lands after the father's death were held ‘in ward’ (see 2c) by the superior during his or her minority. ward in Chancery, ward of court: a minor for whom a guardian has been appointed by the Court of Chancery, or who has become directly subject to the authority of that Court.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > person > child > [noun] > minor

pupilc1384

ward1433

minor1526

infanta1535

jail-bait1934

1433 Rolls of Parl. IV. 441/2 To the Kyng..louly compleynes..your Warde John Duc of Norffolk.

c1440 Alphabet of Tales 285 He..servid a wurthi prince: & he made hym a knyght and gaff hym a warde, a grete gentylwomman, vnto his wyfe.

1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur v. xi. 180 In that stoure was syr Chestelayne a chyld and ward of syre Gawayne slayne.

1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique 66 In lamentyng the miserye of wardeshyppes I might saie it is not for noughte so communely said, I wil handle you like a warde.

1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. ciij This cause did not concerne the Marques George only, but also his nephewe Albert, whiche was his worde [L. cuius erat tutor].

1604 T. Wright Passions of Minde (new ed.) iv. ii. 126 I thinke the punishment meetest for them, should be, that it were lawfull to beg them for Wardes, and giue them tutors, because they lacke discretion to vse their money.

a1656 Bp. J. Hall Shaking of Olive-tree (1660) i. 30 Sr. Walter Leveson..leaves his young Orphan Ward to the King.

1740 S. Richardson Pamela I. xxxi. 220 Here,..said she, here is your pretty Ward and mine; let us try to make her Time with us easy.

1766 Ld. Kames Remarkable Decisions Court of Session 1730–52 5 It was objected..that..the aliment of her infant-children, was a proper burden upon herself, as being their mother, and liferentrix of their whole estate, which is provided by act of parliament in case of ward-minors, and extended by practice and analogy to other fiars.

1790 Stevens v. Savage in Eng. Rep. (1903) 30 277 Stevens having been committed for a contempt, by having married Miss Jeffry, a ward of the Court.

1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake ii. 79 This youth, though still a royal ward, Risqued life and land to be my guard.

1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles vi. ix. 232 Then, 'twas her Liege's strict command, And she, beneath his royal hand, A ward in person and in land.

1815 H. Maddock Treat. Princ. & Pract. Chancery I. ii. 264 If a Child, a Ward of Court, would not be safe, the Chancellor would not permit it to go to Scotland.

1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers lvi. 605 Mr. Snodgrass..had been in his minority a ward of Mr. Pickwick's.

1837 C. Selby (title) The Irish Dragoon; or, Wards in Chancery.

1842 Ld. Tennyson Locksley Hall in Poems (new ed.) II. 107 I was left a trampled orphan, and a selfish uncle's ward.

1853 C. Dickens Bleak House viii. 69 He is a ward in Chancery, my dear.

1870 H. Smart Race for Wife ii. 31 Grenville Rose had been brought up a great deal with his cousin Maud, being, indeed, a ward of Mr. Denison's.

1875 A. H. Simpson Treat. Law & Pract. Infants viii. 145 The general rule of the Court is that a ward of Court may not be removed out of the jurisdiction.

1928 A. Bicknell Law & Pract. Infants iv. 89 To remove a ward of Court from the jurisdiction without proper leave is contempt of Court.

1977 Jersey Evening Post 26 July 13/4 If the children were allowed to leave, they could be made wards of Court and could find themselves in a position similar to that of the recent ‘tug of love’ children.

b. transferred. One who is under the protection or control of another.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [noun] > person or thing in another's care > one under another's care or protection

warda1500

tutage?1606

protégée1782

protégé1786

protectee1807

a1500 (?a1400) Sir Torrent of Portyngale (1887) l. 1351 Than said the kyng: ‘I vnderstond, Thou hast fought for my doughter & my lond, And art my ward, i-wys.’

1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cxvj^v The Prince & his heires males, shall holde the Dukedome of Wirtemberge of kyng Ferdinando as Archeduke of Austriche, and so to be his wardes and clientes.

1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares I 3 b [Mother to her infant son] Nere shall the Romains haue thee for theyr Warde.

1601 J. Marston et al. Iacke Drums Entertainm. i. sig. B3 When being maried to a wise man (O the Lord) You are made a foole, a Ward, curbd and controlld.

1659 J. Milton Considerations touching Hirelings 104 For the magistrate in person of a nursing father to make the church his meer ward, as alwaies in minoritie,..is neither just nor pious.

1659 F. Osborne Misc. 166 So that, instead of being a Ward,..you shall be Guardian of the Person and Estate of your Husband.

1846 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) iii. 20 With these words, Susan Nipper..made a charge at her young ward, and swept her out of the room.

†7. An orphan under age. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > child > [noun] > orphan

stepchild971

stepbairnc1000

pupilc1384

orphana1450

orphelinc1450

orpheninc1450

orphanera1500

ward1559

orphanet1604

little Orphan Annie1910

war orphan1915

1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates York iii When her brother Edmund died a warde, She was sole hayer by due discent of line.

1577 H. I. tr. H. Bullinger 50 Godlie Serm. I. ii. v. sig. K.vj^v/1 In the same sort also there are here commended vnto vs, widdowes, orphans, wardes, poore men.

1583 Sir T. Smith's De Republica Anglorum iii. v. 97 A warde or infant is taken for a childe in base age, whose father is dead.

1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet i. v. 40 His sonne was but a Ward three yeares agoe.

III. Defence.

a. Fencing. A defensive posture or movement; a mode of parrying. Cf. guard n. 3.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > fencing > [noun] > positions

in-stop14..

out-stopa1500

warda1586

guard1601

preem1603

unicorn guard1617

quarte1639

tierce1687

tierce guard1687

tierce parade1687

inside1692

carte1707

hanging guard1707

quinte1707

seconde1707

saccoon1708

prime1710

segoon1721

octave1771

supination1805

septime1861

sixte1885

sixth1885

corps à corps1910

a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) iii. xi. sig. Pp1 He..strake so thicke vpon Amphialus, as if euery blow would faine haue bene foremost. But Amphialus..let passe the storme with strong wardes, and nimble auoidings.

a1592 R. Greene Frier Bacon (1594) sig. H2 1 Scholler. Ah well thrust. 2. Scholler. But marke the ward.

1595 Saviolo's Practise i. F 2 With this readinesse must hee strike this reuerso, but withall, his lefte hand must bee vppon the warde of his teacher.

1595 Saviolo's Practise i. K 1 When you lie in this warde, and make vppon your enemie towardes his right side.

1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 ii. v. 196 Thou knowest my olde warde: here I lay, and thus I bore my poynt.

1599 G. Silver Paradoxes Def. in Wks. (1898) 26 All single weapons haue foure wardes, and all double weapons haue eight wardes. The single sword hath two with the point vp, and two with the point downe.

1599 G. Silver Paradoxes Def. in Wks. (1898) 34 The Dagger is an imperfect ward, although borne out straight.

a1614 J. Melville Autobiogr. & Diary (1842) 273 Missing his ward, he gettes a porh at the left pape, wharof he dies.

1640 Wits Recreations sig. E On a Souldier. The souldier fights well and with good regard, But when hee's lame, he lies at an ill ward.

1652 T. Urquhart Εκσκυβαλαυρον 88 He alters his wards from Tierce to Quart.

1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake v. 212 Fitz-James's blade was sword and shield. He practised every pass and ward.

b. figurative. Now archaic.

ΚΠ

1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) iii. 135 b So these poore women..come to the amourous incounter with one, and with an other: but at length being driuen from their warde, they ly so open that they are soone venued.

1604 T. Wright Passions of Minde (new ed.) vi. 337 Will not so many warnings of death, iudgment,..sufficiently stirre vs vp to stand vpon our warde?

1619 in S. R. Gardiner Lett. Relations Eng. & Germany (1865) 1st Ser. 197 Otherwise they would long ere this have brought the deciding of their case to the greate assise of a day of battell, which hath bene their ancient and ever happy ward against their oppressors.

1622 T. Dekker & P. Massinger Virgin Martir ii. sig. D^v I lay at my old ward of lechery.

1643 Sir T. Browne Religio Medici (authorized ed.) i. §55. 124 To perfect vertue..there is required a..compleat armour, that whilst we lye at close ward against one vice we lye [not] open to the vennie of another.

1647 T. May Hist. Parl. Pref. sig. A3^v For against the unexpected stroke of partiall History the ward is not so ready, as against that Polemike writing, where [etc.].

1863 G. J. Whyte-Melville Gladiators xxii Duplicity was no new effort for the Tribune. He had often, ere now, betaken himself to this mode of defence when driven to his last ward.

a1894 R. L. Stevenson In South Seas (1896) iii. v. 267 He hastily returned to his old ward. ‘I don't deny I could if I wanted,’ said he.

†c. Defence, protection, shelter. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > means of protection or defence

hornc825

shieldc1200

warranta1272

bergha1325

armour1340

hedge1340

defencec1350

bucklerc1380

protectiona1382

safety1399

targea1400

suretyc1405

wall1412

pavise?a1439

fencec1440

safeguard?c1500

pale?a1525

waretack1542

muniment1546

shrouda1561

bulwark1577

countermure1581

ward1582

prevention1584

armourya1586

fortificationa1586

securitya1586

penthouse1589

palladium1600

guard1609

subtectacle1609

tutament1609

umbrella1609

bastion1615

screena1616

amulet1621

alexikakon1635

breastwork1643

security1643

protectionary1653

sepiment1660

back1680

shadower1691

aegis1760

inoculation1761

buoya1770

propugnaculum1773

panoply1789

armament1793

fascine1793

protective1827

beaver1838

face shield1842

vaccine1861

zariba1885

wolf-platform1906

firebreak1959

1582 T. Watson Ἑκατομπαθία: Passionate Cent. Loue xxiv The beames, which then proceeded from her face Were such, as for the same I found no warde.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis i, in tr. Virgil Wks. 222 In their right Hands a pointed Dart they wield; The left, for Ward, sustains the Lunar Shield.

†d. Chess. ? The protection afforded by a specified piece or pawn. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > board game > chess > [noun] > positions

stale1423

wardc1475

stalemate1765

Zugzwang1904

interference1913

c1475 Treat. Chess (Ashm. 344) lf. 17^v Then check w^t thy Roke in thy knyghts warde.

c1475 in H. J. R. Murray Hist. Chess (1913) 602 Chek w^t thy Roke in thy Pon Ward.

9. Scots Law. Tenure by military service, ward-holding n. in to hold ward = ‘to hold in ward’ (see hold v. 6, 19b). Also, a payment in commutation of military service; more explicitly taxed ward (see taxed adj. Compounds), in contradistinction to simple or black ward. Cf. castle-guard n. 2, 3, castleward n. 2. Now historical.The lawyers connected this sense with sense 2c, as if ‘to hold land in ward’ meant to hold it subject to the lord's right to ‘ward’ when the heir was a minor.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > [noun] > tenure by service > by military or knight service

knight-service1439

ward1508

chivalry1528

ward-holding1681

military tenure1764

1508 Reg. Privy Seal Scot. I. 271/1 Landis..haldin of the kingis hienes be service of ward and releyf.

1530 Reg. Privy Seal Scot. II. 66/1 His landis within our realme that wer haldin of us be service of ward and releiff to Archibald Douglas.

1578 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1878) 1st Ser. II. 693 All altering of haldingis blanche quhilk of befoir wees haldin ward.

1642 T. Hope Diary (1843) 176 A neu commissioun, for changing of ward in few, both of lands haldin off the King and Prince.

1684 G. Mackenzie Instit. Law Scotl. (1694) ii. iv. 71 Some Lands hold Ward, some Feu, some Blench, and some Burgage.

1892 J. A. Henderson Ann. Lower Deeside 59 The king [c1680] in changing the holding of the lands from simple ward to taxed ward took occasion [etc.].

†10. Scottish. ward and warsel: security, pledge.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > agreement > security > [noun] > a pledge or security

warrantisea1300

surancec1300

borrow-gage1303

suretyc1330

wage1338

wed1340

again-behotera1382

hostagec1400

sickeringa1450

gage1486

soverty1488

vadimonyc1503

pledge1526

slauntiagh1535

band1596

mortgage1598

ward and warsela1600

covenant1644

guaranty1697

security1711

guaranteeship1715

cautionment1815

guarantee1832

a1600 Aberdeen Reg. (MS.) XXIV. (Jam.) To remane wpoun his ward and warsall.

a1600 Aberdeen Reg. (MS.) XXIV. (Jam.) He tuik nothyr ward nor wersell of the said claith.

1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 25 E'en sit you still, an' rest you here wi' me, An' I shall ward an' warsel for you be.

IV. A body of guards.

11. A company of watchmen or guards. Cf. guard n. 9. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > watching or keeping guard > [noun] > one who watches or keeps guard > body of

wardc1000

watchc1380

guarda1513

scout-watch1523

satellitium1616

vigilance1667

wait1704

picket1847

honour guard1851

c1000 Ælfric Judges Epil. Þa Iudeiscan..besetton his [sc. Christ's] birgene sona mid wearde.

c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 5085 He dide sette in wardes seers, Knyghte to wachem, & squiers.

a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Jer. li. 12 Vp on the wallis of Babilon rereth a tocne, eecheth the warde [L. augete custodiam].

a1400 K. Alis. (Laud) 1976 Þer þai telden her pauyloune Þat niȝth & hem resteþ þare Mid warde þat was good & war. [Lincoln's Inn MS. With wardes, bothe gode and warre.]

1585 J. Higgins tr. Junius Nomenclator 483/2 Miles stationarius,..one of the watch or ward.

1605 Famous Hist. Capt. Stukeley sig. E2 Bid the Seriant Maior shut the gates, And see them guarded with a double ward.

1805 W. Scott Lay of Last Minstrel iii. xxx. 88 Was frequent heard the changing guard, And watch-word from the sleepless ward.

1870 J. R. Macduff Memories of Patmos xx. 276 Twenty-four wards or companies were appointed night by night to guard the various entrances to the sacred courts.

†12. A garrison. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > armed forces > the Army > group with special function or duty > [noun] > garrison

warnison1338

garnisonc1386

wardc1500

garrison1542

garrisonment1593

c1500 Melusine (1895) xxiv. 170 Thenne þey recouered there six of theire galeyes,..and lefte in it good wardes [Fr. gardes] for to kepe them.

1587 J. Hooker Chron. Ireland 160/2 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) II This house of Asketten is a verie strong castell,..and the chiefest house of the earles, wherein he had a strong ward.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. xi. sig. Z On th'other syde, th'assieged Castles ward Their stedfast stonds did mightily maintaine.

a1599 E. Spenser View State Ireland 89, in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) I will have..some of them bee put in wardes, upon all the straights thereabouts.

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. ii. 97 There were planted little forts with wardes..to restraine the inroades of prey taking robbers.

a1660 in J. T. Gilbert Contemp. Hist. Ireland (1880) II. 102 Carrige beinge betrayed by the Protestant warde there.

†13. One of the three main divisions of an army, the van, the rear, and the middle or ‘main battle’. Also sometimes applied gen. to any division led by a subordinate commander. Obsolete. [Originally a use of the second element in the compounds avantward (vanward , vaward ) and arrearward (rearward ) adopted < Old French. In these compounds the Old French warde meant ‘guard’, and so was applicable only to the bodies placed in the front and rear. In English, on the analogy of vanward (also first ward , foreward ) and rearward (also hinder ward ), the term middle ward , middleward n., came to be used for the ‘main battle’, and thus ward acquired the sense above defined.]

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > armed forces > the Army > part of army by position > [noun]

warda1400

a1400 K. Alis. (Laud) 1995 Sendeþ ymagu wyt ȝoure standard And Archillaus in þe first ward.

1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy i. 4046, 4050 Nestor þe duke schal in þe firste ward Metyn with hym... Þe bridde warde Pelleus schal lede.

1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy iii. 3401 Þer cam with hem þe kyng Machaoun, And alderlaste þe grete Agamenoun, With alle her wardis, & fel in sodeynly Vp-on Troyens.

c1430 Syr Generides (Roxb.) 3771 Now wendeth this ost in wardes ten Ful wel araied with noble men.

a1500 (?c1450) Merlin xviii. 286 Than com Gaheries with his warde of iij^Ml goode men.

1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid xii. ix. 113 Apon this wys the ostis and wardis haill On athir part returnyt in bataill.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xxxix. 22 b Thus they went forthe in thre great batayls: the marshalles and the Almaygnes had the first, the kynge of Englande in the myddle warde, & the duke of Brabant in the rerewarde.

1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xlv. 25 b In the mornyng they aproched in thre wardes.

1524 R. Pace Let. 5 Aug. in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) I. App. xi. 21 Four & twenty great peaces of Artillerie..dayly foloing us in the hinder ward.

1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 119 As an hooste in batayle ys departed in thre, that ys to saye, the forwarde, the mydel warde, and the rerewarde; so are the nyne orders of aungels departed in thre pryncehodes, as in thre hoostes. And eche pryncehoode ys departed in thre orders, as in thre wardes.

1563 P. Whitehorne tr. Onasander Of Generall Captaine & his Office f. 126^v And after the first warde, cause the seconde, to succeede, and the thyrde next the same, and the fourth, and the fifte also, if so many shall nede.

1577 R. Holinshed Chron. II. 1616/2 The fore warde foremoste, the battaile in the middest, the rere-ward hindermost, eche ward hauing his troup of horsemenne, and garde of ordinaunce.

c1592 Faire Em sig. E3^v See all our men be martialed for the fight. Dispose the Wardes as lately was deuised.

1656 J. Harrington Common-wealth of Oceana 207 But as to the peculiar Policy of twelve Maniples, or Wards divided into three cohorts each cohort containing four Wards.

V. Place for guarding.

14. In a fortress: †(a) the portion of the defences entrusted to a particular officer or division of the garrison (obsolete); †(b) a guarded entrance (obsolete); (c) the (inner or outer) circuit of the walls of a castle; the ground between two encircling walls (obsolete exc. archaic).

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > [noun] > section under specific officer or division

ward1297

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > castle or fortified building > [noun] > court of castle

ward1297

bailc1320

utterwardc1450

utter-court1530

bailey1840

the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [noun] > opening which may be passed through > gate or gateway > guarded

ward1297

1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 8301 A maister þat was wiþinne sende to þe erl beumond To ȝelde vp is warde to ben hol & sound. Ar his felawes were iwar he ȝeld him vp þere Þre toures of þe cite þat in is warde were.

1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 9087 Bot þa wardes of þe ceté of heven, Er mare crafty and strang þan any kan neven.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 9894 Bailyes haþ þis castel þre Wiþ feire wardes [Vesp. walles] semely to se.

c1400 Rom. Rose 3191 The lady of the high warde [Fr. la dame de la haute garde] Which from hir tour lokide thiderward.

1423 Rolls of Parl. IV. 199/1 [He] made assaute to the said Castell, and wan the said warde.

c1450 (c1400) Sowdon of Babylon (1881) l. 332 He entred to the maister Toure. The firste warde thus thay wonne.

c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 222 As þou hast v. watyrgatys in þe vttere-warde, owtward in þe pytt of þi body,..[sic Ryȝt] so, þou hast v. watyrgatys in þe indere-warde of þi soule.

c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn Prol. l. 238 The knyȝt with his meyne went to se the wall, And þe wardes of the town, as to a knyȝt be-fall.

1485 Rolls of Parl. VI. 384/1 The Offices of Keping of the Keys of th' ynerward of oure Castell of Wyndesore.

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xvii. 349 Till thar wardis thai went in hy, That war stuffit richt stalwardly With stanys, schot, and other thing.

c1500 Melusine (1895) xix. 62 Soone was the Fortres made up not only with one warde but two strong wardes.

1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1845) xxvi. 116 And therwith all he ledde me to his warde, Me to repose in pleasaunt due saufgard.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 234/1 Inderwarde of a castell, cengle de chastel.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 250/1 Outterwarde of a castell, courtbasse.

1584 R. Sadler State Papers (1809) III. 171 The strength of this howse, having two wards, the gentleman porter ever at the one with 4 or 5 in his company, and dyvers soldyers at the other.

a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia in Poems (1878) III. To Rdr. 135 Euery hand Of accident doth w^th a Picker stand, To scale the wards of Life.

1808 W. Scott Marmion i. iv. 26 Then to the Castle's lower ward Sped forty yeomen tall.

1813 W. Scott Rokeby iii. 142 Then, vain were battlement and ward!

1843 W. H. Ainsworth Windsor Castle iv. iii Just as they entered the lower ward.

1843 W. H. Ainsworth Windsor Castle iv. iii The party directed their course towards the middle ward.

in extended use.1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid vi. vii. 7 In the first circil, or the vtir ward, Ȝoung babbeis saulis weping sor thai hard.1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid vi. viii. 4 And sone thai wer in cumin to the plane And lattir wardis, quhairin dois remane Vailȝeant folkis in feild and chevalry.

†15. An appointed station, post (for a body of soldiers). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military operations > distribution of troops > military position > [noun]

stationa1325

steadc1330

ward1487

post1642

position1781

field posta1783

field position1785

depot1798

battle station1830

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xvii. 627 Engynys alsua for till Cast Thai ordanit and maid redy fast, And set ilk man syne till his ward.

1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xvii. 349 Quhen that thai saw That menȝe raynge thame swa on raw, Till thar wardis thai went in hy.

1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xxi. 463 They wente to their warde to defende the towne.

†16. within one's ward: within the region in which one is safe: in quot. figurative. Also, within (another's) ward: in the region controlled by (another). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > perfectly safe [phrase] > within the region where one is safe

within one's ward1490

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > in the region controlled by [phrase]

within one's ward1490

1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xvii. 66 The fyne louer that alwayes kepeth hym selfe wythin his warde, and fyndeth noo thynge soo sure but that he putteth it in adoubte, can not be lyghtely deceyued.

1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos iv. sig. K.j What meanes he? why remaines he thus within his enemies ward?

17. †(a) A prison (cf. sense 3). Obsolete. (b) Each of the divisions or separate departments of a prison.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prison > [noun]

quarternOE

prisona1200

jailc1275

lodgec1290

galleya1300

chartrea1325

ward1338

keepingc1384

prison-house1419

lying-house1423

javel1483

tollbooth1488

kidcotec1515

clinkc1530

warding-place1571

the hangman's budget1589

Newgate1592

gehenna1594

Lob's pound1597

caperdewsie1599

footman's inn1604

cappadochio1607

pena1640

marshalsea1652

log-house1662

bastille1663

naskin1673

state prison1684

tronk1693

stone-doublet1694

iron or stone doublet1698

college1699

nask1699

quod1699

shop1699

black hole1707

start1735

coop1785

blockhouse1796

stone jug1796

calaboose1797

factory1806

bull-pen1809

steel1811

jigger1812

jug1815

kitty1825

rock pile1830

bughouse1842

zindan1844

model1845

black house1846

tench1850

mill1851

stir1851

hoppet1855

booby hatch1859

caboose1865

cooler1872

skookum house1873

chokey1874

gib1877

nick1882

choker1884

logs1888

booby house1894

big house1905

hoosegow1911

can1912

detention camp1916

pokey1919

slammer1952

joint1953

slam1960

society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prison > [noun] > ward or division of prison

ward1338

death house1837

cell house1855

cellblock1867

1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 278 Opon þe toþer dai Edward þider cam, Þe prisons..Were brouht him bifore, þre erles þre barons, & mo be fiue score kynghtes & lordes of touns, Þise were in his wardes, & auht & tuenti mo.

1535 Bible (Coverdale) Isa. xxiv. C These shalbe coupled together as prisoners be, and shalbe shut in one warde and punished innumerable daies.

1577 M. Hanmer tr. Bp. Eusebius in Aunc. Eccl. Hist. i. xii. 15 Thus Iohn, because of Herods suspicion, was sent bounde to Machærous the warde..and there beheaded.

1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. ii. 55 This Fire, desirous to breake forth againe From's cloudie Warde, cannot it selfe refraine.

1614 J. Cooke Greenes Tu Quoque I 1 b Be plaine with him, and turne him out o' th Ward.

1614 J. Cooke Greenes Tu Quoque I 1 b Hold. If you haue no monie, You'd best remoue into some cheaper Ward. Spend. What Ward should I remoue in? Hold. Why to the Two-pennie Ward.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Hamlet (1623) ii. ii. 249 A goodly one [sc. prison], in which there are many Confines, Wards, and Dungeons.

1675 R. Burthogge Cavsa Dei 68 Nor is Hell a Sheriffs Ward, in which the Debtor is Imprisoned till he pay his Debt.

1780 J. Howard State Prisons Eng. & Wales (ed. 2) App. 125 The new gaol has separate wards and courts for debtors.

1821 W. Scott Kenilworth III. viii. 141 ‘What the devil's noise is this in the ward?’ he said—‘What! man and woman together in the same cell?’

1825 T. B. Macaulay Milton in Edinb. Rev. Aug. 317 Once more, compare the lazar-house in the eleventh book of the Paradise Lost with the last ward of Malebolge in Dante.

1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 1st Ser. I. 112 The buildings in the prison—or in other words the different wards—form a square.

1894 Lady M. Verney Verney Mem. III. 150 Tom..could not face the horrors of the common wards [of the Fleet prison].

18.

a. An apartment or division in a hospital or lunatic asylum, containing a certain number of beds, or allocated to a particular class of patients.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > places for the sick or injured > [noun] > hospital or infirmary > hospital ward

lodging1612

ward1739

1739 J. Sparrow tr. H. F. Le Dran Observ. Surg. lxiii. 217 He was lodged in the Fever Ward.

1749 T. Smollett tr. A. R. Le Sage Gil Blas IV. xi. vii. 142 I walked through two or three wards full of sick people a-bed.

1842 C. Dickens Amer. Notes I. vi. 221 The different wards [of the lunatic asylum] might have been cleaner and better ordered.

1850 L. Hunt Autobiogr. I. iii. 102 The wards, or sleeping-rooms [in Christ's Hospital], are twelve.

1881 Encycl. Brit. XII. 305/2 No cooking should be done in the wards.

1961 R. Shaw Sun Doctor I. i. 47 She looked at the two main wards of the hospital—long low rooms divided into cubicles like an old dormitory in an English public school.

1975 I. Illich Med. Nemesis vi. 111 Ailments had to be turned into objective diseases. Species had to be clinically defined..so that officials could fit them into wards.

1982 B. Trapido Brother of More Famous Jack xlvii. 193 I was required, during the first three months, to spend occasional week-long spells in hospital in a special ward for the observation of problem pregnancies.

b. The patients in a ward, collectively.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > patient > [noun] > in hospital > in ward > collectively

warda1777

a1777 S. Foote Devil upon Two Sticks (1778) iii. 61 Yesterday..we bled the West ward, and jalloped the North.

19.

a. An administrative division of a borough or city; originally, a district under the jurisdiction of an alderman; now usually, a district which elects its own councillors to represent it on the City or Town Council. Also, the people of such a district collectively.In Anglo-Latin documents the wards (wardæ) of London are mentioned by that name from the 12th cent., sometimes designated by the name of the alderman and sometimes by their locality. An occasional synonym was custodia.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > administrative division of borough, town, or city

ward1377

liberty1455

overward1485

out-parish1577

aldermanry1598

city ward1640

in-parisha1676

out-ward1701

c1130 in 9th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1883) 66 In warda Osberti Drinkepinne, terra quam tenuit Wulwinus juvenis.

1226–7 in Madox Hist. Exch. (1711) 489 (note) Tallagium Wardarum Londoniæ, quod colligi debet per Aldermannos subscriptos: Willelmus filius Benedicti re de L l., de Custodia fori.

1229–30 in Madox Hist. Exch. (1711) 490 (note) Willelmus filius Benedicti re de xxxv marcis, de Warda fori.

c1273 in W. Illingworth Rotuli Hundredorum (1812) I. 403 Warda de Bassingeshol.

c1273 in W. Illingworth Rotuli Hundredorum (1812) I. 418 Warda Symonis de Hadestok.]

1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. Prol. 94 Somme seruen þe kyng and his siluer tellen, In cheker and in chancerye chalengen his dettes Of wardes and wardmotes, weyues and streyues.1427 in J. B. Heath Some Acct. Worshipful Company of Grocers (1869) 4 Conyhoope-lane in the Warde of Chepe.1433 Rolls of Parl. IV. 425/2 Every Parisshe or Warde, desolate, wastud, [etc.].a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. xxvii^v The sayd Iohn Mansell chargyd the Mayre that euery Aldreman in his warde shulde vpon the Morowe folowynge assemble his Wardemote.1518 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 127 Within v wardes of the same Towne..ther hath byn v Cunstables that is to say in euery ward oon.1588 W. Smith Brief Descr. London (Harl. 6363) f. 13 There is also The Wardmote Enquest, Chosen euery St. Thomas day, in euery ward a quest.c1590 Sir Thomas More (1911) ii. iv. 226 We meete at the Guildehall and there determine That thorow euery warde the watche be clad In armour.1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 82 The Auncient diuision of this Citie, was into Wardes, or Aldermanries.a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) ii. i. 256 They do you wrong to put you so oft vpon't [sc. the office of constable]. Are there not men in your Ward sufficient to serue it? 1631 W. Gouge Gods Three Arrowes v. xix. 432 London should have as many Artillery Gardens, as it hath Wards.a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1645 (1955) II. 401 Rome..is divided into 14 Regions, or wards.1733 J. Swift On Poetry 17 In ev'ry Street a City-bard Rules, like an Alderman his Ward.1742 N. Dubois & G. Leoni tr. A. Palladio Antiq. Rome xxii, in tr. A. Palladio Architecture (ed. 3) II. 72 In the Ward [It. regione] of the Temple of Peace, stood a Colossus.1751 S. Whatley England's Gazetteer at St. Albans There are four wards here, in each of which are a constable, and two church-wardens.1824 G. Chalmers Caledonia III. vi. 569 By an act of Parliament, in 1800, for regulating the police of Glasgow, that city was divided into wards.1854 J. R. Lowell Cambr. 30 Years Ago in Prose Wks. (1890) I. 94 I would rather have had that slow, conscientious vote of P.'s alone, than to have been chosen Alderman of the Ward!1863 H. Cox Inst. Eng. Govt. iii. ix. 730 Large boroughs are divided into wards, which elect their councillors severally.

b. An administrative division of the Mormon Church (the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints).

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Mormonism > [noun] > administrative division

ward1859

1859 Mountaineer (Great Salt Lake City, Utah Territory) 27 Aug. 2/4 If the water-masters of our district or ward will see that we have a double portion of water during the ensuing week for our garden, we will now agree not to mention them again.

1925 M. R. Werner Brigham Young xii. 422 The bishop was in charge of all the families of his ward.

1979 M. P. Leone Roots Mod. Mormonism ii. 36 Wards average about seven hundred people.

20. In Cumberland (now in Cumbria), Northumberland, and some Scottish counties: One of the administrative districts into which these counties were formerly divided.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > administrative divisions in Britain > other small administrative divisions > in parts of Britain and Ireland

ward1431

graveship1460

commot1495

sheading1577

toughe1584

baronya1599

riding1675

graviate1728

borough1899

1431 Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 43/2 Alex. of Cragy serjand of fee wythin the Myddyll Ward of Edynburgh.

1495 in T. Dickson Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1877) I. 216 Johne Hepburne of the Est Ward of Edinburgh.

1496 in T. Dickson Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1877) I. 312 The Upper Ward of Clydesdale.

a1586 Peblis to Play in W. A. Craigie Maitland Folio MS (1919) I. 181 Iohne niksoun of þe nether warde.

1832 Act 2 & 3 William IV c. 64 §15 Such Northern Division shall include..the several wards of Bamborough, Coquetdale, Glendale, and Morpeth.

1864 G. V. Irving & A. Murray (title) The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire described and delineated.

1872 E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. 120 The Ward or Quarter still represents the highest subdivision of the county.

1882 Jamieson's Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. (new ed.) Ward 3. Lanarkshire is divided into Upper, Middle and Lower Wards.

†21.

a. ‘A part or division of a Forrest’ (Phillips 1671). Apparently only Scottish. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > fertile land or place > land with vegetation > [noun] > wooded land > part or division of

hag1410

speysa1425

ward1425

walk1534

regard1594

riding1755

hag wood1798

1425 Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 1426 11/1 The offyce off maistrischip off our ward of Yarrow lyand wythin our saide forest.

1485 Rolls of Parl. VI. 384/2 The Forster of the Overwarde of our Forest of Inglewoode.]

1509 Reg. Privy Seal Scot. I. 285/1 The forest stedis of Cawdanle [etc.] liand within the forest of Ettrik and warde of Twede.

a1884 J. Russell Reminisc. Yarrow (1894) ix. 233 About the same time the Forest was divided into three ‘wards,’ that of Tweed, Yarrow, and Ettrick. Each ward had a ranger, who collected the rents [etc.].

b. Scottish. ‘A small piece of pasture ground, inclosed on all sides, generally appropriated to young quadrupeds’ (Jamieson).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > grassland > [noun] > pasture > enclosed pasture

ham901

green yard1418

pasture field1464

ward1473

butt1542

paddock1547

septuma1552

staff1786

camp1877

night paddock1922

run-off1933

1473 in C. Rogers Rental Bk. Cupar-Angus (1879) I. 173 The sade tenandis sal kepe thar self..out of hanyngis, treys, stankis, parkis, medows and wardis.

c1650 J. Spalding Memorialls Trubles Scotl. & Eng. (1850) I. 193 The countrie lordis..send out thair horssis and distroyit both griss and corne, fed quhair thay pleissit in the bischopis waird.

1657 Melrose Regality Rec. (S.H.S.) I. 146 Cutting and destroying of thair riges of brome that is growand in the wairds and aikers of Melrois.

a1673 Mare of Collingtoun in J. Watson Choice Coll. Scots Poems (1706) i. 49 Within the Ward I might have clos'd thee, Where well thou mightest have repos'd thee, Amang the Laird's best Fillies.

1787 R. Burns Death & Dr. Hornbook xxiii, in Poems (new ed.) 62 His braw calf-ward whare gowans grew.

1799 in W. Cramond Rec. Elgin (1903) I. 210 A piece of ground full of sandbanks and covered with whins..as a common for the several proprietors taking sand to make up their wairds and cattails.

†22. ? A store-cupboard or wardrobe. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > supply > storage > [noun] > place where anything is or may be stored > store-closet or -cupboard

cellc1230

warestall1508

warda1529

store-closet1825

store-cupboard1841

a1529 J. Skelton Poems against Garnesche in Poet Wks. (1843) I. 121 Your drapry ȝe ded wante, The warde with yow was skante.

1581 Compendious Exam. Certayne Ordinary Complaints ii. f. 30^v Nature seemes to haue laied them [sc. gold and silver] vp in a further warde, then her other giftes.

VI. An appliance for guarding.

†23. The part of the hilt of a sword that protects the hand: = guard n. 16b. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > sharp weapon > side arms > sword > [noun] > guard

cross1470

guard1596

ward1634

shell1685

bow1701

basket1833

cross-guard1869

cross-piece1869

hilt-guard1869

second guard1869

tsuba1889

knuckle-bow1895

1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 147 The hilts [of Persian swords] are without ward.

24.

a. Each of the ridges projecting from the inside plate of a lock, serving to prevent the passage of any key the bit of which is not provided with incisions of corresponding form and size.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > lock > part of lock > ward

wardc1440

main-ward1678

step-ward1678

hook-ward1688

wheel1784

bridgeward1856

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 516/1 Warde, of a lokke, tricatura.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 286/2 Warde of a locke, garde.

1536 MS Rawl. D. 780 lf. 59 Mending of a lock and makyng new wardes for the gentlemen hushers chambre.

1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. C4 The lockes betweene her chamber and his will, Ech one by him inforst retires his ward .

1615 R. Cocks Diary (1883) I. 10 He thought to have pickt the lock of my money chist the other day, and had so wrong the wardes that I could not open the lock with my key.

1644 E. Dering Disc. Proper Sacrifice c iiij b As if it were a false ward against the key.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 877 Thus saying, from her side the fatal Key..she took;..then in the key-hole turns Th' intricate wards .

1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. ii. 21 There are several Inventions in Locks..in the making and contriving their Wards or Guards.

1726 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey V. xxi. 49 The wards respondent to the key turn round.

1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian v, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. I. 133 Withdrawing from the wards a ponderous key of about two feet in length.

1893 C. Patmore Relig. Poetæ 47 The key is not the less a key because it will not open a lock the wards of which are filled with stones.

1911 J. Ward Rom. Era Brit. xiii. 237 To render this difficult or impossible, obstructions or wards were introduced into the case [of the lock], which could not be passed by the bitt unless it had corresponding slits or openings.

b. Each of the incisions in the bit of a key, corresponding to the ‘wards’ of the lock. Cf. step-ward n. at step n.¹ Compounds 1.In untechnical (literary and popular) use these applications are sometimes reversed, the word being taken to denote the cavities of the lock or the solid parts of the key.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > key > parts of key > bit > incisions on

ward1390

step1674

bridgeward1856

figurative.

1647 J. Trapp Comm. Epist. & Rev. (1656) (Rom. xiv. 1) 650 Wring not mens consciences: you may hap to break the wards, if you do.

1840 W. S. Landor Fra Rupert ii. vi My hand at last [may] Turn in their golden wards the keys of heaven.

1851 E. B. Browning Casa Guidi Windows ii. xii. 105 The key, O Tuscans, too well fits the wards! Ye asked for mimes; these bring you tragedies.

1920 J. Masefield Enslaved 118 The wards of life slipt back and set him free From cares of meat and dress.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 189 The wardes of the cherche keie Thurgh mishadlinge ben myswreynt.1663 Marquis of Worcester Cent. Names & Scantlings Inventions §44 A Key of a Chamber-door, which..hath its Wards and Rose-pipe but Paper-thick.1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. ii. 26 File the wards or slits in the Bit with thin files.1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 301/2 The Wards are all the nicks in the Bite [of the Key].1709 A. Pope Chaucer's January & May in Poet. Misc.: 6th Pt. 209 She took the Wards in Wax before the Fire, And gave th' Impression to the trusty Squire.1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth i, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. III. 3 The incidents of a narrative of this kind must be adapted to each other, as the wards of a key must tally accurately with those of the lock to which it belongs.1853 C. Dickens Bleak House xlii. 415 ‘Oh! I knew that, did I?’ says Mr. Tulkinghorn, examining the wards of the key.1864 C. Boutell Heraldry Hist. & Pop. (ed. 3) xxi. 359 Two keys, in saltire, wards towards the base, or.

c. transferred. Applied to mechanical contrivances resembling the wards of a lock or key.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > [noun] > of specific shape

cheek1487

ward1599

screw worm1648

ball1675

swan-neck1686

cone1832

goose-neck1843

spider1860

concave1874

1599 T. Moffett Silkewormes 35 [To an ‘artificial flea’:] Thy cogs, thy wardes, thy laths, how didst thou lay.

1852 tr. J. J. Seidel Organ & its Constr. 40 Whilst the upper part is sinking the wards open and let the wind pass from the bellows into the principal trunk.

Compounds

C1. General attributive.

a. (In sense 19a.)

ward-alderman n.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > magistrate > municipal magistrate > [noun] > alderman > of a ward

wardmaster1855

ward-alderman1899

1899 Athenæum 21 Oct. 548/3 London, however, was destined to be ruled..by a council of mayor and ward-aldermen.

ward boss n.

ΚΠ

1890 T. Roosevelt Wks. (1926) XIV. 110 Many forces..combine to produce the ward boss, the district heeler, the boodle alderman.

1908 Sat. Rev. 8 Feb. 163/2 The blackmailing ward~boss.

ward committee n.

ΚΠ

1807 Salmagundi 2 June 212 The secretaries of the ward committees strut about looking like wooden oracles.

1922 C. E. Merriam Amer. Party Syst. 71 Each of the forty-eight Ward Committees [in Philadelphia]..chooses two members of the City Committee.

ward committeeman n.

ΚΠ

1922 C. E. Merriam Amer. Party Syst. 70 Each of the thirty-five wards [in Chicago] elects by direct vote of the party in a primary a ward committeeman for a term of four years.

1976 Honolulu Star-Bull. 21 Dec. a–11/3 He knew the workings of the ward committeemen, who directed the precinct captains and stood ready to see that the garbage of the faithful voters was picked up and the potholes in their streets were filled.

ward meeting n.

ΚΠ

1809 W. Irving Hist. N.Y. (1820) iii. vi. 198 Ward-meetings, pot-house committees, and congressional deliberations.

1813 T. Jefferson Writings (1830) IV. 229 A general call of ward-meetings by their wardens on the same day through the State.

ward politician n.

ΚΠ

1807 Salmagundi 24 Feb. 68 He however maintained as mysterious a countenance as a seventh ward politician.]

1860 Harper's Mag. June 94/2 ‘A house-breaker or a ward politician,’ thought I.

1898 P. L. Ford Hon. Peter Stirling 217 See! Here sits Peter Stirling, the ward politician, enthroned in Jeffersonian simplicity.

1976 National Observer (U.S.) 1 May b5/1 In the emerging big cities, ward politicians held control of school systems for a time in the late Nineteenth Century.

ward politics n.

ΚΠ

1883 Cent. Mag. Aug. 581/2 He had been a little alarmed at the sudden irruption of such men as Farnham and his associates into the field of ward politics.

1957 Times Lit. Suppl. 13 Dec. 753/2 Ward politics, big poker-games, prostitution and murder.

ward pump n.

ΚΠ

1844 B. Disraeli Coningsby II. v. iv. 269 Two of the Rigbyites met in the market-place... ‘Well, how goes it?’ said one. ‘I have been the rounds. The blunts going like the ward-pump.’

ward school n.

ΚΠ

1818 Niles' Reg. 14 174/1 Neither the people, nor their representatives, would agree to the plan of assessment on the wards for the expenses of the ward schools.

1870 Scribner's Monthly 1 46 The range of study is about the same as that in the ward schools.

1904 G. S. Porter Freckles 15 They sent me out to the nearest ward school as long as the law would let them.

ward statesman n.

ΚΠ

1885 Atlantic Monthly Apr. 467/1 These roadways..the ward statesman regards with tender solicitude as furnishing a large..field of operations in the line of contracts.

ward system n.

ΚΠ

1857 J. Toulmin Smith Parish (ed. 2) ii. 61 It is the adoption of Townships, or the adaptation of the Ward system, that is really needed in such cases.

b. (In sense 18.)

ward clerk n.

ΚΠ

1964 G. L. Cohen What's Wrong with Hospitals? iii. 52 Ward clerks will relieve Sisters of paper work.

ward-keeper n.

ΚΠ

1836 J. M. Gully tr. F. Magendie Formulary (ed. 2) 127 Each ward-keeper of hospitals should be provided with a bottle of chlorine water.

ward matron n.

ΚΠ

1886 Daily News 26 Mar. 5/2 Family prayers are conducted by the ward-matron, sister, or nurse.

ward nurse n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > healer > nurse > [noun] > other types

man-nurse1530

probationer nurse1584

parish nurse1716

day nurse1759

school nurse1836

Gamp1846

hospital nurse1848

pupil nurse1861

male nurse1874

district nurse1883

relief nurse1884

casualty nurse1885

bayman1888

maid nurse1895

charge-nurse1896

ward nurse1899

health visitor1901

practice nurse1912

community nurse1922

scrub nurse1927

theatre nurse1934

para-nurse1942

nurse practitioner1967

rehab nurse1977

1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 414 The others [i.e. patients] were easily controlled by the ward nurses.

ward sister n.

ΚΠ

1918 H. Matthews in W. Murdoch & H. Drake-Brockman Austral. Short Stories (1951) 244 ‘She be a pretty one—the ward sister,’ a Tommy patient said to him one evening.

1980 J. O'Faolain No Country for Young Men iv. 94 ‘Good night now, Aunt Judith.’ Grainne summoned a ward sister's authoritative manner.

ward table n.

ward work n.

ΚΠ

1888 H. Morten Sketches Hosp. Life 2 Ward work commences at seven with sweeping, dusting, making beds.

c. (In sense 19b.)

ward teacher n.

ΚΠ

1878 J. H. Beadle Western Wilds xxi. 332 The ward teachers had reported every case of real or supposed heresy.

d. (In sense 24.)

ward-hole n.

ΚΠ

1911 J. Ward Rom. Era Brit. 237 Many of these keys have ‘island’ ward-holes.

ward-plate n.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > lock > part of lock > ward > plate of

ward-plate1883

1883 A. H. L. F. Pitt-Rivers Primitive Locks & Keys 24 A modern English latch-key..furnished with a ward-plate.

C2. Special combinations. Also wardcorn n., ward-fee n., ward-hill n., etc.

ward aide n. a person employed to do non-medical work in a hospital ward.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > healer > non-medical worker > [noun] > hospital attendant

wardsman1896

porter1907

whitecoat1911

sanitar1916

ward orderly1946

ward aide1965

1965 Nursing Times 5 Feb. 172/2 Ten hospitals in the Manchester region have been authorized by the RHB to employ ward aides.

1976 Billings (Montana) Gaz. 20 June 2- c/1 She is employed as a ward aide at Billings Deaconess Hospital.

ward-book n. a register of admissions to a hospital.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical services and administration > [noun] > register of admissions to hospital

ward-book1690

1690–1700 Order of Hospitalls sig. Gii^v That no Child be received by them, before the name of the same childe be entred into the Ward-booke.

1836 J. Paget Let. 10 Jan. in Mem. & Lett. (1901) i. iv. 66 The active new apothecary..cures the patients. The ward-books hardly know themselves, the Mistura Cascarillæ bottle stopper sticks from disuse, and Emplastrum Lyttæ is never mentioned.

1977 Lancet 7 May 975/2 The allocation of the patients was done automatically by the ward nurse (by reference to the ward book).

ward-dyke n. a wall enclosing or bounding a ward (sense 21b); also, a defensive dyke against water.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping of cattle > [noun] > fence or barrier

ward-dyke1561

horngarth1779

ox-fence1811

ox rail1844

oxer1859

skerm1861

1561 in Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 1585, 256/2 Fra the said croft north..to the brig of Balgonie, ewin to the ward-dyk of the Brig-feildis now pertening to Alex. Paip.

1602 in Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 474/1 Ane merchestane infixit in the waird-dyke standand beneth the place of Kirktounhill.

1854 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 15 i. 19 Crests, cradges, and ward-dykes constructed to hold off fen-waters from inned grounds.

ward-fire n. [ < Old Norse varða cairn: compare ward-hill n.] Orkney and Shetland, a beacon-fire

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > indication > signalling > visual signalling > luminous signals > [noun] > fire signal > beacon

beacon1377

lightc1425

firebome1440

bale1455

cresset-light1525

flambeau1688

coal-light1775

bale-fire1805

needfire1805

ward-fire1859

beaconage1862

fanal-

1859 D. Balfour Oppress. 16th Cent. Orkney & Zetland Introd. 31 Nothing short of actual invasion entitled the Jarl to call them to arms by the Ward-fire.

† ward-guard n. Scottish Obsolete a protective covering or receptacle for clothes.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > [noun] > receptacle for

ward-guard1551

clothes-bag1834

1551 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1913) X. 29 Item, for ane wardegard to hir, iij li. x s.

1552 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1913) X. 70 Item, vj elnis bukcrame to be wardegardis to hir and to hir kepar Effame..xxiiij s.

ward-heeler n. U.S. (see quot. 1890; cf. heeler n.² 5).

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > politician > [noun] > political hanger-on

water carrier1835

bummer1872

heeler1875

ward-heeler1890

lackey1939

fart-catcher1971

1890 Q. Rev. July 265 The lowest grade [of politician] is the ‘ward-heeler’, or hanger-on of the political head of the city ward in which he resides.

1907 Times 23 Jan. 6/2 [San Francisco] Bar-room politicians, roughs, ward-heelers, bullies.

2006 D. G. Schwartz Roll Bones xii. 276 Ward heelers emerged as political power brokers.

ward-heeling adj. U.S. pertaining to, engaged in, or designating, the activities of a ward-heeler.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > politician > [adjective] > relating to political hanger-on

ward-heeling1972

1972 R. Thomas Porkchoppers (1974) xxiv. 208 Practical politics, the ward-heeling kind.

1976 Billings (Montana) Gaz. 1 July But neither ward-heeling councilmen nor grandstanding mayors can provide the kind of leadership that gets things done.

1980 N. Freeling Castang's City xv. 100 Why the hell would there be any integrity in these ward-heeling affairs?

ward-land n. Scottish land held ‘in ward’ (see ward-holding n.).

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > a legal holding > [noun] > a feudal holding or fief > held by military service

ward-land1502

timar1601

military feud1730

1502 Reg. Privy Seal Scot. I. 115/1 The proffitt of the said warde landis quhil the are recover sesing thairof.

1581 Sc. Acts Jas. VI (1814) III. 230/1 Anent the taxatioun of wardlandis.

a1659 R. Brownrig 65 Serm. (1674) I. i. 11 He that purchases but one foot of Ward-land, makes all his Estate lyable to the King.

1684 G. Mackenzie Instit. Law Scotl. (1694) ii. v. 76 If the Vassal sells or dispones the half of his Ward-Lands to any except his appearand Heir.

ward-like adv. after the manner of a ward.

ΚΠ

1689 E. Howard Caroloiades 197 O're which [army], tho Fairfax, Generall we finde, His Power to Cromwell ward-like was design'd.

† ward marriage n. Obsolete (see marriage n. 2b), in Scots feudal law, the right in wardholding arising to the ward superior on the marriage of the vassal's heir or on his becoming marriageable.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > [noun] > specific right in wardholding

ward marriage1473

1473 Rolls of Parl. VI. 72/2 With the Londes and Tenementes and other Profittes, and Mariage, or Ward mariage of the same heire or heires.

1747 Act 20 Geo. II c. 50 §1 That the Tenure of Lands..in Scotland by Ward Holding..and the Casualties consequent upon the same by Ward Marriage and Recognition, be taken away.

wardmaster n. (a) Dutch History. [rendering Dutch wijkmeester] , an alderman or administrator of a city ward; (b) the master or superintendent of a hospital ward.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > healer > non-medical worker > [noun] > hospital administrator > ward administrator

wardmaster1855

society > authority > office > holder of office > magistrate > municipal magistrate > [noun] > alderman > of a ward

wardmaster1855

ward-alderman1899

1855 J. L. Motley Rise Dutch Republic I. ii. vii. 560 John Van Immerzeel, Margrave of Antwerp, was then holding communication with the senate, and awaiting the arrival of the ward-masters.

1883 Fortn. Rev. July 126 The ward-masters, nurses, and attendants in the hospitals.

ward orderly n. a person employed to assist nurses in a hospital ward.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > healer > non-medical worker > [noun] > hospital attendant

wardsman1896

porter1907

whitecoat1911

sanitar1916

ward orderly1946

ward aide1965

1946 Nature 13 July 54/1 The Government and the hospital authorities have agreed upon..the training of more male nurses and the formation of a grade of ‘ward orderlies’ to assist the nurses.

1971 P. D. James Shroud for Nightingale viii. 275 She went..as ward orderly.

ward round n. a visit paid by a doctor, or by a group of doctors and medical students, to each of the in-patients in a ward or wards, or under the care of a particular doctor; cf. round n.¹ 24.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > art or science of medicine > practice of healing art > [noun] > ward round

round1883

ward round1938

1938 Amer. Speech 13 228/2 Doctors regularly visit the patients under their care and for some reason their visits are called ward rounds or ward walks.

1963 Oxford Med. School Gaz. XV. 81 At some stage during the ward-round he would lead his flock down to the P.M. room.

1977 Lancet 5 Feb. 317/1 His ward-rounds were very popular and were attended by a large number of undergraduates and postgraduates.

† ward-silver n. Obsolete a payment to the lord in commutation of military service.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > payment or service to feudal superior > [noun] > payment in lieu of service > in lieu of military service

wardpenny?1087

ward-fee1241

ward-silver1314

wardcorn1415

taxed ward1603

wardage1672

1314–15 Rolls of Parl. I. 318/1 De diversis redditibus annuatim Regi debitis, qui vocantur Hydag' et Wardselfur’.

?1418 in Essex Rev. (1904) XIII. 133 [Paying yearly 18s. as] ‘ward-silver’ [in lieu of all services].

wardmaid n. (also wardsmaid) a maidservant who performs the menial offices of a hospital ward.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > healer > non-medical worker > [noun] > hospital attendant > performing menial tasks

lint-scraper1860

wardmaid1888

1888 H. Morten Sketches Hosp. Life 68 The ward-maid was out.

1901 Daily Chron. 1 May 1/7 Hartley Wintney Union. Wanted a wardsmaid.

1909 Englishwoman Apr. 240 In the smaller infirmaries, there are often wardmaids, with no training, who are expected to do nurses' work.

† ward-staff n. Obsolete (see quot. 1610).

ΚΠ

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 440 Lambourn Manour, which is held by service of the Wardstaffe, vz. to carrie a load of strawe in a Carte with sixe horses, two ropes, two men in harnesse to watch the said Ward-staffe when it is brought to the towne of Aibridg, &c.

ward-vassal n. in Scots feudal law, a vassal holding land ‘in ward’ (see ward-holding n.).

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > one who has tenure > [noun] > by service or allegiance > by military service

timariot1601

ward-vassal1681

1681 J. Dalrymple Inst. Law Scotl. i. 422 Recognition was found not excluded or burdened by Inhibition against the Ward-vassal.

1765–8 J. Erskine Inst. Law Scotl. ii. iv. §4 Ward vassals found it their interest to charge the ward fee with a determinate sum, to be paid yearly to the superior.

† ward-ware n. Obsolete ? ‘wardrobe stuff’, articles of clothing.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > [noun]

clothesc888

hattersOE

shroudc1000

weedOE

shrouda1122

clothc1175

hatteringa1200

atourc1220

back-clout?c1225

habit?c1225

clothingc1275

cleadinga1300

dubbinga1300

shroudinga1300

attirec1300

coverturec1300

suitc1325

apparel1330

buskingc1330

farec1330

harness1340

tire1340

backs1341

geara1350

apparelmentc1374

attiringa1375

vesturec1385

heelinga1387

vestmentc1386

arraya1400

graitha1400

livery1399

tirementa1400

warnementa1400

arrayment1400

parelc1400

werlec1400

raiment?a1425

robinga1450

rayc1450

implements1454

willokc1460

habiliment1470

emparelc1475

atourement1481

indumenta1513

reparel1521

wearing gear1542

revesture1548

claesc1550

case1559

attirement1566

furniture1566

investuring1566

apparelling1567

dud1567

hilback1573

wear1576

dress1586

enfolding1586

caparison1589

plight1590

address1592

ward-ware1598

garnish1600

investments1600

ditement1603

dressing1603

waith1603

thing1605

vestry1606

garb1608

outwall1608

accoutrementa1610

wearing apparel1617

coutrement1621

vestament1632

vestiment1637

equipage1645

cask1646

aguise1647

back-timbera1656

investiture1660

rigging1664

drapery1686

vest1694

plumage1707

bussingc1712

hull1718

paraphernalia1736

togs1779

body clothing1802

slough1808

toggery1812

traps1813

garniture1827

body-clothes1828

garmenture1832

costume1838

fig1839

outfit1840

vestiture1841

outer womana1845

outward man1846

vestiary1846

rag1855

drag1870

clo'1874

parapherna1876

clobber1879

threads1926

mocker1939

schmatte1959

vine1959

kit1989

1598 J. Marston Scourge of Villanie i. ii. sig. C2 Tail'd, and retail'd, till to the pedlers packe, The fourth-hand ward-ware comes, alack, alack.

ward-woman n. archaic a tirewoman, a woman in charge of her mistress's wardrobe.

ΘΚΠ

the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > providing with clothing > [noun] > one who > one who dresses another

buskera1596

dresser1632

ward-woman1831

tirer1856

1831 W. Scott Count Robert iv, in Tales of my Landlord 4th Ser. I. 112 How long she had passed that critical period, was a secret to all but the trusted ward-women of the purple chamber.

† ward-word n. Obsolete a ‘word’ of defence; a reply to an attack or ‘watch-word’ of an opponent.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] > an answer, response > in defence

answerOE

ward-word1599

1599 R. Parsons (title) A temperate ward-word, to the turbulent and seditious Wach-word of Sir Francis Hastinges knight.

1603 S. Harsnett Declar. Popish Impostures 53 The priests had their ward-word ready.

1716 M. Davies Crit. Hist. 51 in Athenæ Britannicæ III And disperse once more from another Babel of one another's Catchpoling Watch-words without any precautionary Ward-words.

† ward-worder n. Obsolete a person who utters a ward-word.

ΚΠ

1600 F. Hastings Apol. or Def. Watch-word 57 Most impudent is this Ward-worders assertion, that neyther the King nor his Officers did charge him with treason.

1625 M. Sutcliffe Blessings on Mount Gerizzim xi. 325 Where Sir Francis Hastings hauing promised to answer all the Wardworders cauillations, leaueth him to his hanging ward.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1921; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

wardv.¹

Brit.

/wɔːd/, U.S.

/wɔrd/

Forms: Old English weardian, weardigan, Middle English wærdien, Middle English wardie, Middle English wardi, wardy(e, 1500s Scottish vard(e, vayrd, 1500s–1600s Scottish waird, Middle English–1600s warde, Middle English– ward. Also 1600s past tense ward (rare).

Etymology: Old English weardian = Old Frisian wardia , Old Saxon wardon (Middle Dutch waerden , Middle Low German warden ), Old High German wartên (Middle High German, modern German warten ), Old Norse varða < Old Germanic *warđōjan , -ǣjan , < *warđō : see ward n.² The English verb may in some of its uses have been influenced by Old French warder (north-eastern) = Central Old French guarder (modern French garder), Provençal gardar, Spanish guardar, Portuguese guardar, Italian guardare, a Common Romance adoption of the Germanic word.

a. transitive. To guard, stand guard over; to keep in safety, take care of; to defend, protect. (For to watch and ward, see watch v.) Obsolete or archaic.In Old English sometimes const. genitive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > watching or keeping guard > watch or keep guard over [verb (transitive)]

hold971

witec1000

ward?a1035

looklOE

bewakec1175

getec1175

wakec1175

i-witea1240

forelook1340

watch?a1400

to watch over——1526

award?c1550

guard1582

to wait over ——1659

shepherd1885

watchdog1902

warden1910

?a1035 Cnut's Secular Laws (Liebermann) lxxvi Ac þære cægean heo sceal weardian.

a1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) ann. 1087 Þa Englisce men þe wærdedon þære sæ.

13.. Leg. Gregory (Schulz) 980 To help and ward Cristendom.

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xxvii. 66 Thei goynge forth, kepten, or wardiden, the sepulcre.

a1400 K. Alis. (Laud) 7324 [They] ben so warded al aboute Þat hem ne stondeþ none doute.

1475 Bk. Noblesse (Roxb.) 27 For golde,..conquerithe not ennemies, nother in time of pease wardithe the peple to be in rest.

1592 T. Kyd Spanish Trag. ii. sig. D2^v Hor. But first my lookes shall combat against thine. Bel. Then ward thy selfe, I dart this kisse at thee.

1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III v. v. 208 Then if you fight against Gods enemie, God will in iustice, ward you as his souldiers.

a1627 T. Middleton No Wit (1657) v. 105 I found the door Warded suspitiously.

1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 704 On the farther side..the Britaines warded the bankes.

1893 R. L. Stevenson Catriona viii. 87 Hope Park, a beautiful pleasance..warded by a keeper.

1913 Blackwood's Mag. Dec. 787/1 Your wits must ward your head.

b. To defend, protect from. Now archaic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > protect or defend [verb (transitive)]

shieldc825

frithc893

werea900

i-schield971

berghOE

biwerec1000

grithc1000

witec1000

keepc1175

burghena1225

ward?c1225

hilla1240

warrantc1275

witiec1275

forhilla1300

umshadea1300

defendc1325

fendc1330

to hold in or to warrantc1330

bielda1350

warisha1375

succoura1387

defencea1398

shrouda1400

umbeshadow14..

shelvec1425

targec1430

protect?1435

obumber?1440

thorn1483

warrantise1490

charea1500

safeguard1501

heild?a1513

shend1530

warrant1530

shadow1548

fence1577

safekeep1588

bucklera1593

counterguard1594

save1595

tara1612

target1611

screenc1613

pre-arm1615

custodite1657

shelter1667

to guard against1725

cushion1836

enshield1855

mind1924

buffer1958

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 134 Bisecheð ȝeorne god..þet he wite & wardi ow. wið alle þet ou weiteð.

1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 970 Hii wolde..Wardi hom fram alle men, þat hom ne tidde no drede.

a1400 Sir Beues 2946 Min em, þe bischop Florentin,..Schel þe warde fro damage.

1475 Bk. Noblesse (Roxb.) 77 Youre roiaume forto warde, kepe, And defende frome youre adversaries.

1565 T. Stapleton tr. Bede Hist. Church Eng. iii. xix. f. 95^v The other two [angels] warding him on eche side from the danger of the fire also.

1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus iii. i. 193 Tell him it was a hand that warded him From thousand dangers.

1604 T. Wright Passions of Minde (new ed.) vi. 318 Abraham..was constrayned to warde his offring from the molestfull crowes.

a1677 I. Barrow Serm. Several Occasions (1678) 256 No better can any man ward himself from blame, by imputing the neglect of Devotion to some indisposition within him thereto.

1850 J. S. Blackie tr. Æschylus Lyrical Dramas I. 185 Loxias himself will ward His holiest shrine from lawless outrage.

c. figurative. To guard, keep carefully (a secret). rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > hiding, concealing from view > keeping from knowledge > keep from knowledge [verb (transitive)]

heeleOE

dernc893

mitheeOE

wryOE

buryc1175

hidec1200

dilla1300

laina1375

keepa1382

wrapa1382

cover1382

conceala1393

curea1400

shroud1412

veilc1460

smorec1480

cele1484

suppress1533

wrap1560

smoulder1571

squat1577

muffle1582

estrange1611

screen1621

lock1646

umbrage1675

reserve1719

restrict1802

hugger-mugger1803

mask1841

ward1881

thimblerig1899

marzipan1974

1881 A. J. Duffield tr. M. de Cervantes Don Quixote II. 442 ‘My profession,’ answered the priest, ‘..obliges me to ward a secret.’

†d. intransitive (absol.) To keep guard. Often with watch. (For to watch and ward at watch v. 6b.) Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > watching or keeping guard > watch or keep guard [verb (intransitive)] > perform duty of watchman

ward1390

wait1436

watch1487

to watch and ward1583

cockatoo1935

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 304 And in this hous to loke and warde Was Minotaurus put in warde.

a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 619 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 114 Baith to walk and to ward as watchis in weire.

1569 J. Hawkins True Declaration Voy. Haukins sig. Biij Oure men whyche warded a shore beinge stricken with soden feare, gaue place, fled, [etc.].

1579 T. North tr. Plutarch Liues 24 The Kings souldiers which warded at the gates of the cittie.

1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 107 A garrison..which warding there day and night became lazie with doing nothing.

1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 63 The Family..left the..Fellows warding, and watching.

†2. transitive. To rule, govern (a land, people); to administer (an estate); to act as guardian to (a child). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > rule or govern [verb (transitive)]

steera900

hold971

wieldOE

warda1000

redeOE

wisc1000

i-weldeOE

rightlecheOE

rightOE

raima1325

governc1325

guyc1330

rulea1387

justicec1390

rekea1400

reigna1413

lorda1450

earlc1450

seignoryc1475

over-govern1485

overrulec1488

emperyc1503

gubern?a1505

signorize1594

sway1613

gubernate1623

overlead1720

belord1858

prime minister1906

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > care for, protect, or have charge of [verb (transitive)] > act as guardian to (a child, etc.)

warda1000

governc1300

protect1528–30

supervise1845

society > authority > delegated authority > action or function of a delegate or deputy > act as deputy for [verb (transitive)] > manage on behalf of another

ward1390

steward1621

agitate1634

society > authority > control > [verb (transitive)] > manage or administer

steerc888

leadc1175

guyc1330

guidec1374

governa1382

ministera1382

treat1387

administer1395

dispose1398

skift?a1400

warda1400

solicit1429

to deal with1469

handlea1470

execute1483

convoy?a1513

conveyc1515

mayne1520

to bear (a person or thing) in (also an, a, on) handa1522

keepa1535

administrate1538

solicitate1547

to dispose of1573

manure1583

carry1600

manage1609

negotiate1619

conduct1632

to carry on1638

mesnage1654

nurse1745

work1841

operate1850

run1857

stage-manage1906

ramrod1920

a1000 Cædmon's Dan. 665 Nabochodonossor..weardode wide rice.

1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 643 Þulke time þat samuel þe prophete wardede þat folc of israhel.

1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 6453 To þe king of hongri þis seli children tueie He sende uor to norisi, þat he wardede hom wel beye.

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 101 Þanne was þe best bliþe i-nov for þe barnes sake, For he wist it schold be warded wel þanne at þe best.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 345 He..tok this child into his warde, And seide he wolde him kepe and warde.

a1400 Guy Warw. (1891) 510 Þemperour haþ made him his steward, To wardi his lond about.

†3.

a. To man with a garrison; to protect or shield with some work or contrivance; to fortify (a castle). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > defend [verb (transitive)] > garrison

set971

bemanc1175

ward1340

garnish?a1400

stuffc1400

fortify1470

force1535

garrison1569

garnison1583

garrisonize1657

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > fortify [verb (transitive)]

fastenOE

enfirm1297

ofstrengthc1325

strengthc1325

warnc1330

ward1340

warnestorec1374

abattlec1380

embattlec1380

fortify1436

bulwark1450

strengthen1450

bastille1480

enstrength1483

rempare1525

munite1533

fence1535

force1535

ranforce1547

rampire1550

fort1559

ramforce1570

fortificate1575

refortify1579

ensconce1590

munify1596

sconce1598

renforce1602

harness1611

munish1633

tackle1645

schanze1901

1340–70 Alisaunder 265 Grim thei were, To warden þeir walles with weies ynow.

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) v. viii. 114 The lyddes ben warded and kept wyth rowes of heer.

c1400 Parce michi 194 in 26 Pol. Poems 148 Castelles and toures, Withoute y-warded with stronge dyches.

1544 P. Betham tr. J. di Porcia Preceptes Warre ii. liv. sig. L iij^v Cytis warded with all kyndes of defences.

1633 T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia iii. ix. 321 The Castle of Leam-con neere Crooke haven which the rebels warded, was recovered from them.

†b. said of the defending work. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > fortify [verb (transitive)] > of the works

warda1000

a1000 Ags. Ps. ciii. 3 Heofon..þone weardiað ufan wætra ðryðe.

1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (Bodl.) (1495) v. xxvi Þe yȝen defendeþ and wardeþ alle þe forþer parties of þe body.

1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde iii. ix. f. 138 Towarde the west on the Northe syde, great Cuba..wardeth owre Tethys [i.e. Hayti] on the backe halfe.

1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. July 42 S. Michels Mount who does not know, That wardes the Westerne coste?

1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene iv. x. sig. I7 And for defence thereof, on th'other end There reared was a castle faire and strong, That warded all which in or out did wend.

†4.

a. To keep in close custody or confinement; to put in ward, imprison. Chiefly Scottish. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > confinement > confine [verb (transitive)]

beloukOE

loukOE

sparc1175

pena1200

bepen?c1225

pind?c1225

prison?c1225

spearc1300

stopc1315

restraina1325

aclosec1350

forbara1375

reclosea1382

ward1390

enclose1393

locka1400

reclusea1400

pinc1400

sparc1430

hamperc1440

umbecastc1440

murea1450

penda1450

mew?c1450

to shut inc1460

encharter1484

to shut up1490

bara1500

hedge1549

hema1552

impound1562

strain1566

chamber1568

to lock up1568

coop1570

incarcerate1575

cage1577

mew1581

kennel1582

coop1583

encagea1586

pound1589

imprisonc1595

encloister1596

button1598

immure1598

seclude1598

uplock1600

stow1602

confine1603

jail1604

hearse1608

bail1609

hasp1620

cub1621

secure1621

incarcera1653

fasten1658

to keep up1673

nun1753

mope1765

quarantine1804

peg1824

penfold1851

encoop1867

oubliette1884

jigger1887

corral1890

maroon1904

to bang up1950

to lock down1971

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 354 A Maiden, which was warded streyte Withinne chambre and kept so clos, That [etc.].

?a1400 Morte Arth. 1614 That they be weisely wachede and in warde holdene, Wardede of warantizez with wyrchipfulle knyghttez.

a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Paddock & Mouse l. 2942 in Poems (1981) 109 Now in fredome, now wardit in distres.

1508 Reg. Privy Seal Scot. I. 247/1 Dome [was] gevin apoun thair personis to be wardit thairfor.

1581 N. Burne in Catholic Tractates (S.T.S.) 116 I..vas vayrdit in the Tolbuith of Edinburgh.

1597 in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1833) I. 129 The kirk desyris the bailleis to waird him quhill the nixt Sonday, his fude to be bread and wattir allanerlie.

c1650 J. Spalding Memorialls Trubles Scotl. & Eng. (1850) I. 295 He..wes schortlie wairdit for these wordis.

†b. figurative. To keep in close check or control. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restrain [verb (transitive)] > hold in check

bridleOE

tempera1050

chastec1230

to hold inc1300

straina1340

stintc1366

attemperc1380

restraina1387

rulea1391

ward1390

coarctc1400

obtemper?a1425

to hold or keep (a person) shortc1425

compesce1430

stent1488

coactc1520

repressa1525

compress1526

control1548

snaffle1555

temperatea1568

brank1574

halter1577

curb1588

shortena1599

to bear (a rein) upon1603

check1629

coerceate1657

bit1825

throttle1862

hold1901

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 53 Thin yhe forto kepe and warde, So that it passe noght his warde.

1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 60 If thou..wisly cowthest warde and kepe Thin yhe and Ere.

a1555 J. Hooper in M. Coverdale Certain Lett. Martyrs (1564) 158 True confession is warded on euery side, with many daungers.

5. With in, off, up: To enclose, hem in, seclude, shut off (esp. for safety or protection). rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > enclosing or confining > enclose or confine [verb (transitive)]

pena1200

bebar?c1225

loukc1275

beshuta1300

parc1300

to shut in1398

to close inc1400

parrockc1400

pinc1400

steekc1400

lock?a1425

includec1425

key?a1439

spare?c1450

enferme1481

terminea1500

bebay1511

imprisona1533

besetc1534

hema1552

ram1567

warda1586

closet1589

pound1589

seclude1598

confine1600

i-pend1600

uptie1600

pinfold1605

boundify1606

incoop1608

to round in1609

ring1613

to buckle ina1616

embounda1616

swathe1624

hain1636

coopa1660

to sheathe up1661

stivea1722

cloister1723

span1844

the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > close or shut [verb (transitive)] > shut up (a place) > with a barrier, fence, etc.

hedgea1425

stakea1500

to rail offc1500

stake1598

chain1603

rope1621

fence1767

hurdle1770–4

barrier1776

traverse1828

ward1842

stone1889

a1586 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxxvii. 37 Walde ȝe ward ȝow vpe betwne tua ways, Ȝit so ȝe sall not frome þair sayingis save ȝou.

a1592 R. Greene Frier Bacon (1594) sig. C^v The Pyren mounts..That ward the welthie Castile in with walles.

1842 C. Dickens Amer. Notes II. iii. 74 The machinery, not warded off or guarded in any way, but doing its work in the midst of the crowd of idlers..who throng the lower deck.

a. To parry, repel, fend off, turn aside (a stroke or thrust, blow, attack, weapon, missile). Now almost always with off.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > escape > escape from [verb (transitive)] > ward off harm > specifically a stroke or blow

biberghOE

keepc1175

repela1460

to put bya1530

ward1571

award1579

bucklera1616

guard1654

foil1841

1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (lv. 13) i. f. 214 Too put backe a stroke by striking it upward, according as wee say in English I had warded his blowe.

1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. ix. sig. H6^v Their God himselfe..Shott many a dart at me with fiers intent, But I them warded all with wary gouernment.

a1648 Ld. Herbert Life (1976) 63 All I could well doe to those two which remayned was to ward theire thrusts.

1652 T. Urquhart Εκσκυβαλαυρον 137 He for twenty several bouts, did but ward their blows, and pary with the fort of his sword.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis v, in tr. Virgil Wks. 345 Entellus..with his warping Body wards the Wound.

1732 T. Lediard tr. J. Terrasson Life Sethos II. ix. 277 He employ'd one part..to ward off the flights of arrows.

1830 W. M. Praed Poems (1864) I. 352 And now he wards a Roundhead's pike, and now he hums a stave.

1838 E. B. Barrett Romaunt of Page in Tait's Edinb. Mag. Nov. 682/2 Anon in the tent, and anon in the fight, [thou] Didst ward me a mortal blow.

1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle III. ii. 28 Seeing a great powerful man afraid even to ward off a blow, directed, as he thought, at his face.

1851 M. Reid Scalp Hunters III. xv. 199 Before El Sol could ward it off, the thrust was given, and the weapon appeared to pass through his body.

figurative.1638 D. Featley Stricturæ in Lyndomastygem i. Ep. Ded., in H. Lynde Case for Spectacles Your Lordship in your last..unanswerable masterpiece, held up your buckler over the Knight then living,..and ward off the Iesuits blowes.a1734 R. North Life F. North (1742) 224 He met sometimes with a Reprimand, which he would wittily ward off.

b. absol. or intransitive. To parry blows; to stand on the defensive in a combat. archaic.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > defend [verb (intransitive)] > take or maintain defensive position

to stand at fencec1330

ward1393

guarda1616

1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. xxii. 218 And wepne to fight [v.r. warde] with þat wol neuere faille.

1567 J. Maplet Greene Forest iii. f. 101 [The unicorn] in his fight wardeth and foyneth at the Elephant his bellye.

a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) i. xi. sig. G8^v As soone as he spied Palladius, he drew his sword, and..let flie at him. But Palladius..sought rather to retire, and warde.

1591 J. Harington Briefe Apol. Poetrie in tr. L. Ariosto Orlando Furioso sig. ¶ij^v As good fensers vse to ward & strike at once.

1592 J. Lyly Midas iv. ii A Nation..so valiant, that are redier to strike than ward.

1653 H. Holcroft tr. Procopius War with Vandals ii. 38 in tr. Procopius Hist. Warres Justinian Solomon..commanded the rest..to stand still, warding with their shields, against the enemies Javelins.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis v, in tr. Virgil Wks. 344 Yet equal in Success, they ward, they strike.

1820 W. M. Praed Poems (1864) II. 15 Life is won by ready sword, By strength to strike and skill to ward.

7. transitive. To avert, keep off (harm, danger, etc.).

a. simply.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > escape > escape from [verb (transitive)] > ward off harm

withhold13..

defendc1330

to bear offc1380

withstand1398

shielda1400

repela1450

to keep off1548

repulse1560

warda1586

fence1589

shelter1621

ward1759

fend-off1830

to fend back1877

a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1593) i. sig. H2^v While they did ward sun-beames with shady bay.

1673 R. Allestree Ladies Calling i. iii. §18 It concerns them therefore to ward those beginnings whose end may be so fatal.

1710 A. Philips Pastorals ii. 125 Fold Thy Flock with mine, to ward th'injurious Cold.

c1750 W. Shenstone Elegies iii. 13 He little knew to ward the secret wound.

1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake v. 220 I, only I, can ward their fate.

1850 J. S. Blackie tr. Æschylus Lyrical Dramas II. 240 Theirs it is to ward fulfilment of all evil-omened sights.

1882 Ld. Acton Lett. to M. Gladstone 21 Mar. (1904) 132 Images would probably impress him as a danger to be warded, rather, I think, than Transubstantiation.

b. with off. Also (rarely) aside.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > escape > escape from [verb (transitive)] > ward off harm

withhold13..

defendc1330

to bear offc1380

withstand1398

shielda1400

repela1450

to keep off1548

repulse1560

warda1586

fence1589

shelter1621

ward1759

fend-off1830

to fend back1877

1759 O. Goldsmith Bee 20 Oct. 73 If then you would ward off the gripe of poverty, pretend to be a stranger to her.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth V. 322 Covering their heads at the same time to ward off any danger of the falling of pebbles or stones from above.

1798 T. Jefferson Writings (1859) IV. 241 If we can ward off actual war till the crisis in England is over.

1803 Edwin II. xiv. 214 To ward aside the threatened tempest.

1843 R. S. Surtees Handley Cross III. ii. 18 Rising hills ward off the wintery winds.

1864 C. Dickens Our Mutual Friend (1865) I. i. vi. 53 To keep out weather, to ward off cold,..or what not.

1881 W. H. Day Dis. Children 593 Which may obviate the tendency to congestion, and so ward off the paroxysms.

†8. intransitive. To take up a position of defence, take precautions against. Also, to be careful that (something be done). Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > vigilance > [verb (transitive)] > guard against

warea900

to be aware of1095

wardc1230

bihedea1250

to attend fromc1375

counterwaitc1386

to look out for1578

counterguard1583

bewarea1600

mind1700

to guard against1725

tent1737

the world > action or operation > manner of action > care, carefulness, or attention > care or heed [verb (intransitive)] > take care > take care that something be done

foreseec900

witea1000

seec1300

awaitc1400

waitc1400

wakea1425

overseea1470

to see to ——1474

wardc1475

regard1535

to wait on ——1596

attend1612

examine1683

c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 95 Secnesse þet godd send..wescheð þe sunnen þe beoð ear iwrahte. wardeð toȝein þeo þe weren towardes.

c1475 Partenay 805 Warde that ye be a monday in thys place.

1709 M. Prior Paulo Purganti 100 Our Don, who knew this Tittle Tattle Did, sure as Trumpet, call to Battel; Thought it extreamly à propos, To ward against the coming Blow.

1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 99 Regard must be had..in cold Countries to ward against the bleak Northwind.

a1745 J. Swift Let. to —— in Wks. (1841) II. 850/2 In England, this pusillanimity is more to be warded against than in most other countries.

a1753 P. Drake Memoirs (1755) I. Ded. sig. A3 But where is the Necessity of warding against the Imputation of Flattery, when I dedicate to Your Lordship.

9. transitive. To place (a patient) in a particular ward in a hospital; to lodge (a vagrant) in a ‘casual ward’. (A new formation on the noun.)

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > places for the sick or injured > place in hospital [verb (transitive)] > place in ward

ward1879

1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. 9 62 Warded at 2 p.m. next day with the same symptoms.

1889 Sir D. Duckworth in Lancet 5 Jan. She appeared there [i.e. at the Hospital] and being very ill..was warded.

1909 Westm. Gaz. 23 Feb. 12/1 The question as it seemed to these Town Councillors was how to get the vagrants warded, not how to keep them out of the Casual Ward.

10. Of a dog: To line or cover (a bitch).

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [verb (transitive)] > copulate with or impregnate

lime1555

ward1781

tie1934

1781 P. Beckford Thoughts on Hunting v. 59 When you breed from a very favourite sort, and can have another bitch warded at the same time, it will be of great service, as you may then save all the puppies.

1826 J. Cook Fox-hunting 11 It is therefore not very probable that one Stallion-hound can ward many bitches besides those of the owner.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1921; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	ward
释义	† wardn.¹ Forms: Old English weard, Middle English warde, Middle English– ward. Etymology: Old English weard (masculine) = Old Saxon ward , Old High German (Middle High German, modern German.) wart , Old Norse vǫrð-r , Gothic dauraward-s doorkeeper < Old Germanic warđu-z , warđo-z ; synonymous words differing in declension are Old English wearda , Old High German warto Middle High German warte ) < Old Germanic warđon- , and Gothic wardja* < Old Germanic warđjon- ; < Germanic warđ- , an extended form of war- to watch, guard: see ware n.², ware adj. Obsolete. A watchman, guard, keeper, warden. Common in Old English (often applied to God, as in rodora weard, keeper of the skies). Later, chiefly as the second element in compounds, as bear-, gate-, hay-, mill-, woodward. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > watching or keeping guard > [noun] > one who watches or keeps guard warda680 wakemanc1175 wardena1250 watchc1380 watchmana1400 outwatch1488 warderc1540 sentinel1579 perdu1639 sentry1650 lookout1662 security man1662 guardman1756 excubitor1775 cockatoo1827 guardsmana1854 dog1870 the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > watching or keeping guard > [noun] > keeper or guardian warda680 warden?c1225 watchman14.. geterc1540 guarder1542 guardant1592 vigil1648 a680 Cædmon Hymn* 1 Nu scylun hergan hefaen~ricaes uard. 971 Blickl. Hom. 11 Salomones reste wæs mid weardum ymbseted. OE Beowulf 229 Weard Scildinga, se þe holmclifu healdan scolde. 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. xviii. 320 For any wye or warde wide opene the ȝatis. ?1473 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre Recuyell Hist. Troye (1894) I. lf. 106 Thou hast slayn the wardes of the serpentes and the portyers of the lions [Fr. (1510) les soursers des serpens & les portiers des lyons] that kepte this contre Inhabitable. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1921; most recently modified version published online June 2021). wardn.² Brit. /wɔːd/, U.S. /wɔrd/ Forms: Old English weard, Middle English–1600s warde, Middle English Scottish vard, Middle English waard, northern wayrd, Middle English–1700s Scottish waird, 1500s–1600s (rare) word(e, 1600s Scottish wairde, Middle English– ward. Etymology: Old English weard strong feminine = Middle Low German warde , Old High German warta (Middle High German warte , wart , guard, watch, observation, modern German warte watchtower) < Germanic warđō , < warđ- (see ward n.¹), whence also Old Norse varðe weak masculine, varða weak feminine, cairn, heap of stones. The Germanic word was adopted in Romance: Old French warde (north-eastern), guarde , garde (whence guard n.), modern French garde, Provençal garda, Spanish guarda. Some of the senses below are derived from the Law French warde (whence Anglo-Latin warda), which appears to be in part an adoption of the English word, and in part the north-eastern Old French form. In Law French, from the 13th cent. onward, the word has regularly the form garde. I. Action of watching or guarding. 1. The action or function of a watchman, sentinel, or the like; observation for the purpose of discovering the approach of danger; look-out, watch, guard; also, surveillance. Phrases, to hold, keep ward. Also in the alliterative formula watch and ward (originally a law phrase): see watch n. Now archaic. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > watching or keeping guard > [noun] > as a watchman or sentinel wardOE day watchOE watch1377 watch and ward1390 wakingc1440 scout-watch1464 watching and warding1579 sentinel1585 day ward1597 romboyle1612 escouta1627 sentry1639 watchment1740 wardage1878 sentry-go1880 sentry-going1901 society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > local or municipal taxes or dues > [noun] > rates > for watchmen watch1430 watch and ward1546 watch1566 watch rate1835 watching-rate1836 OE Beowulf 319 Ic to sæ wille, wið wrað werod wearde healdan. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 2202 But ward was þer set wide wher a-boute, of bold burnes of armes þe beres forto seche. 1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. vi. 186 Let no kynne consail ne couetyse ȝow departe, That on wit and on wil alle ȝoure wardes kepe. 1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) iii. iii. sig. q.ii And therfore watchen they vpon theyr warde. 1546 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 52 Rise with the said Eirle and pay ward and watch with him during the tyme of were. 1563 P. Whitehorne tr. Onasander Of Generall Captaine & his Office f. 47 Those, whiche shalbe appointed to make the ward, let them go before the Campe,..and make fyres after suche sorte, that they may see those farre of. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie i. xx. 26 [We] gaue to vnderstand too him that had the warde, that the Ambassadour was there. 1649 C. Wase tr. Sophocles Electra 50 Had not I light in the house to keep A faithfull ward. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis vi, in tr. Virgil Wks. 384 And dire Tisiphone there keeps the Ward. 1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. ix. 345 Ward, guard, or custodia, is chiefly intended of the day time... Watch is properly applicable to the night only. 1778 R. Lowth Isaiah xxi. 8. 51 O my Lord, I keep my station all the day long; And on my ward have I continued every night. 1813 W. Scott Bridal of Triermain iii. x. 141 Sounds were heard, as when a guard, Of some proud castle, holding ward, Pace forth their nightly round. 1835 R. C. Trench Gibraltar in Poems I..saw thy gallant children to and fro Pace, keeping ward at one of those huge gates. 2. a. gen. Guardianship, keeping, control. Now rare. †out of ward: beyond control, out of hand (obsolete). ΘΚΠ society > authority > control > [noun] > charge holda1100 yemselc1175 ward?c1225 carec1540 matronizing1832 society > authority > lack of subjection > unruliness > unruly [phrase] > out of control out of ward?c1225 out of rulea1387 out of order1530 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 317 Almichti god wite ow inhis warde. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 9681 He bi-tahten him þa warde [c1300 Otho ferde] of alle þissen ærde. c1290 St. Francis 66 in S. Eng. Leg. 55 Seint Fraunceys nam þat tresor..and in ore louerdes warde it tok. c1305 St. Swithin 26 in Early Eng. Poems & Lives Saints (1862) 44 Wel him wiste þis holi man and god warde to him nom. c1386 G. Chaucer Parson's Tale ⁋880 My lord hath take to me vnder my warde al that he hath in this world. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 10342 Ioseph..of egypti was hei stiward, And al þat land had in his ward. c1425 Wyntoun Cron. ii. 340 Bot he [Joseph] refoysitt þat curtassy, For þe worschep of his larde, Þat al his gud put in his warde. 1459 W. Wainfleet in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) II. 538 That fyrst an jnuentorie be made holye of hys godes and catell..and thayt they be leyd yn sure waard. 1485 W. Caxton tr. Paris & Vienne (1957) 49 That he kepe you in hys holy warde. 1530 Bible (Tyndale) Exod. xii. f. xviii And ye shall kepe him [sc. the paschal lamb] in warde, vntyll the xiiij. daye of the same moneth. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 3709 The two brether were abidyng bothe in a shippe, þat was stird with the storme streght out of warde. 1756 C. Lucas Ess. Waters iii. 144 The infant from his birth is overfed..till he is put into his own ward. 1827 J. F. Cooper Prairie xiv Such events as occurred during the ward of Ellen Wade. [A person left in charge of the camp and children.] 1873 J. G. Holland Arthur Bonnicastle xi. 175 Under the conduct and ward of a Shepherd who would lead me only through green pastures. b. spec. Guardianship of a child, a minor, or other person legally incapable of conducting his affairs. Also, the condition of being subject to a guardian. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [noun] > guardianship of minor or incapable person wardc1290 wardship1454 guardianship1556 curatel1562 guardianage1600 c1290 Beket 267 in S. Eng. Leg. 114 So muche he caste is heorte on him þat in his warde he let do his eldeste sone sire henri. 1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 6426 King edmond biqueþ Is kinedom & al is lond king knout biuore is deþ, & þe warde of is tueye sones vor te hii of elde were. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 345 He..tok this child into his warde. 1444 Maldon (Essex) Liber A lf. 32^v If the children be with in xiiii ȝere age, the moder shall haue the warde of hem tyl thei come to the seide age. a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 124 The faute of bryngyng up of the nobylyte, wych for the most parte are nuryschyd wyt[h]out cure bothe of theyr parentys being alyfe, & much wors of them in whose ward commynly they dow fal aftur theyr deth. 1709 R. Steele Tatler No. 40. ⁋4 The Law certainly gives these Persons [sc. idiots] into the Ward and Care of the Crown. 1849 G. P. R. James Woodman III. iv. 96 You are in ward to me, and not Lord Calverly. a1901 W. Bright Age of Fathers (1903) I. 365 Ecclesiastics were to abstain from visiting widows and heiresses under ward. c. Feudal Law. The control and use of the lands of a deceased tenant by knight-service, and the guardianship of the infant heir, which belonged to the superior until the heir attained his majority. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > [noun] > tenure by service > by military or knight service > tenure and guardianship of heir ward1338 1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 214 Of wardes & relefe þat barons of him held, Þer ne was ore of chefe, tille him no þing suld ȝeld. 1422 Rolls of Parl. IV. 176/1 All maner Wardes, Mariages, Fermes, and other casueltees. 1461 Rolls of Parl. V. 473/1 Any Graunte made..of the Warde of Lond and of the body, with the mariage of John Kenne. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xii. 320 Gif ony deis in this battaill, His air, but ward, releif, or taill, On the first day his land sall weild. 1507 in M. Livingstone Reg. Secreti Sigilli Regum Scotorum (1908) I. 205/2 Pertenyn to the King be reson of ward throw the said Patrikkis deceis. a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. xix A Parlyament was holden..where amonge other thyngys, the Lordis and Barony of the Lande graunted vnto the Kynge & to his heyres Kyngys the warde & maryage of theyr heyres. a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) i. i. 5 I must attend his maiesties command, to whom I am now in Ward . View more context for this quotation 1616 A. Rathborne Surveyor 192 The Lord..shall haue the Ward, that is, the custodie and keeping of those lands so holden of him, to his owne vse and behoofe, without account, vntill the heire come to the full age of one and twentie yeares. a1646 T. Hope Minor Practicks (1726) §117. 44 The Donatar during the Time of the Ward is in Place of the Master. 1765 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. I. viii. 293 [The statute 17 Edw. II, c. 9] directs..that the king shall have ward of the lands of natural fools, taking the profits without waste or destruction. 1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake ii. 93 My sovereign holds in ward my land. 1878 J. Davidson Inverurie ii. 73 Norman de Leslie..held the ward of the estate of Kemnay in 1348. d. Court of Wards: a court established by Henry VIII for the trial of causes relating to wardships; subsequently called Court of Wards and Liveries; abolished by Stat. 12 Car. II. cap. 24 (1660). Also, in British India, the title of a court which dealt with cases pertaining to the property of minors. Master of the Wards (and Liveries), the presiding judge of the Court of Wards (1541–1660). ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > courts established by Henry VIII Court of (the) Augmentation(s)1535 Court of Wards1561 Augmentation Court1592 society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > [noun] > one who presides at a court > specific (Lord) Warden of the Stannaries1485 feudary1495 vice-warden1536 Master of the Wards (and Liveries)1561 feudatary1607 Steward of the High Peak1653 1561 B. Googe tr. ‘M. Palingenius’ Zodiake of Life (new ed.) Ded. sig. a5 To..Sir William Cecill, Knight..Master of the Wardes, and Liueries. a1601 W. Lambarde Archion (1635) 232 The Court of Wards began in our minority, about the 32. yeare of the Reigne of King Hen. 8. who also in the next yeare after, added thereunto the office of the Master of the Liveries..,ordayning that it should bee called the Court of Wards and Liveries. 1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. iii. 167 The Lord Say was to be Master of the Wards. 1914 Contemp. Rev. Mar. 397 Legal Adviser to Purdanashins under the guardianship of the Court of Wards of Bengal. 3. Care or charge of a prisoner; the condition of being a prisoner; custody, imprisonment. Now rare.free ward (see free adj., n., and adv. Compounds 2).The phrase to ward was sometimes written as one word. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > [noun] prisonOE wardc1290 prisoning1344 keepingc1384 imprisonment1389 prisonment1422 jail1447 fasteningc1460 warding1497 firmancea1522 incarcerationc1540 imprisoningc1542 limbo1590 limbus?a1600 endurance1610 jailing1622 restraint1829 carceration1870 holiday1901 Paddy Doyle1919 bird1924 c1290 St. Katherine 63 in S. Eng. Leg. 94 Maide, he seide, þou schalt abide In warde here mid me. 1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 6619 Gentil men þat he vond in prison ek ydo, Oþer in warde mid vnriȝt, he boȝte hom out al so. c1400 Rom. Rose 5856 The olde wyf that [kepeth] so harde Fair-Welcoming within her warde. 1423 Kingis Quair xxv In strayte ward and in strong prisoun. 1429 Rolls of Parl. IV. 346/1 That the Keper and Wardeyn of the same Prisone..savely kepe every persone to his warde so commytted. 1474 in T. Dickson Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1877) I. 53 Item gevin to Skrymgeour masare to convoye James Hering to warde, vs. a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. xxv. 330 Here haue they soriornyd, noght as thyne Bot in thi wayrd. 1546 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 36 Remane in fre waird within ony place the Eirle of Huntlie forsaid pleissis to assign. 1564 Reg. Privy Council Scotl. 293 He sall remane in fre ward within the burgh of Edinburgh, and on na wayis depart furth of the samyn. 1565 Reg. Privy Council Scotl. 414 He brak his ward furth of oure castell of Edinburgh. 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 408 He was attached by the Erle Marshall, and committed to ward in the Abbey of Saint Albones. 1578–9 Reg. Privy Council Scotl. III. 66 That Hob Ellot..sould remane and keip his ward with Williame Portarfeild of Duchall, and on nawayis eschaip. 1611 Bible (King James) Gen. xl. 3 And he put them in ward in the house of the captaine of the guard, into the prison. View more context for this quotation a1614 J. Melville Autobiogr. & Diary (1842) 267 It was thought best that the first sort sould be chargit to warde; the second apprehendit at unawars and punished. 1633 T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia i. i. 11 To bee committed to ward, there to remaine in safe custodie, untill the time that the pleasure of use the Lord Deputie, and Councell be knowen in the premisses. . 1637 S. Rutherford Let. 10 Aug. in Joshua Redivivus (1664) 341 It is easie for you to cast your light into prison,..But that prisoner will break ward to your incomparable torture. 1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth vii, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. III. 173 I trust your Grace remembers that you are under ward. 1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth vii, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. III. 173 I have already said your Highness lies in ward here. 1869 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest (1876) III. xii. 193 He..kept him in ward two years till he agreed to the hard conditions. 1871 J. S. Blackie Four Phases Morals i. 148 He remained in ward thirty days, till the sacred ship should return from the Delian festival. †4. Charge, duty entrusted to one; office. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > duties > [noun] wikec1000 workOE wikenc1175 misterc1225 curec1300 officec1330 ward1338 duty1375 parta1382 businessc1400 commissionc1450 besoigne1474 roomth?1504 function1533 exercitation1737 pidgin1807 job1841 biz1862 1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 149 We þre haf þe ward of God & our ladie, Þe schippes of kyng Richard to kepe & ȝow þam bie. c1460 J. Russell Bk. Nurture 1193 Þerto let hym take good hede, and his warde wayte wisely. †5. Care, regard. In phrases, to have no ward of, not to regard, not to fear; no ward, no matter (if, how). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > importance > unimportance > be of no importance [phrase] forcec1330 no wardc1330 no strength1340 no forcec1369 no mattera1466 what force?a1513 no skill1575 what matter?1678 the game (play, etc.) is not worth the candlea1699 nix my dolly1795 what the hell1872 the mind > emotion > indifference > be indifferent or show indifference to [verb (transitive)] > not regard or fear to have no ward ofc1330 c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 5011 He wende of þeym haue hed no warde, Bot hym fel þer a chek ful harde. c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 24 For haue þei here myrþe and iolite, no warde to hem hou faste þe woluys of helle wirien cristen soulis & beren hem to helle. c1380 J. Wyclif Wks. (1880) 72 Ȝif mennus soulis gon to helle bi brekynge of goddis comaundementis no warde, so þat þe peny come faste to fille here hondis & coffris. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 20705 Ne has na ward of na juu, For i self ai wel be wit ȝow. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) l. 11637 Moder, he said, haf þou na ward, Noþer o leon ne o lepard. II. A person who is ‘in ward’ (see 2). 6. a. A minor under the control of a guardian. Also Scottish. †ward-minor.In Feudal Law the term (Anglo-Norman garde) was applied spec. to an heir or heiress whose person and lands after the father's death were held ‘in ward’ (see 2c) by the superior during his or her minority. ward in Chancery, ward of court: a minor for whom a guardian has been appointed by the Court of Chancery, or who has become directly subject to the authority of that Court. ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > child > [noun] > minor pupilc1384 ward1433 minor1526 infanta1535 jail-bait1934 1433 Rolls of Parl. IV. 441/2 To the Kyng..louly compleynes..your Warde John Duc of Norffolk. c1440 Alphabet of Tales 285 He..servid a wurthi prince: & he made hym a knyght and gaff hym a warde, a grete gentylwomman, vnto his wyfe. 1470–85 T. Malory Morte d'Arthur v. xi. 180 In that stoure was syr Chestelayne a chyld and ward of syre Gawayne slayne. 1553 T. Wilson Arte of Rhetorique 66 In lamentyng the miserye of wardeshyppes I might saie it is not for noughte so communely said, I wil handle you like a warde. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. ciij This cause did not concerne the Marques George only, but also his nephewe Albert, whiche was his worde [L. cuius erat tutor]. 1604 T. Wright Passions of Minde (new ed.) iv. ii. 126 I thinke the punishment meetest for them, should be, that it were lawfull to beg them for Wardes, and giue them tutors, because they lacke discretion to vse their money. a1656 Bp. J. Hall Shaking of Olive-tree (1660) i. 30 Sr. Walter Leveson..leaves his young Orphan Ward to the King. 1740 S. Richardson Pamela I. xxxi. 220 Here,..said she, here is your pretty Ward and mine; let us try to make her Time with us easy. 1766 Ld. Kames Remarkable Decisions Court of Session 1730–52 5 It was objected..that..the aliment of her infant-children, was a proper burden upon herself, as being their mother, and liferentrix of their whole estate, which is provided by act of parliament in case of ward-minors, and extended by practice and analogy to other fiars. 1790 Stevens v. Savage in Eng. Rep. (1903) 30 277 Stevens having been committed for a contempt, by having married Miss Jeffry, a ward of the Court. 1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake ii. 79 This youth, though still a royal ward, Risqued life and land to be my guard. 1815 W. Scott Lord of Isles vi. ix. 232 Then, 'twas her Liege's strict command, And she, beneath his royal hand, A ward in person and in land. 1815 H. Maddock Treat. Princ. & Pract. Chancery I. ii. 264 If a Child, a Ward of Court, would not be safe, the Chancellor would not permit it to go to Scotland. 1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers lvi. 605 Mr. Snodgrass..had been in his minority a ward of Mr. Pickwick's. 1837 C. Selby (title) The Irish Dragoon; or, Wards in Chancery. 1842 Ld. Tennyson Locksley Hall in Poems (new ed.) II. 107 I was left a trampled orphan, and a selfish uncle's ward. 1853 C. Dickens Bleak House viii. 69 He is a ward in Chancery, my dear. 1870 H. Smart Race for Wife ii. 31 Grenville Rose had been brought up a great deal with his cousin Maud, being, indeed, a ward of Mr. Denison's. 1875 A. H. Simpson Treat. Law & Pract. Infants viii. 145 The general rule of the Court is that a ward of Court may not be removed out of the jurisdiction. 1928 A. Bicknell Law & Pract. Infants iv. 89 To remove a ward of Court from the jurisdiction without proper leave is contempt of Court. 1977 Jersey Evening Post 26 July 13/4 If the children were allowed to leave, they could be made wards of Court and could find themselves in a position similar to that of the recent ‘tug of love’ children. b. transferred. One who is under the protection or control of another. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > [noun] > person or thing in another's care > one under another's care or protection warda1500 tutage?1606 protégée1782 protégé1786 protectee1807 a1500 (?a1400) Sir Torrent of Portyngale (1887) l. 1351 Than said the kyng: ‘I vnderstond, Thou hast fought for my doughter & my lond, And art my ward, i-wys.’ 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cxvj^v The Prince & his heires males, shall holde the Dukedome of Wirtemberge of kyng Ferdinando as Archeduke of Austriche, and so to be his wardes and clientes. 1593 T. Nashe Christs Teares I 3 b [Mother to her infant son] Nere shall the Romains haue thee for theyr Warde. 1601 J. Marston et al. Iacke Drums Entertainm. i. sig. B3 When being maried to a wise man (O the Lord) You are made a foole, a Ward, curbd and controlld. 1659 J. Milton Considerations touching Hirelings 104 For the magistrate in person of a nursing father to make the church his meer ward, as alwaies in minoritie,..is neither just nor pious. 1659 F. Osborne Misc. 166 So that, instead of being a Ward,..you shall be Guardian of the Person and Estate of your Husband. 1846 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) iii. 20 With these words, Susan Nipper..made a charge at her young ward, and swept her out of the room. †7. An orphan under age. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > child > [noun] > orphan stepchild971 stepbairnc1000 pupilc1384 orphana1450 orphelinc1450 orpheninc1450 orphanera1500 ward1559 orphanet1604 little Orphan Annie1910 war orphan1915 1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates York iii When her brother Edmund died a warde, She was sole hayer by due discent of line. 1577 H. I. tr. H. Bullinger 50 Godlie Serm. I. ii. v. sig. K.vj^v/1 In the same sort also there are here commended vnto vs, widdowes, orphans, wardes, poore men. 1583 Sir T. Smith's De Republica Anglorum iii. v. 97 A warde or infant is taken for a childe in base age, whose father is dead. 1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet i. v. 40 His sonne was but a Ward three yeares agoe. View more context for this quotation III. Defence. 8. a. Fencing. A defensive posture or movement; a mode of parrying. Cf. guard n. 3. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting sports > fencing > [noun] > positions in-stop14.. out-stopa1500 warda1586 guard1601 preem1603 unicorn guard1617 quarte1639 tierce1687 tierce guard1687 tierce parade1687 inside1692 carte1707 hanging guard1707 quinte1707 seconde1707 saccoon1708 prime1710 segoon1721 octave1771 supination1805 septime1861 sixte1885 sixth1885 corps à corps1910 a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) iii. xi. sig. Pp1 He..strake so thicke vpon Amphialus, as if euery blow would faine haue bene foremost. But Amphialus..let passe the storme with strong wardes, and nimble auoidings. a1592 R. Greene Frier Bacon (1594) sig. H2 1 Scholler. Ah well thrust. 2. Scholler. But marke the ward. 1595 Saviolo's Practise i. F 2 With this readinesse must hee strike this reuerso, but withall, his lefte hand must bee vppon the warde of his teacher. 1595 Saviolo's Practise i. K 1 When you lie in this warde, and make vppon your enemie towardes his right side. 1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 ii. v. 196 Thou knowest my olde warde: here I lay, and thus I bore my poynt. View more context for this quotation 1599 G. Silver Paradoxes Def. in Wks. (1898) 26 All single weapons haue foure wardes, and all double weapons haue eight wardes. The single sword hath two with the point vp, and two with the point downe. 1599 G. Silver Paradoxes Def. in Wks. (1898) 34 The Dagger is an imperfect ward, although borne out straight. a1614 J. Melville Autobiogr. & Diary (1842) 273 Missing his ward, he gettes a porh at the left pape, wharof he dies. 1640 Wits Recreations sig. E On a Souldier. The souldier fights well and with good regard, But when hee's lame, he lies at an ill ward. 1652 T. Urquhart Εκσκυβαλαυρον 88 He alters his wards from Tierce to Quart. 1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake v. 212 Fitz-James's blade was sword and shield. He practised every pass and ward. b. figurative. Now archaic. ΚΠ 1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) iii. 135 b So these poore women..come to the amourous incounter with one, and with an other: but at length being driuen from their warde, they ly so open that they are soone venued. 1604 T. Wright Passions of Minde (new ed.) vi. 337 Will not so many warnings of death, iudgment,..sufficiently stirre vs vp to stand vpon our warde? 1619 in S. R. Gardiner Lett. Relations Eng. & Germany (1865) 1st Ser. 197 Otherwise they would long ere this have brought the deciding of their case to the greate assise of a day of battell, which hath bene their ancient and ever happy ward against their oppressors. 1622 T. Dekker & P. Massinger Virgin Martir ii. sig. D^v I lay at my old ward of lechery. 1643 Sir T. Browne Religio Medici (authorized ed.) i. §55. 124 To perfect vertue..there is required a..compleat armour, that whilst we lye at close ward against one vice we lye [not] open to the vennie of another. View more context for this quotation 1647 T. May Hist. Parl. Pref. sig. A3^v For against the unexpected stroke of partiall History the ward is not so ready, as against that Polemike writing, where [etc.]. 1863 G. J. Whyte-Melville Gladiators xxii Duplicity was no new effort for the Tribune. He had often, ere now, betaken himself to this mode of defence when driven to his last ward. a1894 R. L. Stevenson In South Seas (1896) iii. v. 267 He hastily returned to his old ward. ‘I don't deny I could if I wanted,’ said he. †c. Defence, protection, shelter. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > means of protection or defence hornc825 shieldc1200 warranta1272 bergha1325 armour1340 hedge1340 defencec1350 bucklerc1380 protectiona1382 safety1399 targea1400 suretyc1405 wall1412 pavise?a1439 fencec1440 safeguard?c1500 pale?a1525 waretack1542 muniment1546 shrouda1561 bulwark1577 countermure1581 ward1582 prevention1584 armourya1586 fortificationa1586 securitya1586 penthouse1589 palladium1600 guard1609 subtectacle1609 tutament1609 umbrella1609 bastion1615 screena1616 amulet1621 alexikakon1635 breastwork1643 security1643 protectionary1653 sepiment1660 back1680 shadower1691 aegis1760 inoculation1761 buoya1770 propugnaculum1773 panoply1789 armament1793 fascine1793 protective1827 beaver1838 face shield1842 vaccine1861 zariba1885 wolf-platform1906 firebreak1959 1582 T. Watson Ἑκατομπαθία: Passionate Cent. Loue xxiv The beames, which then proceeded from her face Were such, as for the same I found no warde. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis i, in tr. Virgil Wks. 222 In their right Hands a pointed Dart they wield; The left, for Ward, sustains the Lunar Shield. †d. Chess. ? The protection afforded by a specified piece or pawn. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > board game > chess > [noun] > positions stale1423 wardc1475 stalemate1765 Zugzwang1904 interference1913 c1475 Treat. Chess (Ashm. 344) lf. 17^v Then check w^t thy Roke in thy knyghts warde. c1475 in H. J. R. Murray Hist. Chess (1913) 602 Chek w^t thy Roke in thy Pon Ward. 9. Scots Law. Tenure by military service, ward-holding n. in to hold ward = ‘to hold in ward’ (see hold v. 6, 19b). Also, a payment in commutation of military service; more explicitly taxed ward (see taxed adj. Compounds), in contradistinction to simple or black ward. Cf. castle-guard n. 2, 3, castleward n. 2. Now historical.The lawyers connected this sense with sense 2c, as if ‘to hold land in ward’ meant to hold it subject to the lord's right to ‘ward’ when the heir was a minor. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > [noun] > tenure by service > by military or knight service knight-service1439 ward1508 chivalry1528 ward-holding1681 military tenure1764 1508 Reg. Privy Seal Scot. I. 271/1 Landis..haldin of the kingis hienes be service of ward and releyf. 1530 Reg. Privy Seal Scot. II. 66/1 His landis within our realme that wer haldin of us be service of ward and releiff to Archibald Douglas. 1578 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1878) 1st Ser. II. 693 All altering of haldingis blanche quhilk of befoir wees haldin ward. 1642 T. Hope Diary (1843) 176 A neu commissioun, for changing of ward in few, both of lands haldin off the King and Prince. 1684 G. Mackenzie Instit. Law Scotl. (1694) ii. iv. 71 Some Lands hold Ward, some Feu, some Blench, and some Burgage. 1892 J. A. Henderson Ann. Lower Deeside 59 The king [c1680] in changing the holding of the lands from simple ward to taxed ward took occasion [etc.]. †10. Scottish. ward and warsel: security, pledge. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > agreement > security > [noun] > a pledge or security warrantisea1300 surancec1300 borrow-gage1303 suretyc1330 wage1338 wed1340 again-behotera1382 hostagec1400 sickeringa1450 gage1486 soverty1488 vadimonyc1503 pledge1526 slauntiagh1535 band1596 mortgage1598 ward and warsela1600 covenant1644 guaranty1697 security1711 guaranteeship1715 cautionment1815 guarantee1832 a1600 Aberdeen Reg. (MS.) XXIV. (Jam.) To remane wpoun his ward and warsall. a1600 Aberdeen Reg. (MS.) XXIV. (Jam.) He tuik nothyr ward nor wersell of the said claith. 1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess 25 E'en sit you still, an' rest you here wi' me, An' I shall ward an' warsel for you be. IV. A body of guards. 11. A company of watchmen or guards. Cf. guard n. 9. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > watching or keeping guard > [noun] > one who watches or keeps guard > body of wardc1000 watchc1380 guarda1513 scout-watch1523 satellitium1616 vigilance1667 wait1704 picket1847 honour guard1851 c1000 Ælfric Judges Epil. Þa Iudeiscan..besetton his [sc. Christ's] birgene sona mid wearde. c1330 R. Mannyng Chron. Wace (Rolls) 5085 He dide sette in wardes seers, Knyghte to wachem, & squiers. a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(1)) (1850) Jer. li. 12 Vp on the wallis of Babilon rereth a tocne, eecheth the warde [L. augete custodiam]. a1400 K. Alis. (Laud) 1976 Þer þai telden her pauyloune Þat niȝth & hem resteþ þare Mid warde þat was good & war. [Lincoln's Inn MS. With wardes, bothe gode and warre.] 1585 J. Higgins tr. Junius Nomenclator 483/2 Miles stationarius,..one of the watch or ward. 1605 Famous Hist. Capt. Stukeley sig. E2 Bid the Seriant Maior shut the gates, And see them guarded with a double ward. 1805 W. Scott Lay of Last Minstrel iii. xxx. 88 Was frequent heard the changing guard, And watch-word from the sleepless ward. 1870 J. R. Macduff Memories of Patmos xx. 276 Twenty-four wards or companies were appointed night by night to guard the various entrances to the sacred courts. †12. A garrison. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > armed forces > the Army > group with special function or duty > [noun] > garrison warnison1338 garnisonc1386 wardc1500 garrison1542 garrisonment1593 c1500 Melusine (1895) xxiv. 170 Thenne þey recouered there six of theire galeyes,..and lefte in it good wardes [Fr. gardes] for to kepe them. 1587 J. Hooker Chron. Ireland 160/2 in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) II This house of Asketten is a verie strong castell,..and the chiefest house of the earles, wherein he had a strong ward. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene ii. xi. sig. Z On th'other syde, th'assieged Castles ward Their stedfast stonds did mightily maintaine. a1599 E. Spenser View State Ireland 89, in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) I will have..some of them bee put in wardes, upon all the straights thereabouts. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. ii. 97 There were planted little forts with wardes..to restraine the inroades of prey taking robbers. a1660 in J. T. Gilbert Contemp. Hist. Ireland (1880) II. 102 Carrige beinge betrayed by the Protestant warde there. †13. One of the three main divisions of an army, the van, the rear, and the middle or ‘main battle’. Also sometimes applied gen. to any division led by a subordinate commander. Obsolete. [Originally a use of the second element in the compounds avantward (vanward , vaward ) and arrearward (rearward ) adopted < Old French. In these compounds the Old French warde meant ‘guard’, and so was applicable only to the bodies placed in the front and rear. In English, on the analogy of vanward (also first ward , foreward ) and rearward (also hinder ward ), the term middle ward , middleward n., came to be used for the ‘main battle’, and thus ward acquired the sense above defined.] ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > armed forces > the Army > part of army by position > [noun] warda1400 a1400 K. Alis. (Laud) 1995 Sendeþ ymagu wyt ȝoure standard And Archillaus in þe first ward. 1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy i. 4046, 4050 Nestor þe duke schal in þe firste ward Metyn with hym... Þe bridde warde Pelleus schal lede. 1412–20 J. Lydgate tr. Hist. Troy iii. 3401 Þer cam with hem þe kyng Machaoun, And alderlaste þe grete Agamenoun, With alle her wardis, & fel in sodeynly Vp-on Troyens. c1430 Syr Generides (Roxb.) 3771 Now wendeth this ost in wardes ten Ful wel araied with noble men. a1500 (?c1450) Merlin xviii. 286 Than com Gaheries with his warde of iij^Ml goode men. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid xii. ix. 113 Apon this wys the ostis and wardis haill On athir part returnyt in bataill. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xxxix. 22 b Thus they went forthe in thre great batayls: the marshalles and the Almaygnes had the first, the kynge of Englande in the myddle warde, & the duke of Brabant in the rerewarde. 1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. xlv. 25 b In the mornyng they aproched in thre wardes. 1524 R. Pace Let. 5 Aug. in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) I. App. xi. 21 Four & twenty great peaces of Artillerie..dayly foloing us in the hinder ward. 1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 119 As an hooste in batayle ys departed in thre, that ys to saye, the forwarde, the mydel warde, and the rerewarde; so are the nyne orders of aungels departed in thre pryncehodes, as in thre hoostes. And eche pryncehoode ys departed in thre orders, as in thre wardes. 1563 P. Whitehorne tr. Onasander Of Generall Captaine & his Office f. 126^v And after the first warde, cause the seconde, to succeede, and the thyrde next the same, and the fourth, and the fifte also, if so many shall nede. 1577 R. Holinshed Chron. II. 1616/2 The fore warde foremoste, the battaile in the middest, the rere-ward hindermost, eche ward hauing his troup of horsemenne, and garde of ordinaunce. c1592 Faire Em sig. E3^v See all our men be martialed for the fight. Dispose the Wardes as lately was deuised. 1656 J. Harrington Common-wealth of Oceana 207 But as to the peculiar Policy of twelve Maniples, or Wards divided into three cohorts each cohort containing four Wards. V. Place for guarding. 14. In a fortress: †(a) the portion of the defences entrusted to a particular officer or division of the garrison (obsolete); †(b) a guarded entrance (obsolete); (c) the (inner or outer) circuit of the walls of a castle; the ground between two encircling walls (obsolete exc. archaic). ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > [noun] > section under specific officer or division ward1297 society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > castle or fortified building > [noun] > court of castle ward1297 bailc1320 utterwardc1450 utter-court1530 bailey1840 the world > space > relative position > condition of being open or not closed > an opening or aperture > [noun] > opening which may be passed through > gate or gateway > guarded ward1297 1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 8301 A maister þat was wiþinne sende to þe erl beumond To ȝelde vp is warde to ben hol & sound. Ar his felawes were iwar he ȝeld him vp þere Þre toures of þe cite þat in is warde were. 1340 R. Rolle Pricke of Conscience 9087 Bot þa wardes of þe ceté of heven, Er mare crafty and strang þan any kan neven. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Trin. Cambr.) l. 9894 Bailyes haþ þis castel þre Wiþ feire wardes [Vesp. walles] semely to se. c1400 Rom. Rose 3191 The lady of the high warde [Fr. la dame de la haute garde] Which from hir tour lokide thiderward. 1423 Rolls of Parl. IV. 199/1 [He] made assaute to the said Castell, and wan the said warde. c1450 (c1400) Sowdon of Babylon (1881) l. 332 He entred to the maister Toure. The firste warde thus thay wonne. c1450 Jacob's Well (1900) 222 As þou hast v. watyrgatys in þe vttere-warde, owtward in þe pytt of þi body,..[sic Ryȝt] so, þou hast v. watyrgatys in þe indere-warde of þi soule. c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn Prol. l. 238 The knyȝt with his meyne went to se the wall, And þe wardes of the town, as to a knyȝt be-fall. 1485 Rolls of Parl. VI. 384/1 The Offices of Keping of the Keys of th' ynerward of oure Castell of Wyndesore. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xvii. 349 Till thar wardis thai went in hy, That war stuffit richt stalwardly With stanys, schot, and other thing. c1500 Melusine (1895) xix. 62 Soone was the Fortres made up not only with one warde but two strong wardes. 1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1845) xxvi. 116 And therwith all he ledde me to his warde, Me to repose in pleasaunt due saufgard. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 234/1 Inderwarde of a castell, cengle de chastel. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 250/1 Outterwarde of a castell, courtbasse. 1584 R. Sadler State Papers (1809) III. 171 The strength of this howse, having two wards, the gentleman porter ever at the one with 4 or 5 in his company, and dyvers soldyers at the other. a1657 G. Daniel Trinarchodia in Poems (1878) III. To Rdr. 135 Euery hand Of accident doth w^th a Picker stand, To scale the wards of Life. 1808 W. Scott Marmion i. iv. 26 Then to the Castle's lower ward Sped forty yeomen tall. 1813 W. Scott Rokeby iii. 142 Then, vain were battlement and ward! 1843 W. H. Ainsworth Windsor Castle iv. iii Just as they entered the lower ward. 1843 W. H. Ainsworth Windsor Castle iv. iii The party directed their course towards the middle ward. in extended use.1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid vi. vii. 7 In the first circil, or the vtir ward, Ȝoung babbeis saulis weping sor thai hard.1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid vi. viii. 4 And sone thai wer in cumin to the plane And lattir wardis, quhairin dois remane Vailȝeant folkis in feild and chevalry. †15. An appointed station, post (for a body of soldiers). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military operations > distribution of troops > military position > [noun] stationa1325 steadc1330 ward1487 post1642 position1781 field posta1783 field position1785 depot1798 battle station1830 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xvii. 627 Engynys alsua for till Cast Thai ordanit and maid redy fast, And set ilk man syne till his ward. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (St. John's Cambr.) xvii. 349 Quhen that thai saw That menȝe raynge thame swa on raw, Till thar wardis thai went in hy. 1490 W. Caxton tr. Foure Sonnes of Aymon (1885) xxi. 463 They wente to their warde to defende the towne. †16. within one's ward: within the region in which one is safe: in quot. figurative. Also, within (another's) ward: in the region controlled by (another). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > perfectly safe [phrase] > within the region where one is safe within one's ward1490 society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > in the region controlled by [phrase] within one's ward1490 1490 W. Caxton tr. Eneydos xvii. 66 The fyne louer that alwayes kepeth hym selfe wythin his warde, and fyndeth noo thynge soo sure but that he putteth it in adoubte, can not be lyghtely deceyued. 1558 T. Phaer tr. Virgil Seuen First Bks. Eneidos iv. sig. K.j What meanes he? why remaines he thus within his enemies ward? 17. †(a) A prison (cf. sense 3). Obsolete. (b) Each of the divisions or separate departments of a prison. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prison > [noun] quarternOE prisona1200 jailc1275 lodgec1290 galleya1300 chartrea1325 ward1338 keepingc1384 prison-house1419 lying-house1423 javel1483 tollbooth1488 kidcotec1515 clinkc1530 warding-place1571 the hangman's budget1589 Newgate1592 gehenna1594 Lob's pound1597 caperdewsie1599 footman's inn1604 cappadochio1607 pena1640 marshalsea1652 log-house1662 bastille1663 naskin1673 state prison1684 tronk1693 stone-doublet1694 iron or stone doublet1698 college1699 nask1699 quod1699 shop1699 black hole1707 start1735 coop1785 blockhouse1796 stone jug1796 calaboose1797 factory1806 bull-pen1809 steel1811 jigger1812 jug1815 kitty1825 rock pile1830 bughouse1842 zindan1844 model1845 black house1846 tench1850 mill1851 stir1851 hoppet1855 booby hatch1859 caboose1865 cooler1872 skookum house1873 chokey1874 gib1877 nick1882 choker1884 logs1888 booby house1894 big house1905 hoosegow1911 can1912 detention camp1916 pokey1919 slammer1952 joint1953 slam1960 society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prison > [noun] > ward or division of prison ward1338 death house1837 cell house1855 cellblock1867 1338 R. Mannyng Chron. (1810) 278 Opon þe toþer dai Edward þider cam, Þe prisons..Were brouht him bifore, þre erles þre barons, & mo be fiue score kynghtes & lordes of touns, Þise were in his wardes, & auht & tuenti mo. 1535 Bible (Coverdale) Isa. xxiv. C These shalbe coupled together as prisoners be, and shalbe shut in one warde and punished innumerable daies. 1577 M. Hanmer tr. Bp. Eusebius in Aunc. Eccl. Hist. i. xii. 15 Thus Iohn, because of Herods suspicion, was sent bounde to Machærous the warde..and there beheaded. 1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. ii. 55 This Fire, desirous to breake forth againe From's cloudie Warde, cannot it selfe refraine. 1614 J. Cooke Greenes Tu Quoque I 1 b Be plaine with him, and turne him out o' th Ward. 1614 J. Cooke Greenes Tu Quoque I 1 b Hold. If you haue no monie, You'd best remoue into some cheaper Ward. Spend. What Ward should I remoue in? Hold. Why to the Two-pennie Ward. a1616 W. Shakespeare Hamlet (1623) ii. ii. 249 A goodly one [sc. prison], in which there are many Confines, Wards, and Dungeons. 1675 R. Burthogge Cavsa Dei 68 Nor is Hell a Sheriffs Ward, in which the Debtor is Imprisoned till he pay his Debt. 1780 J. Howard State Prisons Eng. & Wales (ed. 2) App. 125 The new gaol has separate wards and courts for debtors. 1821 W. Scott Kenilworth III. viii. 141 ‘What the devil's noise is this in the ward?’ he said—‘What! man and woman together in the same cell?’ 1825 T. B. Macaulay Milton in Edinb. Rev. Aug. 317 Once more, compare the lazar-house in the eleventh book of the Paradise Lost with the last ward of Malebolge in Dante. 1836 C. Dickens Sketches by Boz 1st Ser. I. 112 The buildings in the prison—or in other words the different wards—form a square. 1894 Lady M. Verney Verney Mem. III. 150 Tom..could not face the horrors of the common wards [of the Fleet prison]. 18. a. An apartment or division in a hospital or lunatic asylum, containing a certain number of beds, or allocated to a particular class of patients. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > places for the sick or injured > [noun] > hospital or infirmary > hospital ward lodging1612 ward1739 1739 J. Sparrow tr. H. F. Le Dran Observ. Surg. lxiii. 217 He was lodged in the Fever Ward. 1749 T. Smollett tr. A. R. Le Sage Gil Blas IV. xi. vii. 142 I walked through two or three wards full of sick people a-bed. 1842 C. Dickens Amer. Notes I. vi. 221 The different wards [of the lunatic asylum] might have been cleaner and better ordered. 1850 L. Hunt Autobiogr. I. iii. 102 The wards, or sleeping-rooms [in Christ's Hospital], are twelve. 1881 Encycl. Brit. XII. 305/2 No cooking should be done in the wards. 1961 R. Shaw Sun Doctor I. i. 47 She looked at the two main wards of the hospital—long low rooms divided into cubicles like an old dormitory in an English public school. 1975 I. Illich Med. Nemesis vi. 111 Ailments had to be turned into objective diseases. Species had to be clinically defined..so that officials could fit them into wards. 1982 B. Trapido Brother of More Famous Jack xlvii. 193 I was required, during the first three months, to spend occasional week-long spells in hospital in a special ward for the observation of problem pregnancies. b. The patients in a ward, collectively. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > patient > [noun] > in hospital > in ward > collectively warda1777 a1777 S. Foote Devil upon Two Sticks (1778) iii. 61 Yesterday..we bled the West ward, and jalloped the North. 19. a. An administrative division of a borough or city; originally, a district under the jurisdiction of an alderman; now usually, a district which elects its own councillors to represent it on the City or Town Council. Also, the people of such a district collectively.In Anglo-Latin documents the wards (wardæ) of London are mentioned by that name from the 12th cent., sometimes designated by the name of the alderman and sometimes by their locality. An occasional synonym was custodia. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > administrative division of borough, town, or city ward1377 liberty1455 overward1485 out-parish1577 aldermanry1598 city ward1640 in-parisha1676 out-ward1701 c1130 in 9th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1883) 66 In warda Osberti Drinkepinne, terra quam tenuit Wulwinus juvenis. 1226–7 in Madox Hist. Exch. (1711) 489 (note) Tallagium Wardarum Londoniæ, quod colligi debet per Aldermannos subscriptos: Willelmus filius Benedicti re de L l., de Custodia fori. 1229–30 in Madox Hist. Exch. (1711) 490 (note) Willelmus filius Benedicti re de xxxv marcis, de Warda fori. c1273 in W. Illingworth Rotuli Hundredorum (1812) I. 403 Warda de Bassingeshol. c1273 in W. Illingworth Rotuli Hundredorum (1812) I. 418 Warda Symonis de Hadestok.] 1377 W. Langland Piers Plowman B. Prol. 94 Somme seruen þe kyng and his siluer tellen, In cheker and in chancerye chalengen his dettes Of wardes and wardmotes, weyues and streyues.1427 in J. B. Heath Some Acct. Worshipful Company of Grocers (1869) 4 Conyhoope-lane in the Warde of Chepe.1433 Rolls of Parl. IV. 425/2 Every Parisshe or Warde, desolate, wastud, [etc.].a1513 R. Fabyan New Cronycles Eng. & Fraunce (1516) II. f. xxvii^v The sayd Iohn Mansell chargyd the Mayre that euery Aldreman in his warde shulde vpon the Morowe folowynge assemble his Wardemote.1518 in I. S. Leadam Select Cases Star Chamber (1911) II. 127 Within v wardes of the same Towne..ther hath byn v Cunstables that is to say in euery ward oon.1588 W. Smith Brief Descr. London (Harl. 6363) f. 13 There is also The Wardmote Enquest, Chosen euery St. Thomas day, in euery ward a quest.c1590 Sir Thomas More (1911) ii. iv. 226 We meete at the Guildehall and there determine That thorow euery warde the watche be clad In armour.1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 82 The Auncient diuision of this Citie, was into Wardes, or Aldermanries.a1616 W. Shakespeare Measure for Measure (1623) ii. i. 256 They do you wrong to put you so oft vpon't [sc. the office of constable]. Are there not men in your Ward sufficient to serue it? View more context for this quotation1631 W. Gouge Gods Three Arrowes v. xix. 432 London should have as many Artillery Gardens, as it hath Wards.a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1645 (1955) II. 401 Rome..is divided into 14 Regions, or wards.1733 J. Swift On Poetry 17 In ev'ry Street a City-bard Rules, like an Alderman his Ward.1742 N. Dubois & G. Leoni tr. A. Palladio Antiq. Rome xxii, in tr. A. Palladio Architecture (ed. 3) II. 72 In the Ward [It. regione] of the Temple of Peace, stood a Colossus.1751 S. Whatley England's Gazetteer at St. Albans There are four wards here, in each of which are a constable, and two church-wardens.1824 G. Chalmers Caledonia III. vi. 569 By an act of Parliament, in 1800, for regulating the police of Glasgow, that city was divided into wards.1854 J. R. Lowell Cambr. 30 Years Ago in Prose Wks. (1890) I. 94 I would rather have had that slow, conscientious vote of P.'s alone, than to have been chosen Alderman of the Ward!1863 H. Cox Inst. Eng. Govt. iii. ix. 730 Large boroughs are divided into wards, which elect their councillors severally. b. An administrative division of the Mormon Church (the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints). ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Mormonism > [noun] > administrative division ward1859 1859 Mountaineer (Great Salt Lake City, Utah Territory) 27 Aug. 2/4 If the water-masters of our district or ward will see that we have a double portion of water during the ensuing week for our garden, we will now agree not to mention them again. 1925 M. R. Werner Brigham Young xii. 422 The bishop was in charge of all the families of his ward. 1979 M. P. Leone Roots Mod. Mormonism ii. 36 Wards average about seven hundred people. 20. In Cumberland (now in Cumbria), Northumberland, and some Scottish counties: One of the administrative districts into which these counties were formerly divided. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > territorial jurisdiction or areas subject to > an administrative division of territory > [noun] > administrative divisions in Britain > other small administrative divisions > in parts of Britain and Ireland ward1431 graveship1460 commot1495 sheading1577 toughe1584 baronya1599 riding1675 graviate1728 borough1899 1431 Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 43/2 Alex. of Cragy serjand of fee wythin the Myddyll Ward of Edynburgh. 1495 in T. Dickson Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1877) I. 216 Johne Hepburne of the Est Ward of Edinburgh. 1496 in T. Dickson Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1877) I. 312 The Upper Ward of Clydesdale. a1586 Peblis to Play in W. A. Craigie Maitland Folio MS (1919) I. 181 Iohne niksoun of þe nether warde. 1832 Act 2 & 3 William IV c. 64 §15 Such Northern Division shall include..the several wards of Bamborough, Coquetdale, Glendale, and Morpeth. 1864 G. V. Irving & A. Murray (title) The Upper Ward of Lanarkshire described and delineated. 1872 E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. 120 The Ward or Quarter still represents the highest subdivision of the county. 1882 Jamieson's Etymol. Dict. Sc. Lang. (new ed.) Ward 3. Lanarkshire is divided into Upper, Middle and Lower Wards. †21. a. ‘A part or division of a Forrest’ (Phillips 1671). Apparently only Scottish. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > fertile land or place > land with vegetation > [noun] > wooded land > part or division of hag1410 speysa1425 ward1425 walk1534 regard1594 riding1755 hag wood1798 1425 Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 1426 11/1 The offyce off maistrischip off our ward of Yarrow lyand wythin our saide forest. 1485 Rolls of Parl. VI. 384/2 The Forster of the Overwarde of our Forest of Inglewoode.] 1509 Reg. Privy Seal Scot. I. 285/1 The forest stedis of Cawdanle [etc.] liand within the forest of Ettrik and warde of Twede. a1884 J. Russell Reminisc. Yarrow (1894) ix. 233 About the same time the Forest was divided into three ‘wards,’ that of Tweed, Yarrow, and Ettrick. Each ward had a ranger, who collected the rents [etc.]. b. Scottish. ‘A small piece of pasture ground, inclosed on all sides, generally appropriated to young quadrupeds’ (Jamieson). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > grassland > [noun] > pasture > enclosed pasture ham901 green yard1418 pasture field1464 ward1473 butt1542 paddock1547 septuma1552 staff1786 camp1877 night paddock1922 run-off1933 1473 in C. Rogers Rental Bk. Cupar-Angus (1879) I. 173 The sade tenandis sal kepe thar self..out of hanyngis, treys, stankis, parkis, medows and wardis. c1650 J. Spalding Memorialls Trubles Scotl. & Eng. (1850) I. 193 The countrie lordis..send out thair horssis and distroyit both griss and corne, fed quhair thay pleissit in the bischopis waird. 1657 Melrose Regality Rec. (S.H.S.) I. 146 Cutting and destroying of thair riges of brome that is growand in the wairds and aikers of Melrois. a1673 Mare of Collingtoun in J. Watson Choice Coll. Scots Poems (1706) i. 49 Within the Ward I might have clos'd thee, Where well thou mightest have repos'd thee, Amang the Laird's best Fillies. 1787 R. Burns Death & Dr. Hornbook xxiii, in Poems (new ed.) 62 His braw calf-ward whare gowans grew. 1799 in W. Cramond Rec. Elgin (1903) I. 210 A piece of ground full of sandbanks and covered with whins..as a common for the several proprietors taking sand to make up their wairds and cattails. †22. ? A store-cupboard or wardrobe. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > supply > storage > [noun] > place where anything is or may be stored > store-closet or -cupboard cellc1230 warestall1508 warda1529 store-closet1825 store-cupboard1841 a1529 J. Skelton Poems against Garnesche in Poet Wks. (1843) I. 121 Your drapry ȝe ded wante, The warde with yow was skante. 1581 Compendious Exam. Certayne Ordinary Complaints ii. f. 30^v Nature seemes to haue laied them [sc. gold and silver] vp in a further warde, then her other giftes. VI. An appliance for guarding. †23. The part of the hilt of a sword that protects the hand: = guard n. 16b. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > sharp weapon > side arms > sword > [noun] > guard cross1470 guard1596 ward1634 shell1685 bow1701 basket1833 cross-guard1869 cross-piece1869 hilt-guard1869 second guard1869 tsuba1889 knuckle-bow1895 1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 147 The hilts [of Persian swords] are without ward. 24. a. Each of the ridges projecting from the inside plate of a lock, serving to prevent the passage of any key the bit of which is not provided with incisions of corresponding form and size. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > lock > part of lock > ward wardc1440 main-ward1678 step-ward1678 hook-ward1688 wheel1784 bridgeward1856 c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 516/1 Warde, of a lokke, tricatura. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 286/2 Warde of a locke, garde. 1536 MS Rawl. D. 780 lf. 59 Mending of a lock and makyng new wardes for the gentlemen hushers chambre. 1594 W. Shakespeare Lucrece sig. C4 The lockes betweene her chamber and his will, Ech one by him inforst retires his ward . View more context for this quotation 1615 R. Cocks Diary (1883) I. 10 He thought to have pickt the lock of my money chist the other day, and had so wrong the wardes that I could not open the lock with my key. 1644 E. Dering Disc. Proper Sacrifice c iiij b As if it were a false ward against the key. 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 877 Thus saying, from her side the fatal Key..she took;..then in the key-hole turns Th' intricate wards . View more context for this quotation 1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. ii. 21 There are several Inventions in Locks..in the making and contriving their Wards or Guards. 1726 A. Pope tr. Homer Odyssey V. xxi. 49 The wards respondent to the key turn round. 1818 W. Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian v, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. I. 133 Withdrawing from the wards a ponderous key of about two feet in length. 1893 C. Patmore Relig. Poetæ 47 The key is not the less a key because it will not open a lock the wards of which are filled with stones. 1911 J. Ward Rom. Era Brit. xiii. 237 To render this difficult or impossible, obstructions or wards were introduced into the case [of the lock], which could not be passed by the bitt unless it had corresponding slits or openings. b. Each of the incisions in the bit of a key, corresponding to the ‘wards’ of the lock. Cf. step-ward n. at step n.¹ Compounds 1.In untechnical (literary and popular) use these applications are sometimes reversed, the word being taken to denote the cavities of the lock or the solid parts of the key. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > key > parts of key > bit > incisions on ward1390 step1674 bridgeward1856 figurative. 1647 J. Trapp Comm. Epist. & Rev. (1656) (Rom. xiv. 1) 650 Wring not mens consciences: you may hap to break the wards, if you do. 1840 W. S. Landor Fra Rupert ii. vi My hand at last [may] Turn in their golden wards the keys of heaven. 1851 E. B. Browning Casa Guidi Windows ii. xii. 105 The key, O Tuscans, too well fits the wards! Ye asked for mimes; these bring you tragedies. 1920 J. Masefield Enslaved 118 The wards of life slipt back and set him free From cares of meat and dress. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 189 The wardes of the cherche keie Thurgh mishadlinge ben myswreynt.1663 Marquis of Worcester Cent. Names & Scantlings Inventions §44 A Key of a Chamber-door, which..hath its Wards and Rose-pipe but Paper-thick.1678 J. Moxon Mech. Exercises I. ii. 26 File the wards or slits in the Bit with thin files.1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 301/2 The Wards are all the nicks in the Bite [of the Key].1709 A. Pope Chaucer's January & May in Poet. Misc.: 6th Pt. 209 She took the Wards in Wax before the Fire, And gave th' Impression to the trusty Squire.1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth i, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. III. 3 The incidents of a narrative of this kind must be adapted to each other, as the wards of a key must tally accurately with those of the lock to which it belongs.1853 C. Dickens Bleak House xlii. 415 ‘Oh! I knew that, did I?’ says Mr. Tulkinghorn, examining the wards of the key.1864 C. Boutell Heraldry Hist. & Pop. (ed. 3) xxi. 359 Two keys, in saltire, wards towards the base, or. c. transferred. Applied to mechanical contrivances resembling the wards of a lock or key. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > parts of machines > [noun] > of specific shape cheek1487 ward1599 screw worm1648 ball1675 swan-neck1686 cone1832 goose-neck1843 spider1860 concave1874 1599 T. Moffett Silkewormes 35 [To an ‘artificial flea’:] Thy cogs, thy wardes, thy laths, how didst thou lay. 1852 tr. J. J. Seidel Organ & its Constr. 40 Whilst the upper part is sinking the wards open and let the wind pass from the bellows into the principal trunk. Compounds C1. General attributive. a. (In sense 19a.) ward-alderman n. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > magistrate > municipal magistrate > [noun] > alderman > of a ward wardmaster1855 ward-alderman1899 1899 Athenæum 21 Oct. 548/3 London, however, was destined to be ruled..by a council of mayor and ward-aldermen. ward boss n. ΚΠ 1890 T. Roosevelt Wks. (1926) XIV. 110 Many forces..combine to produce the ward boss, the district heeler, the boodle alderman. 1908 Sat. Rev. 8 Feb. 163/2 The blackmailing ward~boss. ward committee n. ΚΠ 1807 Salmagundi 2 June 212 The secretaries of the ward committees strut about looking like wooden oracles. 1922 C. E. Merriam Amer. Party Syst. 71 Each of the forty-eight Ward Committees [in Philadelphia]..chooses two members of the City Committee. ward committeeman n. ΚΠ 1922 C. E. Merriam Amer. Party Syst. 70 Each of the thirty-five wards [in Chicago] elects by direct vote of the party in a primary a ward committeeman for a term of four years. 1976 Honolulu Star-Bull. 21 Dec. a–11/3 He knew the workings of the ward committeemen, who directed the precinct captains and stood ready to see that the garbage of the faithful voters was picked up and the potholes in their streets were filled. ward meeting n. ΚΠ 1809 W. Irving Hist. N.Y. (1820) iii. vi. 198 Ward-meetings, pot-house committees, and congressional deliberations. 1813 T. Jefferson Writings (1830) IV. 229 A general call of ward-meetings by their wardens on the same day through the State. ward politician n. ΚΠ 1807 Salmagundi 24 Feb. 68 He however maintained as mysterious a countenance as a seventh ward politician.] 1860 Harper's Mag. June 94/2 ‘A house-breaker or a ward politician,’ thought I. 1898 P. L. Ford Hon. Peter Stirling 217 See! Here sits Peter Stirling, the ward politician, enthroned in Jeffersonian simplicity. 1976 National Observer (U.S.) 1 May b5/1 In the emerging big cities, ward politicians held control of school systems for a time in the late Nineteenth Century. ward politics n. ΚΠ 1883 Cent. Mag. Aug. 581/2 He had been a little alarmed at the sudden irruption of such men as Farnham and his associates into the field of ward politics. 1957 Times Lit. Suppl. 13 Dec. 753/2 Ward politics, big poker-games, prostitution and murder. ward pump n. ΚΠ 1844 B. Disraeli Coningsby II. v. iv. 269 Two of the Rigbyites met in the market-place... ‘Well, how goes it?’ said one. ‘I have been the rounds. The blunts going like the ward-pump.’ ward school n. ΚΠ 1818 Niles' Reg. 14 174/1 Neither the people, nor their representatives, would agree to the plan of assessment on the wards for the expenses of the ward schools. 1870 Scribner's Monthly 1 46 The range of study is about the same as that in the ward schools. 1904 G. S. Porter Freckles 15 They sent me out to the nearest ward school as long as the law would let them. ward statesman n. ΚΠ 1885 Atlantic Monthly Apr. 467/1 These roadways..the ward statesman regards with tender solicitude as furnishing a large..field of operations in the line of contracts. ward system n. ΚΠ 1857 J. Toulmin Smith Parish (ed. 2) ii. 61 It is the adoption of Townships, or the adaptation of the Ward system, that is really needed in such cases. b. (In sense 18.) ward clerk n. ΚΠ 1964 G. L. Cohen What's Wrong with Hospitals? iii. 52 Ward clerks will relieve Sisters of paper work. ward-keeper n. ΚΠ 1836 J. M. Gully tr. F. Magendie Formulary (ed. 2) 127 Each ward-keeper of hospitals should be provided with a bottle of chlorine water. ward matron n. ΚΠ 1886 Daily News 26 Mar. 5/2 Family prayers are conducted by the ward-matron, sister, or nurse. ward nurse n. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > healer > nurse > [noun] > other types man-nurse1530 probationer nurse1584 parish nurse1716 day nurse1759 school nurse1836 Gamp1846 hospital nurse1848 pupil nurse1861 male nurse1874 district nurse1883 relief nurse1884 casualty nurse1885 bayman1888 maid nurse1895 charge-nurse1896 ward nurse1899 health visitor1901 practice nurse1912 community nurse1922 scrub nurse1927 theatre nurse1934 para-nurse1942 nurse practitioner1967 rehab nurse1977 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 414 The others [i.e. patients] were easily controlled by the ward nurses. ward sister n. ΚΠ 1918 H. Matthews in W. Murdoch & H. Drake-Brockman Austral. Short Stories (1951) 244 ‘She be a pretty one—the ward sister,’ a Tommy patient said to him one evening. 1980 J. O'Faolain No Country for Young Men iv. 94 ‘Good night now, Aunt Judith.’ Grainne summoned a ward sister's authoritative manner. ward table n. ward work n. ΚΠ 1888 H. Morten Sketches Hosp. Life 2 Ward work commences at seven with sweeping, dusting, making beds. c. (In sense 19b.) ward teacher n. ΚΠ 1878 J. H. Beadle Western Wilds xxi. 332 The ward teachers had reported every case of real or supposed heresy. d. (In sense 24.) ward-hole n. ΚΠ 1911 J. Ward Rom. Era Brit. 237 Many of these keys have ‘island’ ward-holes. ward-plate n. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > building and constructing equipment > fastenings > [noun] > lock > part of lock > ward > plate of ward-plate1883 1883 A. H. L. F. Pitt-Rivers Primitive Locks & Keys 24 A modern English latch-key..furnished with a ward-plate. C2. Special combinations. Also wardcorn n., ward-fee n., ward-hill n., etc. ward aide n. a person employed to do non-medical work in a hospital ward. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > healer > non-medical worker > [noun] > hospital attendant wardsman1896 porter1907 whitecoat1911 sanitar1916 ward orderly1946 ward aide1965 1965 Nursing Times 5 Feb. 172/2 Ten hospitals in the Manchester region have been authorized by the RHB to employ ward aides. 1976 Billings (Montana) Gaz. 20 June 2- c/1 She is employed as a ward aide at Billings Deaconess Hospital. ward-book n. a register of admissions to a hospital. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical services and administration > [noun] > register of admissions to hospital ward-book1690 1690–1700 Order of Hospitalls sig. Gii^v That no Child be received by them, before the name of the same childe be entred into the Ward-booke. 1836 J. Paget Let. 10 Jan. in Mem. & Lett. (1901) i. iv. 66 The active new apothecary..cures the patients. The ward-books hardly know themselves, the Mistura Cascarillæ bottle stopper sticks from disuse, and Emplastrum Lyttæ is never mentioned. 1977 Lancet 7 May 975/2 The allocation of the patients was done automatically by the ward nurse (by reference to the ward book). ward-dyke n. a wall enclosing or bounding a ward (sense 21b); also, a defensive dyke against water. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping of cattle > [noun] > fence or barrier ward-dyke1561 horngarth1779 ox-fence1811 ox rail1844 oxer1859 skerm1861 1561 in Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 1585, 256/2 Fra the said croft north..to the brig of Balgonie, ewin to the ward-dyk of the Brig-feildis now pertening to Alex. Paip. 1602 in Reg. Mag. Sig. Scot. 474/1 Ane merchestane infixit in the waird-dyke standand beneth the place of Kirktounhill. 1854 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 15 i. 19 Crests, cradges, and ward-dykes constructed to hold off fen-waters from inned grounds. ward-fire n. [ < Old Norse varða cairn: compare ward-hill n.] Orkney and Shetland, a beacon-fire ΘΚΠ society > communication > indication > signalling > visual signalling > luminous signals > [noun] > fire signal > beacon beacon1377 lightc1425 firebome1440 bale1455 cresset-light1525 flambeau1688 coal-light1775 bale-fire1805 needfire1805 ward-fire1859 beaconage1862 fanal- 1859 D. Balfour Oppress. 16th Cent. Orkney & Zetland Introd. 31 Nothing short of actual invasion entitled the Jarl to call them to arms by the Ward-fire. † ward-guard n. Scottish Obsolete a protective covering or receptacle for clothes. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > [noun] > receptacle for ward-guard1551 clothes-bag1834 1551 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1913) X. 29 Item, for ane wardegard to hir, iij li. x s. 1552 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1913) X. 70 Item, vj elnis bukcrame to be wardegardis to hir and to hir kepar Effame..xxiiij s. ward-heeler n. U.S. (see quot. 1890; cf. heeler n.² 5). ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > politician > [noun] > political hanger-on water carrier1835 bummer1872 heeler1875 ward-heeler1890 lackey1939 fart-catcher1971 1890 Q. Rev. July 265 The lowest grade [of politician] is the ‘ward-heeler’, or hanger-on of the political head of the city ward in which he resides. 1907 Times 23 Jan. 6/2 [San Francisco] Bar-room politicians, roughs, ward-heelers, bullies. 2006 D. G. Schwartz Roll Bones xii. 276 Ward heelers emerged as political power brokers. ward-heeling adj. U.S. pertaining to, engaged in, or designating, the activities of a ward-heeler. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > politician > [adjective] > relating to political hanger-on ward-heeling1972 1972 R. Thomas Porkchoppers (1974) xxiv. 208 Practical politics, the ward-heeling kind. 1976 Billings (Montana) Gaz. 1 July But neither ward-heeling councilmen nor grandstanding mayors can provide the kind of leadership that gets things done. 1980 N. Freeling Castang's City xv. 100 Why the hell would there be any integrity in these ward-heeling affairs? ward-land n. Scottish land held ‘in ward’ (see ward-holding n.). ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > a legal holding > [noun] > a feudal holding or fief > held by military service ward-land1502 timar1601 military feud1730 1502 Reg. Privy Seal Scot. I. 115/1 The proffitt of the said warde landis quhil the are recover sesing thairof. 1581 Sc. Acts Jas. VI (1814) III. 230/1 Anent the taxatioun of wardlandis. a1659 R. Brownrig 65 Serm. (1674) I. i. 11 He that purchases but one foot of Ward-land, makes all his Estate lyable to the King. 1684 G. Mackenzie Instit. Law Scotl. (1694) ii. v. 76 If the Vassal sells or dispones the half of his Ward-Lands to any except his appearand Heir. ward-like adv. after the manner of a ward. ΚΠ 1689 E. Howard Caroloiades 197 O're which [army], tho Fairfax, Generall we finde, His Power to Cromwell ward-like was design'd. † ward marriage n. Obsolete (see marriage n. 2b), in Scots feudal law, the right in wardholding arising to the ward superior on the marriage of the vassal's heir or on his becoming marriageable. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > [noun] > specific right in wardholding ward marriage1473 1473 Rolls of Parl. VI. 72/2 With the Londes and Tenementes and other Profittes, and Mariage, or Ward mariage of the same heire or heires. 1747 Act 20 Geo. II c. 50 §1 That the Tenure of Lands..in Scotland by Ward Holding..and the Casualties consequent upon the same by Ward Marriage and Recognition, be taken away. wardmaster n. (a) Dutch History. [rendering Dutch wijkmeester] , an alderman or administrator of a city ward; (b) the master or superintendent of a hospital ward. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > healer > non-medical worker > [noun] > hospital administrator > ward administrator wardmaster1855 society > authority > office > holder of office > magistrate > municipal magistrate > [noun] > alderman > of a ward wardmaster1855 ward-alderman1899 1855 J. L. Motley Rise Dutch Republic I. ii. vii. 560 John Van Immerzeel, Margrave of Antwerp, was then holding communication with the senate, and awaiting the arrival of the ward-masters. 1883 Fortn. Rev. July 126 The ward-masters, nurses, and attendants in the hospitals. ward orderly n. a person employed to assist nurses in a hospital ward. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > healer > non-medical worker > [noun] > hospital attendant wardsman1896 porter1907 whitecoat1911 sanitar1916 ward orderly1946 ward aide1965 1946 Nature 13 July 54/1 The Government and the hospital authorities have agreed upon..the training of more male nurses and the formation of a grade of ‘ward orderlies’ to assist the nurses. 1971 P. D. James Shroud for Nightingale viii. 275 She went..as ward orderly. ward round n. a visit paid by a doctor, or by a group of doctors and medical students, to each of the in-patients in a ward or wards, or under the care of a particular doctor; cf. round n.¹ 24. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > art or science of medicine > practice of healing art > [noun] > ward round round1883 ward round1938 1938 Amer. Speech 13 228/2 Doctors regularly visit the patients under their care and for some reason their visits are called ward rounds or ward walks. 1963 Oxford Med. School Gaz. XV. 81 At some stage during the ward-round he would lead his flock down to the P.M. room. 1977 Lancet 5 Feb. 317/1 His ward-rounds were very popular and were attended by a large number of undergraduates and postgraduates. † ward-silver n. Obsolete a payment to the lord in commutation of military service. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > fees and taxes > impost, due, or tax > payment or service to feudal superior > [noun] > payment in lieu of service > in lieu of military service wardpenny?1087 ward-fee1241 ward-silver1314 wardcorn1415 taxed ward1603 wardage1672 1314–15 Rolls of Parl. I. 318/1 De diversis redditibus annuatim Regi debitis, qui vocantur Hydag' et Wardselfur’. ?1418 in Essex Rev. (1904) XIII. 133 [Paying yearly 18s. as] ‘ward-silver’ [in lieu of all services]. wardmaid n. (also wardsmaid) a maidservant who performs the menial offices of a hospital ward. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > healer > non-medical worker > [noun] > hospital attendant > performing menial tasks lint-scraper1860 wardmaid1888 1888 H. Morten Sketches Hosp. Life 68 The ward-maid was out. 1901 Daily Chron. 1 May 1/7 Hartley Wintney Union. Wanted a wardsmaid. 1909 Englishwoman Apr. 240 In the smaller infirmaries, there are often wardmaids, with no training, who are expected to do nurses' work. † ward-staff n. Obsolete (see quot. 1610). ΚΠ 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 440 Lambourn Manour, which is held by service of the Wardstaffe, vz. to carrie a load of strawe in a Carte with sixe horses, two ropes, two men in harnesse to watch the said Ward-staffe when it is brought to the towne of Aibridg, &c. ward-vassal n. in Scots feudal law, a vassal holding land ‘in ward’ (see ward-holding n.). ΘΚΠ society > law > legal right > right of possession or ownership > tenure of property > one who has tenure > [noun] > by service or allegiance > by military service timariot1601 ward-vassal1681 1681 J. Dalrymple Inst. Law Scotl. i. 422 Recognition was found not excluded or burdened by Inhibition against the Ward-vassal. 1765–8 J. Erskine Inst. Law Scotl. ii. iv. §4 Ward vassals found it their interest to charge the ward fee with a determinate sum, to be paid yearly to the superior. † ward-ware n. Obsolete ? ‘wardrobe stuff’, articles of clothing. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > [noun] clothesc888 hattersOE shroudc1000 weedOE shrouda1122 clothc1175 hatteringa1200 atourc1220 back-clout?c1225 habit?c1225 clothingc1275 cleadinga1300 dubbinga1300 shroudinga1300 attirec1300 coverturec1300 suitc1325 apparel1330 buskingc1330 farec1330 harness1340 tire1340 backs1341 geara1350 apparelmentc1374 attiringa1375 vesturec1385 heelinga1387 vestmentc1386 arraya1400 graitha1400 livery1399 tirementa1400 warnementa1400 arrayment1400 parelc1400 werlec1400 raiment?a1425 robinga1450 rayc1450 implements1454 willokc1460 habiliment1470 emparelc1475 atourement1481 indumenta1513 reparel1521 wearing gear1542 revesture1548 claesc1550 case1559 attirement1566 furniture1566 investuring1566 apparelling1567 dud1567 hilback1573 wear1576 dress1586 enfolding1586 caparison1589 plight1590 address1592 ward-ware1598 garnish1600 investments1600 ditement1603 dressing1603 waith1603 thing1605 vestry1606 garb1608 outwall1608 accoutrementa1610 wearing apparel1617 coutrement1621 vestament1632 vestiment1637 equipage1645 cask1646 aguise1647 back-timbera1656 investiture1660 rigging1664 drapery1686 vest1694 plumage1707 bussingc1712 hull1718 paraphernalia1736 togs1779 body clothing1802 slough1808 toggery1812 traps1813 garniture1827 body-clothes1828 garmenture1832 costume1838 fig1839 outfit1840 vestiture1841 outer womana1845 outward man1846 vestiary1846 rag1855 drag1870 clo'1874 parapherna1876 clobber1879 threads1926 mocker1939 schmatte1959 vine1959 kit1989 1598 J. Marston Scourge of Villanie i. ii. sig. C2 Tail'd, and retail'd, till to the pedlers packe, The fourth-hand ward-ware comes, alack, alack. ward-woman n. archaic a tirewoman, a woman in charge of her mistress's wardrobe. ΘΚΠ the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > providing with clothing > [noun] > one who > one who dresses another buskera1596 dresser1632 ward-woman1831 tirer1856 1831 W. Scott Count Robert iv, in Tales of my Landlord 4th Ser. I. 112 How long she had passed that critical period, was a secret to all but the trusted ward-women of the purple chamber. † ward-word n. Obsolete a ‘word’ of defence; a reply to an attack or ‘watch-word’ of an opponent. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > answer > [noun] > an answer, response > in defence answerOE ward-word1599 1599 R. Parsons (title) A temperate ward-word, to the turbulent and seditious Wach-word of Sir Francis Hastinges knight. 1603 S. Harsnett Declar. Popish Impostures 53 The priests had their ward-word ready. 1716 M. Davies Crit. Hist. 51 in Athenæ Britannicæ III And disperse once more from another Babel of one another's Catchpoling Watch-words without any precautionary Ward-words. † ward-worder n. Obsolete a person who utters a ward-word. ΚΠ 1600 F. Hastings Apol. or Def. Watch-word 57 Most impudent is this Ward-worders assertion, that neyther the King nor his Officers did charge him with treason. 1625 M. Sutcliffe Blessings on Mount Gerizzim xi. 325 Where Sir Francis Hastings hauing promised to answer all the Wardworders cauillations, leaueth him to his hanging ward. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1921; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † wardn.³ Forms: Also 1600s Scottish waird. Etymology: Aphetic < award n. Obsolete. = award n. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > judgement or decision > settlement of dispute, arbitration > [noun] > decision of ordinancea1325 awardc1386 arbitrament1426 wardc1460 warding1485 awardment1561 c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn l. 3568 They made Syrophanes..plegg fynd..To byde þe ward & Iugement of þat he had mys-do. 1464–5 in Hist. MSS Comm.: 10th Rep.: App. Pt. V: MSS Marquis of Ormonde &c. (1885) 332 in Parl. Papers (C. 4576-I) XLII. 1 All thes wardes and ordenances forsaide. 1477 Stoner Papers (Camden) II. 27 I have done my dewte in every ponte accordyng to your warde. 1531 Abstr. Protocols Town Clerks Glasgow (1897) iv. 30 As air fwnd be ane ward of þe court. 1534 Abstr. Protocols Town Clerks Glasgow (1897) 68 Efter ane ward and dome of court gevin in the tolbwtht of Glasgw. 1609 J. Skene tr. Quoniam Attach. in Regiam Majestatem xxxvi. §3 Ilk soytour..sould be examinat in thrie courts, gif he can make recorde of the court (of ane proces deduced in court) or report ane sufficient warde (interloquutour) or dome, anent wardes, or exceptions asked in the court. 1609 J. Skene tr. Quoniam Attach. in Regiam Majestatem ii. Table 101 They [the suitors] sould trye, advise, and pronunce the wardes (interloquutors) of court. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1921; most recently modified version published online December 2020). wardn.⁴ Brit. /wɔːd/, U.S. /wɔrd/ Etymology: ? variant of wart n. or of warre n. (Old English wearr callosity). Compare warded adj.³ dialect. (See quot. a1825.) ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of visible parts > skin disorders > [noun] > hardening or thickening > hard skin callositya1400 callus1563 warish1570 brawn1578 calluma1640 callousness1705 warda1825 hoof1888 tylosis1890 a1825 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia (1830) Ward, callosity of the skin; on the hands, from hard labour, and on the feet from much walking. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1921; most recently modified version published online December 2021). wardv.¹ Brit. /wɔːd/, U.S. /wɔrd/ Forms: Old English weardian, weardigan, Middle English wærdien, Middle English wardie, Middle English wardi, wardy(e, 1500s Scottish vard(e, vayrd, 1500s–1600s Scottish waird, Middle English–1600s warde, Middle English– ward. Also 1600s past tense ward (rare). Etymology: Old English weardian = Old Frisian wardia , Old Saxon wardon (Middle Dutch waerden , Middle Low German warden ), Old High German wartên (Middle High German, modern German warten ), Old Norse varða < Old Germanic warđōjan , -ǣjan* , < warđō : see ward n.² The English verb may in some of its uses have been influenced by Old French warder* (north-eastern) = Central Old French guarder (modern French garder), Provençal gardar, Spanish guardar, Portuguese guardar, Italian guardare, a Common Romance adoption of the Germanic word. 1. a. transitive. To guard, stand guard over; to keep in safety, take care of; to defend, protect. (For to watch and ward, see watch v.) Obsolete or archaic.In Old English sometimes const. genitive. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > watching or keeping guard > watch or keep guard over [verb (transitive)] hold971 witec1000 ward?a1035 looklOE bewakec1175 getec1175 wakec1175 i-witea1240 forelook1340 watch?a1400 to watch over——1526 award?c1550 guard1582 to wait over ——1659 shepherd1885 watchdog1902 warden1910 ?a1035 Cnut's Secular Laws (Liebermann) lxxvi Ac þære cægean heo sceal weardian. a1122 Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) ann. 1087 Þa Englisce men þe wærdedon þære sæ. 13.. Leg. Gregory (Schulz) 980 To help and ward Cristendom. c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xxvii. 66 Thei goynge forth, kepten, or wardiden, the sepulcre. a1400 K. Alis. (Laud) 7324 [They] ben so warded al aboute Þat hem ne stondeþ none doute. 1475 Bk. Noblesse (Roxb.) 27 For golde,..conquerithe not ennemies, nother in time of pease wardithe the peple to be in rest. 1592 T. Kyd Spanish Trag. ii. sig. D2^v Hor. But first my lookes shall combat against thine. Bel. Then ward thy selfe, I dart this kisse at thee. 1597 W. Shakespeare Richard III v. v. 208 Then if you fight against Gods enemie, God will in iustice, ward you as his souldiers. View more context for this quotation a1627 T. Middleton No Wit (1657) v. 105 I found the door Warded suspitiously. 1631 J. Weever Anc. Funerall Monuments 704 On the farther side..the Britaines warded the bankes. 1893 R. L. Stevenson Catriona viii. 87 Hope Park, a beautiful pleasance..warded by a keeper. 1913 Blackwood's Mag. Dec. 787/1 Your wits must ward your head. b. To defend, protect from. Now archaic. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > protect or defend [verb (transitive)] shieldc825 frithc893 werea900 i-schield971 berghOE biwerec1000 grithc1000 witec1000 keepc1175 burghena1225 ward?c1225 hilla1240 warrantc1275 witiec1275 forhilla1300 umshadea1300 defendc1325 fendc1330 to hold in or to warrantc1330 bielda1350 warisha1375 succoura1387 defencea1398 shrouda1400 umbeshadow14.. shelvec1425 targec1430 protect?1435 obumber?1440 thorn1483 warrantise1490 charea1500 safeguard1501 heild?a1513 shend1530 warrant1530 shadow1548 fence1577 safekeep1588 bucklera1593 counterguard1594 save1595 tara1612 target1611 screenc1613 pre-arm1615 custodite1657 shelter1667 to guard against1725 cushion1836 enshield1855 mind1924 buffer1958 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 134 Bisecheð ȝeorne god..þet he wite & wardi ow. wið alle þet ou weiteð. 1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 970 Hii wolde..Wardi hom fram alle men, þat hom ne tidde no drede. a1400 Sir Beues 2946 Min em, þe bischop Florentin,..Schel þe warde fro damage. 1475 Bk. Noblesse (Roxb.) 77 Youre roiaume forto warde, kepe, And defende frome youre adversaries. 1565 T. Stapleton tr. Bede Hist. Church Eng. iii. xix. f. 95^v The other two [angels] warding him on eche side from the danger of the fire also. 1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus iii. i. 193 Tell him it was a hand that warded him From thousand dangers. View more context for this quotation 1604 T. Wright Passions of Minde (new ed.) vi. 318 Abraham..was constrayned to warde his offring from the molestfull crowes. a1677 I. Barrow Serm. Several Occasions (1678) 256 No better can any man ward himself from blame, by imputing the neglect of Devotion to some indisposition within him thereto. 1850 J. S. Blackie tr. Æschylus Lyrical Dramas I. 185 Loxias himself will ward His holiest shrine from lawless outrage. c. figurative. To guard, keep carefully (a secret). rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > hiding, concealing from view > keeping from knowledge > keep from knowledge [verb (transitive)] heeleOE dernc893 mitheeOE wryOE buryc1175 hidec1200 dilla1300 laina1375 keepa1382 wrapa1382 cover1382 conceala1393 curea1400 shroud1412 veilc1460 smorec1480 cele1484 suppress1533 wrap1560 smoulder1571 squat1577 muffle1582 estrange1611 screen1621 lock1646 umbrage1675 reserve1719 restrict1802 hugger-mugger1803 mask1841 ward1881 thimblerig1899 marzipan1974 1881 A. J. Duffield tr. M. de Cervantes Don Quixote II. 442 ‘My profession,’ answered the priest, ‘..obliges me to ward a secret.’ †d. intransitive (absol.) To keep guard. Often with watch. (For to watch and ward at watch v. 6b.) Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > watching or keeping guard > watch or keep guard [verb (intransitive)] > perform duty of watchman ward1390 wait1436 watch1487 to watch and ward1583 cockatoo1935 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 304 And in this hous to loke and warde Was Minotaurus put in warde. a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 619 in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1925) II. 114 Baith to walk and to ward as watchis in weire. 1569 J. Hawkins True Declaration Voy. Haukins sig. Biij Oure men whyche warded a shore beinge stricken with soden feare, gaue place, fled, [etc.]. 1579 T. North tr. Plutarch Liues 24 The Kings souldiers which warded at the gates of the cittie. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 107 A garrison..which warding there day and night became lazie with doing nothing. 1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 63 The Family..left the..Fellows warding, and watching. †2. transitive. To rule, govern (a land, people); to administer (an estate); to act as guardian to (a child). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > rule or govern [verb (transitive)] steera900 hold971 wieldOE warda1000 redeOE wisc1000 i-weldeOE rightlecheOE rightOE raima1325 governc1325 guyc1330 rulea1387 justicec1390 rekea1400 reigna1413 lorda1450 earlc1450 seignoryc1475 over-govern1485 overrulec1488 emperyc1503 gubern?a1505 signorize1594 sway1613 gubernate1623 overlead1720 belord1858 prime minister1906 the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > care, protection, or charge > care for, protect, or have charge of [verb (transitive)] > act as guardian to (a child, etc.) warda1000 governc1300 protect1528–30 supervise1845 society > authority > delegated authority > action or function of a delegate or deputy > act as deputy for [verb (transitive)] > manage on behalf of another ward1390 steward1621 agitate1634 society > authority > control > [verb (transitive)] > manage or administer steerc888 leadc1175 guyc1330 guidec1374 governa1382 ministera1382 treat1387 administer1395 dispose1398 skift?a1400 warda1400 solicit1429 to deal with1469 handlea1470 execute1483 convoy?a1513 conveyc1515 mayne1520 to bear (a person or thing) in (also an, a, on) handa1522 keepa1535 administrate1538 solicitate1547 to dispose of1573 manure1583 carry1600 manage1609 negotiate1619 conduct1632 to carry on1638 mesnage1654 nurse1745 work1841 operate1850 run1857 stage-manage1906 ramrod1920 a1000 Cædmon's Dan. 665 Nabochodonossor..weardode wide rice. 1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 643 Þulke time þat samuel þe prophete wardede þat folc of israhel. 1297 R. Gloucester's Chron. (Rolls) 6453 To þe king of hongri þis seli children tueie He sende uor to norisi, þat he wardede hom wel beye. a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) l. 101 Þanne was þe best bliþe i-nov for þe barnes sake, For he wist it schold be warded wel þanne at þe best. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 345 He..tok this child into his warde, And seide he wolde him kepe and warde. a1400 Guy Warw. (1891) 510 Þemperour haþ made him his steward, To wardi his lond about. †3. a. To man with a garrison; to protect or shield with some work or contrivance; to fortify (a castle). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defend [verb (transitive)] > garrison set971 bemanc1175 ward1340 garnish?a1400 stuffc1400 fortify1470 force1535 garrison1569 garnison1583 garrisonize1657 society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > fortify [verb (transitive)] fastenOE enfirm1297 ofstrengthc1325 strengthc1325 warnc1330 ward1340 warnestorec1374 abattlec1380 embattlec1380 fortify1436 bulwark1450 strengthen1450 bastille1480 enstrength1483 rempare1525 munite1533 fence1535 force1535 ranforce1547 rampire1550 fort1559 ramforce1570 fortificate1575 refortify1579 ensconce1590 munify1596 sconce1598 renforce1602 harness1611 munish1633 tackle1645 schanze1901 1340–70 Alisaunder 265 Grim thei were, To warden þeir walles with weies ynow. 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (1495) v. viii. 114 The lyddes ben warded and kept wyth rowes of heer. c1400 Parce michi 194 in 26 Pol. Poems 148 Castelles and toures, Withoute y-warded with stronge dyches. 1544 P. Betham tr. J. di Porcia Preceptes Warre ii. liv. sig. L iij^v Cytis warded with all kyndes of defences. 1633 T. Stafford Pacata Hibernia iii. ix. 321 The Castle of Leam-con neere Crooke haven which the rebels warded, was recovered from them. †b. said of the defending work. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > fortify [verb (transitive)] > of the works warda1000 a1000 Ags. Ps. ciii. 3 Heofon..þone weardiað ufan wætra ðryðe. 1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomew de Glanville De Proprietatibus Rerum (Bodl.) (1495) v. xxvi Þe yȝen defendeþ and wardeþ alle þe forþer parties of þe body. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria Decades of Newe Worlde iii. ix. f. 138 Towarde the west on the Northe syde, great Cuba..wardeth owre Tethys [i.e. Hayti] on the backe halfe. 1579 E. Spenser Shepheardes Cal. July 42 S. Michels Mount who does not know, That wardes the Westerne coste? 1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene iv. x. sig. I7 And for defence thereof, on th'other end There reared was a castle faire and strong, That warded all which in or out did wend. View more context for this quotation †4. a. To keep in close custody or confinement; to put in ward, imprison. Chiefly Scottish. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > confinement > confine [verb (transitive)] beloukOE loukOE sparc1175 pena1200 bepen?c1225 pind?c1225 prison?c1225 spearc1300 stopc1315 restraina1325 aclosec1350 forbara1375 reclosea1382 ward1390 enclose1393 locka1400 reclusea1400 pinc1400 sparc1430 hamperc1440 umbecastc1440 murea1450 penda1450 mew?c1450 to shut inc1460 encharter1484 to shut up1490 bara1500 hedge1549 hema1552 impound1562 strain1566 chamber1568 to lock up1568 coop1570 incarcerate1575 cage1577 mew1581 kennel1582 coop1583 encagea1586 pound1589 imprisonc1595 encloister1596 button1598 immure1598 seclude1598 uplock1600 stow1602 confine1603 jail1604 hearse1608 bail1609 hasp1620 cub1621 secure1621 incarcera1653 fasten1658 to keep up1673 nun1753 mope1765 quarantine1804 peg1824 penfold1851 encoop1867 oubliette1884 jigger1887 corral1890 maroon1904 to bang up1950 to lock down1971 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 354 A Maiden, which was warded streyte Withinne chambre and kept so clos, That [etc.]. ?a1400 Morte Arth. 1614 That they be weisely wachede and in warde holdene, Wardede of warantizez with wyrchipfulle knyghttez. a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Paddock & Mouse l. 2942 in Poems (1981) 109 Now in fredome, now wardit in distres. 1508 Reg. Privy Seal Scot. I. 247/1 Dome [was] gevin apoun thair personis to be wardit thairfor. 1581 N. Burne in Catholic Tractates (S.T.S.) 116 I..vas vayrdit in the Tolbuith of Edinburgh. 1597 in A. Macdonald & J. Dennistoun Misc. Maitland Club (1833) I. 129 The kirk desyris the bailleis to waird him quhill the nixt Sonday, his fude to be bread and wattir allanerlie. c1650 J. Spalding Memorialls Trubles Scotl. & Eng. (1850) I. 295 He..wes schortlie wairdit for these wordis. †b. figurative. To keep in close check or control. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restrain [verb (transitive)] > hold in check bridleOE tempera1050 chastec1230 to hold inc1300 straina1340 stintc1366 attemperc1380 restraina1387 rulea1391 ward1390 coarctc1400 obtemper?a1425 to hold or keep (a person) shortc1425 compesce1430 stent1488 coactc1520 repressa1525 compress1526 control1548 snaffle1555 temperatea1568 brank1574 halter1577 curb1588 shortena1599 to bear (a rein) upon1603 check1629 coerceate1657 bit1825 throttle1862 hold1901 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 53 Thin yhe forto kepe and warde, So that it passe noght his warde. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis I. 60 If thou..wisly cowthest warde and kepe Thin yhe and Ere. a1555 J. Hooper in M. Coverdale Certain Lett. Martyrs (1564) 158 True confession is warded on euery side, with many daungers. 5. With in, off, up: To enclose, hem in, seclude, shut off (esp. for safety or protection). rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > enclosing or confining > enclose or confine [verb (transitive)] pena1200 bebar?c1225 loukc1275 beshuta1300 parc1300 to shut in1398 to close inc1400 parrockc1400 pinc1400 steekc1400 lock?a1425 includec1425 key?a1439 spare?c1450 enferme1481 terminea1500 bebay1511 imprisona1533 besetc1534 hema1552 ram1567 warda1586 closet1589 pound1589 seclude1598 confine1600 i-pend1600 uptie1600 pinfold1605 boundify1606 incoop1608 to round in1609 ring1613 to buckle ina1616 embounda1616 swathe1624 hain1636 coopa1660 to sheathe up1661 stivea1722 cloister1723 span1844 the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > close or shut [verb (transitive)] > shut up (a place) > with a barrier, fence, etc. hedgea1425 stakea1500 to rail offc1500 stake1598 chain1603 rope1621 fence1767 hurdle1770–4 barrier1776 traverse1828 ward1842 stone1889 a1586 in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. xxxvii. 37 Walde ȝe ward ȝow vpe betwne tua ways, Ȝit so ȝe sall not frome þair sayingis save ȝou. a1592 R. Greene Frier Bacon (1594) sig. C^v The Pyren mounts..That ward the welthie Castile in with walles. 1842 C. Dickens Amer. Notes II. iii. 74 The machinery, not warded off or guarded in any way, but doing its work in the midst of the crowd of idlers..who throng the lower deck. 6. a. To parry, repel, fend off, turn aside (a stroke or thrust, blow, attack, weapon, missile). Now almost always with off. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > escape > escape from [verb (transitive)] > ward off harm > specifically a stroke or blow biberghOE keepc1175 repela1460 to put bya1530 ward1571 award1579 bucklera1616 guard1654 foil1841 1571 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Psalmes of Dauid with Comm. (lv. 13) i. f. 214 Too put backe a stroke by striking it upward, according as wee say in English I had warded his blowe. 1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. ix. sig. H6^v Their God himselfe..Shott many a dart at me with fiers intent, But I them warded all with wary gouernment. a1648 Ld. Herbert Life (1976) 63 All I could well doe to those two which remayned was to ward theire thrusts. 1652 T. Urquhart Εκσκυβαλαυρον 137 He for twenty several bouts, did but ward their blows, and pary with the fort of his sword. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis v, in tr. Virgil Wks. 345 Entellus..with his warping Body wards the Wound. 1732 T. Lediard tr. J. Terrasson Life Sethos II. ix. 277 He employ'd one part..to ward off the flights of arrows. 1830 W. M. Praed Poems (1864) I. 352 And now he wards a Roundhead's pike, and now he hums a stave. 1838 E. B. Barrett Romaunt of Page in Tait's Edinb. Mag. Nov. 682/2 Anon in the tent, and anon in the fight, [thou] Didst ward me a mortal blow. 1839 C. Darwin in R. Fitzroy & C. Darwin Narr. Surv. Voy. H.M.S. Adventure & Beagle III. ii. 28 Seeing a great powerful man afraid even to ward off a blow, directed, as he thought, at his face. 1851 M. Reid Scalp Hunters III. xv. 199 Before El Sol could ward it off, the thrust was given, and the weapon appeared to pass through his body. figurative.1638 D. Featley Stricturæ in Lyndomastygem i. Ep. Ded., in H. Lynde Case for Spectacles Your Lordship in your last..unanswerable masterpiece, held up your buckler over the Knight then living,..and ward off the Iesuits blowes.a1734 R. North Life F. North (1742) 224 He met sometimes with a Reprimand, which he would wittily ward off. b. absol. or intransitive. To parry blows; to stand on the defensive in a combat. archaic. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defend [verb (intransitive)] > take or maintain defensive position to stand at fencec1330 ward1393 guarda1616 1393 W. Langland Piers Plowman C. xxii. 218 And wepne to fight [v.r. warde] with þat wol neuere faille. 1567 J. Maplet Greene Forest iii. f. 101 [The unicorn] in his fight wardeth and foyneth at the Elephant his bellye. a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) i. xi. sig. G8^v As soone as he spied Palladius, he drew his sword, and..let flie at him. But Palladius..sought rather to retire, and warde. 1591 J. Harington Briefe Apol. Poetrie in tr. L. Ariosto Orlando Furioso sig. ¶ij^v As good fensers vse to ward & strike at once. 1592 J. Lyly Midas iv. ii A Nation..so valiant, that are redier to strike than ward. 1653 H. Holcroft tr. Procopius War with Vandals ii. 38 in tr. Procopius Hist. Warres Justinian Solomon..commanded the rest..to stand still, warding with their shields, against the enemies Javelins. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis v, in tr. Virgil Wks. 344 Yet equal in Success, they ward, they strike. 1820 W. M. Praed Poems (1864) II. 15 Life is won by ready sword, By strength to strike and skill to ward. 7. transitive. To avert, keep off (harm, danger, etc.). a. simply. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > escape > escape from [verb (transitive)] > ward off harm withhold13.. defendc1330 to bear offc1380 withstand1398 shielda1400 repela1450 to keep off1548 repulse1560 warda1586 fence1589 shelter1621 ward1759 fend-off1830 to fend back1877 a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1593) i. sig. H2^v While they did ward sun-beames with shady bay. 1673 R. Allestree Ladies Calling i. iii. §18 It concerns them therefore to ward those beginnings whose end may be so fatal. 1710 A. Philips Pastorals ii. 125 Fold Thy Flock with mine, to ward th'injurious Cold. c1750 W. Shenstone Elegies iii. 13 He little knew to ward the secret wound. 1810 W. Scott Lady of Lake v. 220 I, only I, can ward their fate. 1850 J. S. Blackie tr. Æschylus Lyrical Dramas II. 240 Theirs it is to ward fulfilment of all evil-omened sights. 1882 Ld. Acton Lett. to M. Gladstone 21 Mar. (1904) 132 Images would probably impress him as a danger to be warded, rather, I think, than Transubstantiation. b. with off. Also (rarely) aside. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > escape > escape from [verb (transitive)] > ward off harm withhold13.. defendc1330 to bear offc1380 withstand1398 shielda1400 repela1450 to keep off1548 repulse1560 warda1586 fence1589 shelter1621 ward1759 fend-off1830 to fend back1877 1759 O. Goldsmith Bee 20 Oct. 73 If then you would ward off the gripe of poverty, pretend to be a stranger to her. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth V. 322 Covering their heads at the same time to ward off any danger of the falling of pebbles or stones from above. 1798 T. Jefferson Writings (1859) IV. 241 If we can ward off actual war till the crisis in England is over. 1803 Edwin II. xiv. 214 To ward aside the threatened tempest. 1843 R. S. Surtees Handley Cross III. ii. 18 Rising hills ward off the wintery winds. 1864 C. Dickens Our Mutual Friend (1865) I. i. vi. 53 To keep out weather, to ward off cold,..or what not. 1881 W. H. Day Dis. Children 593 Which may obviate the tendency to congestion, and so ward off the paroxysms. †8. intransitive. To take up a position of defence, take precautions against. Also, to be careful that (something be done). Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > vigilance > [verb (transitive)] > guard against warea900 to be aware of1095 wardc1230 bihedea1250 to attend fromc1375 counterwaitc1386 to look out for1578 counterguard1583 bewarea1600 mind1700 to guard against1725 tent1737 the world > action or operation > manner of action > care, carefulness, or attention > care or heed [verb (intransitive)] > take care > take care that something be done foreseec900 witea1000 seec1300 awaitc1400 waitc1400 wakea1425 overseea1470 to see to ——1474 wardc1475 regard1535 to wait on ——1596 attend1612 examine1683 c1230 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Corpus Cambr.) (1962) 95 Secnesse þet godd send..wescheð þe sunnen þe beoð ear iwrahte. wardeð toȝein þeo þe weren towardes. c1475 Partenay 805 Warde that ye be a monday in thys place. 1709 M. Prior Paulo Purganti 100 Our Don, who knew this Tittle Tattle Did, sure as Trumpet, call to Battel; Thought it extreamly à propos, To ward against the coming Blow. 1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 99 Regard must be had..in cold Countries to ward against the bleak Northwind. a1745 J. Swift Let. to —— in Wks. (1841) II. 850/2 In England, this pusillanimity is more to be warded against than in most other countries. a1753 P. Drake Memoirs (1755) I. Ded. sig. A3 But where is the Necessity of warding against the Imputation of Flattery, when I dedicate to Your Lordship. 9. transitive. To place (a patient) in a particular ward in a hospital; to lodge (a vagrant) in a ‘casual ward’. (A new formation on the noun.) ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > places for the sick or injured > place in hospital [verb (transitive)] > place in ward ward1879 1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. 9 62 Warded at 2 p.m. next day with the same symptoms. 1889 Sir D. Duckworth in Lancet 5 Jan. She appeared there [i.e. at the Hospital] and being very ill..was warded. 1909 Westm. Gaz. 23 Feb. 12/1 The question as it seemed to these Town Councillors was how to get the vagrants warded, not how to keep them out of the Casual Ward. 10. Of a dog: To line or cover (a bitch). ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > dog > [verb (transitive)] > copulate with or impregnate lime1555 ward1781 tie1934 1781 P. Beckford Thoughts on Hunting v. 59 When you breed from a very favourite sort, and can have another bitch warded at the same time, it will be of great service, as you may then save all the puppies. 1826 J. Cook Fox-hunting 11 It is therefore not very probable that one Stallion-hound can ward many bitches besides those of the owner. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1921; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † wardv.² Etymology: Aphetic < award v.¹ Obsolete. transitive. = award v.¹ ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > judging > judge or determine judicially [verb (transitive)] > award or impose judicially showlOE judgea1387 ward1442 adjudge1459 award1523 adjudging1581 sentence1618 abjudicate1666 adjudicate1700 1442 Rolls of Parl. V. 43/2 If..Processe theropon be wardet. 1475 Rolls of Parl. VI. 141/1 That the Juges of the said Bench.., have auctorite..to ward that the said James have ayein his said Goodes,..and theruppon to ward Writtes of execution in that behalve. 1555 in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) III. App. No. 47. 145 Which shalbe proved, yf a commission might be warded to that purpose. Derivatives warding n. and adj. ΚΠ 1487 in H. E. Malden Cely Papers (1900) 160 A sarpler..poyntyd be the lefftenaunte to be casten owte to wardd the sortt bye as the ordenaunce ys now made that the lefftenaunte schall poynt the warddyng sarplers of every mans wull. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1921; most recently modified version published online June 2021). > see also also refers to : -wardsuffix < n.¹a680n.²OEn.³c1460n.⁴a1825v.¹a1000v.²1442 see also
随便看	gambrel gambrel joint gambrel roof gambrel-roofed gambreled gambreler gambrelest gambrelled gambrelled-roofed gambrelledroofed gambreller gambrellest gambrelroofed gambrels gambroon gambs gambusia gambusias gamcases game game act game all game and game and game game and glee

† wardn.1

wardn.2

Compounds

† wardn.3

wardn.4

wardv.1

† wardv.2

Derivatives

> see also

† wardn.¹

wardn.²

† wardn.³

wardn.⁴

wardv.¹

† wardv.²