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单词 welsh
释义

Welshadj.n.

Brit. /wɛlʃ/, U.S. /wɛlʃ/
Forms:

α. Old English Wilis- (in compounds), Old English Wilisc, Old English Wylisc, Old English Wylsc, Old English Wylysc (rare), late Old English Wilsc, late Old English Wylis- (inflected), early Middle English Willissh (south-western, as surname), early Middle English Wilsche (south-western, as surname), early Middle English Wilshe (south-western, as surname), early Middle English Wulshe (south-western, as surname), early Middle English Wylshe (south-western, as surname).

β. early Old English Uuelesc (Kentish), Old English–early Middle English Welisc, Old English–early Middle English Welsc- (inflected), early Middle English Welsche (as surname), early Middle English Weylse (as surname), Middle English Welische, Middle English Welissche (as surname), Middle English Welisse, Middle English Welissh (as surname), Middle English Wellis (as surname), Middle English Welsch (as surname), Middle English Welsse, Middle English Welyssche (as surname), Middle English Whelshe (as surname), Middle English Whelssh (as surname), Middle English (as surname)–1500s Welsshe, Middle English (as surname)–1600s Welshe, Middle English–1800s (1900s– English regional (Lancashire)) Welch, Middle English– Welsh, late Middle English Welych, late Middle English Wlyshe (transmission error), 1500s Welche, 1500s Welleshe, 1500s Wellshe, 1500s Wels (in representations of Welsh English), 1500s–1600s Wealch, 1600s Welse (in representations of Welsh English); Scottish pre-1700 Vellchie, pre-1700 Wealch, pre-1700 Welche, pre-1700 Welsche, pre-1700 1700s– Welch, pre-1700 1700s– Welsh, 1700s Velsh.

γ. Old English–early Middle English Wælisc, late Old English–early Middle English Wælsc- (inflected), early Middle English Wailsc- (inflected), early Middle English Walisc, early Middle English Walsc- (inflected), early Middle English Walze (as surname), Middle English Wailse, Middle English Walais, Middle English Walesch, Middle English Walesche, Middle English Waleys, Middle English Waleyse, Middle English Walhs (as surname), Middle English Walich, Middle English Walische, Middle English Walissche (as surname), Middle English Walisse (as surname), Middle English Walissh, Middle English Walisshe (as surname), Middle English Wallish, Middle English Wallisshe, Middle English Wallsch (as surname), Middle English Wallshe (as surname), Middle English Wallych, Middle English Wals, Middle English Walsch, Middle English Walsche, Middle English Walse, Middle English Walssche, Middle English Walsse, Middle English Walssh, Middle English Walsshe, Middle English Walych (as surname), Middle English Walysch, Middle English Walysche, Middle English Walyssch (as surname), Middle English Walysshe, Middle English Whalsch (as surname), Middle English (1500s Scottish) Walis, Middle English 1600s Walish, Middle English–1500s Walche, Middle English–1500s Walshe, Middle English (as surname)–1500s Walyssh, Middle English–1600s Walch, Middle English–1600s Walsh, late Middle English Waylshe.

δ. south-western (as surname). early Middle English Wolisshe, early Middle English Wolssh, early Middle English Wolyshe.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.
Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian walsk ‘French’ (rare), Old High German walesg , walisc , walahisc ‘Latin’, ‘Romance’ (Middle High German walhisch , welhisch , walsch , welsch ‘Italian’, ‘French’, ‘Romance’; German welsch , in the same senses), Middle Dutch walsc ‘French’, ‘Italian’, ‘Walloon’, ‘speaking a Romance language, especially French’ (Dutch waalsch ‘Walloon’, ‘speaking a Romance language, especially French’), Middle Low German Walsch , Wallesch ‘Romance, especially Italian’, Old Icelandic valskr ‘foreign, especially French’, Old Swedish valsker ‘French’, ‘Italian’, ‘from a southern country’, ‘foreign’ (Swedish välsk ), Danish vælsk ‘from a Romance-speaking country, especially Italian or (sometimes) French’, (also) ‘Welsh’ < the Germanic base of Old English Wealh , Walh (see note below) + Germanic base of -ish suffix1. Compare post-classical Latin Waliscus (1086 in Domesday Book; c1114 in a Latin version of the early Old English Laws of Ine: compare quot. eOE at Welshman n. 1aα. ), Anglo-Norman Waleis , Walais , Gualeis , Galays , etc., Old French galeis , galeis , (northern) walois , walesche (French gallois ) (adjective) ‘Welsh’ (c1170), (noun) ‘Welsh person’, ‘the Welsh language’ (both 1155), ‘the French language’ (c1283, only in Old French and Middle French in areas bordering Germanic speaking territories). Compare also post-classical Latin Wallensis , Gualensis , Galensis (frequently from 1086 in British sources), Valicus , Wallicus (from 1252 in British sources), both adjectives in sense ‘Welsh’, Wallus , Guallus (noun) ‘Welshman’ (from a1143 in British sources), etc. Compare etymological notes at walnut n.1 and walsh-nut n.; compare also Welsh bean n.(i) History of the parent noun. Old English Wealh , (Anglian) Walh foreigner, Briton, Welsh person, slave, is cognate with Old High German Walh , Walah speaker of a Romance language (Middle High German Walch , Walhe foreigner, speaker of a Romance language, specifically Frenchman or Italian, German †Wahle ), Middle Dutch Wale speaker of a Romance language, specifically Walloon or Frenchman (Dutch Waal Walloon, speaker of a Romance language, especially French; compare the Old Dutch byname Wal , Walo ), Old Icelandic Valir (plural) inhabitants of northern France, probably < Gaulish Uolcae (recorded in classical Latin contexts), the name of several groups of Celtic people, especially a powerful one in southern Gaul, which (for Germanic-speakers in the west) came to be used as a generic term for speakers of non-Germanic languages (originally Gaulish, and after the Romanization of Gaul also Latin and subsequently Romance languages). For a parallel semantic development compare the borrowing into West Germanic of the name of the Slavic people recorded in post-classical Latin as Veneti to denote Slavic peoples more generally (see Wend n.). The further etymology of the name of the Uolcae is uncertain and disputed, perhaps < the same Indo-European base as classical Latin falcō falcon n. Compare Walloon n., and (with reference to Romance-speakers in south-east Europe) Wallach n. and Vlach n. (ii) The name of Wales. The name of the country in English is Wales (in Middle English also Walys , Walis ), derived from Old English Wealas (plural of Wealh ), often used to denote the Britons collectively and hence their lands (compare sense A. 1a). There was no unified polity in medieval western Britain, and the concept of Wales as a geographical, ethnic, or political unit was a very gradual development (compare sense A. 2). Old English Wealas could refer to Britons in Cornwall, Wales, and northern Britain, and also historically to the inhabitants of other parts of Britain before the Anglo-Saxon settlement. Consequently, the name Wealas is sometimes qualified in order to denote a more specific application, e.g. Cornwealas Britons of Cornwall, Westwealas Britons of Cornwall and (in one instance) south-west Wales, Norðwealas Britons of (parts of) Wales (i.e. north of Cornwall), Stræcledwalas Strathclyde Britons (and also, in each case, their respective lands). These terms are common in the Anglo-Saxon Chron. The compound Brytwealas , usually denoting the early Britons (compare quot. eOE1 and Welsh Britain n. at Compounds 1d, and also quot. 1610 at Welshman n. 1aβ. ) is also used once in a homily to denote the Celtic lands of Britain (see quot. OE1); it also has a derivative Brytwylisc (adjective) British (also as noun in sense ‘British, the Brittonic language of the Britons’: see quot. OE at sense B. 1a). Compare:eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 682 On þissum geare Centwine gefliemde Bretwealas [OE Tiber. A.vi Bryttas] oþ sę.eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 875 Se here..oft hergade on Peohtas & on Stręcledwalas.eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 894 On ðys gere for se here of Wirheale in on Norðwealas [sc. Wales or North Wales].eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 914 On suþhealfe Sæfernmuþan, westan from Wealum [sc. Cornwall], east oþ Afene muþan.OE Homily: Sunnandæges Spell (Corpus Cambr. 419) in A. S. Napier Wulfstan (1883) 205 Hit [sc. fyr] gefealð ærest on Sceotta land..and hit þonne færð on Brytwealas.OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 926 Huwal Westwala cyning [i.e. Hywel Dda, king of Deheubarth in South Wales], & Cosstantin Scotta cyning, & Uwen Wenta cyning [= king of Gwent].OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 997 Her..ferde se here abutan Defenanscire into Sefernmuðan, & þær hergodon ægþær ge on Cornwealum & on Norðwealum [sc. Wales, with reference to southern Wales] & on Defenum.lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1048 Mann sette þa Oddan to eorle ofer Defenascire & ofer Sumersæton & ofer Dorseton & ofer Wealas [sc. Cornwall]. In the Middle Ages, the Welsh territories consisted of several former kingdoms, subsequently ruled by princes (see prince n. 6 and the etymological note at that entry); in the 13th cent., Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Gwynedd, established overlordship over all remaining independent parts of Wales and was acknowledged as Prince of Wales by Henry III in 1267 (Treaty of Montgomery). His principality in turn was conquered by Edward I in 1282. Edward conferred the title Prince of Wales on his son and heir to consolidate this conquest (see prince n. 7 and compare Prince of Wales n.); compare post-classical Latin princeps Walliae (1306 or earlier denoting the heir to the English throne, 13th cent. with reference to the Welsh Princes, 1267 as a title given to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd), Anglo-Norman prince de Gales , prince de Wales (1307 or earlier denoting the heir to the English throne, 1271 or earlier with reference to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd; Middle French, French Prince de Galles ). Wales was formally incorporated into the English realm in 1536, and remains part of the United Kingdom, although granted partial self-government in 1999 (see Welsh Assembly Government at Compounds 1d). Compare the following early attestations of the place name in English, as a simplex denoting Wales (as is usual in Old English the name denotes both the people and their lands; compare note above):OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.i) (Mercian register) anno 916 Ðæs embe þreo niht sende Æþelflæd fyrde on Wealas & abræc Brecenanmere.lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1123 Ða..ferde se ærcebiscop to Rome æfter his pallium, & mid him ferde se biscop Bernard of Wales [sc. of St David's, now in Pembrokeshire].c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 14934 Inne Norð Wales wes a king, Cadwan þe kene; of Suð Wales, Margadud, monnen alre uæȝerest. ▸ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 61 Schroysbury is a citee..in þe marche of Engelond and of Wales [L. Cambriae]... Schroysbury was somtyme þe hede of Powyse, þat streccheþ forþ thwart ouer þe myddel of Wales [L. Walliae].1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) i. vii. sig. a.vv Arthur wan alle the north scotland, and..Also walys.1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. 615 I thinke..to digresse a while and turne a little aside towards Wales, called in Latin Cambria, or Wallia [L. ad Walliam sive Cambriam], where the ancient Britans have yet their seat and abode. With the place name compare post-classical Latin Wallia , Walia , Guallia , Gualia (12th cent.), Anglo-Norman Gales , Galis , Galleis , Gualles , Gwales , Wales , Wals , Walays , etc., Old French Vales , Gales (c1100; < Old English), and also Anglo-Norman terre de Gales , paijs de Gales (both 14th cent.; Middle French, French pays de Galles ). Post-classical Latin Wallia denotes only Wales, while the alternative name Cambria , with which it is often used interchangeably, can also be used to include (or sometimes exclusively denote) the British territories in northern Britain, e.g. Strathclyde and Cumbria (see Cambrian adj.). In Welsh, the name of Wales is Cymru , the self-designation of its inhabitants is Cymry (singular Cymro , masculine, and Cymraes , feminine: see Cymric adj. and the discussion at Cambrian adj.), and the corresponding adjective is Cymreig . The name of the language (and the corresponding adjective) is Cymraeg (see Cymraeg n.). (iii) Other uses of the Old English noun. In Old English Wealh and its compounds or derivatives are occasionally used of foreigners more generally, particularly in names referring to France or Gaul and their inhabitants (compare the use of the cognates of Wealh in other Germanic languages to refer to Romance-speakers); compare the Old English compounds Galwalas Gauls, (hence) Gaul, and also Rōmwalas , Rūmwalas Romans. The simplex is also (once) attested in the latter sense (rendering Latin Romanorum in the ultimate source of the gloss, Isidore Origines 5. 9. 1):OE Antwerp Gloss. (1955) 63 Ius quiritum, weala sunderriht. Compare also the following passages from the Anglo-Saxon Chron., all having reference to events of 1051 (despite the ostensible dates of the annals), which refer to foreigners from northern France (favoured by King Edward the Confessor and regarded with resentment by the English) variously as ‘Welsh’ , ‘French’, and ‘Norman’, so that Welsh adj. in this context could imply either generally ‘foreign’ or specifically ‘French’ (compare sense A. 3):OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1052 Ealle gearwe to wige ongean þone cyng, buton man ageafe Eustatsius & his men heom to hand sceofe, & eac þa Frencyscan þe on þam castelle wæron.lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Domitian A.viii) anno 1050 Þa wæran ða..[text erased; prob. read wælisce men] æror mid ðan cinge [L. Tunc quidam de Normannis qui cum rege erant uenerunt ad regem].lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1048 Þa hæfdon þa welisce menn gewroht ænne castel on Herefordscire... Ða wæron þa wælisce menn ætforan mid þam cynge. In southern England, Old English wealh was also sometimes used as a common noun to denote a slave or serf, probably on account of many slaves being of British origin in the Anglo-Saxon period (compare sense A. 1b, and for a parallel semantic development compare slave n.1). A feminine derivative Old English wielen , wiln ‘female slave’ ( < wealh + -en suffix2) shows i-mutation (compare α. forms of the adjective), indicating that this word form is relatively early; see further D. A. E. Pelteret Slavery in Early Mediaeval Eng. (1995) 319–22, 325–8, A. Lutz in Eng. Lang. & Linguistics 13 (2009) 239-44. Compare:OE Ælfric Gram. (St. John's Oxf.) 101 O mea ancilla, esto utilis eala ðu min wyln, beo nytwyrðe... O meum mancipium, sere bene eala ðu min weal, saw wel.OE Ælfric Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) xx. 14 Þa genam Abimalech oxan & scep, wealas & wylna [L. servos et ancillas].OE West Saxon Gospels: Matt. (Corpus Cambr.) xxiv. 50 Þonne cymþ ðæs weles [L. servi] hlaford on þam dæge ðe he na ne wenþ. The place-name element Wal- ( < Old English Wealh , Anglian Walh ) is common in names dating from the Anglo-Saxon period. In early names and in names from border areas this probably denotes settlements of Celtic Britons; however, the nature of the evidence makes it difficult to identify early formations. In later formations it is more likely that it refers to foreign settlers from the continent. It has also been suggested that it may sometimes denote settlements of serfs. Compare e.g. (on) Wealadene Hertfordshire (c1000; now St Paul's Walden), Wealtun , Suffolk (a1016; now Walton), Walecford , Herefordshire (1086; now Walford), Wealawyrð , Surrey (11th cent.; now Walworth). In some cases, the element Wal- may represent a personal name, especially where it occurs in the genitive singular or where it combines with a derivative suffix such as -ing suffix3, compare Welengaford , Berkshire (c925 or earlier; now Wallingford), Waleshale , Staffordshire (c1100, now Walsall). As a personal name Wealh is attested both as simplex (compare Old High German Walh , Walah (8th cent.)) and as name element (in e.g. Æðelwealh ; compare Old High German Adalwalah ). (iv) Form history. The stem-final h (velar fricative) of Old English wealh is regularly lost between l and a following vowel in inflected forms, e.g. nominative plural Wealas , (Anglian) Walas ; as also before the vowel of -ish suffix1 in the derived adjective. The adjective shows no forms preserving h , except in an instance of early use as personal name where it may have been analogically restored: Velhisci (679; with Latin genitive ending). The loss of the fricative in this position causes variable compensatory lengthening of the preceding syllable; lengthened and unlengthened forms appear to have coexisted, although it is likely that the latter were more common (metrical evidence shows a lengthened syllable in the noun, compare e.g. swearte Wealas ( Riddle 12 4a), but the evidence of place names universally shows a short syllable); see further R. M. Hogg Gram. Old Eng. (1992) I. §§5.124, 127. Any lengthened forms of the adjective that survived into early Middle English would have undergone either trisyllabic shortening or (in syncopated forms) shortening before the final consonant cluster; there are no clear reflexes of an Old English lengthened syllable in later Middle English or early modern English. The syncope of the medial vowel (Wilisc > Wilsc , etc.; originally in inflected forms) takes place already in Old English in this word, which is unusually early and may show colloquial influence on written forms, but the vowel is occasionally restored by analogy with -ish suffix1 until the early modern English period. The α. forms represent the reflex of early West Saxon ie resulting from i-mutation of ea (before i of the suffix) after breaking of earlier æ before the following consonant group (compare the corresponding noun, West Saxon Wealh , with unmutated stem syllable); the rounding influence of preceding w is seen in early Middle English Wulshe and perhaps already in Old English Wylisc . Some of the β. forms represent the Kentish reflex of early Old English æ with regular breaking to ea and i-mutation to e , and this is probably continued in south-eastern Middle English forms. However, the majority of the β. forms represent the Anglian reflex of æ with retraction to a before l plus consonant (compare the corresponding noun, Anglian Walh ), i-mutation of a to æ , and subsequent late Old English raising of this vowel to e in the east midlands and the north (compare A. Campbell Old Eng. Gram. (1959) §193(a), R. Jordan Handb. der mittelenglischen Grammatik (ed. 2, 1934) §62). The γ. forms show the expected reflex of the Anglian retracted and mutated vowel in the west midlands (Middle English a ), but appear to be unusually widely distributed in Middle English. Although they become obsolete by the end of the 16th cent., Walsh survives as a form of the surname. Some γ. forms show the influence of Anglo-Norman Walais, Waleis; compare e.g. Waleys. Compare the following early uses as a surname: Robertus Waleis (1168), Osbert Waleis (a1185), Eudo le Waleis (c1200), where it is unclear whether the names reflect the Anglo-Norman or the Middle English word; compare also William Waleis (1343 or earlier), the name in Anglo-Norman of the late 13th-cent. Scottish patriot William Wallace. The surname Wallace and its variants, e.g. Wallis , partly continue such forms and partly reflect regular northern Middle English γ. forms with final -s (see -ish suffix1). The δ. forms probably show spellings of α. forms with o for u to reduce minim confusion, but could alternatively show the rounding influence of w on following a in γ. forms. The form Welch (see β. forms) was retained in the name of the Royal Welch Fusiliers until 2006, when the regiment was amalgamated with the Royal Regiment of Wales to form the Royal Welsh.
A. adj.
1.
a. = British adj. 1a. Now historical.The British people inhabited Britain south of the Firth of Forth, and following the advent of the Anglo-Saxons gradually retreated until the area under their influence consisted of Strathclyde (until the 12th cent.), Cornwall (cf. Cornish adj.2), and present-day Wales (cf. sense A. 2).In quots. eOE2, eOE3 at α. apparently: spec. Cornish or south-west British.In Anglo-Saxon law codes the word repeatedly occurs with the implication of lower or unfree status of the British in Anglo-Saxon society; cf. quots. eOE3, lOE at α. and sense A. 1b.Cf. Welsh ale n. at Compounds 1d.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > ethnicities > Celtic people > [adjective] > ancient Britons
WelsheOE
BritishOE
Brett1535
Britainc1540
Welsh British1659
Brittonic1890
α.
eOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Parker) anno 465 Her Hengest & Æsc gefuhton uuiþ Walas neah Wippedesfleote & þær xii wilisce [lOE Laud wilsce] aldormenn ofslogon.
eOE Laws of Ine (Corpus Cambr. 173) xxxii. 22 (heading) Be Wilisces [OE Nero Wylysces; L. Cordubiensis] monnes londhæfene.
eOE Laws of Ine (Corpus Cambr. 173) xlvi. §1. 110 Gif ðonne Englisc onstal ga forð, onsace þonne be twyfealdum; if hit ðonne bið Wilisc onstal, ne bið se að na ðy mara.
OE Laws: Norðleoda Laga (Corpus Cambr.) vii. 460 Gif Wilisman geþeo, þæt he hæbbe hiwisc landes.., þonne bið his wergild cxx scillinga.
lOE Laws of Æðelstan (Rochester) vi. vi. §3. 177 Þæt him [sc. the runaway slave] man dyde þæt ylce þe man þam Wyliscean þeofe dyde.
β. eOE (Kentish) Charter: Oswulf & Beornðryð to Christ Church, Canterbury (Sawyer 1188) in F. E. Harmer Sel. Eng. Hist. Docs. 9th & 10th Cent. (1914) 2 Ðonne bebeode ic ðaet mon ðas ðing selle ymb tuælf monað of Liminum.., cxx huaetenra hlafa..& xxx ombra godes uuelesces aloð.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) l. 15790 Þa iwærð abolȝen a Welisc king in þe hepen.1581 W. Averell Life & Death Charles & Iulia (title page) An excellent Historie bothe pithy and pleasant, Discoursing On the life and death of Charles and Iulia, two Brittish, or rather Welshe louers.1602 R. Carew Surv. Cornwall i. f. 77v Blederic Duke of Cornwall, associated with other Welsh kings, darrayned a battell against Ethelferd, king of the Northumbers.1656 T. Blount Glossographia Cambrian, Welch, Brittish.1789 J. Pinkerton Enq. Hist. Scotl. I. ii. vi. 94 This Dunmail is the only Welch king of Cumbria, whose name is preserved by English writers.1899 W. Hunt Eng. Church Found. to Norman Conquest ix. 167 Ine's British, or ‘Welsh’ subjects are treated as law-worthy.1913 A. F. Major Early Wars of Wessex i. 88 The first settlers made their way into what were still Welsh lands, in East Somerset.1985 M. Wood In Search Trojan War i. 33 The Tudors, it was argued, were of Welsh or ancient British descent.γ. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 852 He scolde gife ilca gear into þe minstre..twa tunnnan [read tunnan] fulle hlutres aloð & twa slægnæt & sex hund hlafes & ten mittan wælsces aloð.c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 6499 Vortiger hafde Walisc [c1300 Otho Wals] lond.1649 J. Sadler Rights of Kingdom 60 We find K. Ina, Elected; (though by means of an Angel:) and the First Saxon Monarch. Of his Laws, and Match with his Gaulish, Walish, Cambrian Queen; before.
†b. Having the status of a slave or slaves. Obsolete. rare.Only in Old English.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > subjection > slavery or bondage > [adjective] > of or relating to slaves > treated as slave
WelshOE
chattelized1878
OE Note on Old Test. Figures (Tiber. A.iii) in Anglia (1889) 11 3 Þæt cynn [sc. Ham's descendants] wæs geseald fram urum drihtne þam oðrum cynnum twam..on þeowdom... He on ðreo towearp þa cneordnysse. Þæt wæs wælisc & on cyrlisc cynn & on gesyðcund cynn.
2.
a. Of, from, or belonging to Wales or its people; (of a product, item, etc.) manufactured in Wales; of a material, pattern, or design typical of Wales.This sense originated as a spec. use of sense A. 1a in contexts referring to Britons inhabiting the geographical area that is now Wales; compare the very gradual formation of the concept of Wales as a geographical, ethnic, and political unit (see discussion in etymology).Apparently usually in this sense when used as a byname or surname in Middle English, although in quots. 1327, 1333 at α. the sense ‘Cornish’ is perhaps an alternative possibility (cf. note at sense A. 1a).
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > British Isles > Wales > [adjective]
WelshOE
Cambrian1656
South Walian1968
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > British nation > Welsh nation > [adjective]
WelshOE
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > British nation > Welsh nation > [adjective] > relating to
WelshOE
Welshy1794
α.
OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.i) anno 1055 On ðam ylcan geare forðferde Tremerig se wylsca biscop.
OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1050 On þam ilcan geare comon upp on Wylisce Axa of Yrlande xxxvi scypa.
lOE Laws: Dunsæte (Corpus Cambr.) iii. §2. 376 xii lahmen scylon riht tæcean Wealan & Ænglan: vi Englisce & vi Wylisce.
1327 in G. Kristensson Surv. Middle Eng. Dial. (2002) 154 [Somerset] Le Willissh [byname].
1333 in G. Kristensson Surv. Middle Eng. Dial. (2002) 154 [Hampshire] Le Wulshe [byname].
β. OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.i) anno 1052 Eac man sloh Hris þæs welscan cynges broþer.c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 11174 (MED) Biweued hii were boþe mid welsse [c1400 BL Add. walich] mantles tueie.1360–1 in J. T. Fowler Extracts Acct. Rolls Abbey of Durham (1899) II. 562 Cuidam Welsharpour d'ni Will'i de Dalton, 3s. 4d.a1400 (a1325) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Trin. Cambr.) (1887) App. XX. 877 (MED) Edward his sone..of þe welische londe clanliche al out I wan þe seignoriȝe.1459–60 in E. Hobhouse Church-wardens' Accts. (1890) 100 (MED) For walsche bord and plankys, xxxiij s.; xxx zeme of bordys, xij d. the zeme, and iij zeme of plangys, xij d. the zeme.1513 Life Henry V (1911) 10 And this sufficeth of the Welsh conspiracies and battailes.1576 G. Pettie Petite Pallace 79 Welch Sir Richard him selfe can not make a better preache then I can.1600 W. Shakespeare Henry V iv. vii. 103 All the water in Wye wil not wash your wealch Blood out of you.a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) ii. i. 190 Sir, there is a fray to be fought, betweene Sir Hugh the Welch Priest, and Caius the French Doctor. View more context for this quotation1628 Mad Pranks Robin Goodfellow (Percy Soc.) 9 As infamous as a Welch-harper that playes for cheese and onions.1703 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion II. vi. 57 Here a Welsh Regiment of the Kings..assaulted the Works.1706 J. Hughes in Compl. Hist. Eng. I. 96/2 Godwin sought to greaten himself by the Conquest of Wales..; which his Son Harold, Earl of the West-Saxons, effected, by vanquishing the two Welsh kings, Ris and Griffith.1761 Brit. Mag. Aug. 436/1 The native, genuine, and salutary taste of Welch beef.1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall (1787) III. xxxviii. 623 Their subjects, of Welsh or Cambrian extraction, assume the respectable station of inferior freemen.1827 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) IV. 475 Here I have found out who the Welsh attorney was who [etc.].1845 G. Dodd Brit. Manuf. 5th Ser. v. 148 There are many kinds of snuff called ‘high-dried’, such as ‘Welsh’ and ‘Lundyfoot’.1862 G. Borrow Wild Wales II. xvii. 207 Why, you told me you were of Welsh parents.1862 G. Borrow Wild Wales II. xviii. 215 I reached a large village, the name of which, like those of most Welsh villages, began with Llan.1904 W. S. Churchill in Times 19 Oct. 5/5 The Irish demand and the Welsh demand for devolution ought..to go..together hand in hand.1933 D. Thomas Let. Nov. (1987) 43 I first saw the light of day in a Glamorgan villa, and, amid the terrors of the Welsh accent and the smoke of the tinplate stacks.1970 Burlington Mag. Aug. 550/2 The numerous lost paintings by this Welsh artist.2000 Times 3 Aug. i. 32/2 David Price..was the only seed to lose in the first two rounds of the Welsh Amateur championship on the Royal St David's links at Harlech.γ. OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1050 Mid Gryfines fultume þæs wæliscan cynges.a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1882) VIII. 265 Þe false Walsche David [a1475 Harl. Fals David of Wales ; L. Perfidus David Wallensis] roos aȝenst kyng Edward in Palme Sonday.a1400 (a1325) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Trin. Cambr.) (1887) App. G. 792 (MED) Whateling stret..is..fram þe walische see ywis, Fram seint dauid to þe see at southamptone þat is & þoru gloucestre passeþ.a1400 in N. S. B. Gras Early Eng. Customs Syst. (1918) 214 De quolibet trussello de kerseye Walssh russet et mantell' d'Irland ven. xii d.c1450 (c1425) Brut (Cambr. Kk.1.12) 368 Þer was a man þat was clepid ‘þe walsch clerke,’ and apelyd a knyȝt..of treson.a1470 in T. Twiss Black Bk. Admiralty (1871) I. 470 Of the cuntrey that he is of, that is to say be he Frenshe, Englissh, Walsh, or Irissh.1532 Prayer & Compl. Ploweman F j They haue enclosed it [sc. God's leasow]..so hygh, there may no shepe come there within, but yef it be a walyssh lepre [= leaper] of the mountaynes.
†b. depreciative. Designating the lineage of a Welsh person, considered to be exaggerated and excessively lengthy. Chiefly in proverbial phrases. Frequently in Welsh pedigree. Obsolete. [With allusion to the supposed tendency of Welsh people to trace their lineages back to distant times. Compare quot. 1577 for Welsh Briton n.]
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > lineage or descent > [noun] > a line of descent
linec1386
descent?a1400
pedigree1440
series1599
Welsh pedigree1615
bloodline1658
family linea1694
stem-line1892
1615 J. Stephens Ess. & Characters (new ed.) 286 He seemes to be the darling of some Welch pedigree: for he conspires with his owne profession, and makes a triumph of the least aduantage, in the very same manner.
a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Wales 7 As long as a Welsh pedigree.
1725 E. Young Universal Passion: Satire III 7 Till I surpass in length..A Welch descent.
a1764 C. Churchill Serm. (1765) Ded. p. iii When Thou art to Thyself, thy Sire unknown, A Whole, Welsh Genealogy Alone?
1787 F. Grose Provinc. Gloss. It is a sorry Welch pedigree that does not, at least, reach to Noah.
1822 J. K. Paulding Sketch Old Eng. viii. 95 I hate walking, and should have been as long getting through Wales, as a Welsh pedigree.
c. Characteristic of Wales; having characteristics or qualities attributed to people or things from Wales.
ΚΠ
1775 H. P. Wyndham Gentleman's Tour through Monmouthshire & Wales 161 Both the instrument and voice were perfectly pleasing, and the music being truly Welsh, was plaintive and melancholy.
1791 M. Morgan Tour Milford Haven 279 He has been more happy in his representation of the girl than of the woman. She has a more Welsh countenance, ingenuous, open, and lively.
1830 Cambrian Q. Mag. 1 Oct. 421 A most dreadful battle took place, but Norman discipline ultimately prevailed over Welsh bravery.
1864 E. Foss Judges of Eng. VIII. 314 The friendship between them had well nigh come to an end by Kenyon's Welsh pride being hurt by a joke of Dunning's.
1893 Musical Herald 1 Aug. 237/1 Among those [Welsh people] who have travelled all over our Isles and lit them up with Welsh enthusiasm and Welsh musicality, Mr. Hirwen Jones stands in the front rank.
1919 Times 10 Nov. 7/3 Lewis's play..is very Welsh: typically clever and full of resource: very selfish, erratic, and untrustworthy.
1989 Skoob Rev. Winter 40/1 The subject-matter is claustrophobically Welsh.
2004 P. Ward Britishness since 1870 Introd. 11 There is nothing more English than cricket, or more Welsh than rugby.
†3. Of or belonging to another country; foreign, alien; not native or indigenous. Obsolete.In quots. eOE1 and eOE2 with reference to plants not native to Britain and originally imported from southern Europe (respectively southernwood and parsnip).In Old English perhaps also: spec. of or belonging to a Romance-speaking country, French; compare quot. lOE and the corresponding sense of Old English wealh (see discussion in etymology).
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > non-British plants or herbs > [adjective]
WelsheOE
the world > relative properties > order > disorder > irregularity > unconformity > abnormality > [adjective] > strange > and foreign
WelsheOE
exotical1608
exotic1629
extraneousc1750
Arabian-night1808
eOE Cleopatra Gloss. in W. G. Stryker Lat.-Old Eng. Gloss. in MS Cotton Cleopatra A.III (Ph.D. diss., Stanford Univ.) (1951) 349 Opratanum, wælisc [prob. read wælisc wudu].
eOE Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) iii. viii. 312 Cicena mete, dulhrune, wylisc moru, hnutbeames leaf.
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1048 Þa hæfdon þa welisce menn gewroht ænne castel on Herefordscire... Ða wæron þa wælisce menn ætforan mid þam cynge.
a1456 ( J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 698 Nowe filoweþe a..balade..of a mommynge, whiche þe goldesmythes of þe Cite of London mommed in right fresshe and costele welych desguysing to þeyre Mayre Eestfeld.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 1111 He had aspyed a Waylshe knyght where he was to repose hym.
1583 Sir T. Smith's De Republica Anglorum i. xiii. 15 To defende themselues yet from them which were walsh and strangers,..[they] agreed..to consult in common.
4. Of, relating to, or designating the Brittonic language of Wales (see sense B. 1a); (of literary compositions, speeches, etc.) written or spoken in Welsh; (of words, idioms, grammar, etc.) belonging to Welsh.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [adjective] > Indo-European > Celtic > Welsh
Welsh?a1425
British1548
Welsh Celtic1789
Powysian1805
?a1425 (?a1350) T. Castleford Chron. (1996) I. 2348 So aftyrward þe folkes langege, Þat come of þe Troien lynage, Mellit wyth þe linage of Grece, A spech of both corupyt men sees,..Walsetong men it calles þis day.
1547 W. Salesbury Dict. Eng. & Welshe Ded. Seyng ther is many of your graces subiectes in Wales that readethe parfytlye the welshe tonge..I haue written a lytle englyshe dyctionary with the welshe interpretation.
1587 J. Penry Treat. Aequity Humble Supplic. 48 Vngodly welsh bookes are fraught with these Idolatries.
a1648 Ld. Herbert Life (1976) 14 Where I might learne the Welch tongue.
1682 W. Richards Wallography 121 One in our Company..having got a Welch Polysyllable into his Throat, was almost choak'd with Consonants.
1729 T. Innes Crit. Ess. Anc. Inhabitants Scotl. II. i. 463 Mr. Edward Lhuyd, in his Welch preface to his Archæologia.
1759 A. Butler Lives Saints IV. 519 Lluydh, in his catalogue of Welch manuscripts.
a1773 A. Butler Lives Saints (1779) IV. 231 Vawr, as the Welsh adjective Mawr Great, is writ in several parts of Wales.
1806 Universal Mag. July 10/2 They all began singing a Welch song.
1877 J. Rhys (title) Lectures on Welsh Philology.
1888 C. T. Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 154 Welsh cases, cases of special lay for composing works in that language.
1909 W. D. Howells Seven Eng. Cities 143 I believe that the merit of Welsh poetry dwells largely, perhaps overlargely, in its intricate technique.
1943 Mod. Lang. Rev. 38 193 Suggestions made by Hopkins with regard to Welsh grammar, literature, and phonetics.
2006 Western Mail (Cardiff) 16 Sept. 12 The Welsh language developed from the ancient British tongue, Brythonic.
5. Designating animals and plants native to, originating in, or associated with Wales. See also Compounds 1c.
ΚΠ
?1606 J. Saris in S. Purchas Pilgrimes (1625) I. iv. 372 A good Beefe, such as our Welch Runts, at sixteene shillings, a Goate three shillings.
1688 London Gaz. No. 2340/4 Stolen..a black Welsh Hobby, near 13 hand.
1713 J. Petiver Catal. Ray's Eng. Herbal Welsh Rock Cress.
1775 R. Weston Flora Anglicana 126 Solidago..cambrica. Welsh Golden-rod.
1840 J. W. Massie Continental India II. 203 Mysore sheep—and their mutton is as good as is the Welsh or Scotch black-face—may also be procured.
1897 E. Step Favourite Flowers Garden & Greenhouse IV. 563/2 (table) Sir Watkin, ‘Great Welsh Daffodil’; perianth primrose; crown golden.
a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 1246 In England it is often accompanied by the beautiful summer-flowering Welsh gorse.
1986 J. F. Gracey Meat Hygiene (ed. 8) i. 12/1 Another Half Bred, the Welsh Half Bred, results from the crossing of the Border Leicester with Welsh Mountain ewes.
2009 J. A. Coyne Why Evol. is True vii. 204 One is the Welsh groundsel (Senecio cambrensis), a flowering plant in the daisy family. It was first observed in North Wales in 1958.
B. n.
1.
a. The Brittonic language of Wales.Welsh is descended from a Brittonic language of Roman Britain (cf. British n. 1), its closest relatives being Cornish and Breton. The language (Cymraeg in Welsh: see Cymraeg n.) is spoken primarily in Wales but also in areas of Welsh emigration, notably Argentinian Patagonia, and has been strongly revived in Wales after a period of decline.Recorded earliest in the Old English compound noun Brytwylisc (compare Brett n.1), rendering Latin Brettonum ‘of the British’, and apparently denoting the Brittonic language of (southern) Britain, British (compare discussion in etymology); the late Old English variant reading replaces this compound with two words, perhaps seeking to differentiate between brittisc (‘British’, perhaps here ‘Cornish’) and wilisc (‘Welsh’).
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > British nation > Welsh nation > [noun]
WelshOE
WelshlOE
Welshry?a1400
the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [noun] > Indo-European > Celtic > Brythonic > Welsh
WelshOE
Welsh British1610
Cymraeg1743
OE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Tiber. B.iv) Introd. Her synd on þam iglande fif geþeodu, Ænglisc, Brytwylsc [lOE Laud brittisc & wilsc; L. Brettonum], Scottysc, Pihttisc & Boclæden.
c1425 (?a1400) Arthur (Longleat 55) l. 7 (MED) Pendragon ys in walysch ‘Dragones heed’ on Englysch.
1485 W. Caxton in Malory's Morte Darthur Pref. sig. iij Many noble volumes be made of hym..which been not had in our maternal tongue, but in walsshe ben many & also in frensshe, & somme in englysshe.
1547 W. Salesbury (title) A Dictionary in Englyshe and Welshe.
a1552 J. Leland Itinerary (1711) IV. 77 It [sc. Shrewsbury] is commonly caulled now in Welsh Moythik. Writers in Welsh called it Penguerne, id est, caput Alneti.
1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iii. i. 189 My wife can speake no English, I no Welsh . View more context for this quotation
1656 J. Lewis in Baxter's Certainty Worlds Spirits (1691) 130 He could perceive the whisper of a Voice in Welch, bidding him hold his peace.
1668 T. Shadwell Sullen Lovers iv. 74 If I don't..speak Spanish, Italian,..Welch and Irish.
1707 E. Lhuyd Archæologia Britannica 1 I have in this Comparative Etymology, made use of a more General Alphabet in the writing the Welsh, Cornish, Armoric and Irish; whereby such as are unacquainted with those Languages will Pronounce the Words much truer.
1724 E. Ward Merry Travellers ii. in Wandering Spy 37 My Landlord, who was born in Wales..Told us, as plain as he could speak, Th'analogy 'twixt Welsh and Greek.
1788 J. Priestley Lect. Hist. iv. xxv. 191 The next remains of the Britons, are Hoel Dha's Laws... Of these there are several copies, both in Welch and Latin.
1820 W. Scott Let. 19 Dec. (1934) VI. 316 You will hear the Welch spoken much about you.
1862 G. Borrow Wild Wales lix I learned to read Welsh and to write it at the same time.
1882 J. Rhŷs Celtic Brit. 145 The latter [sc. Clyde], being..Clut in old Welsh, could only yield Clûd in later Welsh.
1906 A. G. Hyde G. Herbert & his Times ii. 24 At nine he began to learn Welsh, and between ten and twelve he acquired a knowledge of logic and Greek.
1958 E. Humphreys Toy Epic i. 10 Her father was born in Chester, but..could speak Welsh when he had a mind.
2001 Smash Hits 28 Nov. 24/1 I always speak in Welsh on stage and big the country up a bit.
†b. A foreign language; a language that is impossible to understand. Obsolete. [In quot. 1598 punning on sense B. 1a, in a scene with a Welsh character.]
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > a language > [noun] > a foreign language
foreign language1555
uplandish1586
Welsh1598
outlandisha1626
lingo1659
second language1875
the bat1887
target language1965
foreign1971
1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iii. i. 48 Hot. I thinke theres no man speakes better Welsh: Ile to dinner. Mor. Peace coosen Percy, you wil make him mad. View more context for this quotation
1648 T. Winyard Midsummer-moone 5 Hebrew to them is Welch.
a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Wales 33 Amelcorne. This English Word (which I find in the English Cambden) is Welsh to me.
1891 S. O. Addy Suppl. Gloss. Words Sheffield (at cited word) ‘He's talking Welsh!’ ‘That's Welsh!’ means ‘I don't understand you’.
c. Chiefly with for. The Welsh translation or equivalent of a word of phrase in another language. Frequently with the.
ΚΠ
1641 H. Peacham Worth of Peny 20 Scavernog is Welch for an Hare.
1768 T. Llewelyn Hist. Acct. Brit. or Welsh Versions & Editions Bible 60 Here, instead of Phialau the Welsh for φιαλαι.
1850 R. G. Latham Eng. Lang. (ed. 3) vi. 85 Fal, on the other hand, is apparently Gaelic, the Welsh for a rampart being gwall.
1894 Wales Nov. 303/2 In John iii. 16, it [sc. the English] translates it ‘love’, in 1 Corinthians xiii. and other places, it translates it by the word ‘charity’. But here again, the Welsh is consistent throughout.
1968 Times 1 Mar. 30/1 (advt.) Dur. That (as if you didn't know) is the Welsh for steel.
1986 S. Penman Here be Dragons (1991) (U.K. ed.) i. xx. 296 ‘Branwen... what does cariad mean?’ ‘Cariad? Why, that is Welsh for “beloved”, Madame,’ she said.
2006 Express (Nexis) 18 Nov. 47 The Welsh for leek is cenhinen, the Welsh for daffodil is cenhinen pedr.
2.
a. With plural agreement. Usually with the. Welsh people, soldiers, etc., considered collectively.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > British nation > Welsh nation > [noun]
WelshOE
WelshlOE
Welshry?a1400
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1095 Ac þa Wylisce a toforan into muntan and moran ferdan þet heom man to cuman ne mihte.
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1121 Se cyng..mid ferde into Wealan for, & þa Wyliscean him ongean coman.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 9392 Of þe welsse þat mid him beþ ne dorre ȝe noȝt drede... Lepe hii conne as naked men.
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 237 (MED) Þe Walssh wer alle day slayn..& Leulyn is fulle fayn to pray Edward for pes.
a1500 Eng. Conquest Ireland (Rawl.) (1896) 7 (MED) Henry..to al his lege men, Englyssh, normannes, Walshe, Scotes..gretynge.
1531 W. Tyndale Answere Mores Dialoge f. lxxvij Then he bringeth in how the wild Irish and the welch praye, when they goo to stele.
a1599 E. Spenser View State Ireland 44 in J. Ware Two Hist. Ireland (1633) The same was also common amongst the Brittans, and is not yet altogether left off, by the Welsh which are their posterity.
1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 652 These are distinctly knowen still from the Welsh, both by their speech and manners.
1612 J. Selden in M. Drayton Poly-olbion ix. Illustr. 148 So that the Welsh may challenge priority, of finding that new world, before the Spaniard.
1706 R. Estcourt Fair Example i. i. 9 Some of our Top-Members have refin'd upon the Fashion, and the Welsh are only in Request.
1797 Encycl. Brit. XVIII. 699/1 The Welsh, in their own language, call their country Cymry, and their language Cymraeg.
1825 W. Scott Betrothed viii, in Tales Crusaders I. 144 Two very strong bodies of Welch attempted to carry the outer defences of the castle by storm.
1862 G. Borrow Wild Wales lviii Amongst the proverbial sayings of the Welsh, which are chiefly preserved in the shape of triads, is [etc.].
1882 J. Rhŷs Celtic Brit. 130 The more legendary traditions of the Welsh.
1908 W. M. Morris Renaissance & Welsh Lit. iii. 46 The Bohemians and the Welsh are probably the most richly endowed of all peoples with the power to make music.
1954 I. Jennings Queen's Govt. ii. 33 The Welsh have retained their language and the Scots their law.
2006 Prospect Aug. 40/2 In the course of the last 30 years the Scots and the Welsh have come to think of the Conservatives as the English party.
†b. A person from Wales; a Welshman. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > British nation > Welsh nation > [noun] > native or inhabitant of Wales
WelshmanOE
WelshlOE
West Britona1387
Britain1516
Briton1583
Walesman1591
flannela1616
Taffy1699
leek1725
Cambrian1780
Welsher1857
Welshy1875
South Walian1894
Taff1929
lOE Laws: Dunsæte (Corpus Cambr.) iv. 374 Ðeah æt stæltyhtlan lad teorie Ængliscan oððe Wiliscan[L. Anglico uel Walisco], gylde angyldes þæt he mid beled wæs.
1635 T. Heywood Philocothonista iv. 30 The Russian hath his quasse, the Scot his Ale, the Welsh his Metheglin.
1646 R. Baillie Anabaptism Epist. (*4) At Naisby..to beat nine thousand..soldiers, the most part raw and new levied Welshes.
3. With plural agreement. Usually with the. British (British adj. 1a) people considered collectively. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > ethnicities > Celtic people > [noun] > ancient Britons
Welshc1275
Welsh British1907
c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1963) l. 2780 Ferde he [sc. Belin] hauede inoh..Bruttes & Wailsce [c1300 Otho Walse], Scottes & Densce.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 5127 (MED) Þe vewe þat were of hom bileued as in cornwaile & walis Brutons nere namore ycluped ac waleys [c1400 BL Add. walis] ywis After walon þat was hor duc.
1595 W. Allen et al. Conf. Next Succession Crowne of Ingland ii. ix. 205 The conquest of the Inglish vppon the British or Welsh.
1729 T. Innes Crit. Ess. Anc. Inhabitants Scotl. I. ii. ii. 38 The old Midland Britains..known..by the name of Walenses (Welch, a common name to all that spoke the British language).
1839 T. Keightley Hist. Eng. (new ed.) I. 14 The Britons or Welsh, as they were named by the conquerors, were thus driven back to the western side of the island.
1913 M. V. B. Knox Relig. Life Anglo-Saxon Race vii. 79 In the later wars with the Welsh,..the Anglo-Saxons no longer waged wars of extermination like those of the pagan period.
1997 P. Johnston in C. Jones Edinb. Hist. Scots Lang. 58 The Strathclyde Welsh were too strong to be simply pushed out like the Gododdin and Rheged Welsh.
†4. Welsh coal. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun]
coal1253
sea-coal1253
pit-coal1483
cannel1541
earth coala1552
horse coal1552
Newcastle coal1552
stone-coal1585
cannel coal1587
parrot1594
burn-coal1597
lithanthrax1612
stony coal1617
Welsh coala1618
land-coala1661
foot coal1665
peacock coal1686
rough coal1686
white coal1686
heathen-coalc1697
coal-stone1708
round1708
stone-coal1708
bench-coal1712
slipper coal1712
black coal1713
culm1742
rock coal1750
board coal1761
Bovey coal1761
house coal1784
mineral coal1785
splint1789
splint coal1789
jet coal1794
anthracite1797
wood-coal1799
blind-coal1802
black diamond1803
silk-coal1803
glance-coal1805
lignite1808
Welsh stone-coal1808
soft1811
spout coals1821
spouter1821
Wallsend1821
brown coal1833
paper coal1833
steam-coal1850
peat-coal1851
cherry-coal1853
household1854
sinter coal1854
oil coal1856
raker1857
Kilkenny coal1861
Pottery coal1867
silkstone1867
block coal1871
admiralty1877
rattlejack1877
bunker1883
fusain1883
smitham1883
bunker coal1885
triping1886
trolley coal1890
kibble1891
sea-borne1892
jet1893
steam1897
sack coal1898
Welsh1898
navigation coal1900
Coalite1906
clarain1919
durain1919
vitrain1919
single1921
kolm1930
hards1956
1898 R. Kipling Fleet in Being iv. 44 We're supposed to be burning No. 2 Welsh.
1905 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Jan. 26/2 Have you got that ‘Welsh’ trimmed?

Compounds

C1. Compounds of the adjective.
a.
(a) With participial adjectives, as Welsh-based, Welsh-grown, Welsh-produced etc.
ΚΠ
1444 in J. Raine Testamenta Eboracensia (1855) II. 97 Lego ad vestiendum iijxx pauperes utriusque sexus in panno dicto Coventr' russet walshefresed x l.
1615 J. Stephens Satyrical Ess. 291 He is the onely friend of Lawyers (if they be Welch begotten).
1840 Belfast News Let. 3 July We have preached..in a Welsh built Church.
1879 Jrnl. Hort., Cottage Gardener & Home Farmer 4 Sept. 196/1 I am inclined to think something will yet be heard of Welsh-grown Roses.
1933 Times 9 Jan. 14/4 The production prices of Welsh-produced steel.
1996 Guardian 13 Mar. (Society section) 4/3 The Welsh-based climbing hardware company run by climbers.
(b)
Welsh-born adj.
ΚΠ
1832 Cambrian Q. Rev. 4 441 By Jupiter, I wish Byron or Scott had been Welsh-born, for thy sake, Wales!
1898 T. Watts-Dunton Aylwin xv. xii I wonder whether any one who is not Welsh-born can understand my delight.
2005 D. Fisher Princesses of Wales ii. 29 No Welsh-born woman would ever hold the title of Princess of Wales again.
Welsh-bred adj.
ΚΠ
1846 Derby Mercury 23 Dec. Some splendid pure Welsh bred sheep.
1902 Baily's Mag. Jan. 13/2 I am now..testing the efficacy of a Rosewater sire upon Welsh-bred mares.
2008 J. Kerrigan Archipelagic Eng. iii. 133 A pair of Welsh-bred brothers are reunited with their London-British father.
Welsh-made adj.
ΚΠ
1855 North Wales Chron. (Bangor) 19 May Upwards of 96,000 tons of Welsh made rails were shipped.
1901 Cambrian Sept. 401/1 Stands loaded with different sorts of Welsh-made merchandise.
2003 K. Williams in M. Scriven & E. Roberts Group Identities on French & Brit. Television (2004) 39 The poor quality of Welsh-made programmes.
(c)
† Welsh-wrought adj. [after Old Icelandic valskr foreign (see main etymology)] pseudo-archaic Obsolete rare foreign-made; cf. sense A. 3.Only in the works of William Morris.
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1870 E. Magnússon & W. Morris tr. Lament of Oddrun in tr. Völsunga Saga 265 Then was war waged With the Welsh-wrought [Icel. vǫlsku] sword.
1876 W. Morris Story of Sigurd iii. 202 And they see the sheathed Wrath shimmer mid the restless Welsh-wrought swords.
b. In the names of fabrics.
Welsh cloth n. now historical = Welsh cotton n.
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the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric made from specific material > made from wool > [noun] > with nap
Welsh cotton1546
Welsh frieze1551
Welsh cloth1565
veloursa1884
zibeline cloth1892
face cloth1898
fleece1957
1565 T. Havard Let. 16 Dec. in Hereford Munic. MSS (transcript) (O.E.D. Archive) I. ii. 207 Repayringe wth theyr ffryses & white welshe clothe to the seyd Cytye.
1649 W. Bullock Virginia impartially Examined 57 Cloathing themselves with our course Welch cloath of Blew and Red colours.
1799 J. Strutt Compl. View Dress & Habits People of Eng. II. v. i. 19 A petition from the fabricators of the narrow cloths..praying, that the duties imposed upon the kersies, Kendal Cloths,..and Welsh cloths, might be taken off.
1987 G. Williams Recovery, Reorientation, & Reformation xx. 478 The monopoly of sales of Welsh cloth enjoyed by Shrewsbury Drapers was quashed by Parliament in 1624.
Welsh cotton n. now historical coarse woollen cloth with a nap; a (piece of) cloth of this type; cf. cotton n.2
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the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric made from specific material > made from wool > [noun] > with nap
Welsh cotton1546
Welsh frieze1551
Welsh cloth1565
veloursa1884
zibeline cloth1892
face cloth1898
fleece1957
1546–7 in A. Feuillerat Documents Office of Revels Edward VI (1914) 5 iij yardes d. wellshe Cotton at vjd yard.
1580 R. Hitchcock Pollitique Platt sig. Fij At Rone in Fraunce..be solde our Englishe wares, as Welche and Manchester Cottons [etc.].
a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Wales 54 [He] made such a vent for Welsh Cottons, that what he found Drugs at home, he left Dainties beyond Sea.
1790 P. Luckombe England's Gazetteer III. sig. C5/1 Every Thursday is the market for Welch cottons, freezes, and flannels.
1991 B. Levy Quakers & Amer. Family (new ed.) 29 They exported black cattle and Welsh cotton (a cheap, coarse woolen cloth) to southern England for small profit.
Welsh flannel n. flannel made from Welsh wool.In quot. a1616: (derogatory) a Welshman.
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the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric made from specific material > made from wool > [noun] > with open or loose texture > flannel > types of > made from Welsh wool
Welsh plain1584
Welsh flannel1771
a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) v. v. 161 I am not able to answer the Welch Flannell . View more context for this quotation
1673 J. Ray N. Countrey Words in Coll. Eng. Words 21 Glatton, Welsh-flannel.
1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 126 These sums she has more than doubled, by..dealing in cheese and Welsh flannel, the produce of his flocks and dairy.
1860 R. Hunt Ure's Dict. Arts (ed. 5) II. 226 Flannel, Wales is the country in which flannel was originally made, and the Welsh flannel is still held in much estimation.
2003 Western Daily Press (Bristol) (Nexis) 25 Feb. 20 An anonymous donation of £10,000 paid for the robes to be made out of the finest material. They are embroidered with gold wirework and lined with Welsh flannel.
Welsh frieze n. now historical a (piece of) coarse woollen cloth with a nap; Welsh cotton.
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the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric made from specific material > made from wool > [noun] > with nap
Welsh cotton1546
Welsh frieze1551
Welsh cloth1565
veloursa1884
zibeline cloth1892
face cloth1898
fleece1957
1551–2 Act 5 & 6 Edw. VI c. 6 §1 All Walshe Frices..made and wrought within the Shires of Cardigan and Pembroke..or elsewhere of lyke makinge.
1648 G. Wither Tired Petitioner 4 He sees I wear not, yet Sheeps-leather, or Welch-freeze.
1799 J. Strutt Compl. View Dress & Habits People of Eng. II. v. i. 197 Welsh friezes made in the shires of Cardigan, Caermarthen, and Pembroke, shall run thirty-six yards in length, and three-quarters of a yard in breadth.
1872 J. Grant Under Red Dragon I. xvi. 221 A large loose coat of coarse gray Welsh frieze, with horn buttons larger than crown pieces.
2005 A. F. Sutton Mercery of London x. 295 In 1442–43 mercer exports were..barley and oats, as well as the Welsh frieze already mentioned.
† Welsh lining n. Obsolete (historical in later use) woollen cloth without a nap; a (piece of) cloth of this type.
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the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric made from specific material > made from wool > [noun] > without nap
Welsh lining1557
1557–8 Act 4 & 5 Philip & Mary c. 5 §5 Everie Gode of Welche lyning shall..be three quarters of a yarde in Breadthe.
1566 Act 8 Eliz. c. 7 §1 Welsh Clothe and Linyng, commonly called Cottons Fryzes and Playnes.
1876 S. Dowell Sketch Hist. Taxes I. vi. 325 The drapers..of Shrewsbury are engaged in an extensive trade in Welsh cottons and linings, commonly called cottons, frizes and plains.
Welsh plain n. now historical plainly-woven, coarse, or hard-wearing cloth made from Welsh wool; frequently in plural (also with singular agreement).
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the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric made from specific material > made from wool > [noun] > with open or loose texture > flannel > types of > made from Welsh wool
Welsh plain1584
Welsh flannel1771
1584 in A. Feuillerat Documents Office of Revels Queen Elizabeth (1908) 370 For ix yardes of welshe playne.
1650 Act for Redempt. of Captives 110 Cottons called Welch plaines.
1725 London Gaz. No. 6388/2 The following Goods, viz... Arrangoes..Perpetts, Welch Plains.
1856 H. S. Randall Sheep Husbandry vii. 93 The Welsh plain, of the quality of the sample, weighs 13 oz. per yard.
2008 Western Mail (Cardiff) (Nexis) 22 Mar. 24 Every man was allowed seven yards of ‘Welsh plains’ for his winter clothing ration in the 1820s.
Welsh web n. = Welsh plain n.
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1788 J. Aikin Eng. Delineated 96 A coarse kind of woollen cloth made in Montgomeryshire, called Welsh-webs.
1816 J. E. White Lett. on Eng. I. xvi. 179 What are here called Welsh webs, but more generally known in the United States by the name of Welsh plains.
1872 N. Wales Chron. 24 Aug. 1/5 (advt.) The celebrity which these genuine Hand-loom Welsh Webs..have attained.
1905 Newspaper Press Directory (ed. 60) 206/1 The manufacture of a kind of cloth called ‘Welsh Webs’..is carried on here.
1987 G. H. Jenkins Found. Mod. Wales 1642–1780 vii. 285 Substantial amounts of Welsh webs and flannels were exported from Barmouth and Aberdyfi.
c. In the names of animals and plants (sense A. 5).
Welsh Black n. a breed of black-coated cattle originally developed in North Wales, now usually kept for both meat and milk production; an animal of this breed.
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the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > breeds of ox > [noun] > of Wales
runt1549
Welsh runt1602
Welsh cattle1730
Welsh Black1742
black cattle1919
1742 W. Ellis Mod. Husbandman June 146 As I have before observed, the Welch black Cow is the best for suckling Calves.
1847 Farmer's Mag. Dec. 580 The largest oxen were sold at least 10s. under the prices given on the first day; the Welsh black cattle at 5s. less.
1953 A. Fraser Beef Cattle Husbandry ix. 134 The modern Welsh Black is the outcome of two types or breeds.
1996 Daily Tel. 4 Jan. 15/2 An unruly domestic menagerie..thrives alongside the farm population of 35 horses, 200 pedigree Welsh Black cattle and the sheep.
Welsh cattle n. cattle of any breed native to or typical of Wales.
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the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > breeds of ox > [noun] > of Wales
runt1549
Welsh runt1602
Welsh cattle1730
Welsh Black1742
black cattle1919
1730 Magna Britannia V. 476/2 The Michaelmas Fair is much the greatest, for there have been 2 or 3000 Welch Cattle sold at it on a Day.
1834 W. Youatt Cattle 47 Howell Dha..describes some of the Welsh cattle in the tenth century, as being ‘white with red ears’.
1989 S. G. Hall & J. Clutton-Brock 200 Years Brit. Farm Livestock ii. 19 There were three main types of indigenous Welsh cattle; the white park (feral) breeds, the red breeds with white or dark markings, and a black type with or without white.
Welsh clearwing n. a large European clearwing moth, Synanthedon scoliaeformis (family Sesiidae), associated with birch woods, and having an abdomen that is chiefly black with an orange tip.The first British specimen was found in Wales but the species was originally described from Stettin, Prussia (now Szczecin, Poland).
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the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > Heterocera > [noun] > family Sesiidae > sesia scoliaeformis
Welsh clearwing1869
1869 E. Newman Illustr. Nat. Hist. Brit. Moths 15 The Welsh Clearwing (Sesia Scoliæformis).
1974 W. Condry Woodlands viii. 97 The interesting group of moths called the clearwings (they look more like wasps than moths) are represented in birchwoods..by the Welsh clearwing.
2006 Western Mail (Cardiff) 10 Oct. 11 The Welsh clearwing..named so because it was first discovered in Wales, near Llangollen, in 1854.
† Welsh clubmoss n. Obsolete a moorland clubmoss, Lycopodium annotinum, with horizontal creeping stems and stiff upright branches.
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the world > plants > particular plants > ferns > [noun] > pepperworts (pillwort and allies)
peppergrass1713
Marsilea1754
Welsh clubmoss1767
pillwort1776
pepperwort1835
1767 J. Robertson Jrnl. 20 June in D. M. Henderson & J. H. Dickson Naturalist in Highlands (1994) ii. 44 In scrambling up a steep bank beside the rocks at the head of this glen I discovered Lycopodium annotinum, Welsh clubmoss growing in plenty.
1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) III. 759 Pilularia annotinum... Welsh Clubmoss. On the mountains of Caernarvonshire.
1805 Scots Mag. Mar. 182 I picked up the Lycopodium annotinum, or Welsh club-moss.
Welsh cob n. a breed or variety of large stocky pony developed in Wales as a working horse, now popular for riding and driving; a pony of this breed.Considered to be the largest of the four size classes of Welsh pony.
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1834 Farmer's Mag. 1 512/1 In an hour after their arrival many a Welsh cob was transferred into other hands.
1888 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 22 Dec. Advertiser. 56/3 A Grand Welsh Cob for Sale, bay, 5 year old, 14·3 hands.
1958 H. M. Briggs Mod. Breeds Livestock (rev. ed.) xlix. 703 The Welsh pony and the so-called Welsh cob originated in Wales.
2000 B. Faurie Horse Riding & Care Handbk. ii. 43/2 The distinctive high trotting action has made the Welsh Cob popular for general riding and as a driving horse.
Welsh corgi n. either of two breeds of small dog having short legs and erect ears, formerly used in Wales for herding cattle by nipping their heels; a dog of either breed; frequently with distinguishing word.The Cardigan Welsh corgi has a full tail, the Pembroke Welsh corgi does not. The two breeds were formally separated in 1934.
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1926 Bulletin 25 Nov. 9/4 One little dog about a foot high..a brown Welsh corgi.
1966 N. Amer. Rev. Jan. 17/1 Here was an article about this new actress, Sandra Ray—posed in shorts, walking her Welsh Corgi.
1969 Jrnl. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 154 806/1 Glaucoma has been seen in 1 or 2 cases in the Cardigan Welsh Corgi.
2006 C. Genender Dogsense 184/1 The Pembroke Welsh corgi, the one without a tail, is the favorite dog of Queen Elizabeth II.
Welsh drake n. U.S. regional the gadwall, Anas strepera.
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the world > animals > birds > freshwater birds > order Anseriformes (geese, etc.) > subfamily Merginae (duck) > [noun] > member of genus Anas (miscellaneous) > anas strepera (gadwall)
radge1620
gadwall1666
grey1673
rodge1678
Welsh drake1844
speckle-belly1874
grey duck1885
1844 J. P. Giraud Birds Long Island 306 At Egg Harbor a few [gadwalls] are seen..and are there known by the name of ‘Welsh Drake’ or ‘German Duck’.
1867 T. F. De Voe Market Assistant 154 Gray duck, Welsh drake, German duck, or gad wall.—This is a beautiful and rather scarce duck here.
1957 Amer. Speech 32 184/1 Welsh drake. Gadwall. N[ew] J[ersey].
Welsh hound n. a breed of hunting dog similar to the English foxhound but wire-haired; a dog of this breed.
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the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > hound > [noun] > fox-hound > varieties of
badger pie1835
Welsh hound1841
fell hound1893
Walker1895
1841 Sporting Rev. Apr. 296 A Welsh Hound, the property of Sir C. Morgan, of Tredegar, by W. Hawkins.
1893 R. B. Lee Hist. & Descr. Mod. Dogs: Sporting Div. iv. 86 The harrier is oftener coarser in his coat than the foxhound, which may be ascribed to crossing with a rough Welsh hound that I believe is still to be found in some parts of the principality.
1973 Country Life 27 Dec. 2173/2 The three Welsh hounds he is shown holding have long, hairy coats, whitish-grey in colour.
2008 Daily Post (Liverpool) (Nexis) 17 July 21 It was a bitch called Secret who caught the judges' eye to become supreme champion in the Welsh Hound section.
Welsh mountain n. (more fully Welsh mountain sheep) a breed of small hardy sheep developed in the Welsh uplands; a sheep of this breed.
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the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > genus Ovus > [noun] > Ovus Aries (domestic sheep) > specific breeds or members of > Welsh breeds
Welsh mountain1802
Kerry Hill sheep1908
1802 A. Young Gleanings Bks. Agric. (ed. 2) 359 Welsh mountain S[heep] a long legged, light breed; wool coarse, weighs about 2lbs.
1899 W. J. Malden Sheep Raising & Shepherding ii. 5 Such breeds as the Welsh Mountain..have soft short wool.
1981 L. Alderson in K. Thear & A. Fraser Compl. Bk. Raising Livestock & Poultry v. 112 The Lleyn originated in north-western Wales from a cross between longwool breeds (Leicester and Roscommon) and a hill breed (Welsh Mountain).
2002 P. Long Guide to Rural Wales iv. 148/1 Variants on the Welsh Mountain Sheep..include Black Welsh Mountain, Badger-faced Welsh Mountain, Beulah Speckle Face, Lleyn and Llanwenog.
Welsh onion n. a bulbless onion, cultivated for its leafy tops; = chibol n. 1.
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the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > leaf vegetables > [noun] > other leaves
nettle top?1585
lettuce1597
green food1658
peppergrass1696
Welsh onion1731
lamb's quarter1773
Shawnee salad1780
puha1843
poke greens1848
rauriki1848
swede greens1887
swede tops1887
lettuce green1900
leafy greena1918
rapini1959
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > leaf vegetables > other leaf vegetables
corn-salad1597
palmetto1598
frost-blite1711
corn rocket1731
Welsh onion1731
milk grass1746
square-podded rocket1753
lamb's quarter1773
Shawnee salad1780
palmiste1835
the world > food and drink > food > fruit and vegetables > vegetables > onion, leek, or garlic > [noun] > onion > types of onion
hollekec1000
scallion1393
sybow1574
Portugal onion1647
shallot1664
Spanish onion1706
eschalot1707
Welsh onion1731
Reading onion1784
onionet1820
potato onion1822
tripoli1822
ramps1828
escalion1847
stone-leek1861
Egyptian onion1880
cocktail onion1927
Maui onion1967
the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular food plant or plant product > particular vegetables > [noun] > onion, leek, or garlic > onion > other types of onion
hollekec1000
chibol1362
scallion1393
oniona1398
chesbollc1410
oinet?1440
red onionc1450
sybow1574
green onion1577
Strasbourg onion1629
cibol1632
Portugal onion1647
Spanish onion1706
Welsh onion1731
spring onion1758
Reading1784
rareripe1788
yellow onion1816
onionet1820
potato onion1822
tripoli1822
escalion1847
stone-leek1861
Egyptian onion1880
ramp1885
multiplier1907
ramps1939
Vidalia1969
tree onion-
1731 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. I. at Cepa The Welch Onions are only propagated for Spring Use also: These never make any Bulb, and are therefore only fit to be us'd green for Sallads, &c.
1832 E. Lankester Veg. Substances Food 289 The Welsh Onion, or Ciboule—Allium Fistulosum—is originally from Siberia. It is a hardy plant and strong in flavour, approaching more nearly to garlic than onion.
1948 G. D. H. Bell Cultivated Plants Farm xvii. 176 There are also the small shallot types, the Tree Onion, Potato Onion, Welsh Onion and Chives which are only garden or small-holding crops.
2004 BBC Gardeners' World Dec. 83/2 Fennel, lemon balm, dill and Welsh onion leaves are soft and would be impaired by hours of cooking.
Welsh pony n. a horse of a small, hardy breed developed in Wales; (more fully Welsh mountain pony) a small variety of this, from which the breed is thought to have derived.
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the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > family Equidae (general equines) > horse defined by breed > [noun] > Welsh pony
Welsh pony1767
merlin1810
1767 London Mag. June 280/1 He was contented to scamper round the foot of Parnassus on his little Welch poney.
1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker I. 88 Patience is like a stout Welsh poney; it bears a great deal, and trots a great way; but it will tire at the long run.
1831 W. Youatt Horse iv. 58 The Welsh pony..has a small head, high withers, deep yet round barrel, short joints, flat legs, and good round feet.
1842 ‘Nimrod’ Horse & Hound iv. 129 A real Welsh mountain pony..is a perfect war-horse in miniature.
1976 K. Reddick Horses 44 Developed largely from the Welsh Mountain pony, the Welsh pony has inherited many of its characteristics.
2008 Dunoon Observer & Argyllshire Standard 1 Aug. 15/4 (advt.) For Loan.—Welsh Pony, 12.1hh, bombproof, reliable, good natured, no vices.
Welsh poppy n. a European perennial poppy, Meconopsis cambrica, with bright yellow flowers.
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the world > plants > particular plants > cultivated or valued plants > particular cultivated or ornamental plants > particular flower or plant esteemed for flower > [noun] > poppy and allied flowers > allied flowers
poppyOE
horned poppy1548
yellow poppy1548
sea poppy1562
garden poppy1577
wind-rose1597
prickly poppy1648
squatmore1691
oriental poppy1731
Welsh poppy1731
infernal fig1760
Mexican poppy1811
Meconopsis1836
redcap1846
horn-poppy1851
squirrel-corn1856
eschscholtzia1857
dielytra1864
Dicentra1866
yellow thistle1866
turkey-corn1884
Shirley poppy1886
1731 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. I. at Papaver Papaver; luteum perenne, laciniato folio, Cambro-Britannicum... Welsh, or Yellow Wild Bastard Poppy.
1866 J. Lindley & T. Moore Treasury Bot. II. 727 M[econopsis] cambrica, the Welsh Poppy, a native of Wales, Devonshire, North Britain, and the North of Ireland.
1960 S. Ary & M. Gregory Oxf. Bk. Wild Flowers 6/1 Welsh Poppy... This is the only species of Meconopsis found wild in Western Europe.
2002 Daily Tel. 18 Sept. 3/8 Perhaps the most striking of the native species extending their ranges is the Welsh poppy, Meconopsis cambrica.
† Welsh-pot shell n. Obsolete rare a gastropod mollusc shell with lattice-like grooves and yellowish markings, probably a species of Stigmaulax (family Naticidae).
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?1711 J. Petiver Gazophylacii VII.–VIII. Table 69 Carolina Lattice furrowed, Welsh-pot Shell,..Like our Garden Snail, but Lattice-furrowed and waved with yellow, like our Welsh Pot-ware.
Welsh runt n. now chiefly historical an animal of a small breed of cattle native to Wales (see runt n. 1).
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the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > breeds of ox > [noun] > of Wales
runt1549
Welsh runt1602
Welsh cattle1730
Welsh Black1742
black cattle1919
1602 in F. G. Emmison Essex Wills (1998) (modernized text) XI. 64 To him also the Welsh runts or other dry cattle and beasts feeding in the same marsh of mine.
?1606Welch Runts [see sense A. 5].
1727 E. Laurence Duty of Steward 76 The Steward should be advis'd to stock the Ground with Scotch Keylys or Welch Runts.
1886 Daily News 14 Dec. 2/5 Welsh Runts were in good force, and maintained a prominent rank in the exhibition.
1910 Encycl. Brit. V. 540/2 Welsh cattle are well known in the Midland counties..where, under the name of ‘Welsh runts’, large herds of bullocks are fattened on the pastures.
1986 N. Russell Like engend'ring Like vi. 126 He suggested that Scottish and Welsh runt cows, brought down by the drovers to southern England, should be retained and bred from with an English bull.
† Welsh sorrel n. Obsolete the mountain sorrel, Oxryria digyna.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Polygonaceae (dock and allies) > [noun] > dock and allies
red dockeOE
dockc1000
rhubarbc1390
docken1423
patience?a1425
round dock1526
Rumex1565
wild patience1578
bloody dock1597
monk's rhubarb1597
Welsh sorrel1640
butterdock1688
mountain rhapontic1728
mountain sorrel1753
Rheum1753
redshank1810
patience dock1816
fiddle-dock1823
canaigre1868
nettle-docken1891
1640 J. Parkinson Theatrum Botanicum vi. x. 745 Acetosa Cambro-Britanica Montana. Mountaine Welsh Sorrell.
1713 J. Petiver Catal. Ray's Eng. Herbal Welsh Sorrel.
1821 S. F. Gray Nat. Arrangem. Brit. Plants II. 277 Welsh Sorrel. Perigonium 4-parted; 2 inner lobes larger, erect, adnate to the seed.
1839 W. Baxter Brit. Phænogamous Bot. IV. 311 Oxyria Reniformis. Kidney-shaped-leaved Mountain Sorrel. Welsh Sorrel.
Welsh speedwell n. a form of the spiked speedwell, Veronica spicata, found in western areas of Britain (also more fully †welsh spiked speedwell).This plant was formerly considered to be a separate species, V. hybrida, and is still sometimes regarded as a subspecies of V. spicata.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > particular plants > plants and herbs > according to family > Scrophulariaceae (figwort and allies) > [noun] > Veronica or speedwell
lemkea1300
God's eye?a1350
waterlink?a1425
brooklimea1450
fluellin1548
Paul's betony1548
wood-penny1570
water pimpernel1575
ground-hele1578
speedwell1578
wild germander1578
germander chickweed1597
leper's herb1600
lime-wort1666
water purpy1683
water-speedwell1690
beccabunga1706
rock speedwell1719
Welsh speedwell1731
germander speedwell1732
St. Paul's betony1736
vernal speedwell1796
wall speedwell1796
cat's-eye1817
wellink1826
skull-cap1846
forget-me-not1853
veronica1855
angels' eyes1862
horse-cress1879
faverel1884
St. Paul's betony1884
1731 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. I. at Veronica Welsh spiked Speedwell, with a hairy Bugle Leaf.
1796 W. Withering Arrangem. Brit. Plants (ed. 3) II. 12 Veronica hybrida... Welsh Speedwell. Bugle-leaved Speedwell.
1863 M. Plues Rambles in Search of Wild Flowers 216 There is a Welsh Speedwell (V. hybrida), with a thicker spike, but so nearly resembling this [sc. spiked speedwell] that it can hardly be regarded as a separate species.
1955 Transactions (Caernarvonshire Hist. Soc.) 17 47 The plants listed, which are not arranged in any systematic order, include:—Veronica hybrida L. (Welsh speedwell), on limestone rocks.
Welsh springer n. (more fully Welsh springer spaniel) a red-brown and white variety of springer spaniel, recognized as a distinct breed since 1902.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > other types of dog > [noun] > spaniel > land or water > varieties of
springer1749
King Charles1780
English springer1808
Marlborough dog1822
cocker spaniel1829
Marlborough1831
Blenheim1839
Norfolk spaniel1845
King Charles1848
Sussex spaniel1856
field spaniel1859
clumber1865
Norfolk1867
Japanese spaniel1880
Welsh springer1903
Tibetan spaniel1905
Brittany spaniel1936
Brittany1945
1903 W. Drury et al. Brit. Dogs (ed. 3) xxviii. 312 The chief differences of the Welsh Springer from the English dog are found in his more restricted size, in the shape of his ear, and in his colour being invariable.
1991 Sporting Dog Jan. 8/2 About 20 dogs took the field, Clumbers, Field and Welsh Springer Spaniels with an Irish Water Spaniel.
2002 J. Cunliffe Encycl. Dog Breeds (new ed.) 205/2 Strong, merry and very active, the Welsh springer has a kindly disposition.
Welsh terrier n. a stocky, rough-coated breed of terrier, typically black and tan with a square muzzle and drop ears, originally developed in Wales to hunt vermin; a dog of this breed.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Canidae > terrier > [noun] > other types of
Irish terrier1798
Dandie Dinmont1851
Welsh terrier1857
Bedlington1867
Jack Russell1878
Airedale1880
Clydesdale1887
Border terrier1894
Manchester terrier1894
Sealyham1894
schnauzer1899
pinscher1906
Cairn terrier1910
Kerry blue terrier1922
Lakeland terrier1928
wheaten1943
Sydney silky1945
Manchester1971
Norfolk1971
wire1975
1857 Ld. Campbell Lives Chief Justices III. xlv. 90 A muddy duck-pond..was guarded by a half starved Welsh terrier.
1894 R. B. Lee Hist. & Descr. Mod. Dogs: Terriers x. 231 The dog of which I write as a Welsh terrier was unknown until some eight years..ago. Then he appeared in some of our shows; he was given a place in the Stud Book; a club was formed in 1886 to look after his welfare.
1950 A. C. Smith Dogs since 1900 xi. 193 In 1942 Welsh Terriers came into prominence in the United States.
2002 Church Times 15 Mar. 13/3 The terrible dognapping of Rosa..a Welsh terrier belonging to a Roman Catholic priest.
Welsh wave n. a northern geometrid moth, Venusia cambrica, with pale wings marked with wavy brown lines, and caterpillars that feed on the leaves of rowan ( Sorbus aucuparia).The species was originally named and described from Wales, but it has a wide Holarctic distribution.
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the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > Heterocera > [noun] > family Hydriomenidae > various members of
satin pug1809
Welsh wave1852
satyr-pug1869
1852 W. Wood & J. O. Westwood Index Entomologicus (rev. ed.) 260 Cambrica The Welsh Wave.
1917 Sc. Naturalist Sept. 230 I detected two examples of the ‘Welsh Wave’ (Venusia cambrica) at rest on the trunk of an oak.
1994 A. Fowles in J. L. Davies & D. P. Kirby Cardiganshire County Hist. I. i. vi. 93 [In 1839] John Curtis described the Welsh Wave as a species new to science from a specimen collected at Hafod.
d.
Welsh acre n. a measure of land formerly used in Wales; cf. erw n.
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the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of area > [noun] > a system or process of measuring land > an acre > specific
stang1326
acre by lug1602
lug-acre1635
Welsh acre1675
plantation acre1705
Cheshire acre1808
geld-acre1880
1675 J. Worlidge Dict. Rusticum in Systema Agric. (ed. 2) 313 A Welsh Acre is usually two English Acres.
1887 Archæologia Cambrensis 4 323 There seems..still room for doubt as to the real size of the old Welsh acre.
2001 R. Davies in P. Stafford et al. Law, Laity, & Solidarities 181 At Cadlan..in Elizabethan times 76 Welsh acres..were shared between twenty proprietors.
Welsh ale n. now historical a kind of ale, probably strong and dark, originally brewed by the ancient Britons; (probably) = bragget n.
ΚΠ
eOE Laws of Ine (Corpus Cambr. 173) lxx. §1. 118 ccc hlafa, xii ambra Wilisc ealað [lOE Corpus Cambr. 383 Wylisces ealoð], xxx hluttres.
eOE Bald's Leechbk. (Royal) (1865) i. xlvii. 118 Gecnua þonne ealle tosomne, wyrce him to drence, do on wylisc ealo oþþe on beor.
lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) (Peterborough interpolation) anno 852 He scolde gife ilca gear into þe minstre..twa tunnnan [read tunnan] fulle hlutres aloð & twa slægnæt & sex hund hlafes & ten mittan wælsces aloð.
1955 D. Whitelock Eng. Hist. Documents I. 406 As a food-rent from 10 hides: 10 vats of honey, 300 loaves, 12 ‘ambers’ of Welsh ale, 30 of clear ale, [etc.].
2004 Neophilologus 88 299 The Old English evidence shows that Welsh Ale was stronger and darker than other ale.
Welsh ambassador n. (a) the cuckoo, Cuculus canorus; †(b) an owl (obsolete rare). [The reason for this name for the cuckoo is not clear. Some have associated the bird's arrival in spring with that of Welsh border raiders (as in the source of quot. c1623) or labourers ( Notes & Queries (1850) 27 Apr. 419). Gwyn Williams ( Mod. Lang. Rev. 51 (1956) 223–5) suggests an allusion to the cuckoo's role as a messenger of love in Welsh poetry, though this would seem less plausible if the name originates in popular rather than literary use. Reference to the owl (in quot. 1683-4) may be an error (compare Welsh falconer n.).]
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the world > animals > birds > order Strigiformes or owl > [noun]
owleOE
howlec1430
mouser1440
howletc1450
nightbirdc1450
owlet1542
night owl1581
jenny-howlet1600
tu-whit tu-whoo1604
Welsh ambassador1608
mouse-catcher1611
Welsh falconera1640
hooter1673
hobhouchin1682
flying-cat1699
houchin1746
jumbie bird1827
the world > animals > birds > perching birds > order Cuculiformes (cuckoos, etc.) > [noun] > family Cuculidae > genus Cuculus > cuculus canorus (cuckoo)
yekec725
cuckooc1240
gowkc1325
Welsh ambassador1608
Welsh ledger1608
suck-egg1851
1608 T. Middleton Trick to catch Old-one iv. sig. H Thy Sound is like the cuckowe, the welch Embassador.
c1623 Welsh Embassador (1921) iv. 1501 Pray mr Reese..what is the reason that wee english men when the Cuckoe is vppon entrance saie the welsh embassador is Cominge.
1683–4 in W. D. Macray Reg. Magdalen Coll., Oxf. (1904) New Ser. IV. 135 Mr. Clerke, commoner, complain'd of Sir Chernock, demy, for abusing him.., calling him foole, Welsh ambassadour (an expression for an owle).
1894 G. F. Northall Folk-phrases 25 The Welsh ambassador = The cuckoo.
2003 J. Alder Birds & Flowers Castle Mey & Balmoral 123/2 I have no idea why in Wales it [sc. the cuckoo] should be known as a ‘Welsh ambassador’!
Welsh American n. and adj. (a) n. an American person of Welsh origin or descent; (b) adj. of or relating to people of Welsh origin or descent living in America.In quot. 1828 = Welsh Indian n.
ΚΠ
1828 Gentleman's Mag. Oct. 359/2 Welsh Americans. A tribe of Americans... It is generally believed that they are descendants of some wandering Britons, expelled from home about the time of the Saxons.
1862 G. Borrow Wild Wales xviii. 211 I..asked for the Welsh American, and learned that he had breakfasted very early.
1874 Amer. Bibliopolist Mar.–Apr. 40/2 He has given a complete digest of Welsh-American history.
1982 G. A. Williams Welsh in their Hist. 54 Although migration faded out in the mid-eighteenth century, the Welsh-American population grew substantial.
2009 Lincoln (Nebraska) Jrnl. Star (Nexis) 7 Oct. b2 A three-day Welsh Heritage Festival begins here Saturday with Welsh Americans from across the country arriving for a Welsh dance workshop.
Welsh Assembly n. (also with lower-case initial in the second element) (also more fully Welsh Assembly Government, in Welsh Llywodraeth Cynulliad Cymru) the Welsh administrative and legislative body, responsible for developing and implementing policy and some legislative functions specific to Wales; any of the buildings in Cardiff, Wales, housing this; (in early use also) this proposed political body; cf. assembly n. 5.The Welsh Assembly was established in 1998 and in 1999 took over the functions of the newly disbanded Welsh Office (Welsh Office n.) and the Secretary of State for Wales; the Government of Wales Act 2006 gave the Assembly some limited powers of legislation, although subject to the veto of the central British Parliament.
ΚΠ
1896 Manch. Guardian 28 Jan. 5/3 We shall get disestablishment..as part of a larger measure which will delegate to a Welsh assembly the power to deal with the Church as one of several functions.
1971 Times 4 Mar. (Special Rep. section) p. ii/3 There has been near unanimity in favour of some kind of Welsh assembly accountable to a Welsh electorate.
1999 Mirror (Nexis) 12 May 7 The new Welsh Assembly and its members who met for the first time yesterday.
2003 Independent 1 Nov. (Business Monthly section) 8/3 The company also supplies hotels, libraries and parliament buildings. ‘We..have supplied the leather to the Welsh assembly’.
2009 P. Headicar Transport Policy & Planning in Brit. (new ed.) x. 165 Both the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Assembly have powers of secondary legislation, that is the detailing of measures allowed for within the terms of the primary Act.
Welsh aunt n. now historical and rare a female first cousin of a person's parent.
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society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > cousin > [noun] > parent's first cousin
Welsh uncle1747
Welsh aunt1820
1820 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) III. 194 There is no room here to tell you about your little Welsh uncles, Alfred and Southey, nor about your little Welsh aunt, Georgiana.
1894 E. Œ. Somerville & ‘M. Ross’ Real Charlotte I. iii. 31 ‘Their child is my first cousin once removed, and not my niece!’.. ‘As far as I can make out the position, it comes to mighty near the same thing; you're what they call her Welsh aunt, anyhow.’
1908 L. A. Tollemache Old & Odd Memories vii. 255 The lady was..her first cousin once removed, or, as we should say in Cheshire, her Welsh aunt.
2003 E. O. Somerville & V. M. Ross in G. C. Schoolfield Baedeker of Decadence xi. 150 Pretty Francie, now nineteen, has been invited by her ‘Welsh aunt’ (the working title of the novel, meaning ‘a first cousin of father or mother’), to spend the summer at Tally Ho.
† Welsh bait n. Obsolete a short rest without food or drink, esp. one given to a horse on reaching the top of a hill; cf. bait n.1 4, Scotch bait n. at Scotch adj. and n.3 Compounds 2.
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society > travel > transport > riding on horse (or other animal) > [noun] > a ride or spell of riding or excursion > a rest in
sob1593
Welsh bait1603
off-saddle1845
1603 T. Powell (title) Welch Bayte to spare Prouender. Or, A looking backe vpon the Times past.
1658 J. Harrington Prerogative Pop. Govt. i. vi. 32 In this place he takes a Welsh bait, and looking back makes a Muster of his Victories.
a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Wales 7 The Proverbs... Give your horse a Welch-bait.
1787 F. Grose Provinc. Gloss. A Welsh bait, A short stop, but no food. Such baits are frequently given..after climbing a hill.
1845 Penny Satirist 20 Dec. 4/4 ‘A Welch bait’ is a short rest without any food: a very small amount of comfort to a weary traveller.
† Welsh brief n. Obsolete (probably) a brief (in senses of brief n.1) which is unduly long or unintelligible.
ΚΠ
1631 B. Jonson Staple of Newes v. i. 89 in Wks. II It [sc. the deed] is a thing of greater consequence, Then to be borne about in a blacke boxe, Like a Low-countrey vorloffe, or Welsh-briefe.
1704 T. D'Urfey Tales 107 From Purse Perfum'd he straight does pull His late got Diabolick Scrowl, Then reads the horrid jargon, writ As barbarous as a Dutch Gazette, Or a Welch Brief, when Gutter'd o'er In a bleak Church on Penmenmaur [sic].
† Welsh Britain n. Obsolete = Welsh Briton n.; cf. Britain n.1 [Apparently partly after post-classical Latin Brytas walos, accusative plural (1572 in the passage translated in quot. 1573); itself after Old English Brytwealas , plural (e.g. in the passage of the Anglo-Saxon Chron. corresponding to quot. 1670; compare discussion in main etymology) and partly after post-classical Latin Cambro-Britannus (1572 in a description of the author on the title page of the source translated in quot. 1573).]
ΚΠ
1573 T. Twyne tr. H. Llwyd Breuiary of Britayne f. 18 They termed them Cornwalas, that is to say Welshmen of Cornauia, or Cornwall, as they called also our countrymen Welsh Britaynes [L. Brytas walos].
1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden Brit. i. 199 The neerer or hithermore region of the Danmonians..is now commonly called Denshire, by the Cornish-Britaines [L. Britannis Cornwallensibus] Deuinan, and by the Welsh Britaines [L. Cambro-Britannis] Duffneint.
1670 J. Milton Hist. Brit. iv. 165 Kentwin the other West-Saxon King..chac'd the Welch-Britans..to the very Sea shoar.
1754 W. Borlase Observ. Antiq. Cornwall 41 Cornwall, having no longer any King in common with the Welsh Britans became a distinct principality.
1823 Coll. Hist. & Misc. Oct. 300 The Welsh Britains used Ap for Mab; the Irish, Mac.
1916 Northern Rev. Apr. 23 This use [of the hyphen] is in every nation; we read of..Welsh-Britains, Scotch-Britains, Anglo-Saxons, Anglo-Indians, Canadian-British, Canadian-French.
Welsh Briton n. historical a Briton (Briton n. 1a); esp. one living within the boundaries of modern Wales, as distinguished from an inhabitant of Cornwall; cf. Welshman n. 1a.Quot. 1788 is apparently based on Holland's translation of Camden; compare quot. 1610 for Welsh Britain n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > ethnicities > Celtic people > [noun] > ancient Britons > person
WelshmaneOE
Britonc1275
Britain1482
Brutea1513
Brett1535
Welsh Britain1573
Welsh Briton1577
1577 W. Harrison Hist. Descr. Islande Brit. i. v. f. 5/1, in R. Holinshed Chron. I Petigrees & genealogies also the Welche Brytons haue plentie in their owne tongue.
1659 W. Prynne Historiarchos To Rdr. sig. Av The most of that large tract [of time]..was spent either in bloody intestine wars between our Saxon Kings themselves, or the Welsh Britons, warring upon and against each other.
1788 Eng. Described 77 Devonshire, by the Cornish Britons called Deunan; by the Welch Britons Duffneint..is bounded by the Irish sea on the North.
1862 W. Spalding Hist. Eng. Lit. i. i. 33 His [sc. Arthur's] name was cherished with melancholy pride, and his heroism magnified with increasingly fond exaggeration,..among those Welsh Britons who still guarded the valleys of Snowdon.
1999 C. Kidd Brit. Identities before Nationalism ii. v. 104 The Welsh Britons maintained the practices of primitive Christianity for five hundred years after the coming of Augustine.
Welsh cake n. a small disc-shaped cake traditionally cooked on a bakestone or griddle, typically containing currants or raisins, often with the addition of spices.
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the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > cake > [noun] > a cake > griddle cake
hot cake1683
griddle-cake1783
flannel-cake1792
slapjack1805
knead-cake1810
singing hinny1825
Welsh cake1867
tough-cake1881
1867 Young Englishwoman Jan. 53 Welsh Cakes.—One pound of butter beaten to a cream, add by degrees an equal quantity of flour, a tablespoonful of yeast, and three eggs.
1932 D. Thomas Let. in Sel. Lett. (1966) 6 Mother has made Welshcakes.
1965 G. Jones Island of Apples iii. v. 210 My auntie gave me my train fare and a bob and a bag of Welshcakes she had made on the bakestone.
1980 B. Freeman First catch your Peacock viii. 163 Welsh Cakes (Pice ar y maen). There are two ways of making these traditional little spicy cakes. The most usual is on the bakestone or griddle... The other method is to make them..in a Dutch oven.
2005 Woman & Home July 155/4 In the heart of the market you'll find stalls selling cockles, laver bread and hot Welsh cakes.
† Welsh carpet n. Obsolete (a) a well-scrubbed floor; (b) a pattern stained on to a hard floor (rare).
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society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > floor-covering > [noun] > stained floor pattern
Welsh carpet1837
1837 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) 26 June Her Welsh carpet, as she called the well scrubbed board floors, without a spot upon them,..proved her to be a notable housewife.
1854 Househ. Words 2 Sept. 53/1 This Welsh carpet is a pattern produced on the brick floor by staining the brick squares in figures with dockleaf juice.
1870 Phrenol. Jrnl. & Packard's Monthly July 52/1 He..said, ‘What kind of a carpet do you call this, Mrs. Ley—German, Scotch, or English?’ ‘Oh,’ she replied, ‘that's a Welsh carpet.’
Welsh Celtic n. and adj. (a) n. the Brittonic language of Wales; = Cymraeg n. (b) adj. designating the Brittonic language of Wales; of or in this language; = sense A. 4. [Used at various times to distinguish the Welsh language (compare sense A. 4, and also the associated culture) both from other Celtic languages (compare earlier Irish Celtic n. and adj. at Irish adj. and n. Compounds 3 and Scotch Celtic n. and adj. at Scotch adj. and n.3 Compounds 2) and from Welsh English (compare earlier Welsh English n. and later Welsh English adj.). Compare also earlier Welsh British n., Welsh British adj., and slightly earlier British Celtic n. and adj. at British adj. and n. Compounds 2.]
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the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [adjective] > Indo-European > Celtic > Welsh
Welsh?a1425
British1548
Welsh Celtic1789
Powysian1805
1789 J. Pinkerton Enq. Hist. Scotl. I. iii. ii. 139 To derive old names from the Irish or Welch Celtic, is as ludicrous as it would be to derive ancient names in Greece or Italy, from modern Greek or Italian.
1795 J. Sinclair Statist. Acct. Scotl. XVI. 299 (note) Bod is Welsh-Celtic for ‘habitation’.
1826 Pamphleteer 27 189 Adon is yet the word for Lord in the Welsh Celtic language.
1883 D. H. Wheeler By-ways of Lit. 100 It is believed that the Welsh-Keltic manuscripts are unusually vicious in the texts.
1903 Bradford Antiquary July 338 Welsh Celtic has the word sad meaning firm.
2003 Guardian (Nexis) 8 Feb. (Saturday pages) 4 Jones re-peopled the hills and woods..with episodes of the Welsh Celtic epic, the Mabinogion.
2005 Western Morning News (Nexis) 25 Jan. 4 The Romany people (whose language is under [as] much threat as Scots, Welsh Celtic and Cornish Kernewik).
Welsh chimney n. Architecture (now historical) (esp. with reference to 17th-cent. American architecture) a type of chimney typically made from woven branches or wooden slats and coated in clay mortar.
ΚΠ
1645 R. Buckland Rec. 7 Jan. in S. M. Ames County Court Rec. Accomack-Northampton, Va. (1973) 395 A house of Twenty Foote long with a welch Chimney in it besides and Fifteen Foote Broade.
1653 Provinc. Court Business 2 Dec. in W. H. Browne Archit. Maryland (1891) 302 Thomas Wilford and my Assignes Shall..build him a fifteen foot house Square with a welch Chimney.
1899 B. W. Green Word-bk. Virginia Folk-speech 49 Welch-chimney,(?) 'House fifteene foot broade with a Welch-chimney in it'.
1948 H. C. Forman Archit. Old South iii. ii. 114 The Welsh chimney is a wicker and thatch affair, still to be seen in Carmarthenshire and on the English side of the Welsh border. It comprised a hood or canopy of wattle-and-daub, or lath-and-plaster, set over the fire.
2008 R. Versaci Roots of Home 124/2 Chimneys were simple channels carrying smoke out the roof, built of wooden slats woven together into a tall box sealed with clay (called a Welsh chimney).
Welsh coal n. now chiefly historical coal (esp. hard steam coal or anthracite) mined in South Wales.
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society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun]
coal1253
sea-coal1253
pit-coal1483
cannel1541
earth coala1552
horse coal1552
Newcastle coal1552
stone-coal1585
cannel coal1587
parrot1594
burn-coal1597
lithanthrax1612
stony coal1617
Welsh coala1618
land-coala1661
foot coal1665
peacock coal1686
rough coal1686
white coal1686
heathen-coalc1697
coal-stone1708
round1708
stone-coal1708
bench-coal1712
slipper coal1712
black coal1713
culm1742
rock coal1750
board coal1761
Bovey coal1761
house coal1784
mineral coal1785
splint1789
splint coal1789
jet coal1794
anthracite1797
wood-coal1799
blind-coal1802
black diamond1803
silk-coal1803
glance-coal1805
lignite1808
Welsh stone-coal1808
soft1811
spout coals1821
spouter1821
Wallsend1821
brown coal1833
paper coal1833
steam-coal1850
peat-coal1851
cherry-coal1853
household1854
sinter coal1854
oil coal1856
raker1857
Kilkenny coal1861
Pottery coal1867
silkstone1867
block coal1871
admiralty1877
rattlejack1877
bunker1883
fusain1883
smitham1883
bunker coal1885
triping1886
trolley coal1890
kibble1891
sea-borne1892
jet1893
steam1897
sack coal1898
Welsh1898
navigation coal1900
Coalite1906
clarain1919
durain1919
vitrain1919
single1921
kolm1930
hards1956
a1618 W. Raleigh Disc. Invention Shipping 41 in Judicious & Select Ess. (1650) Our Newcastle, or our Welsh Coales.
1738 W. Ellis London & Country Brewer III. iv. 14 At a famous Town in the West for brewing Beer, they burn this Welch-coal in a moveable Iron Grate.
1842 J. C. Loudon Suburban Horticulturist 211 Welsh coal..is a very durable fuel, peculiarly well suited to these boilers.
1951 W. Awdry Henry the Green Engine With Welsh coal he'd be a different engine.
1991 J. G. Clark Polit. Econ. World Energy ii. 26 Welsh coal cost less delivered in Buenos Aires than American coal.
Welshcomb v. (also with lower-case initial) transitive to comb (the hair) using the thumb and fingers; to make (a person) ready in this way.
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the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > beautify (the hair) [verb (transitive)] > comb > with one's fingers
Welshcomb1922
1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. vii. [Aeolus] 121 He took off his silk hat and..welshcombed his hair with raking fingers.
1971 ‘A. Burgess’ MF x. 111 Dressed and welshcombed, I pocketed my luggage and went downstairs.
2003 D. Lambdin Havoc's Sword i. i. 31 Lewrie turned to the mirror, to drag both hands through his hair to ‘Welsh’ comb it with his fingers.
Welsh comb n. the thumb and fingers, used to comb the hair.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > external parts of body > limb > digit > finger > [noun]
fingerOE
talons1594
nimblesa1637
the ten stealers1655
Welsh comb1788
forks1819
hooks1829
fingerlet1836
bread hook1845
dactyl1889
grab-hook1946
1788 F. Grose Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue (ed. 2) Welch Comb, the thumb and four fingers.
2004 D. Lambdin Captain's Vengeance i. i. 17 He..took a second to remove his battered, cocked hat and swipe his unruly hair with a ‘Welsh comb’, that is to say, with his fingers.
† Welsh cornice n. Architecture Obsolete a cornice consisting of two or three overhanging courses of brickwork, one of which has dentils formed by the ends of bricks projecting at equal and regular distances.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > other elements > [noun] > cornice > types of
jowpy1374
severon table1412
jowl-piece1533
jaw-piece1548
vaws-cornice1688
Welsh cornice1792
angel cornice1815
1792 Builder's Price-bk. (ed. 9) 13 Rough or Welch cornice.
1833 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Cottage Archit. §1246 The inside of the mill to be worked fair for lime-whiting, with a three-course Welsh cornice under the eaves, and on the gables.
† Welsh cricket n. Obsolete (probably) a louse.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > invertebrates > phylum Arthropoda > class Insecta > subclass Pterygota > [noun] > division Exopterygota or Hemimetabola > group Anoplura > order Siphunculata > member of genus Pediculus (louse)
lousec725
mysea1450
creeper1577
Welsh cricket1592
crawler1787
liceling1791
greyback1840
seam-squirrel1899
toto1918
1592 R. Greene Quip for Vpstart Courtier sig. D2 A..Gentleman Marchant Tailor, giuing armes and the holye Lambe in his creast, where before he had no other cognisance, but a plaine Spanish needle with a welsh cricket on the toppe.
† Welsh diamond n. Obsolete rare = rock crystal n.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > rock crystal > [noun]
crystalOE
diamond1591
mountain crystal1598
rock crystal1598
Welsh diamond1705
Irish diamond1774
magne-crystal1870
the world > the earth > minerals > types of mineral > silicates > tectosilicate > [noun] > quartz > crystalline quartzes > rock crystal
crystalOE
irisa1387
crystalline1539
rainbow-stone1587
Cornish diamond1591
diamond1591
mountain crystal1598
rock crystal1598
pebble1688
Cornish stone1695
Welsh diamond1705
rainbow crystal1748
quartz crystal1770
Irish diamond1774
1705 Philos. Trans. Abridg'd 1665–1700 (Royal Soc.) 3 i. iv. 182 Calculi examined Hydrostatically, were found in proportion to their Bulk of Water as 5 to 4; Flint, Chrystall, Petrifyed-Water, Welch-Diamonds, Petrify'd Wood, almost as heavy again as our Calculous Matter.
1884 F. J. Britten Watch & Clockmakers' Handbk. (new ed.) 215 Rock Crystal..also known as ‘Bristol’, ‘Welsh’,..or ‘Irish’ diamond, is also used by watch jewellers.
Welsh dragon n. (a) a Welsh person, esp. one considered to be volatile or aggressive; (b) a red dragon as the heraldic emblem of Wales; (also) the Welsh flag.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > indication > insignia > heraldic devices collective > heraldic representations of creatures > [noun] > monsters
dragonc1330
griffina1400
yalec1425
mermaid1445
manticorec1470
cockatrice1513
mermaiden1538
opinicus1546
lituit1562
Pegasus1562
equicerve1572
harpy1572
lyciske1572
verme1572
wyver1599
merman1601
lion-dragon1610
lion-poisson1610
wyvern1610
Sagittarius1619
sagittary1632
man-fish1653
sea lion1661
satyral1724
man-tiger1780
sea-dog1780
Welsh dragon1799
camelopardel1830
satyr1845
serpivolant1866
sea monkey1909
1799 C. T. Smith What is She? iv. ii. 64 Faith Ma'am, you're so snug, and as difficult of access as a poet in debt; I've been arguing with the tongue and the claws of your Welch dragon here this half hour.
1833 Archaeologia 25 App. 619 On his [sc. Owen Glyndowr's] helmet, as well as on his horse's head, is the Welsh dragon.
1857 C. M. Yonge Dynevor Terrace I. xxi. 349 If she had let the Welsh dragon show his teeth in style, he would only have had to make unpleasant apologies.
1909 A. C. Fox-Davies Compl. Guide Heraldry xiii. 225 His Majesty the King has recently added the Welsh dragon differenced by a label of three points argent as an additional badge to the achievement of His Royal Highness the Prince of Wales.
1913 Times 16 June 10/3 The flag..which bore the [Cardiff] city arms was flying at her foremast, the Welsh dragon at the mainmast.
1983 Manch. Guardian Weekly (Nexis) 27 Mar. 23 The Welsh dragon, scarlet shorted, scarlet gloved, kept going forward, jabbing hard.
2007 D. Atkinson et al. Wales (Lonely Planet) (ed. 3) 224 The centrepiece of the lake is a giant sculpture of a Welsh dragon.
Welsh draper n. now historical a maker of or dealer in Welsh cotton.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > trader > traders or dealers in specific articles > [noun] > in textiles, clothing, or yarns
mercerc1230
clothier1362
draper1362
woolman1390
yarn-chopper1429
line-draper1436
Welsh drapera1525
telerc1540
purple-seller1547
linen-draper1549
staplera1552
silkman1553
woollen-draper1554
wool-driver1555
woolster1577
linener1616
woolner1619
linen-man1631
ragman1649
rag merchant1665
slop-seller1665
bodice-seller1672
piece-broker1697
wool-stapler1709
cloth-man1723
Manchester-man1755
fleece-merchanta1774
rag dealer1777
man's mercer1789
keelman1821
man-mercer1837
cotton-broker1849
slopper1854
shoddyite1865
costumier1886
cotton-man1906
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile manufacture > manufacture textile fabric or that which consists of > manufacture of textile fabric > [noun] > manufacture of fabric from specific materials > manufacture of wool or woollen based fabrics > one who
clothier1362
cloth-maker1382
Welsh drapera1525
cloth-worker1528
cloth-man1538
a1525 ( Coventry Leet Bk. (1908) II. 480 Hugh Walker..welchdraper.
1669 S. Degge Observ. upon Possessors of Monastery-lands Staffs. 6 in S. Erdeswicke Surv. Staffs. (1717) sig. Q6v Robert Hunt a Welch Draper in Shrewsbury.
1812 J. Evans Beauties Eng. & Wales XVII. 111 Of late a set of middle men has sprung up, called Welsh drapers,..who go about the country to the different cottages, and buy all the flannel that they can lay their hands upon.
1979 G. A. Williams Madoc v. 93 The intrusion of ‘Welsh Drapers’ from Liverpool and Lancashire..and the appearance of the first factories along the Severn.
Welsh dresser n. a type of dresser consisting of a cabinet of cupboards and drawers surmounted by rows of shelves, on which plates, dishes, and kitchen utensils are ranged.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > furniture and fittings > sideboard > [noun] > dresser
dresser1538
Welsh dresser1893
1893 Furnit. Gaz. 15 Mar. 288/1 A Sheraton sideboard, 17 guineas; an old oak Welsh dresser, [etc.].
1937 Amer. Home Apr. 108/2 The dining room fairly clamors for corner cupboards, a Welsh dresser, and rush-seated chairs.
1986 A. Stoddard Living Beautiful Life (1988) iii. 83 Use an old Welsh dresser, English baker's cabinet or French armoire in the kitchen to store dishes and silverware.
2005 Loot 13 Dec. (Liverpool ed.) 9/6 (advt.) Mahogany table with 6 chairs and Welsh dresser.., will sell separately.
† Welsh ejectment n. Obsolete the practice of forcing a tenant to leave a property by rendering it uninhabitable; an instance of this.
ΚΠ
1811 Lexicon Balatronicum Welsh Ejectment, to unroof the house, a method practised by landlords in Wales to eject a bad tenant.
1823 Morning Chron. 18 Sept. This case was to decide whether or no a Welch ejectment was legal—a question of singular interest in a neighbourhood abounding with lodgers.
1861 Memorial Landowners Brit. India 24 in Parl. Papers: Accts. & Papers XII Some few times..some..planter had been irritated to make a ‘Welsh ejectment’, or had imprisoned some fraudulent debtor whom, in a wholesome state of society, the law would have imprisoned.
† Welsh falconer n. Obsolete rare an owl.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > birds > order Strigiformes or owl > [noun]
owleOE
howlec1430
mouser1440
howletc1450
nightbirdc1450
owlet1542
night owl1581
jenny-howlet1600
tu-whit tu-whoo1604
Welsh ambassador1608
mouse-catcher1611
Welsh falconera1640
hooter1673
hobhouchin1682
flying-cat1699
houchin1746
jumbie bird1827
a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Lovers Progres iii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Kkk4/2 Lis. Where are we? Lan. Not far from the house, I heare by th'owles, There are many of your welch falkoners about it.
† Welsh fiddle n. Obsolete (probably) scabies.
ΚΠ
1699 B. E. New Dict. Canting Crew Welsh-fiddle, the Itch.
1782 Morning Post 3 Dec. I'm a Doctor self-made, little Thumb is my name... As I turn'd once the trencher, toy, broomstick, and box, I now turn (to account) the Welsh-fiddle, and p—x.
† Welsh glaive n. Obsolete a weapon consisting of a long blade fastened to a staff; (probably) = Welsh bill n.; cf. glaive n. 2a.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > military equipment > weapon > sharp weapon > axe > [noun]
wi-axc897
hand-axeOE
wifleOE
axec1275
poleaxe1294
Danish axe1297
hache1322
gisarmea1325
pollhache1324
spartha1363
battle-axec1380
the sheenc1400
sparc1440
Welsh glaive1483
twibit1510
twibill1558
tomahawkc1612
two-billc1619
sagaris1623
francisca1683
tom-axe1759
tomahawk1761
1483 in Jrnl. Arms & Armour Soc. (1999) Mar. 71 For making of Walshe bills or glayves.
1536 C. Morrys Let. 5 May in J. Gairdner Lett. & Papers Foreign & Domest. Hen. VIII (1965) (modernized text) X. 341 In the same house of ordnance at Bullen Gate..152 hackbusshes, Flemish halberts, Welsh glaives..&c.
1786 F. Grose Treat. Anc. Armour 56 The Welch glaive is a kind of bill, sometimes reckoned among the pole axes.
1838 J. G. Grant Rufus I. iii. 37 There shall not come the twang of a Welsh bow, nor the glimmer of a Welsh glaive within a fair league of its battlements!
1888 Archaeologia 51 243 (note) Besides the staff weapons mentioned in the inventories here selected are others such as Flemish halberts and Welsh glaives in the store at Calais.
Welsh groin n. Architecture a groin (groin n.2 3) formed by the intersection of two cylindrical vaults of differing heights, the main longitudinal vault being higher than the side vaults.
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society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > arch > [noun] > vaulting > specific type
Welsh groin1778
groin-vault1825
Welsh vaulting1835
Welsh vault1840
cross-vaulting1842
rear vault1844
barrel-form1849
barrel-vault1849
cross-vault1850
Welsh groining1867
tunnel-vault-
1778 W. Pain Carpenter's & Joiner's Repository facing Pl. LVIII Make a semi-circular Arch..that is commonly called a Welch Groin.
1817 W. Plees Acct. Island of Jersey 109 The front of the building stands on an open vaulted arcade, resting on Welch groins.
1849 E. Dobson Rudimentary Treat. Masonry & Stonecutting ii. 70 In fig. 46, plate 6, is shown the intersection of two vaults of different spans, springing from the same level. The groin thus produced is called a Welsh groin.
1907 Cycl. Archit., Carpentry & Building II. 138 Welsh groins are of common occurrence in masonry construction.
1992 Times (Nexis) 31 Oct. (Features section) Scott had introduced a complex system of ‘Welsh groins’ over the upper windows, to avoid what he called the usual ‘coal-scuttle’ effect where two vaults met.
† Welsh groining n. Architecture Obsolete a system of vaulting formed by the intersection of two cylindrical vaults of differing heights, the main longitudinal vault being higher than the side vaults; the arrangement of groins created by this system.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > arch > [noun] > vaulting > specific type
Welsh groin1778
groin-vault1825
Welsh vaulting1835
Welsh vault1840
cross-vaulting1842
rear vault1844
barrel-form1849
barrel-vault1849
cross-vault1850
Welsh groining1867
tunnel-vault-
1867 A. Ashpitel Treat. Archit. Gloss. 106/1 When the main longitudinal vault of any groining is higher than the cross or transverse vaults..the system of vaulting is called underpitch groining, or..Welsh groining.
a1878 G. G. Scott Lect. Mediæval Archit. (1879) II. 173 Vaulting..in which the side vaults..cut the higher and main vault at a level lower than its crown..is vulgarly known as ‘Welsh’ groining.
1908 W. C. Watson Portuguese Archit. iv. 89 The Welsh groining of the chancel vault.
Welsh ham n. now historical = mutton ham n. 1.
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the world > food and drink > food > animals for food > mutton > [noun] > cured mutton
mutton ham1747
Welsh ham1867
1867 C. E. Francatelli Cook's Guide 293 A Welsh ham consists of a fat leg of mutton, cured and smoked like hams;..when about to dress Welsh hams for the table, remember that a piece of fat bacon should be cooked in the same pot, to nourish them and prevent them from being dry.
1877 Cassell's Dict. Cookery 1107 A Welsh ham is simply the name given to a fat leg of mutton which has been cured and smoked like an ordinary ham.
1931 E. Rhys Everyman Remembers (Amer. ed.) xi. 163 Even a good supper including Welsh ham and eggs and cwrw da (ale) did not quite restore her Irish wit and courage.
1987 E. Davies Mild Majesty 18 Above this fire, dangling on thick hooks from the ceiling and weathering in the fumes and scents that rose from the grate and the ovens, were brown sides of Welsh ham.
Welsh Indian n. historical a member of a legendary North American Indian tribe believed to be descended from a group of fabled 12th cent. Welsh settlers. [The underlying story is primarily that of Madog, the legendary son of the historical Owain Gwynedd (d. 1170). There is medieval evidence of tales of Madog as a seafarer; he is first referred to as discoverer of America by John Dee in 1580. His story was associated with D. Ingram's claim (originally published in 1583) that he had heard Welsh words in North America. In the late 18th and 19th cent., the Welsh Indians were sometimes taken to be the Mandan people (compare Mandan n.).]
ΚΠ
1753 G. Crochan Let. 24 Aug. in Gentleman's Mag. (1781) Mar. 112/1 I understood..that your honour would be glad to have some information on a nation of people settled to the west.., commonly called the Welch Indians.
1876 B. F. Bowen Amer. discovered by Welsh v. 58 If the Welsh Indians could be identified as descendants of Madoc's colony.
1913 W. H. Babcock Early Norse Visits to N. Amer. 35 Madoc of Wales has been put forward intermittently for centuries with zeal as the first colonizer of America. Welsh Indians, by blood or language, were formerly (as was supposed) discovered by his advocates.
2009 Huntsville (Alabama) Times (Nexis) 25 Jan. 14 f A story of mythic sea voyages, tribes wandering the wilderness and centuries of stories and fantasies about sightings of Welsh Indians.
† Welsh lay n. Obsolete rare a roofing slate measuring three by two feet (approx. 61 by 91 cm).Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > stone or rock > [noun] > building stone > stone of the nature of slate > for roofing > types of
skaillie1496
Stonesfield slate1855
Welsh lay1891
Collyweston1949
1891 Cent. Dict. at Lay1 (note) 8 Welsh lay, a slate measuring 3 by 2 feet.
† Welsh ledger n. Obsolete rare = Welsh ambassador n. (a).
ΚΠ
1608 T. Middleton Your Fiue Gallants sig. Iv Fits...Your deuice here is a Cuckow sitting on a tree. Frip. The Welsh Lidger, good.
Welsh lump n. †(a) a large brick capable of withstanding intense heat, used esp. to line furnaces and fireplaces; a large firebrick (obsolete); (b) a heavy weight fastened to a child's neck as a punishment for speaking Welsh (now historical and rare); cf. Welsh Not n.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > clay compositions > baked clay > brick > [noun] > types of
white brick1468
red brick1587
clinker1659
clinkerc1660
stock-brick1683
Windsor brick1702
grey stock1726
stockc1738
red stock1748
firebrick1749
Welsh lump1798
malm1811
cutting-brick1815
pecking1819
blue brick1823
malm brick1824
Windsor1841
cutter1842
grizzle1843
shuff1843
picking1850
Woolpit brick1887
Hollander1897
Staffordshire1898
Stafford brick1908
misfire1923
klompie1926
1798 Oracle & Public Advertiser 4 Aug. The stock in trade; comprising..Welsh Lumps, Dutch Clinkers, Chimney Pots, [etc.].
1800 R. Warner Second Walk through Wales (ed. 2) 262 If,..in the colloquial intercourse of the scholars, one of them be detected in speaking a Welsh word, he is immediately degraded with the Welsh lump, a large piece of lead fastened to a string, and suspended round the neck of the offender.
1833 J. C. Loudon Encycl. Cottage Archit. §599 The most convenient fire bricks are what are called Welsh or Stourbridge lumps.
1881 Archæol. Cambrensis 4th Ser. 12 321 The mode of punishment adopted to enforce the prohibition was remarkable. It was called the ‘Welsh Lump’, or the ‘Welsh Stick’.
2003 P. N. Williams Presenting Wales from A to Y 275 Welsh Not, sometimes called the Welsh Knot or Welsh Lump, a heavy board placed around the neck of any pupil caught speaking Welsh in his school during the latter part of the 19th and the early part of the 20th Century in an effort to wipe out the language.
Welsh main n. now historical a tournament in which the loser in each round is eliminated (cf. main n.2 3); (occasionally) such a system forming the basis of a competition.Used originally and chiefly with reference to cockfighting tournaments.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > fighting or baiting animals > fighting between animals > [noun] > cock-fighting > types of fight
Welsh main1744
bye1754
stag-match1758
1744 Daily Advertiser 16 Jan. At the Three Cups Inn..will be fought for by way of Welch Main, a strong useful gelding.
1748 J. Cheny Hist. List Horse-matches 99 To be fought for at Mr. Parker's Pit..an hundred Pounds, by Chickens, a Welch Main.
1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth ix, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. II. 265 Laying schemes for massacring men on Palm Sunday, as if he were backing a Welsh main, where all must fight to death.
1833 Fraser's Mag. May 623/2 I guess they'll be fain, sir, When tithes and rents are gone, To fight a Welsh main, sir, O'Connor and O'Don.
1886 R. Holland Gloss. Words County of Chester (at cited word) There is also the term Welsh main, applied in a secondary sense to voting: voting until two only are left in, and then for those two alone.
1989 R. J. Cutter Brush & Spur iii. 85 Either the fight was a Welsh Main or else the one bird fought all comers one after another, though the second alternative scarcely seems possible.
Welsh Marches n. = the Marches at march n.3 1a (also occasionally in singular). [Compare Welsh Y Mars , Y Mers , lit. ‘the March’ (14th cent.; < Middle English march or its Anglo-Norman etymon: see march n.3), compare also †Mars Lloegr , lit. ‘March of England’ (in a source of the 15th or 16th cent.). Compare earlier March of Wales (compare quot. c13001 at march n.3 1a). Compare also Anglo-Norman marche de Gales (1274 or earlier).]
ΚΠ
1587 A. Fleming et al. Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) III. sig. D.iiiv/3 Warden of the Welsh marches.
1612 M. Drayton Poly-olbion viii. 121 Still are you in the Welsh March.
1763 D. Hume Hist. Eng. (new ed.) II. xiv. 363 Among the rest was young Roger Mortimer, a potent baron in the Welsh marches.
1899 Notes & Queries 4. Mar. 161/2 Until a comparatively late period Shropshire and Hereford were the Welsh Marches, and, so far as race is concerned, to some extent Welsh.
1935 Times 9 Nov. 12/2 Reports from the Welsh Marches indicate that farmers..appreciate what the National Government has done for them.
2007 D. Brabbs Year in Life of Welsh Marches 11/1 (caption) Ludlow in Shropshire represents the very essence of the Welsh Marches.
Welsh mile n. a distance of a mile or (usually) more; (allusive) something (esp. a distance) that feels long or tedious.
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the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of length > [noun] > units of length or distance > mile > a long mile
Welsh milea1500
Robin Hood's mile1559
Yorkshire mile1710
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin xv. 247 (MED) All the contrey was of hem covered the length of a walshe myle.
1653 J. Taylor Short Relation Long Journey 22 I hired a guide who brought me to Swansey (sixteen well stretch'd Welch Mountainous Miles).]
1796 Grose's Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue (ed. 3) Welch Mile. Like a Welch mile, long and narrow. His story is like a Welch mile, long and tedious.
1798 R. Warner Walk through Wales xiv. 201 We had often had occasion in Wales to observe the inaccuracy of the common people's ideas with respect to distance, and generally found the addition of half a mile to the real measurement necessary to form a Welsh mile.
1890 Through N. Wales with Knapsack v. 20 We often wondered if the Welsh mile is longer than its English brother.
1999 Birmingham Post (Nexis) 18 Sept. 21 Your average Welsh mile is about 1.8 miles—at least it always seems to be when I'm driving the roads of the Principality.
Welsh mortgage n. Finance (now historical) a mortgage in which the mortgaged property is conveyed to the creditor, who receives rent and profits in lieu of interest without power of sale, the borrower being able to redeem the property at any time upon payment of the principal.Not confined to property in Wales.
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society > law > legal obligation > bond or recognizance > requiring or giving legal security > [noun] > legal security > mortgage > with perpetual right of redemption
Welsh mortgage1726
1726 Cases High Court Chancery I. 418 The Mortgagor agreed the Mortgagee should enter and hold, till he was satisfied; which is in the nature of a Welch Mortgage.
1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) II. xv. i. §19 There is another kind of mortgage..called a Welsh mortgage, in which there is a perpetual right of redemption.
1869 Daily News 29 Jan. 7/1 Alluding to a certain Welsh mortgage, which he had called attention to at their last meeting.
1904 New Irish Jurist & Local Govt. Rev. 10 June 220/1 In the case of a Welsh mortgage of the present class liberty of alienation is largely interfered with as the mortgagee has no power of sale under the deed or by statute.
1936 Anglo-Celt (Cavan, Ireland) 21 Mar. 10/2 Mr. Wellwood submitted that the agreement did not come under the head of what was called a ‘Welsh’ mortgage.
1987 Cornell Law Rev. 72 295 By the time of Littleton's Tenures..use of the Welsh mortgage was declining... Creditors did not know when, if ever, the debtor might repay the debt.
Welsh mutton n. mutton obtained from a small breed of sheep traditionally reared in the Welsh mountains, and prized for the delicacy of its flavour.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > animals for food > mutton > [noun] > types of mutton
ram mutton1599
Welsh muttona1627
wether-mutton1707
turnip-muttona1722
marsh mutton1724
traik1802
Southdown1818
pré salé1839
Southdowner1841
tup-mutton1844
a1627 T. Middleton Chast Mayd in Cheape-side (1630) iv. 49 'Tis a true saying, there's nothing tasts so sweet as your Welch Mutton.
1771 T. Smollett Humphry Clinker II. 228 I dined upon a delicate leg of Velsh mutton and cully-flower.
1847 Cultivator Feb. 45/2 The small Welsh mutton is the finest flavor of any I ever tasted.
1940 Brit. Red Cross Soc. Cookery & Catering Man. (ed. 4) v. 55 The best comes from New Zealand, and is known as ‘Canterbury mutton’. This is considered equal to our English Southdown or Welsh mutton.
2002 Wales on Sunday (Nexis) 3 Feb. 10 Bob is very keen on organic Welsh mutton, and it's also a great favourite of mine.
† Welsh nephew n. Obsolete a son of a person's first cousin.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > nephew or niece > [noun] > nephew
gadlingeOE
neveeOE
nephewc1325
niecea1382
nea1387
sisterc1390
nepote1519
neposa1600
Welsh nephew1799
nevvy1819
neef1838
nefie1951
1799 P. Yorke Royal Tribes Wales 24 Welsh nephew, or first cousin once removed, to the renowned John ab Maredudd.
1882 London Society Sept. 239/1 Charles is Welsh uncle to Mary, and also Welsh nephew.
1899 J. A. Home in L. Stuart Select. from Manuscripts 86 Welsh nephew. Lord March was son of the Duke's first cousin.
† Welsh niece n. Obsolete a daughter of a person's first cousin; cf. Welsh aunt n., Welsh uncle n.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > cousin > [noun] > first cousin
first cousin1577
Welsh niece1875
1875 Coll. Hist. & Archæol. Montgomeryshire VIII. 343 Viscount Tracy's wife, Susannah, was Mr. Blayney's ‘Welsh’ niece, being the grand-daughter of Anthony Weaver,..who was the brother of..Mr. Blayney's mother.
1882 London Society Sept. 240/2 The curious result that children would have their own mother for a ‘Welsh niece’, and would be..first cousins twice removed to themselves!
1886 F. H. Doyle Reminisc. viii. 156 A young cousin, or rather..Welsh niece of mine.
Welsh Not n. (also Welsh knot, Welsh note) now historical a token fastened around a child's neck as a punishment for speaking Welsh (cf. earlier Welsh lump n. (b)). [The precise origin of the construction is unclear, but it is likely to be a shortening of a full sentence such as ‘Welsh must not be spoken’ (compare quot. 1844). In form Welsh knot by association with the homophonous knot n.1; in form Welsh note by association with note n.2 I.]
ΚΠ
1844 Rep. Commissioners Inq. S. Wales 102 in Parl. Papers XVI. 7 The schoolmaster in my parish.., amongst the common Welsh people has a little toy on a little bit of wood, and on the wood is written, ‘Welsh not’; that is to say, they must not speak Welsh; it is a mark... The rule of the school is..that..if anybody speaks a word of Welsh he is to have the Welsh mark, which he is to carry about his neck.]
1867 J. L. Thomas Cambria upon Two Sticks 8 Pupils, who once they'd slight the stern command, Had each to take and wear with his own hand The Welsh-knot log.
1883 D. Davies Echoes from Welsh Hills 17 The ‘Welsh note’ was called in at stated times, and the unfortunate one who was the bearer of it was submitted to the discipline of the cane.
1904 School May 218/1 The injustice was accentuated by the introduction of the ‘Welsh not’—a piece of stick bearing the letters ‘W.N.’, forbidding the use of Welsh.
1967 Times 2 June 4/3 A language spoken by most Welsh people until the last century, when the effects of industrialization and the Welsh Not took their toll.
2007 G. Cohen in D. F. Bryceson et al. Identity & Networks v. 98 Even as late as 1910 Llywelyn remembered having the ‘Welsh Not’ hung around his neck for unthinkingly reverting to his mother tongue while on the playground.
Welsh Office n. now historical the department of the British Government responsible for Welsh affairs; the buildings in Whitehall, London, and in Cathays Park, Cardiff, housing this; the civil servants working in this department collectively; (in early use also) this proposed department. [Originally after Irish Office n. at Irish adj. and n. Compounds 3 (compare quot. 1852); compare also Scottish Office n. at Scottish adj. and n. Compounds 3. Compare Welsh Swyddfa Gymreig (1964 or earlier), after English] .The Welsh Office, headed by the Secretary of State for Wales, was established in 1964 and disbanded in 1999. At this date many of the functions of the Welsh Office were transferred to the newly established National Assembly for Wales (in Welsh Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru), while the Wales Office (in Welsh Swyddfa Cymru) was created to support the Secretary of State for Wales within the British Government.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > a or the government > government department or agency > [noun] > with specific responsibility > English or British
admiralty1459
ordnance1485
Navy Office1660
navy board1681
patent office1696
excise-office1698
Treasury Office1706
Plantation Office1708
stamp office1710
War Office1721
India Office1787
home office1795
Woods, Forests, and Land Revenues1803
the Stamps1820
Welsh Office1852
W.O.1860
Local Government Board1871
pall-mall1880
Scottish Office1883
Ministry of Munitions1915
War House1925
Min of Ag1946
Mintech1967
DOE1972
Manpower Services Commission1973
1852 in E. J. Whately Life & Corr. R. Whately (1866) 238 ‘Would you retain..the Irish Office?’ ‘Certainly not,’ answered the Archbishop, ‘I would no more have an Irish Office than a Welsh Office’.
1918 Times 14 Feb. 7/3 Major David Davies..suggests..the creation of a Welsh Office, with a Secretary for Wales, on the Scottish model.
1964 Times 22 Dec. 10/4 Mr. Griffiths, Secretary of State for Wales, yesterday opened the first permanent home of the Welsh Office in London.
1975 Mod. Law Rev. 38 196 The Department of the Environment and the Welsh Office are co-operating by making accommodation available.
1976 S. Wales Echo 26 Nov. Demonstrations by angry parents outside the Welsh Office now seem certain after South Glamorgan County Council's controversial decision to turn a Cardiff high school into a Welsh-speaking secondary.
1999 Mirror (Nexis) 1 July 6 Great powers have been handed over today from the Welsh Office to the Assembly.
Welsh oilstone n. now rare a fine-grained, siliceous rock quarried in North Wales and used for oilstones.
ΚΠ
1835 Trans. Soc. Arts 1834–5 in Mechanics' Mag. 4 July 268/1 Idwall, or Welsh oil-stone, is generally harder, but..in consequence of its being more expensive, is in less general use.
1921 J. A. Audley Silica & Silicates i. 31 An oilstone from Whittle Hill in Charnwood Forest..is a fine-grained, silicious slaty rock. Welsh oilstone is a somewhat similar material.
1949 F. J. North et al. Snowdonia 66 ‘Welsh oilstone’ from near Llyn Idwal and other places in our area has been used on account of its hardness and fine texture for grinding small blades.
2004 I. Jeffrey in N. Sinclair Kyffin Williams 18/2 There are also what might be called vernacular rocks: Maesgwn Slates, Gwastadnant Grits, Welsh Oilstone, Old Red Sandstone.
† Welsh parsley n. Obsolete a hemp rope with a noose, used for hanging.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > capital punishment > hanging > [noun] > gallows > parts of > noose or rope
ropeeOE
withec1275
cordc1330
snarea1425
tippet1447
girnc1480
halter1481
widdie1508
tether?a1513
hemp1532
Tyburn tippet1549
John Roper's window1552
neckweed1562
noose1567
horse-nightcap1593
tow1596
Tyburn tiffany1612
piccadill1615
snick-up1620
Tyburn piccadill1620
necklacea1625
squinsy1632
Welsh parsley1637
St. Johnston's riband1638
string1639
Bridport daggera1661
rope's end1663
cravat1680
swing1697
snecket1788
death cord1804
neckclothc1816
St. Johnston's tippet1816
death rope1824
mink1826
squeezer1836
yard-rope1850
necktie1866
Tyburn string1882
Stolypin's necktie1909
widdieneckc1920
1637 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Elder Brother i. ii. sig. C3 In tough welsh parsly, which in our vulgar Tongue Is strong hempen halters.
1651 T. Randolph et al. Hey for Honesty iv. i. 30/1 This is a Rascal deserves..To dance in Hemp Derricks Caranto: Lets choke him with Welch Parsley.
1660 Psalm Sung by People (single sheet) 'Tis salt though unsavory meat; Wee'l draw it round about With Welsh Parsley, and no doubt It will choak Pluto's great Dog to eat.
† Welsh pearl n. Obsolete rare a flattish black gem resembling a pearl.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > pearl > [noun] > varieties of
unioOE
pearl of orientc1400
seed pearl1551
powdering pearls1606
pear pearl1647
Welsh pearl1681
peara1685
union1694
akoya1727
river pearl1776
orient1833
bouton pearl1851
blister pearl1885
Bombay pearl1885
teardrop pearl1904
cultured pearl1911
culture pearl1921
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > gem or precious stone > artificial stone > [noun] > artificial pearl
pearlc1375
Welsh pearl1681
Roman pearl1792
fish-pearl1853
Tecla1908
1681 N. Grew Musæum Regalis Societatis i. §vi. ii. 146 Welsh-Pearl... They are most of them flatish, and of a shining blackish colour.
† Welsh rag n. Obsolete = rag n.1 1b.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > stone or rock > [noun] > building stone > stone of the nature of slate > for roofing > piece of > large
rag1772
Welsh rag1777
1777 Gazetteer & New Daily Advertiser 3 May The said Workhouse is intended to be covered either with Welch Rags or plain Tiling.
1823 P. Nicholson New Pract. Builder 396 Patent slating was originally composed of slates called the Welsh Rags.
1856 Ipswich Jrnl. 22 July The roofs are slated with green gray Welsh rags.
1904 A. G. H. Thatcher Scaffolding App. 181 Slate, Welsh rag..172..lbs. per cubic ft.
† Welsh road n. Obsolete a rough rural road considered characteristic of Wales.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > lane > [noun] > unsurfaced
chase1639
Welsh road1771
1771 J. Wesley Jrnl. 27 Aug. (1827) III. 429 We crept through a right Welsh road.
1890 O. Crawfurd Round Calendar in Portugal 212 The scent of those deep, damp lanes, green with ferns, which in this county [sc. Monmouthshire] we call ‘Welsh roads’.
† Welsh scarlet n. ironic Obsolete rare a worn-out piece of clothing; cf. scarlet n. 1(a).
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > textiles > textile fabric or an article of textile fabric > textile fabric > textile fabric with specific qualities > [noun] > rich or costly
pallOE
ciclatouna1225
scarletc1250
tars1377
cockea1382
coccyn1382
coctin1382
Welsh scarletc1400
gold tissed1585
checklaton1596
cyclas1834
c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. v. l. 113 I may it nouȝt leue, He shulde wandre on þat walsshe scarlet, so was it þredbare.
† Welsh stone-coal n. Obsolete hard steam coal or anthracite mined in South Wales; cf. Welsh coal n.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > fuel > coal or types of coal > [noun]
coal1253
sea-coal1253
pit-coal1483
cannel1541
earth coala1552
horse coal1552
Newcastle coal1552
stone-coal1585
cannel coal1587
parrot1594
burn-coal1597
lithanthrax1612
stony coal1617
Welsh coala1618
land-coala1661
foot coal1665
peacock coal1686
rough coal1686
white coal1686
heathen-coalc1697
coal-stone1708
round1708
stone-coal1708
bench-coal1712
slipper coal1712
black coal1713
culm1742
rock coal1750
board coal1761
Bovey coal1761
house coal1784
mineral coal1785
splint1789
splint coal1789
jet coal1794
anthracite1797
wood-coal1799
blind-coal1802
black diamond1803
silk-coal1803
glance-coal1805
lignite1808
Welsh stone-coal1808
soft1811
spout coals1821
spouter1821
Wallsend1821
brown coal1833
paper coal1833
steam-coal1850
peat-coal1851
cherry-coal1853
household1854
sinter coal1854
oil coal1856
raker1857
Kilkenny coal1861
Pottery coal1867
silkstone1867
block coal1871
admiralty1877
rattlejack1877
bunker1883
fusain1883
smitham1883
bunker coal1885
triping1886
trolley coal1890
kibble1891
sea-borne1892
jet1893
steam1897
sack coal1898
Welsh1898
navigation coal1900
Coalite1906
clarain1919
durain1919
vitrain1919
single1921
kolm1930
hards1956
1808 Philos. Mag. 32 145 (table) Welsh furnace coal... Welsh stone coal.
1898 Jrnl. Franklin Inst. 146 390 The general inferiority of American coals as compared with the Welsh stone coal.
Welsh uncle n. now rare a male first cousin of a person's parent.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > cousin > [noun] > parent's first cousin
Welsh uncle1747
Welsh aunt1820
1747 T. Carte Gen. Hist. Eng. I. 210 Aeddon, who was welsh-uncle to Rydderch, made his escape to the Isle of Man.
1820 R. Southey Select. from Lett. (1856) III. 194 There is no room here to tell you about your little Welsh uncles, Alfred and Southey, nor about your little Welsh aunt, Georgiana.
1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest II. App. 645 A ‘Welsh uncle’, that is the first cousin of a parent.
1906 E. Lawless Bk. Gilly iv. 41 He stood to the latter in a relationship sometimes described as that of a Welshuncle.
1958 N. J. Jacobs Naming-day in Eden ix. 66 A Welsh uncle [is] no uncle at all but the first cousin of a parent.
Welsh vault n. Architecture a groin vault formed by the intersection of two cylindrical vaults of differing heights, the main longitudinal vault being higher than the side vaults; cf. Welsh groin n.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > arch > [noun] > vaulting > specific type
Welsh groin1778
groin-vault1825
Welsh vaulting1835
Welsh vault1840
cross-vaulting1842
rear vault1844
barrel-form1849
barrel-vault1849
cross-vault1850
Welsh groining1867
tunnel-vault-
1840 J. H. Parker Gloss. Terms Archit. (ed. 3) ii. p. xix Welsh vaults have not..necessarily round-headed arches.
1898 Bristol Mercury 27 Dec. 3/6 A large cove with Welsh vaults breaking into it over the semi-circular beaded windows.
1996 W. Bucher Dict. Building Preserv. 130/1 Cross vault,..a vault formed by the intersection of two or more simple vaults; varieties include groined vault, Welsh vault.
Welsh vaulting n. Architecture (now historical and rare) a system of vaulting in which two cylindrical vaults of differing vertical heights intersect; the structure forming a Welsh vault; cf. Welsh groining n.Recorded earliest in attributive use.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > arch > [noun] > vaulting > specific type
Welsh groin1778
groin-vault1825
Welsh vaulting1835
Welsh vault1840
cross-vaulting1842
rear vault1844
barrel-form1849
barrel-vault1849
cross-vault1850
Welsh groining1867
tunnel-vault-
1835 R. Willis Remarks Archit. Middle Ages vii. 78 (note) Such cells are termed Welsh vaulting cells.
1858 Ecclesiologist 19 165 North transept, Welsh vaulting from circular shafts.
1908 L. Milman C. Wren xiv. 207 This curious construction of a cylinder cutting an elliptic, technically called Welsh-vaulting, may have been noticed by Wren at the Sorbonne.
1956 V. Fürst Archit. Sir C. Wren 192/2 The first [interior elevation] shows a flat ceiling;..the second shows the vaulted ceiling, with clerestorey windows inserted by ‘Welsh vaulting’, a method severely criticized by Blomfield, Short Hist., p. 120.
Welsh Wales n. colloquial the parts of Wales which are considered most distinctively Welsh, typically those in which the Welsh language is most commonly spoken. [Compare Welsh Cymru Gymraeg (1962 or earlier) < Cymru , the name of Wales (see Cymric adj.) + Cymraeg (adjective) in the Welsh language, with reference to the Welsh language, (noun) the Welsh language (see Cymraeg n.).]
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > named regions of earth > Europe > British Isles > Wales > [noun] > distinctively Welsh areas
Welsh Wales1851
1851 Harper's Mag. Jan. 205/2 They call the promontory of Llyn..Welsh Wales;..it is so national in its ways, and buildings, and inhabitants, and so different from the towns and hamlets into which the English throng in summer.
1866 in Rep. Comm. Council on Educ. 1866–7 (App. 1) 216 Some [schools] are particularly well taught, though situated in the heart of Welsh Wales, where little else than Welsh is spoken.
1954 G. Daniel Welcome Death x. 125 ‘The Vale of Glamorgan is legally Wales, isn't it, although no one speaks any Welsh here?’ ‘Quite right... This is Wales, if not Welsh Wales’.
2008 Wales on Sunday (Nexis) 17 Feb. 2 We [sc. Labour] are to blame in a way. We allowed Plaid Cymru to say they are the party of Welsh Wales.
Welsh wig n. now historical a woollen cap.
ΘΚΠ
the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > headgear > [noun] > cap > types of > made from specific material > woollen
Scottish cap1553
blue bonnet1568
blue capa1586
Scotch cap1591
statute cap1598
Monmouth1638
Scotch bonnet1641
Highland bonnet1724
Welsh wig1797
scone1820
glengarry1841
beret1850
Balmoral1857
tam-o'-shanter1884
toboggan cap1886
tammy1894
tam1895
toboggan1907
tam1972
1797 London Chron. 31 Jan. 112/3 He was very much disguised in dress, having a Welch wig on, and a blue apron, like that of a butcher.
1842 J. Wilson Christopher North (1857) I. 2 Uncle Ben..is seen galloping, in a Welsh wig and strange apparel, in the rear of a pack of Lilliputian beagles.
1846 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) iv. 25 His Welsh wig..was as plain and stubborn a Welsh wig as ever was worn.
1888 Myra's Jrnl. Dress & Fashion May 273/2 The youngsters, their..heads enveloped in coverings very like our old-fashioned ‘Welsh wigs’, look very cosy and comfortable.
1993 P. O'Brian Wine-dark Sea x. 232 Most of those who had had any foresight dug into their chests for Monmouth caps, Welsh wigs or padded domes with flaps to protect the wearer's ears.
Welsh wizard n. (also Welsh Wizard) (originally) (a name for) Merlin, the legendary or mythical prophet and enchanter; (in later use) a nickname given to any talented or celebrated Welsh person, spec. David Lloyd George (1863–1945), Welsh politician and British prime minister.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > rule or government > politics > British politics > [noun] > specific politician
Welsh wizard1593
Iron Lady1976
1593 M. Drayton Idea 57 Sooth-saying Sibels sleepen long agone,..Welch-wisard Merlyn, cleueth to a stone.
1611 J. Speed Hist. Great Brit. vii. iv. 291 (margin) Merlin the Welsh Wizard. He builded a Castle there.
1888 All Year Round 5 May 416/2 The only knowledge we possess of this King [sc. Arthur] is that contained in the writings of Merlin, the Welsh wizard.
1912 Alaska Citizen (Fairbanks) 20 May There are hopes, however, that the Welsh Wizard will be shortly seen in the ring opposed to a man whom many consider to have an excellent chance of getting the better of him.
1917 M. Macdonagh Diary 9 July in London during Great War (1935) iii. iv. 203 Is not ‘L.G.’ known as the ‘Welsh Wizard’.
1961 Observer 26 Nov. 26/4 The dialogue, not the plot, is the thing;..it is handled by a troupe of Welsh wizards led by Mervyn Johns.
1976 W. J. Burley Wycliffe & Schoolgirls vii. 126 There had never been a real statesman since the little Welsh wizard.
2003 Daily Tel. (Sydney) (Nexis) 18 Oct. 85 On his day the Welsh wizard can mesmerise opponents with his mazy dribbling and body feints that defy gravity.
C2. Compounds of the noun.
a. Objective (in sense B. 1a).
Welsh speaker n.
ΚΠ
1831 W. D. Leathart Origin & Progress Gwyneddigion Soc. 74 As a Welsh speaker he was fluent.
1927 Geogr. Rev. 17 493 Over the entire country a certain number of Welsh speakers are to be found but a considerable percentage only in the remote parts.
1999 Daily Tel. 1 Sept. 17/6 In Wales many children are brought up bilingually without one or both parents being a native Welsh speaker.
Welsh-speaking adj. and n.
ΚΠ
1844 N. Wales Chron. 7 May There are several Welsh speaking patients..in the house.
1872 Authorised Rep. Church Congr. Leeds 433 Warn the advocates of Welsh speaking.
1924 J. O. Francis Legend of Welsh 63 The best story I have heard of Welsh-speaking Englishmen was told me..by a South Walian.
1977 Word 28 153 The incidence of Welsh-speaking in the vital 3–4 age group was..4 percent.
1999 N. Crickhowell Westm., Wales & Water 20 Keith Best..represented the substantially Welsh-speaking seat of Anglesey.
b.
Welsh-rooted adj. †(a) deriving from the Welsh language (obsolete); (b) having Welsh roots.
ΚΠ
1863 W. Barnes Gram. & Gloss. Dorset Dial. 8 Their cadwyn..is a Welsh-rooted word.
1999 Birmingham Post (Nexis) 10 Apr. 9 Mather, the Lancastrian-bred, Welsh-rooted Rugby League convert, at least adds a bit of extra muscle.

Derivatives

Welsh-like adj. characteristic of Wales or what is Welsh; Welsh in nature.
ΚΠ
1826 J. M. Sherer Notes & Refl. Ramble Germany 129 About the middle of it [sc. the route] we stopped to refresh, at a clean, delightful little inn, Welsh-like.
1853 ‘Bachelor’ Traces of Rom. & Moor 97 Before reaching Vittoria we crossed the Welsh-like hills of this region, with green copses, maize crops, and pretty villages perched on the eminences.
1911 Musical Times 52 95/2 Dibdin was sufficiently an artist to make this song sung by his Welshman sufficiently Welsh-like to be in keeping.
2005 Wales on Sunday (Nexis) 24 July (Sport section) 11 With Januarie tackling like a man possessed and the Springbok forwards producing several Welsh-like passing movements up the middle of the park, [etc.].
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

welshv.

Brit. /wɛl(t)ʃ/, U.S. /wɛl(t)ʃ/
Forms: 1800s– welch, 1800s– welsh.
Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: Welsh adj.
Etymology: Origin uncertain; perhaps < Welsh adj., on account of alleged dishonesty of Welsh people (see note). Earlier currency is probably implied by welsher n.1, welshing n., and welshing adj.Compare (from the same source as quot. 1859 at welshing adj.):1859 Morning Chron. 5 Nov. 8/5 The phrase ‘Welshing book-maker’ seems to owe its origin to a nursery rhyme, commencing with ‘Taffy was a Welshman, [Taffy was a thief,] &c.,’ and, as we understand, means a dishonest betting man on the turf.
Sometimes considered offensive in view of the conjectured connection with Welsh people.
1. Betting.
a. transitive. To renege on payment of money owed to (a person) as winnings on a bet.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > defrauding or swindling > perpetrate (a swindle) [verb (transitive)] > defraud or swindle > of betting money
welsh1860
1860 Racing Times 16 Jan. 22/2 The plaintiff denied that he had ever..‘welched’ a man named Williams at Worcester in 1854.
1867 Sporting Life 21 Sept. Money which people have been ‘welshed’ out of.
1887 Daily Tel. 12 Mar. 5/2 He will receive his winnings and run no risk of being ‘welshed’.
1902 Times 8 Mar. 14/3 In France..betting..had increased..because people were not now afraid of being welshed.
1941 J. Cary House of Children xii. 47 My father would tell how he had been welshed at the Derby.
2000 R. Anderson Ice Age 46 This, in fact, is the same bar where Johnny Apollo once pulled four molars out of the mouth of a bookie who welshed Magnasco.
b. intransitive. Frequently with on. To renege on payment of money due as winnings on a bet. Also: to make this one's regular practice or business.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > reverse or abandon one's purpose [verb (intransitive)] > withdraw from an engagement or promise
starta1450
fang1522
recidivate1528
to draw back1572
flinch1578
to shrink collar1579
retract1616
to shrink out of the collar1636
renege1651
to fly off1667
to slip (the) collarc1677
to declare off1749
to cry off1775
to back out1807
to fight off1833
crawfish1848
welsh1871
to pull out1884
1871 Baily's Mag. June 130 Their ‘long experience on the Turf’ might be dated from the period when they commenced welching on their own account in the columns so readily opened to their schemes.
1894 Life 31 May 348/2 Leon Stedeker, a bookmaker, ‘welched’ after the Brooklyn Handicap, leaving pink tickets to the amount of over twenty thousand dollars unredeemed.
1923 H. C. Witwer in Collier's 29 July 26/3 To show you what a cheap squawker this Rags is, Spence tells me he has just welshed on a bet with him.
1973 W. Henderson King of Gorbals iii. 19 Somehow word got around that he had welshed on a bet and that, in all gambling circles, was that.
2008 G. Buckley Stormy Weather 140 ‘A bet's a bet,’ Paddy said. ‘Y'aint thinking of welching on me, are ya?’..‘Me, welch?’ Remy said and chuckled again.
2. In extended use.
a. transitive. To renege on a promise or agreement with (a person); to cheat or dupe (someone).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > decision > irresolution or vacillation > reversal of or forsaking one's will or purpose > reverse or abandon one's purpose or intention [verb (transitive)] > withdraw from an engagement or promise
runOE
withdraw1340
waivec1386
to pass from (also of, fro)c1449
recoil1481
to go back1530
recant1585
resile1641
shirk1778
renegea1849
slink1853
welsh1870
to throw over1891
1870 Rep. Commissioners Borough of Beverley 452/2 You yourself were one of the persons who promised if he would exert himself to get votes that you would raise a subscription of 15l. to get him a cow, and that after the election you laughed at him, and ‘welched’ him.
1921 F. A. Russell Ashes of Achievement (1922) xi. 111 And how long have you been welshing the public, my dear chap?
1973 Chicago Tribune 1 Sept. 4/1 I have been welched but due to my own fault... When I took the taxi trip I didn't even ask the fare.
b. intransitive. To fail to honour a debt or obligation; to renege on an agreement, obligation, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > agreement > observance > non-observance or breach > fail to observe [verb (transitive)]
breakOE
to-breaka1067
false1303
forleta1325
loosec1400
to fall from ——a1425
renouncec1450
violate?a1475
enfrain1477
failc1500
falsify1532
transverse1532
infringe1533
crack1576
recess1581
recant1585
digress1592
strain1592
burst1600
equivocate1629
falsy1629
forfeit1654
to break through1712
infract1798
waive1833
welsh1925
1925 D. Hammett in Black Mask Jan. 94/1 The way it stands the insurance company can welch on the policies.
1932 H. Crane Let. ?Jan. (1965) 395 I really can't welsh on Eyler Simpson (who is equally responsible, since he signed the lease with me).
1960 H. S. Thompson Let. 19 Oct. in Proud Highway (1997) 233 You're 100% right in saying I've ‘fucked up’, but a little ridiculous in implying that I'm welching.
1978 Lancashire Life Apr. 73/4 Very few people welsh on paying their taxi fare.
2000 G. D. Philips Creatures of Darkness xii. 225 Filmmaker Larry Gilbert..has seduced starlet Lydia Mitchell and then welshed on his promise to put her in his next picture.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2021).
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adj.n.eOEv.1860
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