| 释义 |
whompron. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: A merging of two originally distinct words: (i) (reflected by the α. forms) Old English hwǣm (also hwām ), dative of who pron., corresponding to Old Frisian hwam , Old Saxon hwem , hwemu (Middle Low German weme , wem ), Old High German hwemu , wemu , wemo (Middle High German weme , wem , German wem ), early Scandinavian (runic: Sweden) hvæim , Old Icelandic hveim , Old Swedish hvem (Swedish vem , now the usual subject form), Old Danish hwæm , hwem (Danish hvem , now the usual subject form), Gothic hwamma , all ultimately < the same stem as who pron.; (ii) (reflected by the β. forms) Old English hwone , accusative (masculine and feminine) of who pron., corresponding to Old Frisian hwane , also hwene , Old Dutch wen (Middle Dutch wien , win , ween , Dutch wien ), Old Saxon hwena (Middle Low German wene , wen ), Old High German hwenan , wenan , wen (Middle High German, German wen ), Old Swedish hwan , hwen (early modern Swedish hvan ), Gothic hwana (masculine), hwō (feminine), all ultimately < the same stem as who pron.Form history. The α. forms show the reflex of the Old English dative (hwǣm , also hwām , in Old English originally typically West Saxon). While the β. forms originally show the reflex of the Old English accusative hwone , already in Old English the β. forms occasionally arise through phonological reduction of the final consonant of the α. forms to n . In Middle English this phonological reduction probably becomes the more frequent source of the β. forms, as the dative quickly takes over the functions of the accusative (for an early instance of this see quot. lOE at sense 7). However, already in Old English, there is also occasional formal overlap between the β. forms and one of the two form types of the neuter instrumental hwon (see whon pron.), due to phonological reduction and perhaps also mutual influence. In early Middle English these frequently become formally indistinguishable; compare forms of whon pron. The restricted use of instrumental hwon in Old English probably limited its influence on the β. forms. Especially in later development, the forms of the word appear to be strongly influenced by who pron. and n. Use with reference to things. In Old English, hwǣm also functions as dative of the pronoun in the neuter, with reference to things (compare sense 2). In Middle English, use as interrogative pronoun is usually restricted to persons. It is unclear whether use as relative pronoun with reference to inanimate things in Middle English (senses 8b and 9b) shows any continuity of use with the Old English neuter, as relative use in general is chiefly a Middle English development. Middle English relative use with reference to inanimate things seems to develop chiefly as an extended use of relative use of persons, and to be used especially to avoid syntactically difficult constructions with which pron. and that pron.2 (which have no corresponding objective case). However, relative use of whon pron. in Middle English probably partly continues use of the neuter dative in phrases such as for whon at whon pron. 2 (compare Old English for hwām ). It can be difficult to distinguish early use of β. forms in senses 8b and 9b from uses of whon pron., both in form and in sense. Abbreviated forms. In Older Scots the abbreviated forms qo, qm are common. Now chiefly formal. The objective case of the personal interrogative and relative pronoun, corresponding to the subjective who pron.In Old English the dative or accusative case; cf. the discussion in the etymology. I. As interrogative pronoun with singular or plural reference. * As object of a verb or preposition. 1. Used in asking the identity of a person or persons specified, indicated, or understood; what or which person or people. a. As indirect object (in Old English dative) (now rare) or as object of a preposition (or after than). α. OE 225 Gif ðu gewitest, hwæm bebeodest þu us? OE (Corpus Cambr.) vi. 68 Drihten, to hwam ga we? c1330 (Auch.) (1966) l. 128 Whider wiltow go, & to wham? a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 8353 O mi kingrike quat redes þou? Quam sal i giue it for to ledd? c1450 (?a1400) (Ashm.) l. 463 To quam has þou þe tane till, tell m[e] þe sothe? 1535 Ezek. xxxi. 2 Whom art thou like in thy greatnesse? 1539 Isa. xxviii. 9 Whom then shal such one teach knowlege? 1603 T. Dekker et al. sig. Gv Seek'st thou a better Nurse? A better Nurse then whome? a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) ii. i. 138 Speed. To be a Spokes-man from Madam Siluia. Val. To whom ? View more context for this quotation 1780 J. Warner in J. H. Jesse (1844) IV. 369 For whom in the world do you think that I was kept so long kicking my heels? 1816 J. Austen I. vii. At this moment whom are you thinking of? 1842 J. Ruskin (1894) 129 To whom should I write if not to the only one of my friends whom I cannot see? 1866 J. S. Le Fanu viii I played to-day..two rubbers of fives; with whom do you think? 1972 4 Feb. 246/3 Is this fraction to be reviewed annually or quinquennially, and, if so, by whom? 2013 K. J. Fowler (2014) iv. v. 184 On whom were they depending? Not me and Todd, that was for damned-sure certain. α. OE (2008) 1696 Swa wæs..rihte gemearcod, geseted ond gesæd, hwam þæt sweord geworht, irena cyst, ærest wære. OE Wærferð tr. Gregory (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iv. xii. 277 Þa acsodon hine his cuþan, þa þe hine ymbstodon, to hwam he þa word spræce. c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 12612 I sahh cumenn godess gast. Inn aness cullfress like. & i sahh upp o whamm he comm. a1200 (?OE) MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris (1873) 2nd Ser. 145 Þe holi gost þe him dide..to understonden þat ure drihten wolde man bicumen and ware and wanne and of wam ben boren. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Calig.) (1963) l. 5689 Þe king..bæd heom ræden him ræd whæm [c1300 Otho wan] he mihte bi-tæche. al his kine-riche. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng (Petyt) (1996) ii. l. 2273 Ne he ne wist to wham þat he mot mak his mone. 1448 M. Paston in (2004) I. 222 I felt hym so disposyd þat he wold..asett to morgage all þat he hath, he had nowth rowth to qhom. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour (St. John's Cambr.) iv. 111 I wat nocht for quhat enchesoun, Na quham with he maid the cowyne. ?1504 M. Beaufort tr. Thomas à Kempis (Pynson) iv. v. sig. biv Se from whome this mystery is gyuen vnto the. c1560 A. Scott (S.T.S.) xxiii. 42 Tak heid Quhomefor thow suffer pane. 1600 E. Fairfax tr. T. Tasso viii. liii. 152 To spie at whom to aske we gazed round. 1671 J. Milton 1088 I..am come to see of whom such noise Hath walk'd about. View more context for this quotation 1748 S. Richardson VII. cii. 374 They let me go..: They little thought with whom. 1846 C. Dickens (1848) vi. 60 Not that he cared to whom his daughter turned, or from whom turned away. 1859 Feb. 77 When he found Gemmy knocked down to him (he knew not whom for). 1905 E. Glyn 203 Getting a note, she did not tell me whom it was from, or what it was about. 2019 J. Coffin xii. 177 Each fighter seemed to know exactly for whom they were fighting and where they came from. b. As direct object. In Old English usually in the accusative (cf. quots. OE1, OE2 at sense 1b(a)β. , eOE, OE at sense 1b(b)β. ), except with certain verbs that take dative objects (cf. quots. OE at sense 1b(a)α. , OE at sense 1b(b)α. ).α. OE (1992) xxii. 369 Wa la, cwæð sio synfulle sawl, hwam sceal ic gelyfan æfter me? c1175 (Burchfield transcript) 12968 (MED) Nollde he nawihht seȝȝenn, ‘Whamm seke ȝitt?’ c1384 (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xxvii. 21 Whom of the two wolen ȝee to be left? c1384 (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xvi. 15 Whom seien ȝe me to be? c1390 (Vernon) (1967) l. 206 Whom mai he to helpe crauen? a1400 Psalter (Vesp.) xxvi. 1 in C. Horstmann (1896) II. 157 Wham I sal drede? 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil i. vi. 38 Bot, O thou virgine, quham sall I call the? a1525 (c1448) R. Holland Bk. Howlat l. 69 in W. A. Craigie (1925) II. 97 Quhom sall I blame? 1535 Isa. vi. B Whom shall I sende, and who wilbe oure messaunger? 1539 Psalms lxxiii. 25 Whom haue I in heauen but the? 1704 W. Taverner iii. 27 Whom wou'dst thou injure with a Villains Name? 1855 Ld. Tennyson Maud vi. ii, in 25 Whom but Maud should I meet? 1870 W. Morris 489 Whom think you she has seen? 1922 Jan. 123/1 Whom should he see but his American friend the casket king..on his way to the station bar. 2011 E. Morozov iii. 74 Whom exactly do we expect to lead this digital revolution? α. OE tr. (1958) xii. 18 Ðæs ðe ðu gearo forwite hwam ðu gemiltsige, ic eom Apollonius se tirisca ealdorman. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Calig.) (1978) l. 13719 Þeo at þan laste nuste nan kempe. whæm he sculde slæn on [c1300 Otho wan he solde smite] and wham [c1300 Otho wan] he sculde sparien. a1425 J. Wyclif (1869) I. 348 Crist axide his disciplis, whom þei seiden him to be. a1425 (c1333–52) L. Minot (1914) 34 Haue minde of þi man, þou whote wham I mene. 1526 John xiii. f. cxljv I knowe whom I have chosen. 1535 Josh. xxiv. D Chose you this daye whom ye wyll serue. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda ix. f. 22v He..coulde not tell whom he might trust. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) i. i. 18 Remember whom thou hast aboord. View more context for this quotation 1693 W. Congreve v. ii. 54 I suppose you know whom I have got—now. 1737 A. Pope i. vi. 13 Hire a Slave..To..Tell at your Levee..To whom to nod, whom take into your Coach. 1833 H. Martineau (ed. 3) ix. 109 So sober in her manner, that no one set about guessing whom she would marry. 1930 1 Apr. 17/5 The most a sensible man can do today is to know whom to ask about each of the ramified divisions of modern knowledge. 2011 Nov. 70/1 When Americans were asked whom they trusted more, politicians or journalists, the journalists outpolled the pols 76 percent to 6 percent. OE Ælfric (Royal) (1997) xii. 275 Mid hwam mage we bicgan hlaf þisum folce? c1175 ( Homily (Bodl. 343) in S. Irvine (1993) 197 To hwam þu on oferhydo þe sylf up ahæfst on ofermetto? a1225 (?c1175) Poema Morale (Lamb.) l. 95 in R. Morris (1868) 1st Ser. 165 Hwet sculen we beren biforen us mid hom scule we iquemen..þe houenliche deme [emended in ed. to demen]. a1500 in D. Thomson (1984) 49 (MED) Of whom is a participill of þe presentens i-formyd? Of þe first person syngulere, [etc.]. ** As subject. OE (Corpus Cambr.) xvi. 13 Hwæne [c1175 Royal hwænne] secgeað menn þæt sy mannes sunu [L. quem dicunt homines esse filium hominis, Gk. τίνα λέγουσιν οἱ ἄνθρωποι εἶναι τὸν υἱὸν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου]? 1526 Matt. xvi. f. xxiij Whom do men saye that I the sonne of man am? 1526 Matt. xvi. f. xxiij But whom saye ye that I am? [So 1611 King James; 1881 R.V. who.] a1533 Ld. Berners tr. (?1560) x. sig. Aviv I cannot thinke whome it should be. 1597 W. Shakespeare i. i. 196 Tell me in sadnes whome she is you loue? View more context for this quotation 1655 Ld. Orrery IV. ii. vii. 722 The..Horse..seem'd to know, whom 'twas he carry'd. 1817 W. Beloe II. 227 Whom is it you mean? 1861 Mrs. H. Wood II. iii. i. 270 Not having the least idea of whom Afy might be. 1961 3 Feb. 73/3 Whom among our poets..could be called one of the interior decorators of the 1950s? 1994 22 Oct. a1 There are a number of people who might have wanted to kill Robert Nachtsheim in his Minneapolis flower shop early one morning in 1973, but the intervening two decades have failed to reveal whom. 2001 Dec. 68/1 Even Stevie Wonder himself said he was a fan of Arie's work, so whom are we as mere mortals to argue? †II. Indefinite (non-relative) use. 4. As direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition: someone, anyone. In Old English similarly used with reference to things, as dative of the neuter.OE (Corpus Cambr.) xlviii. 73 Gif hwam þonne leofre sy, þæt he ræde, þonne he reste. lOE Distichs of Cato (Trin. Cambr.) iv, in (1972) 90 5 Ðeah ðin wif ðe hwæne to wrege, ne gelyf þu to hraðe. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng (Petyt) (1996) ii. l. 5401 Suilk ribaudie þei led, þei gaf no tale of wham, towhils Sir Edward had seisid alle Euesham. a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng (Harl.) l. 6694 Þan preyde þe ryche man, Abraham, þat he wlde sende Lazare, or sum oþer wham, To hys breþryn. a1400 (c1303) R. Mannyng (Harl.) l. 2725 (MED) By þys tale ȝe mowe se alle þat fals sweryng wyl euyl befalle, Namlyche, on þe halydom whan he ys charged of any whom. III. Relative uses. Formerly often with that (see that conj. 7). * As a nominal relative pronoun (combining antecedent and relative), used as object of a verb or preposition. eOE King Ælfred tr. Gregory (Hatton) (1871) xliv. 331 Ac ðu findst wið hwone ðu meaht flitan. lOE (Laud) anno 1085 Se cyng lett awestan þet land abutan þa sæ þet gif his feond comen upp þet hi næfdon na on hwam hi fengon swa rædlice. lOE (Rochester) vii. 442 Ðæt hy moton beon bote nyhst, gif heo næfð, of hwam heo bete. 6. As nominal relative, with plural (or less frequently singular) reference, as direct object, (in early use) indirect object, or object of a preposition: the persons (or person) that. Often approaching the indefinite sense 7. OE (Northumbrian) x. 22 Nisi filius et cui uoluerit filius reuelare : buta se sunu & huæm wælle ðe sunu ædeaua.] c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 12887 Ne þarrf ȝuw nohht nu follȝhenn me. Her iss whamm ȝuw birrþ follȝhenn. c1390 (?c1350) St. Euphrosyne l. 424 in C. Horstmann (1878) 179 Whom he loueþ, he wol chastise. c1475 (?c1400) (1842) 70 Wam þat ȝe þus bynd, schal be bound, and wam þat ȝe bring out of synne, þe peyn schal be forȝeuen hem. 1507 in C. Innes (1845) I. 352 And shuld present nain therto bot quhom that pleiss the said Mr. Alexander. 1526 John xvii. f. cxlvj That they myght knowe the that only very God: and whom thou hast sent Iesus Christ. 1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in 347 There were there, to whom Christe sauoured better in their heart, then Manna in their mouth. a1600 R. Hooker (1648) vi. 7 We are by repentance to appease whom we offend by sinne. 1713 J. Addison ii. v I've offer'd to..gain you whom you love at any price. 1810 G. Crabbe iii. 42 A common bounty may relieve distress, But whom the Vulgar succour, they oppress. 1821 Ld. Byron xii. 77 ‘Whom the gods love die young’ was said of yore. 1842 Ld. Tennyson Sir Galahad ii, in (new ed.) II. 175 How sweet are looks that ladies bend On whom their favours fall! 1876 A. C. Swinburne 1315 Shall the sea give death whom the land gave birth? 1997 P. K. Chadwick Pref. p. xi ‘Whom the gods wish to destroy, they first make mad.’ A saying more likely to spread prejudice against the seriously mentally ill it is difficult to imagine. a1300 Passion our Lord l. 103 in R. Morris (1872) 40 Hwam ich biteche þat bred..He me schal bitraye. a1325 (c1250) (1968) l. 1768 Ðat is min red, Wið quam ðu is findes, ðat he be dead. c1384 (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. xxi. 44 Vpon whom it shal falle, it shal togidre poune hym. c1440 (?a1400) l. 770 (MED) Whaym þat he towchede, he was tynt for euer. c1475 (?c1400) (1842) 70 Wam þat ȝe þus bynd, schal be bound, and wam þat ȝe bring out of synne, þe peyn schal be forȝeuen hem. 1526 Luke vii. f. lxxxvjv To whom lesse is forgeven, the same doeth lesse love. 1539 Rom. viii. 30 Whom he appoynted before, them also he called [1611 Whom he did predestinate, them he also called]. 1883 R. Whitelaw tr. Sophocles Oedipus at Colonus in 1332 Unto whom..Thou shalt be friend, the victory is his. lOE (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1123 Ða biscopas..ieornden þet hi mosten cesen of clerchades man swa hwam swa swa hi wolden to ercebiscop.] c1300 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Otho) (1963) l. 4529 Þe Holi Gost..hine dealeþ to wam him beoþ lofue. c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) l. 4935 He ne sparde old ne ȝonge..Þat he ne slou wanne [c1400 BL Add. wham] he vond. 1429–30 (Electronic ed.) Parl. Sept. 1429 §27. m. 11 No persone..shal conceyve indignation..ayeins any other of the seide counseill, for saiyng his advys..to any request..that shal be spoken..in the seide counseill, whome that ever it touche. 1449 in J. B. Paul (1882) II. 70/2 Payand thereof yerely..to me or quhom that I assign fourti markis. c1480 (a1400) St. Mary Magdalen 601 in W. M. Metcalfe (1896) I. 273 God mychty is..al temporale thinge to gyf & tak to quham he wil. 1515 in I. S. Leadam (1911) II. 77 Your most honorable Counsaill or whome it shall please your highnes to..appoynte. 1535 Dan. v. D Whom he wolde, he set vp: and whom he list, he put downe. 1664 in (Friends' Hist. Soc.) (1912) 3rd Ser. 215 To leaue order with Mr. Williamson, or whom elce you please, to minde my Lord Chansellour tomorrow of this letter. 1744 G. Berkeley (ESTC T72826) §354 Atheism, be it of Hobbes, Spinosa, Collins, or whom you will. 1867 A. D. Whitney vii. 112 By and by she would be making up her own excursions, and asking whom she would. 1941 C. Headlam Diary 13 Nov. in S. Ball (1999) vii. 279 Clearly Winston is still cock of the walk and can go on employing whom he likes. 1967 S. Mackay (1992) vii. 37 I reserve the right to employ whom I please. 2018 M. Khan xxi. 132 Allah gives to whom He will. ** As simple relative. In informal usage, whom is relatively rare in simple relative clauses, but in more complex clauses it is not infrequent, esp. in the partitive of whom, to which there is no direct alternative, of who being extremely rarely used. 8. Introducing a clause defining or restricting the antecedent, esp. a clause essential to the identification of the antecedent, and thus completing its sense. †Also formerly as correlative to such: cf. who pron. 13. a. Used to refer to individual people. Cf. who pron. 10a. OE (1992) vi. 131 Mytte þe hie comon to þære ceastre, hie nænigne cuðne næfdon mid hwam hie wunian meahton. c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 6995 Iesucrist wass..Þatt illke. off whamm profetess. Haffdenn forrlannge cwiddedd ær. Þatt [etc.]. a1225 (c1200) (1888) 49 He, ðurh hwam kinges rixit..lai bewunden on fiteres. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 278 I wol been hys to whom þt I am knyt. 1428 in C. Innes (1837) 519 Till all & syndry to quham þe knawlage of þir presentz lettris sall to cum. c1440 (?c1350) in G. G. Perry (1914) 27 If þou will be of lange lyfe, it es reson þat þou honoure thaym of whaym þou hase þe lyfe. a1455 E. Witchingham in (2004) II. 83 The personez qwom thei laboryd fore. 1526 Luke xiii. f. xcix Those xviij. apon whom the toure in siloe fell. 1539 1 Sam. ix. 17 This is the man, whom I spake to the of. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) ii. ii. 8 The roynish Clown, at whom so oft, Your Grace was wont to laugh. View more context for this quotation c1730 A. Ramsay 60 By sic with quhome they ar opprest. 1829 in Minutes of Evid. Nairne Peerage (1873) 76 in (H.L. A) XII. 65 Such of you to whom it may appertain to issue and pay..the said annuity. 1840 F. Marryat xix. 139 The boy with whom I had fought. 1882 W. Besant II. xix. 77 Here was a woman the like of whom he had never imagined. 1923 D. A. Mackenzie (1994) xxi. 385 His successor, Nin-toku..was the last..of the monarchs regarding whom miraculous deeds are related. 2017 5 May 49/1 The poet suffers no better or worse a fate than those for whom his poetry has been written. c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 6521 He maȝȝ wel bitacnenn himm Whamm he stod inn to follȝhenn. a1382 (Bodl. 959) (1961) Josh. xii. 1 These been þe kyngys whom smetyn þe sonys of Jrael. c1440 (Thornton) (1913) 46 He sall be my helpere, wham in dremez I sawe appere vn-to me. c1475 (?c1400) (1842) 68 Þe disciplis lowsid him liuing, wam dead þe maister had reisid. 1507 in M. Livingstone (1908) I. 227/2 Ȝe and ilk ane of ȝow quham it efferis. 1582 N. Lichefield tr. F. L. de Castanheda ix. f. 22v Those whom he gaue license to enter aboorde his ship. c1600 A. Montgomerie (2000) I. 128 Vha wald behold him vhom a God so grievis. 1645 J. Milton L'Allegro in 35 To win her Grace, whom all commend. 1680 in (1911) 45 233 These men quhom blesed King Jesus delighteth to honour. 1751 S. Johnson No. 178. ⁋9 Knowledge is praised and desired by multitudes whom her charms could never rouse from the couch of sloth. 1850 W. E. Gladstone Giacomo Leopardi in Mar. 295 He was one of the most extraordinary men whom this century has produced. 1950 3 June 37/2 The prison superintendent told me that, of her staff of 60 matrons, there were only five whom she trusted. 2006 S. A. Marini iv. 107 Where are those whom I have given strength? 2017 15 May 5/2 The candidate whom they consider the greater of two evils was not elected. α. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris (1868) 1st Ser. 153 Þis beoð þe fif ȝeten þurh hwam kimð in deðes wurhte. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) vi. l. 65 It is the cuppe whom he serveth, Which alle cares fro him kerveth. J. Metham (1916) l. 1263 (MED) A ston..The name off home serpentyne ys. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden (Harl. 2261) (1865) I. 27 I haue studiede that hit schal be called Policronicon of the pluralite of tymes whom it dothe conteyne. 1513 G. Douglas tr. Virgil vii. vii. 89 The round top of tre,..Quham childer drivis byssy at thair play. 1551 W. Turner sig. K v We haue no herbe in Englande that I knowe to whome all thes hole descriptions do agre. a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece (1858) II. l. 30182 He..left the way in quhome he first began. 1648 tr. J.-F. Senault 163 Those trees, whom the thunder hath beaten down. 1714 G. Jacob I. 407 Sums of Money..owing to me for Wages from any Ship or Ships to whom I now do or may belong. 1883 H. A. Jäschke (ed. 2) i. 4 All vowels, including e and o (unlike the Sanscrit vowels from whom they have taken their signs) are short. 1930 R. Campbell 65 In my last trek be thou the Star To whom I hitch my disselboom. 2019 (Nexis) 2 Nov. (Spectrum section) 27 It would be the sound of a shy moon,..a moon to whom we turn to see our grief reflected. c1384 (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Baruch iv. 32 The citees to whom [a1425 L.V. to which] thi sones seruyden, shuln be punishid. 1532 T. More Confut. Tyndale in 455/1 If they had but tolde the myracles that Christ did, the countries to whom they were sent, woulde haue went that they had lyed. 1606 G. W. tr. Justinus xxx. 102 The very same Army whom he had there standing in battell arraye. 1609 W. Shakespeare iv. 22 A Cittie on whom plentie held full hand. View more context for this quotation 1845 W. M. Thackeray (1872) 35 What a contempt they must have for the guttling crowd to whom they minister. 1960 1 Apr. 8/3 That group of people whom Professor Shapiro very aptly called the Communist priviligentsia. 2002 J. C. Wharton xii. 280 The group on whom prayer..was bestowed suffered significantly fewer complications from their disease. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) ii. l. 162 As it were a wilde beste, The whom no reson mihte areste, He ran Ethna the hell aboute. 1555 R. Eden Briefe Descr. Moscouia in tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria f. 262v Serius is otherwyse cauled Canicula, this is the dogge, of whom the canicular dayes haue theyr name. 1667 J. Milton iv. 184 A prowling Wolfe, Whom hunger drives to seek new haunt for prey. View more context for this quotation 1770 O. Goldsmith 93 A hare whom hounds and horns pursue. 1783 S. Johnson in J. Boswell (1904) II. 478 I have had cats whom I liked better than this. 1898 9 July 5/6 The original Skyes were the perfection of terriers or earth dogs, and woe betide the foxes, the badgers, or the wild cats against whom they were pitted. 1973 19 July 148/2 Mrs Lorna Johnstone winning on El Farruco, the horse with whom she reached the ride-off in the Olympic dressage. 2005 (Nexis) 25 Oct. 16 I have a dog whom I walk obsessively in Mugdock Park. 9. Introducing a clause stating something additional about the antecedent, the sense of the main clause being complete without the relative clause (sometimes equivalent to ‘and him’, ‘and her’, ‘and them’). Cf. who pron. 11. Formerly occasionally preceded by the (cf. the which at which pron. II.*). a. Used to refer to individual people. c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 1976 Allmahhtiȝ godd. Þurrh whamm ȝho wass wiþþ childe. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris (1873) 2nd Ser. 179 For eues gulte to wan ure drihten sede, In dolore paries filios. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris (1873) 2nd Ser. 181 For adames gulte, to hwam ure drihten seide..On þine nebbes swote þu shalt þin bred noten. a1400 (c1300) Northern Homily: Mary Magdalene (Coll. Phys.) in at Whom [Th]is symond, of quaym I spak are. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 736 A messager he send Wit quam best to spede he wend. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 5342 Eue, o quam we al began. a1425 (Lansd.) (1902) 19 To god, of whaim þat al þe gude cumis. a1425 (?c1400) J. Wyclif (1871) III. 99 Þe Holy Gost, to wham is apropryed love. c1450 J. Metham Palmistry (Garrett) in (1916) 96 Yt sygnyfyith that..that persone schuld haue a frend vpon home he schuld trost, the qwyche schuld dysseyve hym qwan he hath most nede. 1537 H. Latimer Let. to Cromwell in (1865) ii. xxxi The byrth of our prynce, hoom we hungurde for so longe. 1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Mark in 67 Or els forsake them, then whome..there is nothyng more deare vnto the. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iv. iv. 528 Your Mistris; from the whom, I see There's no disiunction to be made. View more context for this quotation 1667 J. Milton v. 468 His wary speech Thus to th' Empyreal Minister he [sc. Adam] fram'd. Inhabitant with God [etc.]... To whom the winged Hierarch repli'd. View more context for this quotation 1667 J. Milton ii. 299 Bëëlzebub..then whom, Satan except, none higher sat. View more context for this quotation 1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre (1799) I. 433 His neighbours, the number of whom is restricted to four or five, according to the extent and form of his domain. 1872 Ld. Tennyson 56 Haughtily she replied, ‘I fly no more...’ To whom Sir Gareth answer'd courteously, ‘Say thou thy say, and I will do my deed.’ 1876 W. E. Gladstone 60 Mr. Newton, than whom no one is of greater authority, refers them [etc.]. 1956 I. Murdoch viii. 100 She was a dowdy, fluffy girl, off whom pieces continually fell as off a moulting bird. 2015 30 May (South/West ed.) 74/3 In Lincolnshire he meets Nita, for whom pea kachori and lamb samosas represent more than just food. c1175 (Burchfield transcript) 19921 (MED) Herode King..haffde mikell wille & lusst To slan Johan Bapptisste..whamm all follc held Forr haliȝ mann. c1330 (?a1300) (Auch.) (1973) l. 6851 His nevou Baldemagu A strong kniȝt of gret vertu Wham Vriens ȝaf half his lond Out of Owains his sones hond. a1382 (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xxii. 2 Take þi only geten sonn: whome þou louyst. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 10 (MED) Kyng arthour..Quam non in hys tim was like. c1405 (c1395) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (1872) l. 1491 Witnesse on Iob whom þat we diden wo. 1472 in C. L. Kingsford (1919) I. 125 (MED) I trust to alle myty Jhesu to know more to my hertes ese than I do now, hom I beseche to preserve youre good fadyrhod. 1526 1 John iv. 20 Howe can he that loveth nott his brother whom he hath sene, love god whom he hath not sene? ?1566 W. P. tr. C. S. Curio 108 Peter Luis..whom all men say to be a moste filthy Sodomite. 1645 J. Row (1842) p. xxx Otheris had gon out befor, quhom we thocht now to be slain. 1667 J. Milton i. 438 Astoreth, whom the Phœnicians call'd Astarte. View more context for this quotation 1681 J. Dryden 18 The Rascall Rabble..Whom Kings no Titles gave, and God no Grace. 1781 W. Cowper 742 Grant me still a friend in my retreat, Whom I may whisper—solitude is sweet. 1793 R. Burns Scots, wha Hae in (1968) II. 707 Scots! wham Bruce has aften led. a1849 H. Coleridge (1851) II. 84 Warburton (whom I presume to have been the annotator). 1955 L. de Wohl (1957) i. vii. 52 His favorite victim was the German, Brinno, whom he insisted on giving lessons with the cestus. 2018 26 Nov. 30/2 Alexa, Amazon's voice-controlled virtual assistant, whom I periodically ask to tell me the time. α. a1225 (?OE) MS Lamb. in R. Morris (1868) 1st Ser. 127 (MED) Vppon heom..we sculen markian þet tacne..of þere rode of hwem englan king ouercom þene deofel. a1325 (c1250) (1968) l. 696 Ydolatrie ðus was boren, For quuam maniman is for-loren. c1390 (Vernon) (1967) l. 1088 Algate he haþ misdon, Þorw whom he is in my prison. a1500 (?a1425) tr. (Lamb.) 106 My lawe & my fayth, yn whom y am norshyd. ?1553 (c1501) G. Douglas Palice of Honour (London) iii. l. 1385 in (1967) 88 Ȝone lusty schip..In quhame ȝone pepill maid ane parralus race. 1562 W. Turner f. 81 Peplis whome som call wild porcellayn. 1608 T. Dekker sig. C3 What a rare inuention..was pen and Incke, out of whom..as streames from a Fountaine, flow all these wonders? 1612 J. Speed i. vi. 11/1 Redrith and Frensham..betwixt whom are extended thirty foure miles. 1770 P. Luckombe 466 The vowels..are seventeen in number; five of whom are pronounced long. 1934 V. M. Yeates iv. 35 Angels sit..hymning the evident godhead of the sun, from whom the radiance flowed of those immaculable spaces. 1983 R. Gordon iv. 22 Those oceans whom God hath set asunder let no man join together. 2007 D. Ladouceur in S. Transken & L. Box 95 The body of the earth upon whom we dance. c1225 (?c1200) (Bodl.) (1940) l. 89 Al is nawt þet ti folc of hwam i spec þruppe biheten þe to ifinden. c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) l. 1315 Þe kunde blod of þis lond of wam we boþe come. 1592 T. Kyd iii. sig. D4v The world, With whome there nothing can preuaile but wrong. 1671 J. Milton 1100 The unforeskinn'd race, of whom thou bear'st The highest name for valiant Acts. View more context for this quotation 1850 C. Kingsley I. i. 19 The old man seemed..puzzled, and so did the company, to whom he smilingly retailed my question. 1945 G. Mitchell (1996) i. 10 He..was friendly with the police, whom he went out of his way to truckle to and oblige. 2006 (Nexis) 27 Apr. 5B The owners had their mortgage with a bank and an agricultural export company to whom they owed 2.5 million quetzales. c1450 (c1350) (Bodl.) (1929) l. 793 Ȝe ben to þe hellehond holliche ilike..of wham I tolde have. c1485 ( G. Hay (2005) 79 His gude hors, jn quham he traistis sa mekle. 1600 B. Jonson ii. iii. sig. Gv Husbands must take heed They giue no gluts of kindnesse to their wiues, But vse them like their Horses, whom they feed Not with a manger-full of meat together. 1849 IV. 833/2 In the Horse, in whom the supra-renal corpuscles are yet richer in nerves. 2004 Winter 87/1 We have two Boerbull dogs, each of whom weighs a sizeable 75 kg. †10. In specific uses involving redundancy (with both restrictive and non-restrictive relative clauses). 1535 Numbers xi. D Gather vnto me seuentye men amonge the Elders of Israel, whom thou knowest yt they are the Elders in ye people. ?a1556 Grey Friars Chron. anno 1544 in R. Howlett (1882) II. 206 The erle of Angwyche..whome the kynge had kepte hym with hys brother, and dyuers other here in Ynglond. 1567 W. Painter II. xiv. f. 92 [He] asked..what hee shoulde doe to a woman, whome hee suspected that she hadde falsified hir fayth. 1608 E. Topsell 23 Cælius Rhod..termeth the great deuill Ophioneus, whom both holy Scripture, and auncient Heathen say, that hee fell out of Heauen. 1658 tr. J. Ussher 780 Herod..propounded his intent to the Jews..: whom he saw that they were troubled. 1606 G. W. tr. Epit. Liues Emperors in tr. Justinus sig. Kk 2 Otho the third..was crowned Emperour by Gregory the fifth, his kinsman,..and whom he had preferred to the papacy. *** As nominal or simple relative pronoun, used as subject of a verb. 1467 in C. L. Kingsford (1919) I. 96 (MED) I schall se..yow..with Godes Grase, whome evyr preserve yow and yowrs for his mersy. 1543–4 in A. I. Cameron (1927) 58 As knawis God quhom haif your grace in kepeyn. ?c1550 tr. P. Vergil (1846) I. 271 Certayne of them..(whome mie minde geeveth mee are to bee folowed). 1568 T. North tr. A. de Guevara (rev. ed.) iv. xix. f. 169v I counsel..all wise & discreete men, that they doo not accompany wyth those whom they know are not secret. 1603 T. Dekker et al. sig. H3 Let him be whome he will. 1653 I. Walton 30 Comparing the..humble epistles of S. Peter, S. James and S. John, whom we know were Fishers, with the glorious language..of S. Paul, who we know was not. View more context for this quotation 1752 C. Lennox vii. ii Are they yonder Knights whom you suppose will attack us? 1837 C. Dickens xxviii*. 301 A strange unearthly figure, whom Gabriel felt at once, was no being of this world. 1906 R. H. Benson 81 He saw the man whom he knew must be the King. 1962 7 Sept. 669/2 (advt.) A father's acutely self-perceptive and compassionate account of his relations with his young son whom he rightly suspects is not his own. 2012 29 147 He was somewhat puzzled by this phrase from a patient whom he thought was English-speaking. Compounds1461–2 (Electronic ed.) Parl. Nov. 1461 §18. m. 11 William Lord Bonvile, and Sir Thomas Kiryell,..whom to he made feith and assurans..to kepe and defend theym. c1480 (a1400) St. Eugenia 300 in W. M. Metcalfe (1896) II. 132 Þe abbot of þat abbay, quham-of before ȝe herd me say. 1489 (a1380) J. Barbour (Adv.) iv. 21 Betresyt was Throw..Maknab, a fals tratour that ay Wes off his duelling nycht & day Quhom to he maid gud cumpany. 1508 W. Dunbar Goldyn Targe (Chepman & Myllar) in (1998) I. 186 May, of myrthfull monethis quene,..Quham of the foulis gladdith all bedene. 1526 in M. A. E. Wood (1846) II. 7 His grace's lieges..whom at the said earl..has displeasure. 1551 R. Robinson tr. T. More sig. Piiv For them whomewyth they be in wayges they fyghte hardelye. 1583 in G. P. McNeill (1901) XXI. 560 Samekle thairof to ather of thame quhomunto it appertenis. 1660 in E. Nicholas (1920) IV. 252 The saide Sir Rob. Walsh, whome concerning I haue giuen sufficient precautions. 1695 2 It is Ordained, that the saids Bills be execute, and determined by the Judges and Officers of the Courts, whom to they pertain of Law. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2022; most recently modified version published online December 2022). <  pron.eOE |
