calmn.¹

Brit.

/kɑːm/, U.S.

/kɑ(l)m/

Forms: Middle English–1600s calme, 1500s caulme, cawme, 1600s– calm.

Etymology: Middle English calme, < French calme (16th cent. in Littré, in 15th cent. carme) in same sense, < Italian calma or Spanish calma (also Portuguese calma) . Since calma in Old Spanish and Portuguese means also ‘heat of the day’, Diez, comparing modern Provençal chaume ‘resting-time of the cattle’, and Romansh calma, cauma ‘a shady resting-place for cattle’, thought calma possibly derived from late Latin cauma (occurring in Vulgate, Job xxx. 30), < Greek καῦμα ‘burning heat, fever heat, heat of the sun, heat of the day’, used also in medieval Latin of the burning heat of the sun. Taken in connection with the senses of the Romansh and Provençal words this gives the possible development of meaning ‘burning heat, heat of the day, rest during the heat of the day, quiet, stillness’; but it is notable that Italian calma has no sense of ‘heat’, only ‘a calme, or quiet faire weather’ (Florio). As to the phonetic change of au to al, Diez suggested popular association with calēre to be hot, calor heat, which Schuchardt also ( Romania IV. 255) thinks probable; the latter has given other instances of the phonetic change in Vokalismus des Vulgärlateins I. 494–6 and III. 316.

1. Stillness, quiet, tranquillity, serenity; freedom from agitation or disturbance.

a. literal of the weather, air, or sea: opposed to storm; = calmness n. In quot. 1570: (perhaps) heat of the day or weather.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > [noun] > calmness

calm1393

calmness1574

looking-glass calm1840

glass-calm1893

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > fine weather > [noun] > calm weather > condition of

peaceabilityc1384

calm1393

serenitya1538

calmness1574

1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 230 As the..rage Of windes maketh the see salvage And that was calme bringth into wawe.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. TTTii^v The colde, the heate, the cawme, the frost, the snowe.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 202/2 Calme, styll whether, carme.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 13157 All the calme ouercast into kene stormes.

1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Dii/2 Y^e Caulme, sudum, cauma.

1598 Chaucers Dreame in T. Speght Wks. G. Chaucer f. 361^v/2 All was one, calme, or tempest.

1611 Bible (King James) Matt. viii. 26 There was a great calme .

1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII iii. i. 165 A Soule as euen as a Calme .

1822 W. Hazlitt Table-talk II. vii. 154 Before and after earthquakes there is a calm in the air.

1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam xi. 17 Calm on the seas, and silver sleep.

1868 J. E. H. Skinner Roughing It 253 By the rock of Pontiko there was a sheet of breathless calm.

b. Absolute want of wind: often in plural calms. region of calms, a belt of the ocean near the equator, lying between the regions of the north-east and south-east trade winds.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [noun] > complete absence of wind

calmness1516

calm1517

malace1623

clock-calm1777

Irishman's hurricane1803

Paddy's hurricane1819

airlessness1831

Irish hurricanea1835

windlessness1916

1517 R. Torkington Oldest Diarie Englysshe Trav. (1884) 57 We..fonde the wynde agens vs or ellys..calmys.

1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. x. 46 When there is not a breath of wind stirring, it is a calme or a starke calme.

1709 London Gaz. No. 4547/2 By reason of Calms he could not come up with them 'till the 6th.

1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 96 A calm prevailed, and the heat was extreme.

1812 J. Wilson Isle of Palms iii. 923 Chain'd in tropic calms.

a1854 H. Reed Lect. Brit. Poets (1857) II. xii. 113 The misery of a dead calm beneath a torrid sky.

c. figurative (to 1a, 1b) of social or political conditions and circumstances.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > inaction > quietness or tranquillity > [noun]

stillnessc888

roOE

stilth?c1225

lowna1250

peacea1275

restc1350

tranquillityc1374

leea1400

tranquille1412

quietness?a1425

quiet?c1450

restfulnessc1450

quiety?a1500

quietation?1504

calm1547

calmness1561

peacefulnessa1566

halcyon1567

repose1577

quietude1598

still1608

hushtness1609

reposedness1616

reposeness1617

serenity1641

undisturbedness1649

indisturbance1660

pacateness1666

sleep1807

tranquilness1818

requiescence1837

reposefulness1872

1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes 210 The stormes of this tempestious worlde, shall shortely come to a calme.

1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida i. iii. 100 The vnitie and married calme of states.

1781 W. Cowper Friendship xxiii Religion should..make a calm of human life.

a1850 J. C. Calhoun Wks. (1874) IV. 24 Till our free and popular institutions are succeeded by the calm of despotism.

d. figurative of the mind, feelings, or demeanour; = calmness n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > calmness > [noun]

resteOE

peacea1225

egalityc1374

tranquillityc1374

peaceabilityc1384

sobernessc1384

tranquille1412

quietness?a1425

evenheadc1440

equalitya1475

equability1531

sobermood1556

calmness1561

evenness1561

serenity1599

collection1602

equilibrium1608

calm1609

temperateness1609

composedness1611

recollection1611

temper1611

unpassionateness1611

placidity1619

sereneness1628

attemperature1635

quietationa1639

equableness1641

steadiness1642

sedateness1647

imperturbation1648

placidness1654

centredness1662

equanimity1663

composure1667

serenitude1672

equalness1675

unperturbedness1676

dispassion1690

quietism1735

serene1744

relaxednessa1750

self-composure1762

sober-mindedness1767

collectedness1789

unprovokedness1795

comfortableness1815

repose1815

levelness1824

dispassionateness1842

unruffledness1858

passionlessness1867

1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida iv. i. 16 Our blouds are now in calme .

1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 234 All my Calm of Mind..seem'd to be suspended.

1807 W. Wordsworth Poems II. 108 A good Man's calm, A great Man's happiness.

1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul II. ix. xliii. 376 In that desperate crisis one man retained his calm and courage.

2. attributive and in other combinations.

ΚΠ

1865 Intellectual Observer No. 46. 253 The ‘calm belt’ of the equator.

1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 20 July 4/2 Now the birds are storm-makers, and in another moment they are calm-bringers.

Draft additions July 2011

figurative. calm after the storm (also tempest) and variants: a period of tranquillity or stability following a time of difficulty, upheaval, etc.

ΚΠ

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 276 Iblescet beo þu lauerd. þe makest stille efter storm.]

1595 R. Parry Moderatus x. sig. N Wander yet somewhat in these desarts to seeke some aduentures, to see if good fortune will present thee with a calme after so bitter and sharpe a storme.

1640 R. Brathwait Two Lancs. Lovers xxx. 238 Canst thou expect so present a calme after so rough a tempest?

1783 H. Blair Lect. Rhetoric I. x. 196 A good man enjoys Tranquillity, in himself; Peace, with others; and Calm, after the storm.

1835 Ladies' Compan. Oct. 251/2 Dropping down, her eyes closed in a deep slumber. So comes the calm after the tempest.

1886 J. W. Wells Three Thousand Miles through Brazil I. ii. 53 After a while we settle down into a steady march; it is the calm after the storm.

1912 M. Fisher Kirstie xix. 284 How exquisite this calm after the tempest!

2004 F. Miller tr. F. Härén Idea Bk. 186 You meet again a week later and see what unexpected, unusual ideas have been sown in the calm after the storm.

Draft additions October 2009

figurative. calm before the storm (also tempest) and variants: a period of tranquillity or stability viewed as a precursor to a time of difficulty, upheaval, frenzied activity, etc.

ΚΠ

1602 C. Sutton Disce Vivere ix. 192 What is our peace, but a calme before a tempest?

1694 R. South 12 Serm. II. 586 Storms and Calms (especially with reference to the State of the Soul) doe always follow one another;..a Calm before a Storm is commonly a Peace of a man's own making; but a Calm, after a Storm, a Peace of God's.

1754 Moore's Vox Stellarum 15 We may expect..Health and Felicity in general to Mankind: But I fear this something like a Calm before a Storm.

1815 J. McQueen Campaigns 312 A deep silence seemed to overspread France... The silence which then prevailed, was the calm before the storm.

1914 B. H. Clark Continental Drama of To-day 204 Everything is so apparently calm for the remainder of the act. We feel instinctively that this is the calm before the tempest.

1961 A. Wesker Kitchen 34 There is less activity in the kitchen now, the calm before the storm.

1998 Palm Beach (Florida) Post (Nexis) 5 Jan. 1 d It was the calm before the storm. Gabriela wailed through the night, and the next morning.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

calmn.²

Forms: 1500s calme, cawm, 1600s chalme, 1700s calm, cam.

Cf. also came n.

†1. Scottish.

a. A mould in which metal objects are cast.

ΚΠ

1535 Sc. Acts Jas. V (1814) 346 Twa hagbutis..with powder and cawmys for furnessing of the samin.

1540 Sc. Acts Jas. V (1597) §94 Ane Hagbutte of Founde, called Hagbute of Crochert, with their Calmes, Bullettes and pellockes of leed or irone.

1599 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. II. 75 Prenting in calmis, maid of trie, fillit vp with calk, of fals adulterat money.

1768 Mauchline Less. Rec. in Old Ch. Life Scotl. (1885) 139 A set of Cams or moulds.

1782 in T. Orem Descr. of Chanonry in Old Aberdeen in Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica No. 3. 152 3 hagbuts, with calms of stone.

b. figurative. in the calms: in course of construction, in the state of preparation.

ΚΠ

1648 R. Baillie Let. 17 Mar. (1841) II. 361 The matter of peace is now in the chalmes.

2. An enclosing frame, as of a pane of glass.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > edge, border, or margin > [noun] > that which forms the edge or border > surrounding a central piece > frame

calm1577

framea1582

quadra1728

enchasement1772

society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > parts of windows > [noun] > glazing or dividing bar

monial1332

sodlet1332

stay-bar1399

transom1502

mullion1556

munnion1571

calm1577

leading1597

window bar1612

stroke1684

came1688

leads1705

saddle-bar?1733

transom-shaft1813

sash bar1837

baluster1844

baluster column1844

supermonial1846

supermullion1846

astragal1858

wagtail1940

1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. (1877) ii. xii. 236 Some..did make panels of horne in steed of glasse, and fix them in woodden calmes.

1885 P. J. Davies Standard Pract. Plumbing 31 Put the sharpened end of the calme in between the cutters and turn the handle.

1885 Spons' Mechanics' Own Bk. 630 The use of lead ‘calmes’ for fixing window panes is of venerable antiquity.

1923 M. Drake Doom Window i. 15 Gleaming strips or ‘calmes’ of lead..shone like limp silver snakes.

1955 Antiquity 29 217 No evidence was found of calms with horn panels.

1970 H. Braun Parish Churches viii. 111 A network of delicate grooved strips..known as ‘calms’—pronounced ‘cames’.

Categories »

3. The heddles of a loom. See caam n.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

calmadj.

Brit.

/kɑːm/, U.S.

/kɑ(l)m/

Forms: Middle English–1600s calme, 1500s cawme, caulme, (? came), 1600s– calm.

Etymology: < French calme, in same sense (15th cent. in Littré), < calme, noun. The other languages have not the adjective.

Free from agitation or disturbance; quiet, still, tranquil, serene; without wind, not stormy.

a. literal of the weather, air, or sea.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > [adjective] > not rough

stillOE

plainc1330

smoothc1374

demure1377

calmc1440

softa1450

glassy1535

sleek1603

eddyless1621

oily smooth1803

waveless1804

foamless1821

undimpled1821

rippleless1832

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > fine weather > [adjective] > calm (of weather, climate, or the elements)

smoltc950

lithec1275

still1390

smoothc1402

peaceablec1425

calmc1440

serenousc1440

lownc1485

stormlessc1500

serene1508

calm-winded1577

unwindy1580

calmy1587

sleek1603

halcedonian1611

pacific1633

settled1717

unstormy1823

untempested1846

placable1858

untempestuous1864

unrestless1919

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 58 Calme-wedyr, malacia, calmacia.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 2011 Stormes were stille..All calme it become.

1550 G. Joye Expos. Daniel Ep. Ded. f. 2 The same sea..wil be so cawme and still.

1580 T. Tusser Fiue Hundred Pointes Good Husbandrie (new ed.) f. 52 Get home thy hawme, whilst weather is cawme.

1611 Bible (King James) Jonah i. 12 So shall the sea be calme .

1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. 63 The sea is much calmer..at the bottom, than in any part nearer its surface.

1856 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters IV. 357 The sea..is never calm..in the sense that a mountain lake can be calm.

1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) 53 A calm atmosphere promotes the formation of dew.

b. spec. Absolutely without wind.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [adjective] > completely without wind

calmc1440

windless1605

breathless?1614

airless1727

breezelessa1763

unbreathing1814

zephyrlessa1821

dead1861

c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 58 Calme or softe, wythe-owte wynde, calmus, tranquillus.

a1549 A. Borde Fyrst Bk. Introd. Knowl. (1870) i. 126 Although a man stande in neuer so came a place.

1711 London Gaz. No. 4906/2 It fell stark Calm.

c. transferred and figurative of sound, utterance, etc.; of the mind, feelings, demeanour, or actions.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > calmness > [adjective]

eveneOE

still1340

unperturbeda1450

unmovedc1480

quietful1494

lowna1500

calma1568

calmya1586

unpassionatea1586

smartless1593

reposeful1594

dispassionate1595

recollected1595

unaffectedc1595

unpassioned?1605

unpassionated1611

collecteda1616

tranquila1616

untouched1616

impassionate1621

composed1628

dispassioneda1631

tranquillous1638

slow1639

serene1640

dispassionated1647

imperturbed1652

unruffled1654

reposing1655

equanimous1656

perplacid1660

placate1662

equal1680

collect1682

cooled1682

posed1693

sedate1693

impassive1699

uninflamed1714

unexcited1735

unalarmed1756

unfanned1764

unagitated1772

undistraught1773

recollected1792

equable1796

unfussy1823

take-it-easy1825

unflurried1854

cool1855

comfortable1856

disimpassioned1860

tremorless1869

unpressured1879

unrippled1883

ice-cool1891

unrattled1891

Zen-likea1908

unrestless1919

steadyish1924

ataractic1941

relaxed1958

nonplussed1960

loose1968

Zenned-out1968

downtempo1972

mellowed1977

de-stressed1999

the world > action or operation > inaction > quietness or tranquillity > [adjective]

stillc1275

coyc1330

restful1340

quieta1382

peaceablec1384

peacefula1400

undisturbleda1400

somec1460

quietous1528

reposeda1533

unnoyed1543

calma1568

halcyon1570

calmya1586

quietsome1595

halcyonian1602

undisturbeda1610

halcedonian1611

tranquila1616

tranquillous1638

slumbering1645

halcydon1648

smooth1757

slumberous1765

stilly1776

sleeping1785

unfrenzied1805

Sabbath-like1824

unbustling1826

eddyless1862

restinga1865

pacific1865

Sabbatismal1881

a1568 R. Ascham Scholemaster (1570) ii. f. 37^v A..caulme kinde of speaking and writing.

1641 J. Jackson True Evangelical Temper i. 6 Sweet and calm and sociable manners and conversation.

1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. vii. 130 He could have no calm Satisfaction.

1800 S. T. Coleridge Anc. Mariner (rev. ed.) in W. Wordsworth & S. T. Coleridge Lyrical Ballads (ed. 2) I. 179 Be calm, thou wedding guest!

1859 W. M. Thackeray Virginians xix. 147 He tried to keep his voice calm and without tremor.

1870 E. Peacock Ralf Skirlaugh III. 146 The placid river whose calm murmur was distinctly audible.

d. figurative of conditions or circumstances.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > inaction > quietness or tranquillity > [adjective] > specifically of a state, condition, or procedure

quietc1384

calm1667

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 461 Live content, which is the calmest life.

1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 185. ⁋4 The calmest moments of solitary meditation.

1837 H. Martineau Society in Amer. II. 352 In the calmer times which are to come.

1863 N. Hawthorne Our Old Home II. 88 A calm variety of incident.

e. Quietly insolent; unabashed, impudent. colloquial.

ΚΠ

1888 Atalanta 11 119/1 The critic on the hearth has the calm audacity to announce that [etc.].

Compounds

calm-minded, calm-mindedness.

ΚΠ

1599 E. Sandys Europæ Speculum (1632) 83 A calme-minded hearer.

1820 J. Keats Lamia ii, in Lamia & Other Poems 36 With calm-planted steps.

1820 J. Keats Hyperion: a Fragm. iii. in Lamia & Other Poems 193 The thrush Began calm-throated.

1882 Pall Mall Gaz. 26 Oct. 1 Public opinion has been cursed..with an odious malady called calm-mindedness.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

calmv.

Brit.

/kɑːm/, U.S.

/kɑ(l)m/

Forms: Middle English–1500s calme, 1600s– calm.

Etymology: < calm adj., or perhaps < French calme-r, which however is only transitive. Perhaps the transitive sense was really the earlier in English, though evidence fails; the intransitive is not in Johnson.

1. intransitive. Of the sea or wind: To become calm. Obsolete except with down. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > have or be in specific kind of motion [verb (intransitive)] > grow calm

calm1399

to grow down1748

lull1808

smooth1884

the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > fine weather > [verb (intransitive)] > become calm (of weather or the elements)

calm1399

falla1400

lown?a1600

to fall calm1601

serenify1612

subside1680

lin1693

flat1748

flatten1748

lull1808

to go down1873

the mind > emotion > calmness > become composed or calm [verb (intransitive)]

saughtelc1400

breathe1485

pacify1509

settle1591

compose1663

to breathe freely (also easy, easily)1695

tranquillize1748

cool1836

simmer down1842

calm1877

relax1907

to cool it1952

to Zen out1968

mellow1974

to take a chill pill1981

chillax1994

1399 W. Langland Richard Redeles iii. 366 Þan gan it to calme and clere all aboute.

c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 4587 The course of the colde see calmyt.

1569 W. Gibson in E. Farr Sel. Poetry Reign Elizabeth (1845) II. 244 If God command the seas to calme.

1598 W. Phillip tr. J. H. van Linschoten Disc. Voy. E. & W. Indies i. iii. 5/2 It..raineth, thundreth and calmeth.

1599 W. Shakespeare et al. Passionate Pilgrime (new ed.) sig. D2 What though her frowning browes be bent Her cloudy lookes will calm eyer night.

1684 London Gaz. No. 1982/2 The wind calming, they were forced to give over the pursuit.

1877 M. Oliphant Makers of Florence (ed. 2) xi. 265 The excited mass calmed down under this wonderful appeal.

2. transitive. To make calm; to quiet, still, tranquillize, appease, pacify. literal and figurative.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > calmness > compose or make calm [verb (transitive)]

softa1225

stilla1325

coolc1330

accoya1375

appeasec1374

attemperc1386

lullc1386

quieta1398

peasea1400

amesec1400

assuagec1400

mesec1400

soberc1430

modify?a1439

establish1477

pacify1484

pacify1515

unbrace?1526

settle1530

steady1530

allay1550

calm1559

compromitc1574

restore1582

recollect1587

serenize1598

smooth1604

compose1607

recompose1611

becalm1613

besoothe1614

unprovokea1616

halcyon1616

unstrain1616

leniate1622

tranquillize1623

unperplexa1631

belull1631

sedate1646

unmaze1647

assopiatea1649

serenate1654

serene1654

tranquillify1683

soothe1697

unalarm1722

reserene1755

quietize1791

peacify1845

quieten1853

conjure1856

peace1864

disfever1880

patise1891

de-tension1961

mellow1974

the world > action or operation > inaction > quietness or tranquillity > make quiet or tranquil [verb (transitive)]

still1300

peasec1350

accoya1375

coyc1374

lullc1386

quiet1423

acquieta1535

calm1559

becalm1613

compose1615

slumber1622

unruffle1629

quieten1759

bestill1760

quietize1791

peace1864

1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates York xxiv. 7 Right shall raigne, and quiet calme ech crime.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 (1623) iii. iii. 38 Renowned Queene, With patience calme the Storme.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xii. 595 Go, waken Eve; Her also I with gentle Dreams have calm'd .

1709 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 5 Sept. (1965) I. 14 She..can also..calm my passions.

1783 P. Pott Chirurg. Wks. (new ed.) II. 436 When..that inflammation is calmed.

1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc i. 122 She calm'd herself.

1841 R. W. Emerson Heroism in Ess. 1st Ser. (London ed.) 265 It may calm the apprehension of calamity.

†3. To delay (a ship) by a calm; to becalm.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > use of wind > get into the current of the wind [verb (transitive)] > keep wind from a ship or becalm

encalm1562

becalmc1595

beleea1616

calma1616

blanket1884

a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) i. i. 29 I..must be led, and calm'd .

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) iv. viii. 34 A ship, that hauing scap'd a Tempest, Is straight way calm'd [1623 calme, 1632 claimd, 1663 claim'd, 1685 calm'd] .

1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. (at cited word) It is not uncommon for the vessels to be calmed, or becalmed, as the sailors express it.

This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

n.¹1393

n.²1535

adj.c1440

v.1399

单词	calm
释义	calmn.¹ Brit. /kɑːm/, U.S. /kɑ(l)m/ Forms: Middle English–1600s calme, 1500s caulme, cawme, 1600s– calm. Etymology: Middle English calme, < French calme (16th cent. in Littré, in 15th cent. carme) in same sense, < Italian calma or Spanish calma (also Portuguese calma) . Since calma in Old Spanish and Portuguese means also ‘heat of the day’, Diez, comparing modern Provençal chaume ‘resting-time of the cattle’, and Romansh calma, cauma ‘a shady resting-place for cattle’, thought calma possibly derived from late Latin cauma (occurring in Vulgate, Job xxx. 30), < Greek καῦμα ‘burning heat, fever heat, heat of the sun, heat of the day’, used also in medieval Latin of the burning heat of the sun. Taken in connection with the senses of the Romansh and Provençal words this gives the possible development of meaning ‘burning heat, heat of the day, rest during the heat of the day, quiet, stillness’; but it is notable that Italian calma has no sense of ‘heat’, only ‘a calme, or quiet faire weather’ (Florio). As to the phonetic change of au to al, Diez suggested popular association with calēre to be hot, calor heat, which Schuchardt also ( Romania IV. 255) thinks probable; the latter has given other instances of the phonetic change in Vokalismus des Vulgärlateins I. 494–6 and III. 316. 1. Stillness, quiet, tranquillity, serenity; freedom from agitation or disturbance. a. literal of the weather, air, or sea: opposed to storm; = calmness n. In quot. 1570: (perhaps) heat of the day or weather. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > [noun] > calmness calm1393 calmness1574 looking-glass calm1840 glass-calm1893 the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > fine weather > [noun] > calm weather > condition of peaceabilityc1384 calm1393 serenitya1538 calmness1574 1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis III. 230 As the..rage Of windes maketh the see salvage And that was calme bringth into wawe. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. TTTii^v The colde, the heate, the cawme, the frost, the snowe. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 202/2 Calme, styll whether, carme. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 13157 All the calme ouercast into kene stormes. 1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Dii/2 Y^e Caulme, sudum, cauma. 1598 Chaucers Dreame in T. Speght Wks. G. Chaucer f. 361^v/2 All was one, calme, or tempest. 1611 Bible (King James) Matt. viii. 26 There was a great calme . View more context for this quotation 1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII iii. i. 165 A Soule as euen as a Calme . View more context for this quotation 1822 W. Hazlitt Table-talk II. vii. 154 Before and after earthquakes there is a calm in the air. 1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam xi. 17 Calm on the seas, and silver sleep. View more context for this quotation 1868 J. E. H. Skinner Roughing It 253 By the rock of Pontiko there was a sheet of breathless calm. b. Absolute want of wind: often in plural calms. region of calms, a belt of the ocean near the equator, lying between the regions of the north-east and south-east trade winds. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [noun] > complete absence of wind calmness1516 calm1517 malace1623 clock-calm1777 Irishman's hurricane1803 Paddy's hurricane1819 airlessness1831 Irish hurricanea1835 windlessness1916 1517 R. Torkington Oldest Diarie Englysshe Trav. (1884) 57 We..fonde the wynde agens vs or ellys..calmys. 1627 J. Smith Sea Gram. x. 46 When there is not a breath of wind stirring, it is a calme or a starke calme. 1709 London Gaz. No. 4547/2 By reason of Calms he could not come up with them 'till the 6th. 1799 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 1 96 A calm prevailed, and the heat was extreme. 1812 J. Wilson Isle of Palms iii. 923 Chain'd in tropic calms. a1854 H. Reed Lect. Brit. Poets (1857) II. xii. 113 The misery of a dead calm beneath a torrid sky. c. figurative (to 1a, 1b) of social or political conditions and circumstances. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > inaction > quietness or tranquillity > [noun] stillnessc888 roOE stilth?c1225 lowna1250 peacea1275 restc1350 tranquillityc1374 leea1400 tranquille1412 quietness?a1425 quiet?c1450 restfulnessc1450 quiety?a1500 quietation?1504 calm1547 calmness1561 peacefulnessa1566 halcyon1567 repose1577 quietude1598 still1608 hushtness1609 reposedness1616 reposeness1617 serenity1641 undisturbedness1649 indisturbance1660 pacateness1666 sleep1807 tranquilness1818 requiescence1837 reposefulness1872 1547 J. Harrison Exhort. Scottes 210 The stormes of this tempestious worlde, shall shortely come to a calme. 1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida i. iii. 100 The vnitie and married calme of states. View more context for this quotation 1781 W. Cowper Friendship xxiii Religion should..make a calm of human life. a1850 J. C. Calhoun Wks. (1874) IV. 24 Till our free and popular institutions are succeeded by the calm of despotism. d. figurative of the mind, feelings, or demeanour; = calmness n. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > calmness > [noun] resteOE peacea1225 egalityc1374 tranquillityc1374 peaceabilityc1384 sobernessc1384 tranquille1412 quietness?a1425 evenheadc1440 equalitya1475 equability1531 sobermood1556 calmness1561 evenness1561 serenity1599 collection1602 equilibrium1608 calm1609 temperateness1609 composedness1611 recollection1611 temper1611 unpassionateness1611 placidity1619 sereneness1628 attemperature1635 quietationa1639 equableness1641 steadiness1642 sedateness1647 imperturbation1648 placidness1654 centredness1662 equanimity1663 composure1667 serenitude1672 equalness1675 unperturbedness1676 dispassion1690 quietism1735 serene1744 relaxednessa1750 self-composure1762 sober-mindedness1767 collectedness1789 unprovokedness1795 comfortableness1815 repose1815 levelness1824 dispassionateness1842 unruffledness1858 passionlessness1867 1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida iv. i. 16 Our blouds are now in calme . View more context for this quotation 1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 234 All my Calm of Mind..seem'd to be suspended. 1807 W. Wordsworth Poems II. 108 A good Man's calm, A great Man's happiness. 1879 F. W. Farrar Life & Work St. Paul II. ix. xliii. 376 In that desperate crisis one man retained his calm and courage. 2. attributive and in other combinations. ΚΠ 1865 Intellectual Observer No. 46. 253 The ‘calm belt’ of the equator. 1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 20 July 4/2 Now the birds are storm-makers, and in another moment they are calm-bringers. Draft additions July 2011 figurative. calm after the storm (also tempest) and variants: a period of tranquillity or stability following a time of difficulty, upheaval, etc. ΚΠ ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 276 Iblescet beo þu lauerd. þe makest stille efter storm.] 1595 R. Parry Moderatus x. sig. N Wander yet somewhat in these desarts to seeke some aduentures, to see if good fortune will present thee with a calme after so bitter and sharpe a storme. 1640 R. Brathwait Two Lancs. Lovers xxx. 238 Canst thou expect so present a calme after so rough a tempest? 1783 H. Blair Lect. Rhetoric I. x. 196 A good man enjoys Tranquillity, in himself; Peace, with others; and Calm, after the storm. 1835 Ladies' Compan. Oct. 251/2 Dropping down, her eyes closed in a deep slumber. So comes the calm after the tempest. 1886 J. W. Wells Three Thousand Miles through Brazil I. ii. 53 After a while we settle down into a steady march; it is the calm after the storm. 1912 M. Fisher Kirstie xix. 284 How exquisite this calm after the tempest! 2004 F. Miller tr. F. Härén Idea Bk. 186 You meet again a week later and see what unexpected, unusual ideas have been sown in the calm after the storm. Draft additions October 2009 figurative. calm before the storm (also tempest) and variants: a period of tranquillity or stability viewed as a precursor to a time of difficulty, upheaval, frenzied activity, etc. ΚΠ 1602 C. Sutton Disce Vivere ix. 192 What is our peace, but a calme before a tempest? 1694 R. South 12 Serm. II. 586 Storms and Calms (especially with reference to the State of the Soul) doe always follow one another;..a Calm before a Storm is commonly a Peace of a man's own making; but a Calm, after a Storm, a Peace of God's. 1754 Moore's Vox Stellarum 15 We may expect..Health and Felicity in general to Mankind: But I fear this something like a Calm before a Storm. 1815 J. McQueen Campaigns 312 A deep silence seemed to overspread France... The silence which then prevailed, was the calm before the storm. 1914 B. H. Clark Continental Drama of To-day 204 Everything is so apparently calm for the remainder of the act. We feel instinctively that this is the calm before the tempest. 1961 A. Wesker Kitchen 34 There is less activity in the kitchen now, the calm before the storm. 1998 Palm Beach (Florida) Post (Nexis) 5 Jan. 1 d It was the calm before the storm. Gabriela wailed through the night, and the next morning. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2021). calmn.² Forms: 1500s calme, cawm, 1600s chalme, 1700s calm, cam. Cf. also came n. †1. Scottish. a. A mould in which metal objects are cast. ΚΠ 1535 Sc. Acts Jas. V (1814) 346 Twa hagbutis..with powder and cawmys for furnessing of the samin. 1540 Sc. Acts Jas. V (1597) §94 Ane Hagbutte of Founde, called Hagbute of Crochert, with their Calmes, Bullettes and pellockes of leed or irone. 1599 in R. Pitcairn Criminal Trials Scotl. II. 75 Prenting in calmis, maid of trie, fillit vp with calk, of fals adulterat money. 1768 Mauchline Less. Rec. in Old Ch. Life Scotl. (1885) 139 A set of Cams or moulds. 1782 in T. Orem Descr. of Chanonry in Old Aberdeen in Bibliotheca Topographica Britannica No. 3. 152 3 hagbuts, with calms of stone. b. figurative. in the calms: in course of construction, in the state of preparation. ΚΠ 1648 R. Baillie Let. 17 Mar. (1841) II. 361 The matter of peace is now in the chalmes. 2. An enclosing frame, as of a pane of glass. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > edge, border, or margin > [noun] > that which forms the edge or border > surrounding a central piece > frame calm1577 framea1582 quadra1728 enchasement1772 society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > a building > parts of building > window or door > parts of windows > [noun] > glazing or dividing bar monial1332 sodlet1332 stay-bar1399 transom1502 mullion1556 munnion1571 calm1577 leading1597 window bar1612 stroke1684 came1688 leads1705 saddle-bar?1733 transom-shaft1813 sash bar1837 baluster1844 baluster column1844 supermonial1846 supermullion1846 astragal1858 wagtail1940 1577 W. Harrison Descr. Eng. (1877) ii. xii. 236 Some..did make panels of horne in steed of glasse, and fix them in woodden calmes. 1885 P. J. Davies Standard Pract. Plumbing 31 Put the sharpened end of the calme in between the cutters and turn the handle. 1885 Spons' Mechanics' Own Bk. 630 The use of lead ‘calmes’ for fixing window panes is of venerable antiquity. 1923 M. Drake Doom Window i. 15 Gleaming strips or ‘calmes’ of lead..shone like limp silver snakes. 1955 Antiquity 29 217 No evidence was found of calms with horn panels. 1970 H. Braun Parish Churches viii. 111 A network of delicate grooved strips..known as ‘calms’—pronounced ‘cames’. Categories » 3. The heddles of a loom. See caam n. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2020). calmadj. Brit. /kɑːm/, U.S. /kɑ(l)m/ Forms: Middle English–1600s calme, 1500s cawme, caulme, (? came), 1600s– calm. Etymology: < French calme, in same sense (15th cent. in Littré), < calme, noun. The other languages have not the adjective. Free from agitation or disturbance; quiet, still, tranquil, serene; without wind, not stormy. a. literal of the weather, air, or sea. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > [adjective] > not rough stillOE plainc1330 smoothc1374 demure1377 calmc1440 softa1450 glassy1535 sleek1603 eddyless1621 oily smooth1803 waveless1804 foamless1821 undimpled1821 rippleless1832 the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > fine weather > [adjective] > calm (of weather, climate, or the elements) smoltc950 lithec1275 still1390 smoothc1402 peaceablec1425 calmc1440 serenousc1440 lownc1485 stormlessc1500 serene1508 calm-winded1577 unwindy1580 calmy1587 sleek1603 halcedonian1611 pacific1633 settled1717 unstormy1823 untempested1846 placable1858 untempestuous1864 unrestless1919 c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 58 Calme-wedyr, malacia, calmacia. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 2011 Stormes were stille..All calme it become. 1550 G. Joye Expos. Daniel Ep. Ded. f. 2 The same sea..wil be so cawme and still. 1580 T. Tusser Fiue Hundred Pointes Good Husbandrie (new ed.) f. 52 Get home thy hawme, whilst weather is cawme. 1611 Bible (King James) Jonah i. 12 So shall the sea be calme . View more context for this quotation 1794 R. J. Sulivan View of Nature I. 63 The sea is much calmer..at the bottom, than in any part nearer its surface. 1856 J. Ruskin Mod. Painters IV. 357 The sea..is never calm..in the sense that a mountain lake can be calm. 1878 T. H. Huxley Physiography (ed. 2) 53 A calm atmosphere promotes the formation of dew. b. spec. Absolutely without wind. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > wind > [adjective] > completely without wind calmc1440 windless1605 breathless?1614 airless1727 breezelessa1763 unbreathing1814 zephyrlessa1821 dead1861 c1440 Promptorium Parvulorum 58 Calme or softe, wythe-owte wynde, calmus, tranquillus. a1549 A. Borde Fyrst Bk. Introd. Knowl. (1870) i. 126 Although a man stande in neuer so came a place. 1711 London Gaz. No. 4906/2 It fell stark Calm. c. transferred and figurative of sound, utterance, etc.; of the mind, feelings, demeanour, or actions. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > calmness > [adjective] eveneOE still1340 unperturbeda1450 unmovedc1480 quietful1494 lowna1500 calma1568 calmya1586 unpassionatea1586 smartless1593 reposeful1594 dispassionate1595 recollected1595 unaffectedc1595 unpassioned?1605 unpassionated1611 collecteda1616 tranquila1616 untouched1616 impassionate1621 composed1628 dispassioneda1631 tranquillous1638 slow1639 serene1640 dispassionated1647 imperturbed1652 unruffled1654 reposing1655 equanimous1656 perplacid1660 placate1662 equal1680 collect1682 cooled1682 posed1693 sedate1693 impassive1699 uninflamed1714 unexcited1735 unalarmed1756 unfanned1764 unagitated1772 undistraught1773 recollected1792 equable1796 unfussy1823 take-it-easy1825 unflurried1854 cool1855 comfortable1856 disimpassioned1860 tremorless1869 unpressured1879 unrippled1883 ice-cool1891 unrattled1891 Zen-likea1908 unrestless1919 steadyish1924 ataractic1941 relaxed1958 nonplussed1960 loose1968 Zenned-out1968 downtempo1972 mellowed1977 de-stressed1999 the world > action or operation > inaction > quietness or tranquillity > [adjective] stillc1275 coyc1330 restful1340 quieta1382 peaceablec1384 peacefula1400 undisturbleda1400 somec1460 quietous1528 reposeda1533 unnoyed1543 calma1568 halcyon1570 calmya1586 quietsome1595 halcyonian1602 undisturbeda1610 halcedonian1611 tranquila1616 tranquillous1638 slumbering1645 halcydon1648 smooth1757 slumberous1765 stilly1776 sleeping1785 unfrenzied1805 Sabbath-like1824 unbustling1826 eddyless1862 restinga1865 pacific1865 Sabbatismal1881 a1568 R. Ascham Scholemaster (1570) ii. f. 37^v A..caulme kinde of speaking and writing. 1641 J. Jackson True Evangelical Temper i. 6 Sweet and calm and sociable manners and conversation. 1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. vii. 130 He could have no calm Satisfaction. 1800 S. T. Coleridge Anc. Mariner (rev. ed.) in W. Wordsworth & S. T. Coleridge Lyrical Ballads (ed. 2) I. 179 Be calm, thou wedding guest! 1859 W. M. Thackeray Virginians xix. 147 He tried to keep his voice calm and without tremor. 1870 E. Peacock Ralf Skirlaugh III. 146 The placid river whose calm murmur was distinctly audible. d. figurative of conditions or circumstances. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > inaction > quietness or tranquillity > [adjective] > specifically of a state, condition, or procedure quietc1384 calm1667 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost vi. 461 Live content, which is the calmest life. View more context for this quotation 1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 185. ⁋4 The calmest moments of solitary meditation. 1837 H. Martineau Society in Amer. II. 352 In the calmer times which are to come. 1863 N. Hawthorne Our Old Home II. 88 A calm variety of incident. e. Quietly insolent; unabashed, impudent. colloquial. ΚΠ 1888 Atalanta 11 119/1 The critic on the hearth has the calm audacity to announce that [etc.]. Compounds calm-minded, calm-mindedness. ΚΠ 1599 E. Sandys Europæ Speculum (1632) 83 A calme-minded hearer. 1820 J. Keats Lamia ii, in Lamia & Other Poems 36 With calm-planted steps. 1820 J. Keats Hyperion: a Fragm. iii. in Lamia & Other Poems 193 The thrush Began calm-throated. 1882 Pall Mall Gaz. 26 Oct. 1 Public opinion has been cursed..with an odious malady called calm-mindedness. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online June 2022). calmv. Brit. /kɑːm/, U.S. /kɑ(l)m/ Forms: Middle English–1500s calme, 1600s– calm. Etymology: < calm adj., or perhaps < French calme-r, which however is only transitive. Perhaps the transitive sense was really the earlier in English, though evidence fails; the intransitive is not in Johnson. 1. intransitive. Of the sea or wind: To become calm. Obsolete except with down. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > water > flow or flowing > state of sea > have or be in specific kind of motion [verb (intransitive)] > grow calm calm1399 to grow down1748 lull1808 smooth1884 the world > the earth > weather and the atmosphere > weather > fine weather > [verb (intransitive)] > become calm (of weather or the elements) calm1399 falla1400 lown?a1600 to fall calm1601 serenify1612 subside1680 lin1693 flat1748 flatten1748 lull1808 to go down1873 the mind > emotion > calmness > become composed or calm [verb (intransitive)] saughtelc1400 breathe1485 pacify1509 settle1591 compose1663 to breathe freely (also easy, easily)1695 tranquillize1748 cool1836 simmer down1842 calm1877 relax1907 to cool it1952 to Zen out1968 mellow1974 to take a chill pill1981 chillax1994 1399 W. Langland Richard Redeles iii. 366 Þan gan it to calme and clere all aboute. c1540 (?a1400) Destr. Troy 4587 The course of the colde see calmyt. 1569 W. Gibson in E. Farr Sel. Poetry Reign Elizabeth (1845) II. 244 If God command the seas to calme. 1598 W. Phillip tr. J. H. van Linschoten Disc. Voy. E. & W. Indies i. iii. 5/2 It..raineth, thundreth and calmeth. 1599 W. Shakespeare et al. Passionate Pilgrime (new ed.) sig. D2 What though her frowning browes be bent Her cloudy lookes will calm eyer night. 1684 London Gaz. No. 1982/2 The wind calming, they were forced to give over the pursuit. 1877 M. Oliphant Makers of Florence (ed. 2) xi. 265 The excited mass calmed down under this wonderful appeal. 2. transitive. To make calm; to quiet, still, tranquillize, appease, pacify. literal and figurative. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > calmness > compose or make calm [verb (transitive)] softa1225 stilla1325 coolc1330 accoya1375 appeasec1374 attemperc1386 lullc1386 quieta1398 peasea1400 amesec1400 assuagec1400 mesec1400 soberc1430 modify?a1439 establish1477 establish1477 pacify1484 pacify1515 unbrace?1526 settle1530 steady1530 allay1550 calm1559 compromitc1574 restore1582 recollect1587 serenize1598 smooth1604 compose1607 recompose1611 becalm1613 besoothe1614 unprovokea1616 halcyon1616 unstrain1616 leniate1622 tranquillize1623 unperplexa1631 belull1631 sedate1646 unmaze1647 assopiatea1649 serenate1654 serene1654 tranquillify1683 soothe1697 unalarm1722 reserene1755 quietize1791 peacify1845 quieten1853 conjure1856 peace1864 disfever1880 patise1891 de-tension1961 mellow1974 the world > action or operation > inaction > quietness or tranquillity > make quiet or tranquil [verb (transitive)] still1300 peasec1350 accoya1375 coyc1374 lullc1386 quiet1423 acquieta1535 calm1559 becalm1613 compose1615 slumber1622 unruffle1629 quieten1759 bestill1760 quietize1791 peace1864 1559 W. Baldwin et al. Myrroure for Magistrates York xxiv. 7 Right shall raigne, and quiet calme ech crime. a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 3 (1623) iii. iii. 38 Renowned Queene, With patience calme the Storme. View more context for this quotation 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost xii. 595 Go, waken Eve; Her also I with gentle Dreams have calm'd . View more context for this quotation 1709 Lady M. W. Montagu Let. 5 Sept. (1965) I. 14 She..can also..calm my passions. 1783 P. Pott Chirurg. Wks. (new ed.) II. 436 When..that inflammation is calmed. 1796 R. Southey Joan of Arc i. 122 She calm'd herself. 1841 R. W. Emerson Heroism in Ess. 1st Ser. (London ed.) 265 It may calm the apprehension of calamity. †3. To delay (a ship) by a calm; to becalm. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > directing or managing a ship > use of wind > get into the current of the wind [verb (transitive)] > keep wind from a ship or becalm encalm1562 becalmc1595 beleea1616 calma1616 blanket1884 a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) i. i. 29 I..must be led, and calm'd . View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) iv. viii. 34 A ship, that hauing scap'd a Tempest, Is straight way calm'd [1623 calme, 1632 claimd, 1663 claim'd, 1685 calm'd] . View more context for this quotation 1753 Chambers's Cycl. Suppl. (at cited word) It is not uncommon for the vessels to be calmed, or becalmed, as the sailors express it. This entry has not yet been fully updated (first published 1888; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.¹1393n.²1535adj.c1440v.1399
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calmn.1

Draft additions July 2011

Draft additions October 2009

calmn.2

calmadj.

Compounds

calmv.

calmn.¹

calmn.²