carbonifyv.

Brit.

/kɑːˈbɒnᵻfʌɪ/, U.S.

/kɑrˈbɑnəˌfaɪ/

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Partly formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: Latin carbōn- , carbō , -ify suffix; carbon n., -ify suffix.

Etymology: Originally < classical Latin carbōn-, carbō charcoal (see carbon n.) + -ify suffix. In later use in sense 2 directly < carbon n. + -ify suffix.With sense 2 compare slightly earlier carbonification n. and carbonize v.

†1. transitive. Perhaps: to denigrate, to blacken. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > sullying or staining of reputation > stain or sully [verb (transitive)]

filea1325

foulc1330

tache1390

dark?c1400

distain1406

smita1413

blemish1414

black?c1425

defoul1470

maculate?a1475

macule1484

tan1530

staina1535

spota1542

smear1549

blot1566

besmear1579

defile1581

attaint1590

soila1596

slubber1599

tack1601

woad1603

besmirch1604

blur1604

to breathe upon ——1608

be-smut1610

clouda1616

sullya1616

taint1623

smutch1640

blackena1649

to cast, put, throw (etc.) a slur on or upon (a person or thing)1654

beslur1675

tarnish1695

blackwash1762

carbonify1792

smirch1820

tattoo1884

dirten1987

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > slander or calumny > slander or calumniate [verb (transitive)]

to say or speak shame of, on, byc950

teleeOE

sayOE

to speak evil (Old English be) ofc1000

belie?c1225

betell?c1225

missayc1225

skandera1300

disclanderc1300

wrenchc1300

bewrayc1330

bite1330

gothele1340

slanderc1340

deprave1362

hinderc1375

backbite1382

blasphemec1386

afamec1390

fame1393

to blow up?a1400

defamea1400

noise1425

to say well (also evil, ill, etc.) of (also by)1445

malignc1450

to speak villainy of1470

infame1483

injury1484

painta1522

malicea1526

denigrate1526

disfamea1533

misreporta1535

sugill?1539

dishonest?c1550

calumniate1554

scandalize1566

ill1577

blaze1579

traduce1581

misspeak1582

blot1583

abuse1592

wronga1596

infamonize1598

vilify1598

injure?a1600

forspeak1601

libel1602

infamize1605

belibel1606

calumnize1606

besquirt1611

colly1615

scandala1616

bedirt1622

soil1641

disfigurea1643

sycophant1642

spatter1645

sugillate1647

bespattera1652

bedung1655

asperse1656

mischieve1656

opprobriatea1657

reflect1661

dehonestate1663

carbonify1792

defamate1810

mouth1810

foul-mouth1822

lynch1836

rot1890

calumny1895

ding1903

bad-talk1938

norate1938

bad-mouth1941

monster1967

the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > disparagement or depreciation > disparage or depreciate [verb (transitive)]

littleeOE

low1340

dispraisec1386

minish1402

deroge1427

detractc1449

descryc1450

detrayc1475

dismerit1484

decline1509

vilipend1509

disprize?1518

disable1528

derogatea1530

elevate1541

disparagea1556

detrect1563

debase1565

demerit1576

vilify1586

disgrace1589

detracta1592

besparage1592

enervate1593

obtrect1595

extenuate1601

disvalue1605

disparagon1610

undervalue1611

avile1615

debaucha1616

to cry down1616

debate1622

decry1641

atomize1645

underrate1646

naucify1653

dedignify1654

stuprate1655

de-ample1657

dismagn1657

slur1660

voguec1661

depreciate1666

to run down1671

baffle1674

lacken1674

sneer1706

diminish1712

substract1728

down1780

belittle1789

carbonify1792

to speak scorn of1861

to give one a back-cap1903

minoritize1947

mauvais langue1952

rubbish1953

down-talk1959

marginalize1970

marginate1970

trash1975

neg1987

1792 D. S. Erskine Ess. Lives & Writings Fletcher & Thomson p. xxii To women..we have been indebted from the beginning for fortunate revolutions, saving in the case of Lady Adam, and even that is not carbonified by the strictest theologians.

2. transitive. To reduce to carbon; to convert into coal or charcoal; = carbonize v. 1. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > burn or consume by fire [verb (transitive)] > to carbon

charka1661

char1686

carbonize1798

carbonate1799

carbonify1801

1801 J. Baillie Impartial Hist. Newcastle upon Tyne 444 How..huge forests have been thrown many hundreds of feet into the bowels of the earth, and become carbonified there.

1843 Chem. Gaz. 15 Nov. 711 A weighed amount of the oil was saponified with potash, carbonified in a closed crucible, the ignited coal extracted with alcohol, [etc.].

1984 Microelectronics & Reliability 24 165/1 The process tends to carbonify the resist and render it insoluble in the usual organic solvents.

Derivatives

carˈbonified adj. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > [adjective] > burnt > to carbon

charry1786

charred1794

carbonated1796

carbonized1800

carbonified1803

charked1870

1803 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 9 371 The phenomenon of Scintillation produced by the concussion of carbonified wood.

1976 Brittonia 28 129 Filamentous patterns seen in carbonified material.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	carbonify
释义	carbonifyv. Brit. /kɑːˈbɒnᵻfʌɪ/, U.S. /kɑrˈbɑnəˌfaɪ/ Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin, combined with an English element. Partly formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: Latin carbōn- , carbō , -ify suffix; carbon n., -ify suffix. Etymology: Originally < classical Latin carbōn-, carbō charcoal (see carbon n.) + -ify suffix. In later use in sense 2 directly < carbon n. + -ify suffix.With sense 2 compare slightly earlier carbonification n. and carbonize v. †1. transitive. Perhaps: to denigrate, to blacken. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > sullying or staining of reputation > stain or sully [verb (transitive)] filea1325 foulc1330 tache1390 dark?c1400 distain1406 smita1413 blemish1414 black?c1425 defoul1470 maculate?a1475 macule1484 tan1530 staina1535 spota1542 smear1549 blot1566 besmear1579 defile1581 attaint1590 soila1596 slubber1599 tack1601 woad1603 besmirch1604 blur1604 to breathe upon ——1608 be-smut1610 clouda1616 sullya1616 taint1623 smutch1640 blackena1649 to cast, put, throw (etc.) a slur on or upon (a person or thing)1654 beslur1675 tarnish1695 blackwash1762 carbonify1792 smirch1820 tattoo1884 dirten1987 the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > slander or calumny > slander or calumniate [verb (transitive)] to say or speak shame of, on, byc950 teleeOE sayOE to speak evil (Old English be) ofc1000 belie?c1225 betell?c1225 missayc1225 skandera1300 disclanderc1300 wrenchc1300 bewrayc1330 bite1330 gothele1340 slanderc1340 deprave1362 hinderc1375 backbite1382 blasphemec1386 afamec1390 fame1393 to blow up?a1400 defamea1400 noise1425 to say well (also evil, ill, etc.) of (also by)1445 malignc1450 to speak villainy of1470 infame1483 injury1484 painta1522 malicea1526 denigrate1526 disfamea1533 misreporta1535 sugill?1539 dishonest?c1550 calumniate1554 scandalize1566 ill1577 blaze1579 traduce1581 misspeak1582 blot1583 abuse1592 wronga1596 infamonize1598 vilify1598 injure?a1600 forspeak1601 libel1602 infamize1605 belibel1606 calumnize1606 besquirt1611 colly1615 scandala1616 bedirt1622 soil1641 disfigurea1643 sycophant1642 spatter1645 sugillate1647 bespattera1652 bedung1655 asperse1656 mischieve1656 opprobriatea1657 reflect1661 dehonestate1663 carbonify1792 defamate1810 mouth1810 foul-mouth1822 lynch1836 rot1890 calumny1895 ding1903 bad-talk1938 norate1938 bad-mouth1941 monster1967 the mind > attention and judgement > contempt > disrepute > damage to reputation > disparagement or depreciation > disparage or depreciate [verb (transitive)] littleeOE low1340 dispraisec1386 minish1402 deroge1427 detractc1449 descryc1450 detrayc1475 dismerit1484 decline1509 vilipend1509 disprize?1518 disable1528 derogatea1530 elevate1541 disparagea1556 detrect1563 debase1565 demerit1576 vilify1586 disgrace1589 detracta1592 besparage1592 enervate1593 obtrect1595 extenuate1601 disvalue1605 disparagon1610 undervalue1611 avile1615 debaucha1616 to cry down1616 debate1622 decry1641 atomize1645 underrate1646 naucify1653 dedignify1654 stuprate1655 de-ample1657 dismagn1657 slur1660 voguec1661 depreciate1666 to run down1671 baffle1674 lacken1674 sneer1706 diminish1712 substract1728 down1780 belittle1789 carbonify1792 to speak scorn of1861 to give one a back-cap1903 minoritize1947 mauvais langue1952 rubbish1953 down-talk1959 marginalize1970 marginate1970 trash1975 neg1987 1792 D. S. Erskine Ess. Lives & Writings Fletcher & Thomson p. xxii To women..we have been indebted from the beginning for fortunate revolutions, saving in the case of Lady Adam, and even that is not carbonified by the strictest theologians. 2. transitive. To reduce to carbon; to convert into coal or charcoal; = carbonize v. 1. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > burn or consume by fire [verb (transitive)] > to carbon charka1661 char1686 carbonize1798 carbonate1799 carbonify1801 1801 J. Baillie Impartial Hist. Newcastle upon Tyne 444 How..huge forests have been thrown many hundreds of feet into the bowels of the earth, and become carbonified there. 1843 Chem. Gaz. 15 Nov. 711 A weighed amount of the oil was saponified with potash, carbonified in a closed crucible, the ignited coal extracted with alcohol, [etc.]. 1984 Microelectronics & Reliability 24 165/1 The process tends to carbonify the resist and render it insoluble in the usual organic solvents. Derivatives carˈbonified adj. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > [adjective] > burnt > to carbon charry1786 charred1794 carbonated1796 carbonized1800 carbonified1803 charked1870 1803 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 9 371 The phenomenon of Scintillation produced by the concussion of carbonified wood. 1976 Brittonia 28 129 Filamentous patterns seen in carbonified material. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2008; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < v.1792
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