释义 |
canoen.Origin: A borrowing from Spanish. Etymon: Spanish canoa. Etymology: < Spanish canoa, (formerly also, rare) †canua (both a1493) < Taino canoa (see note). Compare (ultimately < Spanish) post-classical Latin canoa (1511 in an earlier version of the passage translated in quot. 1555 at sense 1β. ), Middle French canoa (1569 in a translation from Spanish), Middle French, French †canoue (c1570, rare), †canoe (16th cent. in a translation from Italian), canot (1599: see note), Portuguese canoa (1533), Italian canoa (beginning of the 16th cent., earliest in plural form canoe), and also (probably partly via French) Dutch †cano, †canoa, †canno (all 1590s), †canoe (1602 or earlier), †kanoo (1651 or earlier; now kano), German †canoa (1599 or earlier; now Kanu, probably after the English pronunciation).Note on Spanish. For historical reasons, the Spanish word is most likely to have been borrowed from Taino. Cognates are also found in other Arawak languages. Their relationship to similar words in Cariban languages is unclear. Note on French. French canot shows remodelling of the final syllable after -ot -ot suffix (confirming a pronunciation with final /oː/ by the end of the 16th cent.). From the 17th cent. this word has expanded in sense to include various types of small boats much more generally (e.g. denoting a ship's boat in 1677); this has become the usual sense. French now uses canoë (also canoé ) to denote canoes specifically (1867; < English), although in Canadian French, canot is still also used to include canoes. Variant forms. (i) The Spanish etymon is most closely reflected by the β. forms, although in some cases, the Spanish word has been transmitted via Latin and probably also via other Romance languages with a similar form in the nominative singular (many of the early European explorers were native speakers of Spanish, Italian, or Portuguese, and were often familiar with more than one of these languages, as well as Latin). (ii) The α. forms appear to reflect the current pronunciation with final /uː/ (earliest in canoo). The origin of this pronunciation is unclear, but it appears to be paralleled in occasional rare and early forms in some Romance languages. (iii) The δ. forms apparently reflect the pronunciation (with final /oː/) of French canot and perhaps also Dutch kano (which itself was probably influenced by French). (iv) The current spelling canoe (see γ. forms) is first attested in quot. 1587 at sense 1γ. , in a source that also uses the forms canoa and (in the plural) canoaes . This form may show influence from French canoe or its apparent model Italian canoe , plural of canoa ; the English form is itself attested earliest in the plural (as canoes ). Some early modern English spellings with diacritics (e.g. canoès (1660)) suggest that the final two vowels could be pronounced separately (as would be expected with the Italian plural form). Such a pronunciation is also recorded (in dictionaries) in the 18th cent., and the much later borrowing of the English word into French as canoë (pronounced /kanɔe/) may suggest that it survived in English into the 19th cent. The (now standard) pattern of using γ. spellings but a pronunciation with final /uː/ is attested (in rhymes) from at least the 18th cent. society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > vessels of primitive construction > [noun] > canoe of indigenous peoples α. 1541 R. Barlow tr. M. Fernández de Enciso (1932) 160 When thei be in the water ther be indies redy with ther canoos. [No corresponding sentence in the Spanish original.] 1541 R. Barlow tr. M. Fernández de Enciso (1932) 166 Thei be all enhabited of a generation called canivales wch..goeth from one ilond to an other in canoos [Sp. canoas], wch be bootes made of one pece of tymbre like trowes. 1582 in E. G. R. Taylor (1959) 102 We discovered a Canow cominge from theast parte of the River. a1592 R. Greene (1594) sig. F3 Persia [shall] downe her volga by Canows, Send down the secrets of her spicerie. 1613 W. Browne I. ii. 40 In a Boate like the Cannowes of Inde. 1749 T. Nugent I. 71 An Indian canow brought from the straights of Davis. 1804 W. Clark Jrnl. 27 May in (1986) II. 260 As we were pushing off this Morning two Canoos Loaded with fur &c. Came to from the Mahars nation. β. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria f. 6v They sawe a farre of, a Canoa [L. canóam], in the whiche were eight men and as manye women hauynge with them bowes and arrowes.1622 R. Hawkins xxvii. 57 With Cannoas, which they haue in this Coast so great, that they carry seventie and eightie men in one of them.1727 A. Hamilton II. xxxviii. 71 The People come thronging on Board in their Canoaes.1746 Nov. 573/1 A very small and dangerous Sort of Canoa, liable to be overturn'd by the least Moiety of the Sitters in it.γ. 1587 R. Hakluyt tr. R. de Laudonnière f. 25 The Indians which still looked on this side and that side to espie some of their enimies, discouered three Canoes [Fr. almadies].1621 P. Heylyn 404 They were wont to make their Canes [sic; 1652 Canoes] or boats plaine without.1719 W. Wood (ed. 2) 167 To work in any Cannoe or Wherry.1825 J. Neal II. 29 Our birch canoe dipping, with every motion of the paddle.1837 W. Irving I. 78 [He] descended the Platte from this fork, in skin canoes.1922 F. W. Up de Graff xiii. 151 They have a clever way of handling their canoes when out spearing river-seals.1987 Dec. 46/1 The main transfer point between the freight canoes arriving with the Montreal trade goods and the North Company canoes bringing in the furs.1997 16 Nov. v. 30/3 Among the events planned there are..visits that day to Gisborne by sea canoes from seven Pacific nations.δ. 1686 (Royal Soc.) 15 980 Rowed up the River Mississippi, in a Canot.1755 N. Owen Jrnl. in E. Martin (1930) 47 He lives upon the island of St. Ann..where every year he sends his cano for dutey.society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > vessel of specific construction or shape > vessels of primitive construction > [noun] > canoe of indigenous peoples > canoe in modern use 1799 9 Some mount the broad-built sloop, while others woo The well-oar'd funney, or the slim canoo. 1818 50 A young man who was drowned just below Folly Bridge by the over-setting of a dangerous kind of boat called a canoe, much used for pleasure till forbidden by the Governor of the university. 1867 J. Macgregor (ed. 5) ii. 37 In the Canoe Club we have three ‘tandem’ canoes, each for two paddles. 1942 L. D. Rich i. 22 All summer long Ralph hauls canoes and duffle across the carry for camping parties. 1962 Feb. 252/3 The bailer is ideal for small craft such as sailboats, canoes and rowboats. 2020 (Nexis) 11 June 43 Australia's most successful canoeist in world championship history, Jess Fox, has been training in her canoe in her backyard swimming pool. Compounds1749 W. Douglass I. 461 A large Scow or Flat, to carry Persons, Cattle, and Goods, with a Canoe, Tender. 1778 II. (Botanical Table) 10/2 Spaths, or sheath, cymbiform or canoe-shaped. 1796 May 295/1 The manufactures of lances, knives, and daggers, canoe building, paddling, and even the subsistence of the king..are all materially interested in the trade of human flesh. 1867 F. Parkman xxiii. 346 What with hunting, fishing, canoe-making, and bad weather, the progress of the august travellers was so slow. 1885 222 A canoe trip cannot be warranted to be all rose-colour more than any other human undertaking. 1920 6 347/1 The Fijian canoe-sail is never set..apex downwards in fair weather fashion. 1933 C. M. Gates 77 The canoe routes of the Canadian Northwest. 1994 J. Milne i. 5 I ride with people who also enjoy canoe-tripping during the soft-water season. 1994 5 June i. 3/3 People donned hiking boots, grabbed canoe paddles and hopped on mountain bikes. 2018 P. Fox iii. 40 Every year, Donald leads a canoe trip down the Saint Croix. C2. the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > tree or shrub groups > birch and allies > [noun] 1810 F. A. Michaux I. 25 Canoe birch (Bouleau à canot). 1931 26 408 The outer bark of the canoe birch (Betula papyrifera),..is a natural substance instantaneously serviceable..for a multitude of uses. 2019 (Nexis) 20 July (Weekend section) d3 Flaking or peeling bark occurs on the trunks of canoe birches, plane or sycamore trees. 1857 H. R. Schoolcraft VI. xxv. ii. 619 The ritual of canoe burial, as practised by the Chinooks, at the mouth of the Columbia. 1865 E. B. Tylor xii. 352 With this belief the canoe-burial of the North West and of Patagonia hangs together. 2014 115 338 These missionaries and settlers were fascinated by canoe burials and other forms of interment. 1916 23 July 9/1 The Hudson River Canoe Association, an organization made up of the canoe-campers themselves, to supervise the conduct of this particular tent colony. 1969 L. A. Anderson xix. 139 Some of the most enthusiastic canoe campers are the Boy Scouts. 2018 (Nexis) 7 Dec. 10 w In the summer, this lake normally would be busy with canoe campers. 1884 10 Sept. A ‘Canoe Camping Club’ had entrenched themselves at Bushkill. 1896 3 Nov. Small articles are devoted to golf and canoe-camping. 1969 L. A. Anderson (title) A guide to canoe camping. 1993 Oct. 34/3 Campers will learn..wilderness safety and the tricks of no-trace canoe-camping. society > travel > travel by water > transportation by water > [noun] > cargo > shipload or boatload 1684 P. Ayres 77 He also helped us to a Canoe load of Spikes, and Iron Work, which our Ship wanted to fit her with. 1753 in G. Washington (1889) I. 15 They were sent from New-Orleans with..8 Canoe-Loads of Provisions. 1809 A. Henry 63 Several canoe-loads of fish were exported. 2005 J. Diamond (2006) iii. 123 Imagine the excitement when the first canoeload of Mangarevans discovered Pitcairn. society > travel > travel by water > one who travels by water or sea > sailor > types of sailor > [noun] > paddler of canoe 1681 J. Nightingale Let. 25 May in R. Law (1997) I. vii. 159 Deduktes 3 months canky mony for 7 canoe men. 1774 D. Jones (1865) 49 Our canoe-men..made themselves scarce. 1885 F. Pollock in Feb. 261/2 An expert canoeman will almost turn it round with one twist of the paddle. 1961 H. MacLennan in R. Brown & D. Bennett (1982) I. 433 Reading and writing was of no use to a canoe man, (nearly all the engagés in the fur trade signed with an X). 2004 (Nexis) 17 July c8 Like the old Pacific canoemen with their stick charts, he knew where he was just by the sea's motion and temperament. the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > class Gastropoda > [noun] > other types of gastropod mollusc 1711 J. Petiver VI. Table LIII Small Indian Canoe-shell... It's of an odd Shape, and sticks to larger Shells. 1878 July 109/1 The rocks are so thickly covered with barnacles, canoe-shells, and limpets. 1945 E. Step & A. L. Wells (new ed.) xvi. 272 The Canoe-shell (Scaphander lignarius) is a many-whorled spiral of reddish hue. 2001 (Nexis) 6 July (Sports Final ed.) Equally chewy and flavorful were the razor clams, served cold in their canoe shells. 1823 J. Franklin vi. 191 The passing cliffs returned a loud confusion of echoes to the sprightly canoe song, and the dashing paddles. 1911 12 Aug. 844/1 They kept step in their work with a lilting French canoe song. 2016 (Nexis) 12 Feb. 16 They have learned Polynesian canoe songs, Finnish reindeer herding songs and Scottish and Congolese folk songs. 2016 (Nexis) 5 Oct. c1 Please join us as Pura Fe leads a vocal and harmony workshop, teaching her family's canoe songs. the world > plants > particular plants > trees and shrubs > non-British trees or shrubs > North American trees or shrubs > [noun] > tulip-tree or flowers 1762 J. F. Gronovius & L. T. Gronovius (new ed.) 83 Liriodendrum... White-wood & Canoe-wood-tree. 1843 XXV. 341/2 Tulip-tree..in America, where it is native, it is also known by the names White wood, Canoe wood, Saddle-tree, [etc.]. 1900 H. L. Keeler 16 The Indians so habitually made their dugout canoes of its trunk that the early settlers of the west called it canoewood. 2014 S. Ausherman (ed. 2) 154 As the trail exits the bend, look for tulip poplar trees, also known as yellow poplar, tulip, canoewood, popple, and whitewood. Derivatives 1820 F. Jamieson xviii. 478 The sight of their trattas, as their long, narrow, canoe-like boats were called, spread universal terror. 1952 VI. ii. 64 The most finely finished product is somewhat canoe-like in shape—sharp prow, blunt stern. 2000 25 July 18/1 Bricka, 52, plans to plod across the Pacific using canoe-like water skis and a paddle. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2022). canoev.Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: canoe n. Etymology: < canoe n. Compare earlier canoeable adj. 1. society > travel > travel by water > [verb (intransitive)] > in specific type of craft 1732 B. Lynde Diary 30 Mar. in B. Lynde & B. Lynde (1880) 24 I canoed to C. H. and bro't son's horse to go to Boston next day. 1884 Jan. 304/1 You go on your..vacation trip, canoeing it..to Lake George. 1884 May 346 I was canoeing on the Cherwell one afternoon, when I came across the Professor and his daughter in a punt. 1993 Dec. 13 (advt.) Wearers of the cummerbund have reported that it has enabled them to canoe for longer as it provides both back support, and warmth around the kidneys. 2013 (U.K. ed.) May 52/1 I canoed through crocodile-infested gorges and hitchhiked on deserted highways. society > travel > travel by water > [verb (transitive)] > in specific type of craft 1932 9 51 Priest of the Indians, Canoeing the river, Father of Waters, Marquette. 1978 I. H. Gordon vi. 72/2 If no such guide is available, it is important to talk with others who have canoed the area. 1994 J. Birmingham (1997) iii. 49 He canoed three hundred miles every week. 2012 3 Aug. 4/1 Dr Jones was the first man to canoe the river running down Mount Everest. 1794 F. Ashbury (1821) II. 229 I got two men to canoe me across the river. 1850 35 21 We descended their tortuous shape to ‘South Bay’, across which we were canoed. 1924 R. J. Flaherty 26 A motor we had canoed and packed down from the frontier. 1986 R. B. Morrison & C. R. Wilson xix. 382 Trade goods canoed from Montreal. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2022). < n.1541v.1732 |