Socioeconomic gradients in mortality were steeper in nonmetropolitan than in metropolitan areas.
Gopal K. Singh, Shanita D. Williams, Mohammad Siahpush, Aaron Mulhollen 2011, 'Socioeconomic, Rural-Urban, and Racial Inequalities in US Cancer Mortality: Part I—AllCancers and Lung Cancer and Part II—Colorectal, Prostate, Breast, and Cervical Cancers',Journal of Cancer Epidemiologyhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/107497. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Significant effects were present in nonmetropolitan but not metropolitan counties.
Juhua Luo, Michael Hendryx, Alan Ducatman 2011, 'Association between Six Environmental Chemicals and Lung Cancer Incidence in the UnitedStates', Journal of Environmental and Public Healthhttp://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2011/463701. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Radon exposure and differences in lung cancer incidence between nonmetropolitan and metropolitan areas may explain this phenomenon.
Judy Y. Ou, Brynn Fowler, Qian Ding, Anne C. Kirchhoff, Lisa Pappas, Kenneth Boucher,Wallace Akerley, Yelena Wu, Kimberly Kaphingst, Garrett Harding, Deanna Kepka 2018, 'A statewide investigation of geographic lung cancer incidence patterns and radon exposurein a low-smoking population', BMC Cancerhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12885-018-4002-9. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Lung cancer incidence rates were higher in nonmetropolitan counties than metropolitan counties (34.8 vs 29.7 per 100,000, respectively).
Judy Y. Ou, Brynn Fowler, Qian Ding, Anne C. Kirchhoff, Lisa Pappas, Kenneth Boucher,Wallace Akerley, Yelena Wu, Kimberly Kaphingst, Garrett Harding, Deanna Kepka 2018, 'A statewide investigation of geographic lung cancer incidence patterns and radon exposurein a low-smoking population', BMC Cancerhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12885-018-4002-9. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
National studies should account for geographic and environmental factors when examining nonmetropolitan/metropolitan differences in lung cancer.
Judy Y. Ou, Brynn Fowler, Qian Ding, Anne C. Kirchhoff, Lisa Pappas, Kenneth Boucher,Wallace Akerley, Yelena Wu, Kimberly Kaphingst, Garrett Harding, Deanna Kepka 2018, 'A statewide investigation of geographic lung cancer incidence patterns and radon exposurein a low-smoking population', BMC Cancerhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12885-018-4002-9. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Incidence of distant stage cancers was significantly higher in nonmetropolitan counties after controllingfor smoking (16.7 vs 15.4, p = 0.02*).
Judy Y. Ou, Brynn Fowler, Qian Ding, Anne C. Kirchhoff, Lisa Pappas, Kenneth Boucher,Wallace Akerley, Yelena Wu, Kimberly Kaphingst, Garrett Harding, Deanna Kepka 2018, 'A statewide investigation of geographic lung cancer incidence patterns and radon exposurein a low-smoking population', BMC Cancerhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12885-018-4002-9. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
We provide relevant documentation through spatial statistics for future research on small business lending in underserved nonmetropolitan communities.
Michael C. Lotspeich, Charles M. Tolbert, F. Carson Mencken 2019, 'Oil and gas development and small business lending in U.S. nonmetropolitan counties',Journal of Mapshttp://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2019.1576067. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)