Although any one of the results that Ceci (1991 ) examined might be explained awayas artifactual (e.g., the reason students in some studies were not in school is becauseof low IQ)

Artifactual communication concerns the messages conveyed by objects that are madeby human hands. Thus, aesthetics, colour, clothing, jewellery, and even hairstyleare considered artifactual.

the radiocarbon dates and artifactual associations from the Onion Portage site onthe Kobuk River lack published stratigraphic coordinates