However, the effects of leptin on autophagy of adipocyte remain elusive.
Lu Gan, Zhenjiang Liu, Dan Luo, Qian Ren, Hua Wu, Changxing Li, Chao Sun 2017, 'Reduced Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Mediated Autophagy Is Required for Leptin AlleviatingInflammation in Adipose Tissue', Frontiers in Immunologyhttp://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fimmu.2017.01507/full. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Subsequently, the effects of several candidate lipid classes on brown adipocyte function were examined.
Sabrina Gohlke, Vyacheslav Zagoriy, Alvaro Cuadros Inostroza, Michaël Méret, CarolaMancini, Lukasz Japtok, Fabian Schumacher, Doreen Kuhlow, Antonia Graja, Heike Stephanowitz,Markus Jähnert, Eberhard Krause, Andreas Wernitz, Klaus-Jürgen Petzke, Annette Schürmann,Burkhard Kleuser, Tim J. Schulz 2019, 'Identification of functional lipid metabolism biomarkers of brown adipose tissue aging',Molecular Metabolismhttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212877818311918. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
A potential mechanism may be through reduction in adipocyte differentiation.
Yueru Li, Yinghui Rong, Lisui Bao, Ben Nie, Guang Ren, Chen Zheng, Rajesh Amin, RobertD. Arnold, Ramesh B. Jeganathan, Kevin W. Huggins 2017, 'Suppression of adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation by stearidonic acid(SDA) in 3T3-L1 cells', Lipids in Health and Diseasehttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12944-017-0574-7. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin and pancreatic β-cell-derived insulin inform adiposity to the hypothalamus.
Ji Hee Yu, Min-Seon Kim 2012, 'Molecular Mechanisms of Appetite Regulation', Diabetes & Metabolism Journalhttp://e-dmj.org/Synapse/Data/PDFData/2004DMJ/dmj-36-391.pdf. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Environmental and genetic activation of a brain-adipocyte axis inhibits cancer progression.
Travis McMurphy, Run Xiao, Daniel Magee, Andrew Slater, Lennart Zabeau, Jan Tavernier,Lei Cao 2014, 'The Anti-Tumor Activity of a Neutralizing Nanobody Targeting Leptin Receptor in aMouse Model of Melanoma', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0089895. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Across adipocyte differentiation, lipogenesis increased whilst β-oxidation decreased.
Laura L. Gathercole, Stuart A. Morgan, Iwona J. Bujalska, David Hauton, Paul M. Stewart,Jeremy W. Tomlinson 2011, 'Regulation of Lipogenesis by Glucocorticoids and Insulin in Human Adipose Tissue',PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0026223. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
This study has reinforced the developmental link between hair follicles and skin adipocyte biology.
Kamila Wojciechowicz, Karl Gledhill, Carrie A. Ambler, Craig B. Manning, Colin A.B. Jahoda 2013, 'Development of the Mouse Dermal Adipose Layer Occurs Independently of SubcutaneousAdipose Tissue and Is Marked by Restricted Early Expression of FABP4', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0059811. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
It was recently shown that cellular turnover occurs within the human adipocyte population.
Alessandra Rigamonti, Kristen Brennand, Frank Lau, Chad A. Cowan 2011, 'Rapid Cellular Turnover in Adipose Tissue', PLoS ONE10.1371/journal.pone.0017637. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
The adipocyte-derived hormone leptin acts in the brain to reduce body weight and fat mass.
Mario Perello, Jesica Raingo 2013, 'Leptin activates oxytocin neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus in bothcontrol and diet-induced obese rodents.', PLoS ONEhttp://europepmc.org/articles/PMC3601091?pdf=render. Retrieved from PLOS CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)
Adipocyte size was determined by light microscopy and histological analysis.
Anja J. de Jong, Inge R. Klein-Wieringa, Stefan N. Andersen, Joanneke C. Kwekkeboom,Linda Herb-van Toorn, Badelog J. E. de Lange-Brokaar, Danny van Delft, John Garcia,Wu Wei, Huub J. L. van der Heide, Yvonne M. Bastiaansen-Jenniskens, Gerjo J. V. M.van Osch, Annemarie M. Zuurmond, Vedrana Stojanovic-Susulic, Rob G. H. H. Nelissen,René E. M. Toes, Margreet Kloppenburg, Andreea Ioan-Facsinay 2017, 'Lack of high BMI-related features in adipocytes and inflammatory cells in the infrapatellarfat pad (IFP)', Arthritis Research & Therapyhttp://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13075-017-1395-9. Retrieved from DOAJ CC BY 4.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode)