milling

mill about

To loiter, wander about, or waste time idly (some place). I'll just mill about in the store across the street while you get your hair cut. There were a bunch of teenagers milling about near the entrance to the store, and it was making me a little bit nervous.See also: mill

mill around

To loiter, wander around, or waste time idly (some place). I'll just mill around in the store across the street while you get your hair cut. There were a bunch of teenagers milling around near the entrance to the store, and it was making me a little bit nervous.See also: around, mill

mill out

1. To remove something from a larger thing as a result of grinding, squeezing, or pressing. A noun or pronoun can be used between "mill" and "out." Healthier grains are those that do not have gotten the bran and germ milled out of them. We use a chemical process to mill the impurities out of the raw materials.2. slang In trading card games, to have all of one's cards removed from play due to the actions of one's own or another player's card. A noun or pronoun can be used between "mill" and "out." I was nearly beaten in the game, but I managed to mill the other player out completely at the last moment. I was going to play my most devastating card on my next turn when she milled out my hand and won the game.3. slang To severely harm or injure someone. A noun or pronoun can be used between "mill" and "out," but typically used in passive constructions. I nearly got milled out by a car on my cycle home last night.See also: mill, out

mill around

and mill aboutto wander or move around aimlessly within a small area. Everyone was milling around, looking for something to do. The students milled about between classes.See also: around, mill

milling

milling,

mechanical grinding of wheat or other grains to produce flour. Milling separates the fine, mealy parts of grain from the fibrous bran covering. In prehistoric times grain was crushed between two flat stones. Later a stone with a rounded end was used to grind grain in a cup-shaped stone; this led to the development of the mortar and pestle. The more advanced peoples began to use the quern, a primitive mill in which the grain is placed on a flat, circular lower millstone and ground by revolving a similar upper millstone to which a handle is attached. Such a device, operated at first by hand, was adapted to the use of animal, water, or wind power. The Greeks probably used water power c.450 B.C.; the Romans used gears to connect several sets of millstones with one waterwheel. Windmills are said to have become widespread in Europe following the Crusades and were probably introduced from Asia Minor. The Industrial Revolution initiated the use of steam power and of transportation facilities that resulted in the rise of large-scale milling centers. Machinery was improved, with metal replacing wood and steel rollers replacing millstones. The invention of the middlings purifier, by which, after preliminary grinding, the flour is separated from bran particles by strong air currents, improved the quality of flour prepared from hard spring wheat and, in the United States, led to the development of great milling centers in the spring-wheat areas of Minnesota (notably Minneapolis), the Dakotas, and Montana. In Europe modern rolling methods were developed during the 19th cent. in Hungary, and Budapest became one of the chief milling centers. In modern processing, grain is usually blended, cleaned, scrubbed to remove wheat hairs, tempered by heat and moisture (to prevent brittleness in the bran and consequent pulverization resulting in speckled flour), passed through sets of steel rolls with successively finer corrugations, and sifted after each grinding. It is then blown in a middlings purifier, ground between sets of smooth rolls, and bolted through a very fine mesh sieve. The entire, highly automated process takes about an hour and comprises some 180 operations. The term milling is applied also to the processing of other materials, e.g., soap, textiles, and metals; processing establishments are often called mills, e.g., lumber mill or sawmill, cotton mill, and sugar mill.

Bibliography

See M. and M. Zimilies, Early American Mills (1973).

Milling

In stonework, the processing of quarry blocks, through sawing, planning, turning, and cutting, to produce finished stone.

Milling

in metalworking, the process of cutting metals and other solid materials with a milling cutter. Milling is used to work flat and shaped surfaces (including threaded surfaces, gear wheels, and worm gears) and is done on milling machines. Figure 1 illustrates milling with a cylindrical plain cutter.

Figure 1. Milling with a cylindrical plain cutter: (1) surface about to be worked, (2) surface already worked, (3) surface being cut

The principal motion during milling is the rotation of the cutter; the workpiece is advanced by the feed. The cutting speed is equal to the rim speed of the tooth points farthest from the cutter axis. Three types of feed are distinguished in milling: feed per minute S (in mm/min); feed per revolution of the cutter S_r (in mm per revolution); and feed per tooth of the cutter S_t (in mm per tooth), which is the relative movement of the cutter and work-piece as the cutter turns one angular step ε = 360°/t. S_t characterizes the intensity of tooth loading during milling (and the durability of the cutter) and is computed from the formula S_t = S_r/t = S/nt, where t is the number of teeth on the cutter and n is the frequency of rotation of the cutter in rpm. The depth of cutting d during milling (in mm) is the thickness of the metal layer cut away measured perpendicular to the worked surface. The milling width (in mm) is the width of the surface being worked in a direction parallel to the axis of the cutter.

There are two possible milling formats—against the feed (up, or conventional, milling), in which the velocity vectors of cutting and feed are opposite at the lowest point of contact between the cutter and workpiece (Figure 2,a), and with the feed (down, or climb, milling), in which the vectors coincide (Figure 2,b); a_max is the maximum thickness of the layer of metal being cut away, and Ψ is the angle of contact of the cutter. Down milling is usually used for rough milling and up milling for finishing. The area of the cross section of the layer of metal being cut away by the tooth of the cutter changes at each moment in the cutting process, and consequently the forces acting on the tooth also change. Even milling can be achieved by using milling cutters with helical teeth, which produce a relatively constant cross-sectional area of the metal layer being cut away.

Figure 2. Milling methods: (a) up milling, (b) down milling

The primary production time for milling follows the formula T_p = (L/S)i min, where L is the total length of passage of the workpiece in mm relative to the cutter in the direction of feed, and i is the number of passes. The allowable cutting speed depends on the type of cutter, the material and geometric parameters of the cutting element and other components, the cutting format, the condition of the surface layer of the workpiece, and other factors.

Forces of resistance to cutting arise during milling. The torsional moment on the spindle of the milling machine may be determined by the circumferential force. An axial force acts on the spindle bearing, the device used to hold the workpiece, and the parts and subassemblies of the feed mechanism. A radial force acts on the supports of the spindle on the arbor to which the cutter is attached. A horizontal force is applied to the feed mechanism and the device used to hold the workpiece.

In woodworking, milling may also be done with rough planers and thickness planers equipped with bladed shafts or heads with inserted blades.

REFERENCES

See references under MACHINING.

D. L. IUDIN

milling

[′mil·iŋ] (mechanical engineering) Mechanical treatment of materials to produce a powder, to change the size or shape of metal powder particles, or to coat one powder mixture with another. (mining engineering) A combination of open-cut and underground mining, wherein the ore is mined in open cut and handled underground.

milling

1. In stonework, the processing of quarry blocks, through sawing, planing, turning, and cutting techniques, to finished stone. 2. In metalwork, the process of dressing a surface with various shapes of rotary cutters to produce a flat or grooved surface. 3.See knurling.

milling

mill·ing

milling

milling

mill about

mill around

mill out

mill around

milling

milling,

Bibliography

Milling

Milling

REFERENCES

milling

milling

milling

Words related to milling

noun corrugated edge of a coin

Related Words