Ohio

See also: National Parks and Monuments (table)National Parks and Monuments

National Parks
Name Type¹ Location Year authorized Size
acres (hectares)
Description
Acadia NP SE Maine 1919 48,419 (19,603) Mountain and coast scenery.
..... Click the link for more information.

Ohio,

midwestern state in the Great Lakes region of the United States. It is bordered by Pennsylvania (NE), West Virginia (SE) and Kentucky (S) across the Ohio River, Indiana (W), and Michigan and Lake Erie (N).

Facts and Figures

Area, 41,222 sq mi (106,765 sq km). Pop. (2010) 11,536,504, a 1.6% increase since the 2000 census. Capital and largest city, Columbus. Statehood, Mar. 1, 1803 (17th state). Highest pt., Campbell Hill, 1,550 ft (473 m); lowest pt., Ohio River, 433 ft (132 m). Nickname, Buckeye State. Motto, With God, All Things Are Possible. State bird, cardinal. State flower, scarlet carnation. State tree, buckeye. Abbr., OH

Geography

From the dunes on Lake Erie to the gorge-cut plateau along the Ohio River, from which Ohio takes its name, the land is fairly flat, with some pleasant rolling country and, in the southeast, small rugged hills leading to the mountains of West Virginia. Before the coming of settlers to the state, it was covered with miles of virgin forest, but today only vestiges of the trees that helped to build the many cities remain. ColumbusColumbus.
1 City (1990 pop. 178,681), seat of Muscogee co., W Ga., at the head of navigation on the Chattahoochee River; settled and inc. 1828 on the site of a Creek village.
..... Click the link for more information. is the capital and largest city. ClevelandCleveland.
1 City (1990 pop. 505,616), seat of Cuyahoga co., NE Ohio, on Lake Erie at the mouth of the Cuyahoga River; laid out (1796) by Moses Cleaveland, chartered as a city 1836.
..... Click the link for more information. is the center of the state's largest metropolitan area. Other major cities are CincinnatiCincinnati
, city (1990 pop. 364,040), seat of Hamilton co., extreme SW Ohio, on the Ohio River opposite Newport and Covington, Ky.; inc. as a city 1819. The third largest city in the state, Cincinnati is the industrial, commercial, and cultural center for an extensive area
..... Click the link for more information. , ToledoToledo
, city (1990 pop. 332,943), seat of Lucas co., NW Ohio, on the Maumee River at its junction with Lake Erie; inc. 1837. With a natural harbor and its railroads and highways, Toledo is a port of entry and one of the chief shipping centers on the Great Lakes.
..... Click the link for more information. , and AkronAkron
, city (1990 pop. 223,019), seat of Summit co., NE Ohio, on the Little Cuyahoga River; inc. 1865. Once the heart of the nation's rubber industry, Akron still contains the headquarters of some rubber corporations and chemical and polymer corporations.
..... Click the link for more information. .

Economy

Ohio is highly industrialized, yet it also continues to draw economic riches from the earth. Among national leaders in the production of lime, clays, and salt, it is a historic center of ceramic and glass industries. Ohio's soil supports rich farms, especially where it was improved ages ago by additions of glacier-ground limestone. Although most of the state's income is derived from commerce and manufacturing, Ohio also has extensive farmland, and large amounts of corn, soybeans, hay, wheat, cattle, hogs, and dairy items are produced, although the number of family farms is rapidly dwindling.

Railroads, canals, and highways crisscrossing the state have since the late 19th cent. provided the means for transporting large amounts of raw materials and manufactures. Lake Erie ports, chiefly Toledo and Cleveland, handle iron and copper ore, coal, oil, and finished materials (including steel and automobile parts). In spite of massive industrial decline since the 1960s, which has made Ohio the center of the "Rust Belt," the state retains many manufacturing centers, with an emphasis on heavy industry. Leading products include transportation equipment, primary and fabricated metals, and machinery.

Government, Politics, and Higher Education

Ohio's present constitution was adopted in 1851. It has been amended many times, most notably in 1912 after a constitutional convention adopted such changes as progressive labor provisions and such measures as initiative, referendum, and the direct primary. The state's executive branch is headed by a governor elected for a four-year term and permitted two successive terms. Ohio's general assembly has a senate with 33 members, elected for four-year terms, and a house with 99 members. The state elects 2 senators and 16 representatives to the U.S. Congress and has 18 electoral votes.

Republicans have predominated in Ohio politics since the Civil War, but the state has often supported Democratic candidates. George Voinovich, elected governor in 1990 and reelected in 1994, was succeeded by Bob Taft, a fellow Republican, elected in 1998 and reelected in 2002. A Democrat, Ted Strickland, was elected to the post in 2006, but he lost to Republican John Kasich in 2010. Kasich was reelected in 2014; in 2018 Republican Mike DeWine was elected.

Among the large number of institutions of higher learning in the state are Antioch Univ., at Yellow Springs; Bowling Green State Univ., at Bowling Green; Case Western Reserve Univ., at Cleveland; the College of Wooster, at Wooster; Kent State Univ., at Kent; Kenyon College, at Gambier; Miami Univ., at Oxford; Oberlin College, at Oberlin; Ohio State Univ., at Columbus; Ohio Univ., at Athens; Ohio Wesleyan Univ., at Delaware; the Univ. of Cincinnati; the Univ. of Toledo; and Wilberforce Univ., at Wilberforce.

History

Prehistory to the American Revolution

In prehistoric times Ohio was inhabited by the Mound BuildersMound Builders,
in North American archaeology, name given to those people who built mounds in a large area from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Mississippi River to the Appalachian Mts.
..... Click the link for more information. , many of whose mounds are preserved in state parks and in the Hopewell Culture National Historical Park (see National Parks and MonumentsNational Parks and Monuments

National Parks
Name Type¹ Location Year authorized Size
acres (hectares)
Description
Acadia NP SE Maine 1919 48,419 (19,603) Mountain and coast scenery.
..... Click the link for more information. , table). Before the arrival of Europeans, E Ohio was the scene of warfare between the Iroquois and the Erie, which resulted in the extermination of the Erie. In addition to the Iroquois, other Native American tribes soon prominent in the region were the Miami, the Shawnee, and the Ottawa.

La Salle began his explorations of the Ohio valley in 1669 and claimed the entire area for France. The Ohio River became a magnet for fur traders and landseekers, and the British, attempting to move in (see Ohio CompanyOhio Company,
organization formed (1747) to extend settlements of Virginia westward. The members were mostly Virginia planters interested in land speculation and the fur trade.
..... Click the link for more information. ), hotly contested the French claims. Rivalry for control of the forks of the Ohio River led to the outbreak (1754) of the last of the French and Indian WarsFrench and Indian Wars,
1689–1763, the name given by American historians to the North American colonial wars between Great Britain and France in the late 17th and the 18th cent.
..... Click the link for more information. . The defeat of the French gave the land to the British, but British possession was disturbed by Pontiac's RebellionPontiac's Rebellion,
Pontiac's Conspiracy,
or Pontiac's War,
1763–66, Native American uprising against the British just after the close of the French and Indian Wars, so called after one of its leaders, Pontiac.
..... Click the link for more information. . The British government issued a proclamation in 1763 forbidding settlement W of the Appalachian Mts. Then in 1774, with the Quebec ActQuebec Act, 1774,
passed by the British Parliament to institute a permanent administration in Canada replacing the temporary government created at the time of the Proclamation of 1763.
..... Click the link for more information. , the British placed the region between the Ohio River and the Great Lakes within the boundaries of Canada. The colonists' resentment over these acts contributed to the discontent that led to the American Revolution, during which military operations were conducted in the Ohio country.

From the Settlement of the Old Northwest to Statehood

Ohio was part of the vast area ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Paris (1783; see Paris, Treaty ofParis, Treaty of,
any of several important treaties, signed at or near Paris, France. The Treaty of 1763

The Treaty of Paris of Feb. 10, 1763, was signed by Great Britain, France, and Spain.
..... Click the link for more information. ). Conflicting claims to land in that area made by Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Virginia were settled by relinquishment of almost all of the claims (see Western ReserveWestern Reserve,
tract of land in NE Ohio, on the southern shore of Lake Erie, retained by Connecticut in 1786 when it ceded its claims to its western lands (see Northwest Territory).
..... Click the link for more information. ) and the organization of the Old Northwest by the Ordinance of 1787Ordinance of 1787,
adopted by the Congress of Confederation for the government of the Western territories ceded to the United States by the states. It created the Northwest Territory and is frequently called the Northwest Ordinance.
..... Click the link for more information. . Ohio was the first region developed under the provisions of that ordinance, with the activities of the Ohio Company of AssociatesOhio Company of Associates,
organization for the purchase and settlement of lands on the Ohio River, founded at Boston in 1786. Its organizers were a group of New England men, most of them former American Revolutionary army officers. In July, 1787, one of the directors, Dr.
..... Click the link for more information. promoted by Rufus Putnam and Manasseh Cutler. Marietta, founded in 1788, was the first permanent American settlement in the Old Northwest.

In the years that followed, various land companies were formed, and settlers poured in from the East, either down the Ohio on flatboats and barges, or across the mountains by wagon—their numbers varying with conditions but steadily expanding the area's population. The Native Americans, supported by the British, resisted American settlement. They successfully opposed campaigns led by Josiah Harmar and Arthur St. Clair but were decisively defeated by Anthony Wayne in the battle of Fallen TimbersFallen Timbers,
battle fought in 1794 between tribes of the Northwest Territory and the U.S. army commanded by Anthony Wayne; it took place in NW Ohio at the rapids of the Maumee River just southwest of present-day Toledo.
..... Click the link for more information. (1794). The British thereafter (1796) withdrew their outposts from the Northwest under the terms of Jay's TreatyJay's Treaty,
concluded in 1794 between the United States and Great Britain to settle difficulties arising mainly out of violations of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 and to regulate commerce and navigation.
..... Click the link for more information. , and the area was pacified. Ohio became a territory in 1799. General St. Clair, as the first governor, ruled in an arbitrary fashion that made Ohioans for many years afterward distrustful of all government. In 1802 a state convention drafted a constitution, and in 1803 Ohio entered the Union, with ChillicotheChillicothe
, city (1990 pop. 21,923), seat of Ross co., S central Ohio, on the Scioto River; inc. 1802. It is the trade and distribution center of a farm area that specializes in raising cattle and hogs and growing corn. The city has long been noted for its large paper mills.
..... Click the link for more information. as its capital. Columbus became the permanent capital in 1816.

The War of 1812 and Further Settlement

In the War of 1812 the Americans lost many of the early battles of the war that took place in the Old Northwest, and their military frontier was pushed back to the Ohio River. Two British attacks on Ohio soil were successfully resisted: one against Fort Meigs at the mouth of the Maumee River and the other against Fort Stephenson on the Sandusky. The area was further secured by Oliver Hazard Perry's naval victory on Lake Erie near Put-in-Bay, Ohio, and William Henry Harrison's victory in the battle of the Thames on Canadian soil.

After the war Ohio's growth was spurred by the building of the Erie Canal, other canals, and toll roads. The National RoadNational Road,
U.S. highway built in the early 19th cent. At the time of its construction, the National Road was the most ambitious road-building project ever undertaken in the United States. It finally extended from Cumberland, Md., to St.
..... Click the link for more information. was a vital settlement and commercial artery. Settlement of the Western Reserve by New Englanders (especially those from Connecticut) gives NE Ohio a decidedly New England cultural landscape. Ohio's society of small farmers exported their produce down the Ohio and the Mississippi rivers to St. Louis and New Orleans. In 1837 Ohio won a territorial struggle with Michigan usually called the Toledo War. The Loan Law, adopted in the Panic of 1837, encouraged railroad and industrial development. Railroads gradually succeeded canals, preparing the way for the industrial expansion that followed the Civil War.

The Civil War, Industrialization, and Politics

Most Ohioans were sympathetic with the Union in the Civil War, and many Ohioans served in the Union army. Native sons such as Joshua R. Giddings, Salmon P. Chase, and Edwin M. Stanton had long been prominent opponents of slavery. Nevertheless, the Peace Democrats, the Knights of the Golden CircleKnights of the Golden Circle,
secret order of Southern sympathizers in the North during the Civil War. Its members were known as Copperheads. Dr. George W. L. Bickley, a Virginian who had moved to Ohio, organized the first "castle," or local branch, in Cincinnati in 1854 and
..... Click the link for more information. , and the CopperheadsCopperheads,
in the American Civil War, a reproachful term for those Northerners sympathetic to the South, mostly Democrats outspoken in their opposition to the Lincoln administration. They were especially strong in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, where Clement L.
..... Click the link for more information. were very active; Clement L. Vallandigham drew many votes in the gubernatorial election of 1863. Ohio was the scene of the northernmost penetration of Confederate forces in the war—the famous raid (1863) of John Hunt Morgan, which terrorized the people of the countryside until Morgan and most of his men were finally captured in the southeast corner of the state.

After the Civil War industrial development grew rapidly when shipments of ore from the upper Great Lakes region increased and the development of the petroleum industry in NE Ohio shifted the center of economic activity from the banks of the Ohio River to the shores of Lake Erie, particularly around Cleveland. Immigrants began to swell the population, and huge fortunes were made.

Ohio became very important politically. The state contributed seven American presidents: Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James A. Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, William Howard Taft, and Warren G. Harding. Big business and politics became entwined as in the relations of Marcus A. Hanna and McKinley. City bosses such as Cincinnati's George B. Cox also followed this pattern. The state as a whole was for many years steadily Republican, despite the rise of organized labor in the late 19th cent. and considerable labor strife. In the 1890s the reform-minded mayor of Toledo, Samuel "Golden Rule" Jones, won national fame for his espousal of city ownership of municipal utilities.

Twentieth-Century Developments

Floods in the many rivers flowing to the Ohio and in the Ohio River itself have long been a problem; a devastating flood in 1913 led to the establishment of the Miami valley conservation project. Continuing long-term state and federal projects have improved locks and dams along the entire length of the Ohio and its major tributaries, for navigation as well as flood control purposes.

Both farms and industries in Ohio were hard hit by the Great Depression that began in 1929. In the 1930s the state was wracked by major strikes such as the sit-down strikes in Akron (1935–36) and the so-called Little Steel strike (1937). World War II brought great prosperity to Ohio, but labor strife later resumed, as in the steel strikes of 1949 and 1959. Political unrest also affected the state in the protests of the 1960s and most violently in 1970 when four students were killed by national guardsmen who fired on a group of Vietnam War protesters at Kent State Univ.

Ohio's economy went into massive decline in the 1970s and 80s as the automobile, steel, and coal industries virtually collapsed, causing unemployment to soar. Akron, once world famous as a rubber center, stopped manufacturing rubber products altogether by the mid-1980s. During this period, the state's northern industrial centers were especially hard hit and lost much of their population. Since then, Ohio has concentrated on diversifying its economy, largely through expansion of the service sector. The state became an important center for the health-care industry with the opening of the Cleveland Clinic. Industrial research is also important, with Nela Park near Cleveland and Battelle Memorial Institute in Columbus among the more notable research centers; there are also still important rubber research laboratories in Akron.

Bibliography

See W. Havighurst, The Heartland: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois (1962); E. H. Roseboom and F. P. Weisenburger, A History of Ohio (rev. ed. 1967); K. W. Wheeler, For the Union (1968); F. A. Bonadio, North of Reconstruction: Ohio Politics, 1865–1870 (1970); R. Boryczka and L. L. Cary, No Strength Without Union: An Illustrated History of Ohio Workers, 1803–1980 (1982); J. Kunstmann, The Encyclopedia of Ohio (1983); W. J. Shkurti and J. Bartle, ed., Benchmark Ohio (1989).

Ohio,

river, 981 mi (1,579 km) long, formed by the confluence of the AlleghenyAllegheny
, river, 325 mi (523 km) long, rising in N central Pa., and flowing NW into N.Y., then SW through Pa. to the Monongahela, with which it forms the Ohio River at Pittsburgh; drains 11,580 sq mi (29,992 sq km).
..... Click the link for more information. and MonongahelaMonongahela
, river, 128 mi (206 km) long, formed at Fairmont, N W.Va., by the junction of the West Fork and Tygart rivers. It flows north, through a valley marked by a decline in heavy industry and coal mining, into SW Pennsylvania, where it joins the Allegheny to form the Ohio
..... Click the link for more information. rivers in SW Pa., at Pittsburgh; it flows northwest, then generally southwest to enter the MississippiMississippi,
river, principal river of the United States, c.2,350 mi (3,780 km) long, exceeded in length only by the Missouri, the chief of its numerous tributaries. The combined Missouri-Mississippi system (from the Missouri's headwaters in the Rocky Mts.
..... Click the link for more information. River at Cairo, Ill. The Ohio's course follows a portion of the southern edge of the region covered by continental ice during the late Cenozoic era; glacial meltwater probably cut its original channel. The river is a major tributary of the Mississippi and supplies more water to it than does the MissouriMissouri,
river, c.2,565 mi (4,130 km) long (including its Jefferson-Beaverhead-Red Rock headstream), the longest river of the United States and the principal tributary of the Mississippi River.
..... Click the link for more information. River. The Ohio River basin covers c.204,000 sq mi (528,400 sq km); the chief tributaries are the TennesseeTennessee,
river, c.650 mi (1,050 km) long, the principal tributary of the Ohio River. It is formed by the confluence of the Holston and French Broad rivers near Knoxville, Tenn., and follows a U-shaped course to enter the Ohio River at Paducah, Ky. Its drainage basin covers c.
..... Click the link for more information. , CumberlandCumberland,
river, 687 mi (1,106 km) long, rising in E Ky., and winding generally SW through Ky. and Tenn., then NW to the Ohio River near Paducah, Ky.; drains c.18,500 sq mi (47,910 sq km).
..... Click the link for more information. , WabashWabash,
river, c.475 mi (765 km) long, rising in Grand Lake, W Ohio, and flowing NW into Ind., then generally SW through Ind., becoming the Ind.-Ill. border before emptying into the Ohio River; largest northern tributary of the Ohio.
..... Click the link for more information. , and KentuckyKentucky,
river, 259 mi (417 km) long, formed by the junction of the North Fork and the Middle Fork rivers, central Ky., and flowing NW to the Ohio River at Carrollton. Frankfort, Ky., is the river's largest city. The river is navigable for its entire length by means of locks.
..... Click the link for more information. .

Flood Control and Canals

The Ohio is prone to spring flooding, and extensive flood control and protection devices have been constructed along the river and its tributaries. These devices also improve the river's navigability; a 9-ft (2.7-m) channel is maintained along its entire length. A system of modern locks and dams, constructed since 1955 to replace older structures, speeds the transit of barges and leisure craft. A canal (first opened in 1830) at Louisville bypasses the Falls of the Ohio, a 2 1-4-mi (3.6-km)-long series of rapids having a 24-ft (7-m) drop.

Human Impact

The Ohio River basin is one of the most populated and industrialized regions of the United States. Oil and steel account for most of the cargoes moved on the river. The principal river ports are CincinnatiCincinnati
, city (1990 pop. 364,040), seat of Hamilton co., extreme SW Ohio, on the Ohio River opposite Newport and Covington, Ky.; inc. as a city 1819. The third largest city in the state, Cincinnati is the industrial, commercial, and cultural center for an extensive area
..... Click the link for more information. , LouisvilleLouisville
, city (1990 pop. 269,063), seat of Jefferson co., NW Ky., at the Falls of the Ohio; inc. 1780. It is the largest city in Kentucky, a port of entry, and an important industrial, financial, marketing, and shipping center for the South and the Midwest.
..... Click the link for more information. , and PittsburghPittsburgh
, city (1990 pop. 369,879), seat of Allegheny co., SW Pa., at the confluence of the Allegheny and the Monongahela rivers, which there form the Ohio River; inc. 1816. A major inland port of entry, it is located at the junction of east-west transportation arteries.
..... Click the link for more information. . Eight states (Ill., Ind., Ky., N.Y., Ohio, Pa., Va., and W.Va.) affected by the river's industrial pollution ratified (1948) the Ohio River Valley Sanitation Compact. Some results of their cleanup efforts have become discernible, and the river now supports marinas and recreational facilities.

History

The French explorer La Salle reportedly reached the Ohio River in 1669, but there was no significant interest in the valley until the French and the British began to struggle for control of the river in the 1750s. An early settlement was established at the forks of the Ohio (modern Pittsburgh) by the Ohio CompanyOhio Company,
organization formed (1747) to extend settlements of Virginia westward. The members were mostly Virginia planters interested in land speculation and the fur trade.
..... Click the link for more information. of Virginia in 1749, but it was captured by the French in 1754, and the unfinished Fort Prince George was renamed Fort Duquesne; it was recaptured by the British and renamed Fort Pitt in 1758. At the end of the French and Indian WarsFrench and Indian Wars,
1689–1763, the name given by American historians to the North American colonial wars between Great Britain and France in the late 17th and the 18th cent.
..... Click the link for more information. , Britain gained control of the river by the treaty of 1763, but settlement of the area was prohibited. Britain ceded the region to the United States at the end of the Revolutionary War (1783), and it was opened to settlement by the Ordinance of 1787, which established the Northwest Territory.

Until the opening of the Erie CanalErie Canal,
artificial waterway, c.360 mi (580 km) long; connecting New York City with the Great Lakes via the Hudson River. Locks were built to overcome the 571-ft (174-m) difference between the level of the river and that of Lake Erie.
..... Click the link for more information. in 1825, the Ohio River was the main route to the newly opened West and the principal means of market transportation of the region's growing farm output. Traffic declined on the river after the railroads were built in the mid-1800s, although it revived after World War II. Comparatively little traffic remains on the Ohio, despite the new locks, dams, and channel improvements, which were all meant to spur economic activity on the river.

Bibliography

See W. Havighurst, River to the West (1970); W. Burmeister, Appalachian Waters 5: The Upper Ohio and Its Tributaries (1978).

Ohio State Information

Phone: (614) 466-2000
www.ohio.gov

Area (sq mi):: 44824.90 (land 40948.38; water 3876.53) Population per square mile: 280.00
Population 2005: 11,464,042 State rank: 0 Population change: 2000-20005 1.00%; 1990-2000 4.70% Population 2000: 11,353,140 (White 84.00%; Black or African American 11.50%; Hispanic or Latino 1.90%; Asian 1.20%; Other 2.40%). Foreign born: 3.00%. Median age: 36.20
Income 2000: per capita $21,003; median household $40,956; Population below poverty level: 10.60% Personal per capita income (2000-2003): $28,207-$30,129
Unemployment (2004): 6.20% Unemployment change (from 2000): 2.20% Median travel time to work: 22.90 minutes Working outside county of residence: 27.10%

List of Ohio counties:

Adams County

Allen County

Ashland County

Ashtabula County

Athens County

Auglaize County

Belmont County

Brown County

Butler County

Carroll County

Champaign County

Clark County

Clermont County

Clinton County

Columbiana County

Coshocton County

Crawford County

Cuyahoga County

Darke County

Defiance County

Delaware County

Erie County

Fairfield County

Fayette County

Franklin County

Fulton County

Gallia County

Geauga County

Greene County

Guernsey County

Hamilton County

Hancock County

Hardin County

Harrison County

Henry County

Highland County

Hocking County

Holmes County

Huron County

Jackson County

Jefferson County

Knox County

Lake County

Lawrence County

Licking County

Logan County

Lorain County

Lucas County

Madison County

Mahoning County

Marion County

Medina County

Meigs County

Mercer County

Miami County

Monroe County

Montgomery County

Morgan County

Morrow County

Muskingum County

Noble County

Ottawa County

Paulding County

Perry County

Pickaway County

Pike County

Portage County

Preble County

Putnam County

Richland County

Ross County

Sandusky County

Scioto County

Seneca County

Shelby County

Stark County

Summit County

Trumbull County

Tuscarawas County

Union County

Van Wert County

Vinton County

Warren County

Washington County

Wayne County

Williams County

Wood County

Wyandot County

Ohio Parks

US National Parks

Cuyahoga Valley National Park
Dayton Aviation Heritage National Historical Park
First Ladies National Historic Site

Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
James A. Garfield National Historic Site
Perry's Victory & International Peace Memorial

William Howard Taft National Historic Site

Urban Parks

Ault Park
Brecksville Reservation
Central Riverfront - Sawyer Point
Eden Park
Griggs Reservoir Park
Hinckley Reservation

Hoover Reservoir Park
Lakewood Park
Mill Stream Run Reservation
Mount Airy Forest & Arboretum
Oak Openings Preserve Metropark
Pearson Metropark

Rocky River Reservation
Secor Metropark
Swan Creek Preserve Metropark
Whetstone Park
Wildwood Preserve Metropark

State Parks

A. W. Marion State Park
Adams Lake State Park
Alum Creek State Park
Barkcamp State Park
Beaver Creek State Park
Blue Rock State Park
Buck Creek State Park
Buckeye Lake State Park
Burr Oak State Park
Caesar Creek State Park
Catawba Island State Park
Cleveland Lakefront State Park
Cowan Lake State Park
Crane Creek State Park
Deer Creek State Park
Delaware State Park
Dillon State Park
East Fork State Park
East Harbor State Park
Findley State Park
Forked Run State Park
Geneva State Park
Grand Lake Saint Marys State Park
Great Seal State Park
Guilford Lake State Park

Harrison Lake State Park
Headlands Beach State Park
Hocking Hills State Park
Hueston Woods State Park
Independence Dam State Park
Indian Lake State Park
Jackson Lake State Park
Jefferson Lake State Park
John Bryan State Park
Kelleys Island State Park
Kiser Lake State Park
Lake Alma State Park
Lake Hope State Park
Lake Logan State Park
Lake Loramie State Park
Lake Milton State Park
Lake White State Park
Little Miami Scenic State Park
Madison Lake State Park
Malabar Farm State Park
Marblehead Lighthouse State Park
Mary Jane Thurston State Park
Maumee Bay State Park
Middle Bass Island State Park
Mohican State Park

Mosquito Lake State Park
Mount Gilead State Park
Muskingum River State Park
Nelson-Kennedy Ledges State Park
Oak Point State Park
Paint Creek State Park
Pike Lake State Park
Portage Lakes State Park
Punderson State Park
Pymatuning State Park
Quail Hollow State Park
Rocky Fork State Park
Salt Fork State Park
Scioto Trail State Park
Shawnee State Park
South Bass Island State Park
Stonelick State Park
Strouds Run State Park
Sycamore State Park
Tar Hollow State Park
Tinkers Creek State Park
Van Buren State Park
West Branch State Park
Wolf Run State Park

Parks and Conservation-Related Organizations - US
Family Motor Coach Association (FMCA)
National Wildlife Refuges
Cedar Point National Wildlife Refuge
Ottawa National Wildlife Refuge
National Scenic Byways
Amish Country Byway
Historic National Road - Ohio
Lake Erie Coastal Ohio Trail
Ohio & Erie Canalway
Ohio River Scenic Byway - Ohio
National Heritage Areas
National Aviation Heritage Area
Ohio & Erie Canal National Heritage Corridor
National Forests
Wayne National Forest

Ohio

a state in the northeastern USA. Area, 106,760 sq km. Population, 10.7 million (1970), of which 75.3 percent is urban. The state capital is Columbus, and the principal economic centers are Cleveland and Cincinnati.

The Appalachian Plateau, rising to an elevation of 460 m, is located in the east and gradually merges with the gently rolling Central Lowlands in the west. Average January temperatures are 0° to -3°C, and average July temperatures are 23° to 25°C. Annual precipitation varies from 800 to 1,000 mm. The Ohio, the major navigable river, is located in the south, and Lake Erie is in the north. Broad-leaved forests have been preserved on the plateau.

Ohio is one of the most populous and economically developed states. Manufacturing is the leading branch of the state economy, employing 35 percent of the working population. Mining is also important; 40 million tons of coal are extracted annually, in addition to oil, natural gas, and 5 million tons of salt. Heavy industry alone accounts for more than three-fourths of all industrial output. In the smelting of iron and steel, Ohio is second only to Pennsylvania; iron and steel mills are concentrated in Youngs-town, Cleveland, and Canton. Ohio is the country’s leading producer of electric steel. Other important industries include the manufacture of machine tools and press-forging electrical and radioelectronics equipment. Ohio is a center of the automotive and aerospace industries and also produces heavy machinery, instruments, business machines, home appliances (especially in Dayton), and roller bearings (in Canton).

Cleveland and Cincinnati are important centers of the chemical industry, while the rubber industry, in which Ohio plays the leading role, is located in Akron. The glass, silicate products, cement, paper products, and food-processing industries are also high-output industries in Ohio. An Atomic Energy Commission facility near Portsmouth produces uranium-235. As of 1972, the combined capacity of Ohio’s electric power plants was 20 million kW.

Animal husbandry accounts for about 60 percent of the state’s commercial agricultural output. Dairying predominates in northeastern Ohio, and the raising of animals for meat in the west. Land under cultivation amounts to 5 million ha. The principal crops are corn, soybeans, wheat, oats, fruits (including vineyards along Lake Erie), and hay.

V. M. GOKHMAN

Ohio was originally inhabited by Indians. In the 17th century the French were the first Europeans to reach the Ohio region. The Ohio territory was long the object of a colonial rivalry between France and Great Britain. Transferred to Great Britain in accordance with the Treaty of Paris in 1763, Ohio was ceded in 1783 to the USA. During the period of colonization, part of the Indian population was exterminated, while the remainder were forced off their lands.

Ohio became a state in 1802. During the Civil War (1861–65), Ohio supported the Union.

Ohio

a river in the USA, a left tributary of the Mississippi River. The Ohio is 1,580 km long and drains an area of 528,100 sq km. It is formed by the junction at Pittsburgh, Pa., of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers, both of which originate in the Appalachian Mountains. The Ohio’s principal tributaries are the Muskingum, Miami, and Wabash rivers from the right and the Kentucky, Kanawha, Cumberland, and Tennessee rivers from the left.

Before reaching Louisville, Ky., the Ohio flows across the Appalachian Plateau. Farther down it passes through the Central Lowlands. The Ohio is fed by mixed sources. High water occurs during the cold season, and low water during summer and autumn, with minimum water levels in August and September.

At the city of Metropolis, III., the Ohio discharges an average of approximately 8,000 cu m per sec, and its annual flow is about 250 cu km. The greatest increases in water level occur at Pittsburgh (10–12 m), Cincinnati, Ohio (17–20 m), and the river’s mouth (14–16 m). Heavy floods occur periodically, and those of 1887, 1913, 1927, and 1937 were particularly disastrous.

The Ohio has locks and is navigable throughout its entire length, with a minimum charted depth of 2.7 m. The total length of the waterways within the Ohio Basin is approximately 4,000 km. Canals have been built in the Louisville area in order to bypass rapids. Most of the large hydroelectric power plants in the river’s basin are on the Tennessee River. The Ohio has been polluted by industrial effluents. The cities of Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, and Louisville are situated on the Ohio.

A. P. MURANOV

Ohio

Seventeenth state; admitted on March 1, 1803

State capital: Columbus Nicknames: Buckeye State; Mother of Presidents; Gateway

State State motto: With God All Things Are Possible State animal: White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) State beverage: Tomato juice State bird: Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis) State groundhog: Buckeye Chuck State flower: Scarlet carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus);

wildflower: Large white trillium (Trillium grandiflorum) State fossil: Trilobite (Isotelus) State gemstone: Ohio flint State herb capital: Gahanna State insect: Ladybird beetle (ladybug, Hippodamia

convergens) State poetry day: Ohio Poetry Day (third Friday of every

October) State prehistoric monument: Newark earthworks State reptile: Black racer snake (Coluber constrictor constric

tor) State rock song: “Hang on Sloopy” State song: “Beautiful Ohio” State tree: Buckeye (Aesculus glabra)

More about state symbols at:

www.governorsresidence.ohio.gov/children/symbols.aspx
oplin.lib.oh.us/ohiodefined/symbols.html

More about the state at:

www.ohiohistorycentral.org/

SOURCES:

AmerBkDays-2000, p. 175 AnnivHol-2000, p. 36

STATE OFFICES:

State web site: www.ohio.gov

Office of the Governor 77 S High St 30th Fl Columbus, OH 43215 614-466-3555 fax: 614-466-9354 governor.ohio.gov

Secretary of State 180 E Broad St 16th Fl Columbus, OH 43215 614-466-2655 fax: 614-644-0649 www.sos.state.oh.us

State Library of Ohio 274 E 1st Ave Columbus, OH 43201 614-644-7061 fax: 614-466-3584 winslo.state.oh.us

Ohio

1. a state of the central US, in the Midwest on Lake Erie: consists of prairies in the W and the Allegheny plateau in the E, the Ohio River forming the S and most of the E borders. Capital: Columbus. Pop.: 11 435 798 (2003 est.). Area: 107 044 sq. km (41 330 sq. miles) 2. a river in the eastern US, formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers at Pittsburgh: flows generally W and SW to join the Mississippi at Cairo, Illinois, as its chief E tributary. Length: 1570 km (975 miles)

Ohio

Related to Ohio: Ohio State University, Ohio University, Ohio state

OHIO. The name of one of the new states of the United States of America. It was admitted into the Union by virtue of the act of congress, entitled "An act to enable the people of the eastern division of the territory north-west of the river Ohio, to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union, on an equal footing with the original states, and for other purposes," approved, May 30, 1802, 2 Story's L. U. S. 869; by which it is enacted,
Sec. 1. That the inhabitants of the eastern division of the territory north-west of the river Ohio, be, and they are hereby authorized to form for themselves a constitution and state government, and to assume such name as they shall deem proper; and the said state, when formed, shall be admitted into the Union, upon the same footing with the original states, in all respects whatever.
2.-Sec. 2. That the said state shall consist of all the territory included within the following boundaries, to wit: Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania line, on the south by the Ohio river, to the month of the Great Miami river, on the west by the line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid, and on the north by an east and west line dawn through the southerly extreme of lake Michigan, running east, after intersecting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the Great Miami until it shall intersect lake Erie, or the territorial line, and thence, with the same, through lake Erie, to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid: Provided, That congress shall be at liberty, at any time hereafter, either to attach all the territory lying east of the line to be drawn due north from the mouth of the Miami aforesaid to the territorial line, and north of an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of lake Michigan, running east as aforesaid to lake Eric, to the aforesaid state, or dispose of it otherwise, in conformity to the fifth Article of compact between the original states and the people and states to be formed are the territory north-west of the river Ohio.
3. By virtue of the authority given them by the act of congress, the people of the eastern division of said territory met in convention at Chillicothe; on Monday, the, first day of November, 1802, by which they did ordain and establish the constitution and form of government, and did mutually agree with each other to form themselves into a free and independent state, by the name of The State of Ohio. This constitution has been superseded by the present one, which was adopted in 1851. The powers of the government are separated into three distinct branches, the legislative, the executive, and the judicial.
4.-1st. By article 2, the legislative department is constituted as follows:
5.-Sec. 1. The legislative power of this state shall be vested in a general assembly, which shall consist of a senate, and house of representatives.
6.-Sec. 2. Senators and representatives shall be elected biennially, by the electors in the respective counties or districts, on the second Tuesday of October; their term of office shall commence on the first, day of January next thereafter, and continue two years.
7.-Sec. 3. Senators and representatives shall have resided in their respective counties, or districts, one year next preceding their election, unless they shall have been absent on the public business of the United States, or of this state.
8.-Sec. 4. No person holding office under the authority of the United States, or any lucrative office under the authority of this state, shall be eligible to, or have a seat in, the general assembly; but this provision shall not extend to township officers, justices of the peace, notaries public, or officers of the militia.
9.-Sec. 5. No person hereafter convicted of an embezzlement of the public funds, shall hold any office in this state; nor shall any person, holding public money for disbursement, or otherwise, have a seat in the general assembly, until, he shall have accounted for, and paid such money into the treasury.
10.-Sec. 6. All regular sessions of the general assembly shall commence on the first Monday of January, biennially. The first session, under this constitution, shall commence on the first Monday of January, one thousand eight hundred and fifty-two.
11.-Sec. 7. The style of the laws of this state, shall be, "Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Ohio."
12.-Sec. 8. The apportionment of this state for members of the general assembly, shall be made every ten years, after the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, in the following manner: The whole population of the state, as ascertained by the federal census, or in such other mode as the general assembly may direct, shall be divided by the number: one hundred,: and the quotient shall be the ratio of representation in the house of representatives for ten years next succeeding such apportionment.
13.-Sec. 9. Every county, having a population equal to one-half of said ratio, shall be entitled to one representative; every county, containing said ratio, and three-fourths over, shall be entitled to two representatives; every county, containing three times said ratio, shall be entitled to three representatives: and so on, requiring after the first two, an entire ratio for each additional representative.
14.-Sec. 10. When any county shall have a fraction above the ratio, so large, that being multiplied by five, the result will be equal to one or more ratios, additional representatives shall be apportioned for such ratios, among the several sessions of the decennial period, in the following manner: If there be only one ratio, a representative shall be allotted to the fifth session of the decennial period; if there are two ratios, a representative shall be allotted to the fourth and third sessions, respectively if three, to the third, second, and first sessions, respectively; if four, to the fourth, third, second, and first sessions, respectively.
15.-Sec. 11. Any county, forming with another county or counties, a representative district, during one decennial period, if it have acquired sufficient population at the next decennial period; shall be entitled to a separate representation, if there shall be left, in the district from which it shall have been separated, or population sufficient for a representative; but no such change shall be made, except at the regular decennial period for the apportionment of representatives.
16.-Sec. 12. If, in fixing any subsequent ratio, a county, previously entitled to a separate representation, shall have less than the number required by the new ratio for a representative, such county shall be attached to the county adjoining it; having the least number of inhabitants; and the representation of the district, so formed, shall be determined as herein provided.
17.-Sec. 13. The ratio for a senator shall, forever hereafter, be ascertained, by dividing the whole population of the state by the number thirty-five.
18.-Sec. 14. The same rule shall be applied, in apportioning the fractions of senatorial districts, and in annexing districts, which may hereafter have less than three-fourths of a senatorial ratio, as are applied to representative districts.
19.-Sec. 15. Any county forming part of a senatorial district, having acquired a population equal to a full senatorial ratio, shall be made a separate senatorial district, at any regular decennial apportionment, if a full senatorial ratio shall be left in the district from which it shall be taken.
20.-Sec. 16. For the first ten years, after the year one thousand eight hundred and fifty-one, the apportionment of representatives shall be as provided, in the schedule, and no change shall ever be made in the principles of representation, as herein established, or in the senatorial districts, except as above provided. All territory, belonging to a county at the time of any apportionment, shall, as to the right of representation and suffrage, remain an integral part thereof, during the decennial period.
21.-Sec. 17. The governor, auditor, and secretary of state, or any two of them, shall, at least six months prior to the October election, in the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-one, and, at each decennial period thereafter, ascertain and determine the ratio of representation, according to the decennial census, the number of representatives and senators each county or district shall be entitled to elect, and for what years, within the next ensuing ten years, and the governor shall cause the same to be published, in such manner as shall be directed by law.
22.- Sec. 18. Every white male citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty-one years, who shall have been a resident of the state one year next preceding the election and of the county, township, or ward, in which he resides, such time as may be provided by law, shall have the qualifications of an elector, and be entitled to vote at all elections.
23.-Sec. 19. No person shall be elected or appointed to any office in this state, unless he possess, the qualifications of an elector.
24.-3d. By article 3, the executive department is constituted as follows:
25.-Sec. 1. The executive department shall consist of a governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, and an attorney general, who shall be chosen by the electors of the state, on the second Tuesday of October, and at the places of voting for members of the general assembly.
26.-Sec. 2. The governor, lieutenant governor, Secretary of State, treasurer, and attorney general, shall hold their offices for two years; and the auditor for four years. Their terms of office shall commence on the second Monday of January next after their election, and continue until their successors are elected and qualified.
27.-Sec. 3. The returns of every election for the officers, named in the foregoing section, shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of government, by the returning officers, directed to the resident of the senate, who, during the first week of the session, shall open and publish them, and declare the result, in the presence of a majority of the members of each house of the general assembly. The person having the highest number of votes shall be declared duly elected; but if any two or more shall be highest, and equal in votes, for the same office, one of them shall be chosen, by the joint vote of both houses.
28.-Sec. 4. Should there be no session of the general assembly in January next after an election for any of the officers aforesaid, the returns of such election shall be made to the secretary of state, and opened, and the result declared by the governor, in such manner as may be provided by law.
29.-Sec. 5. The supreme executive power of this state shall be vested in the governor.
30.-Sec. 6. He may require information, in writing, from the officers in the executive department, upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective office's; and shall see that the laws are faithfully executed.
31.-Sec. 7. He shall communicate at every session, by message, to the general assembly, the condition of the state, and recommend such measures as he shall deem expedient.
32.-Sec. 8. He may, on extraordinary occasions, convene the general assembly by proclamation, and shall state to both houses, when assembled, the purpose for which they have been convened.
33.-Sec. 9. In case of disagreement between the two houses, in respect to the time of adjournment, he shall have power to adjourn the general assembly to such time as he may think proper, but not beyond the regular meetings thereof.
34.-Sec. 10. He shall be commander-in-chief of the military and naval forces of the state, except when they shall be called into the service of the United States.
35.-Sec. 11. He shall have power, after conviction, to grant reprieves, commutations, and pardons, for all crimes and offences, except treason and cases of impeachment, upon such conditions as he may think proper; subject, however, to such regulations, as to the manner of applying for pardons, as may be prescribed by Upon conviction for treason, he may suspend the execution of the sentence, and report the case to the general assembly, at its next meeting, when the general assembly shall either pardon, commute the sentence, direct its execution, or grant a further reprieve. He shall communicate to the general assembly, at every regular session, each case of reprieve, commutation, or pardon granted, stating the name and crime of the convict, the sentence, its date, and the date of the commutation, pardon, or reprieve, with his reasons therefor.
36.-Sec. 12. There shall be a seal of the state, which shall be kept by the governor and used by him officially; and shall be called "The Great Seal of the State of Ohio."
37.-Sec. 13. All grants and commissions shall be issued in the name, and by the authority, of the State of Ohio; sealed with the great seal signed, by the governor, and countersigned by the secretary of state.
38.-Sec. 14. No member of congress, or other person holding office under the authority of this state, or of the United States, shall execute the office of governor, except as herein provided.
39.-Sec. 15. In case of the death, impeachment, resignation, removal, or other disability of the governor, the powers and duties of the office, for the residue of the term, or until he shall be acquitted, or the disability removed, shall devolve upon the lieutenant governor.
40.-Sec. 16. The lieutenant governor shall be president of the senate, but shall vote only when the, senate is equally divided; and in case of him absence, or impeachment, or when he shall exercise the office of governor, the senate shall choose a president pro tempore.
41.-Sec. 17. If the lieutenant governor, while executing the office of governor, shall be impeached, displaced, resign or die, or otherwise become incapable of performing the duties of the office, the president of the senate shall act as governor, until the vacancy is filled, or the disability removed; and if the president of the senate, for any of the above causes, shall be rendered incapable of performing the duties pertaining to the office of governor, the same shall devolve upon the speaker of the house of representatives.
42.-Sec. 18. Should the office of auditor, treasurer, secretary, or attorney general, become vacant for any of the causes specified in the fifteenth section of this article, the governor shall fill the vacancy until the disability is removed, or a successor elected and qualified. Every such vacancy shall be filled by election, at the first general election that occurs, more than thirty days after it shall have happened; and the person chosen shall hold the office for the full term fixed in the second section of this article.
43.-Sec. 19. The officers mentioned in this article, shall, at stated times, receive for their services, a compensation to be established by law, which shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which they shall have been elected.
44.-Sec. 20. The officers of the executive department, and of the public state institutions, shall, at least five days preceding each regular session of the general assembly, severally report to the governor, who shall transmit such reports, with his message, to the general assembly.
45.-4th. By article 4, the judicial department is constituted as follows:
46.-Sec. 1. The judicial power of the state shall be vested, in a supreme court, in district courts, courts of common pleas, courts of probate, justices of the peace, and in such other courts, inferior to the supreme court, in one or more counties, as the general assembly, may from time to time establish.
47.-Sec. 2. The supreme court shall consist of five judges, a majority of whom shall be necessary to form a quorum, or to pronounce a decision. It shall have original jurisdiction in quo warranto, mandamus, habeas corpus, and procedendo and such appellate jurisdiction as may be provided by law. It shall hold at least one term in each year, at the seat of government, and such other terms, at the seat of government, or elsewhere, as may be provided by law. The judges of the supreme court shall be elected by the electors of the state at large.
48.-Sec. 3. The state shall be divided into nine common pleas districts, of which the county of Hamilton shall constitute one, of compact territory, and bounded by county lines; and each of said districts, consisting of three or more counties, shall be subdivided into three parts, of compact territory, bounded by county lines, and as nearly equal, in population as practicable; in each of which, one judge of the court of common pleas for said district, and residing therein, shall be elected by the electors of said subdivision. Courts of common pleas shall be held, by one or more of these judges, in every county in the district, as often as may be provided by law; and more than one court, or sitting thereof, may be held at the same time in each district.
49.-Sec. 4. The jurisdiction of the courts of common pleas, and of the judges thereof, shall be fixed by law.
50.-Sec. 5. District courts shall be composed of the judges of the court of common pleas of the respective districts, and one of the judges of the supreme court, any three of whom shall be a quorum, and shall be held in each county therein, at least once in each year; but, if it shall be found inexpedient to hold such court annually, in each county, of any district, the general assembly may, for such district, provide that said court shall hold at least three annual sessions therein, in not less than three places: Provided, that the general assembly may, by law, authorize the judges of each district to fix the times of holding the courts therein.
51.-Sec. 6. The district court shall have like original jurisdiction with the supreme court, and such appellate jurisdiction as may be provided by law.
52.-Sec. 7. There shall be established in each county, a probate court, which shall be a court of record, open at all times, and holden by one judge, elected by the voters of the county, who shall hold his office for the term of three years, and shall receive such compensation, payable out of the county treasury, or by fees, or both; as shall be provided by law.
53.-Sec. 8. The probate court shall have jurisdiction in probate and testamentary matters, the appointment of administrators and guardians, the settlement of the accounts of executors, administrators and guardians, and such jurisdiction in habeas corpus, the issuing of marriage licenses, and for the sale of land by executors, administrators and guardians, and such other jurisdiction, in any county, or counties, as may be provided by law.
54.-Sec. 9. A competent number of justices of the peace shall be elected, by the electors, in each township in the several counties. Their term, of office shall be three years, and their powers and duties shall be regulated by law.
55.-Sec. 10. All judges, other than those provided for in this constitution, shall be elected by the electors of the judicial district for which they may be created, but not for a longer term of office than five years.
56.-Sec. 11. The judges of the supreme court shall, immediately after the first election under this constitution, be classified by lot, so that one shall hold for the term of one year, one for two years, one for three years, one for four years, and one for five years; and, at all subsequent elections, the term of each of said judges shall be for five years.
57.-Sec. 12. The judges of the courts of common pleas shall, while in office, reside in the district for which they, are elected; and their term of office shall be for five years.
58.-Sec. 13. In case the office of any judge shall become vacant before the expiration of the regular term for which he was elected, the vacancy shall be filled by appointment by the governor, until a successor is elected and qualified; and such successor shall be elected for the unexpired term, at the first annual election that occurs more than thirty, days after the vacancy shall have happened.
59.-Sec. 14. The judges of the supreme court, and of the court of common pleas shall, at stated times, receive for their services, such compensation as may be provided by law, which shall not be diminished or increased, during their term of office; but they shall receive no fees or perquisites, nor hold any other office of profit or trust, under the authority of this state, or the United States. All votes for either of them, for any elective office, except a judicial office, under the authority of this state, given by the general assembly, or the people, shall be void.
60.-Sec. 15. The general assembly may increase or diminish the number of the judges of the supreme court, the number of the districts of the court of common pleas, the number of judges in any district; change the districts, or the subdivisions thereof, or establish other courts, whenever two-thirds of the members elected to each house shall concur therein; but no such change, addition, or diminution, shall vacate the office of any judge.
61.-Sec. 16. There shall be elected in each county by the electors thereof, one clerk of the court of common pleas, who shall hold his office for the term of three years, and until his successor shall be elected and qualified. He shall, by virtue of his office, be clerk of all other courts of record held therein; but the general assembly may provide by law, for the election of a clerk, with a like term of office, for each or any other of the courts of record, and may authorize the judge of the probate court to perform the duties of clerk for his court, under such regulations as may be directed by law. Clerks of courts shall be removable for such cause, and in such manner, as shall be prescribed by law.
62.-Sec. 17. Judges may be removed from office, by concurrent resolution of both houses of the general assembly, if two-thirds of the members elected to each house concur therein; but no such removal shall be made, except upon complaint, the substance of which shall be entered on the journal, nor until the party charged shall have had notice thereof, and an opportunity to be heard.
63.-Sec. 18. The several judges of the supreme court, of the common pleas, and of such other courts as may be created, shall, respectively, have and exercise such power and jurisdiction, at chambers, or otherwise as may be directed by law.
64.-Sec. 19. The general assembly may establish courts of conciliation, and prescribe their powers and duties; but such courts shall not render final judgment in any case, except upon submission, by the parties of the matter in dispute, and their agreement to abide such judgment.
65.-Sec. 20. The style of all process shall be, "The State of Ohio;" all prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by the authority of the state of Ohio; and all indictments shall conclude, "against the peace and dignity of the state of Ohio."

Ohio

O·hi·o

Ohio

O•hi•o

Ohio

Ohio,

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History

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From the Settlement of the Old Northwest to Statehood

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Synonyms for Ohio

noun a midwestern state in north central United States in the Great Lakes region

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noun a river that is formed in western Pennsylvania and flows westward to become a tributary of the Mississippi River

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