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DictionarySeeEpsom saltsMagnesium Chloride
magnesium chloride[mag′nē·zē·əm ′klȯr‚īd] (inorganic chemistry) MgCl2·6H2O Deliquescent white crystals; soluble in water and alcohol; used in disinfectants and fire extinguishers, and in ceramics, textiles, and paper manufacture. Magnesium Chloride MgCl2, a salt; colorless crystals. Density, 2.316 g/cm3; melting point, 713°C; boiling point, 1412°C. It is extremely hygroscopic; its solubility in water at 20°C is 35.3 percent (by weight). It forms crystalline hydrates with one, two, four, six, eight, and 12 water molecules. Hydrous magnesium chloride, MgCl2-6H2O, is stable at temperatures from —3.4° to 116.7°C. It occurs naturally as the mineral bischofite; it is extracted in large quantities during the concentration of ocean brines. Magnesium chloride forms double salts, an example of which is the highly valuable mineral carnallite, KCl.MgCl2-6H2O (a source of Mg and KC1). The production of magnesium chloride involves the dehydration of bischofite to MgCl2»2H2O, which is then dehydrated in a flow of HC1 at 100°-200°C. Magnesium chloride is primarily used in the manufacture of metallic magnesium; MgCl2 • 6H2O is used in the preparation of magnesia cements. magnesium chloride
magnesium (Mg) [mag-ne´ze-um] a chemical element, atomic number 12, atomic weight 24.312. (See Appendix 6.) Its salts are essential in nutrition, being required for the activity of many enzymes, especially those concerned with phosphorylation" >oxidative phosphorylation. It is found in the intra- and extracellular fluids and is excreted in urine and feces. The normal serum level is approximately 2 mEq/L. Magnesium deficiency causes irritability of the nervous system with tetany, vasodilation, convulsions, tremors, depression, and psychotic behavior. Homeostasis of magnesium in extracellular fluids. The normal serum magnesium level is regulated by intestinal and renal function. Most of the body's magnesium is stored in bones, muscle, and soft tissue. From Malarkey and McMorrow, 2000.magnesium carbonate an antacid.magnesium chloride an electrolyte replenisher and a necessity" >pharmaceutic necessity for hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis fluids.magnesium citrate a saline laxative used for bowel evacuation before diagnostic procedures or surgery of the colon; administered orally.magnesium hydroxide an antacid and cathartic.magnesium oxide an antacid and a sorbent in pharmaceutical preparations; called also magnesia.magnesium salicylate see salicylate.magnesium silicate MgSiO3, a silicate salt of magnesium; the most common hydrated forms found in nature are asbestos and talc.magnesium sulfate Epsom salt; an anticonvulsant and electrolyte replenisher, also used as a laxative and local antiinflammatory.magnesium trisilicate a combination of magnesium oxide and silicon dioxide with varying proportions of water; used as a gastric antacid.magnesium chloride
magnesium citrate Citramag (UK), Citro-Mag (CA), Citroma magnesium gluconate Mag G, Magonate magnesium hydroxide Dulcolax Milk of Magnesia, Phillips Milk of Magnesia, Phillips Milk of Magnesia Concentrate magnesium oxide Mag-ox, Uro-Mag magnesium sulfate Epsom Salts Pharmacologic class: Mineral Therapeutic class: Electrolyte replacement, laxative, antacid, anticonvulsant Pregnancy risk category A (magnesium sulfate), NR (magnesium citrate, hydroxide, oxide), unknown (magnesium chloride, gluconate) Action Increases osmotic gradient in small intestine, which draws water into intestines and causes distention. These effects stimulate peristalsis and bowel evacuation. In antacid action, reacts with hydrochloric acid in stomach to form water and increase gastric pH. In anticonvulsant action, depresses CNS and blocks transmission of peripheral neuromuscular impulses. Availability magnesium chloride Injection: 20% magnesium citrate Oral solution: 240-ml, 296-ml, and 300-ml bottles magnesium gluconate Liquid: 1,000 mg/5 ml Tablets: 500 mg magnesium hydroxide Liquid: 400 mg/5 ml Liquid concentrate: 800 mg/5 ml Tablets (chewable): 300 mg magnesium oxide Capsules: 140 mg Tablets: 250 mg, 400 mg, 420 mg, 500 mg magnesium sulfate Granules (for oral use): 120 g, 4 lb Injection: 10%, 12.5%, 25%, 50% Indications and dosages ➣ Mild magnesium deficiency Adults: 1 g (2 ml of 50% sulfate solution) I.M. q 6 hours for four doses ➣ Severe hypomagnesemia Adults: 250 mg (2 mEq)/kg (sulfate) I.M. within 4-hour period, or 5 g (approximately 40 mEq) in 1 liter 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride solution by I.V. infusion over 3 hours ➣ Hypomagnesemia treatment Adults and children: Dosage individualized based on severity of deficiency; may give citrate, gluconate, hydroxide, oxide, or sulfate. ➣ Hypomagnesemia prophylaxis Adults and children: Dosage based on normal recommended daily magnesium intake; may give citrate, gluconate, hydroxide, oxide, or sulfate. ➣ Supplemental magnesium in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) Adults: 8 to 24 mEq/day (sulfate) by I.V. infusion, added to TPN solution ➣ Constipation Adults and children ages 12 and older: 15 g (sulfate granules) in 240 ml water; or 30 to 60 ml/day P.O. (hydroxide) given with water; or a single dose of 10 to 30 ml P.O. (hydroxide concentrate); or one bottle of oral solution (citrate), as directed Children ages 6 to 11: 5 to 10 g (sulfate granules) in 120 ml water; or a single dose of 2.5 to 5 ml P.O. (sulfate) in a half-glass of water; or 15 to 30 ml P.O. daily (hydroxide) given with water; or a single dose of 7.5 to 15 ml P.O. (hydroxide concentrate); or three to four tablets (hydroxide); or 50 to 100 ml, as directed, of oral solution (citrate) Children ages 2 to 5: Single dose of 5 to 15 ml P.O. (hydroxide); or 2.5 to 7.5 ml P.O. daily (hydroxide concentrate); or one to two tablets (hydroxide); or 4 to 12 ml oral solution (citrate), as directed ➣ Indigestion Adults and children ages 12 and older: 5 to 15 ml P.O. (hydroxide liquid) up to q.i.d. with water; or 2.5 to 7.5 ml P.O. (hydroxide liquid concentrate) up to q.i.d. with water; or 622 to 1,244 mg P.O. (hydroxide tablets) up to q.i.d.; or 400 to 800 mg P.O. (oxide tablets) daily ➣ To prevent and control seizures in preeclampsia or eclampsia Adults: 4 to 5 g 50% sulfate solution I.M. q 4 hours, as necessary; or 4 g 10% to 20% sulfate solution I.V., not to exceed 1.5 ml/minute of 10% solution; or 4 to 5 g I.V. infusion in 250 ml of 5% dextrose or sodium chloride solution, not to exceed 3 ml/minute ➣ Acute nephritis to control hypertension, encephalopathy, and seizures in children Children: 100 mg/kg 50% sulfate solution I.M. q 4 to 6 hours as needed; or 20 to 40 mg/kg 20% solution I.M., repeated as necessary Off-label uses • Bronchodilation in some asthmatic patients • Post-myocardial infarction hypomagnesemia Contraindications • Hypermagnesemia • Heart block • Myocardial damage • Active labor or within 2 hours of delivery Precautions Use cautiously in: • renal insufficiency, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, rectal bleeding, anuria, hypocalcemia • pregnant patients. Administration See Be aware that magnesium sulfate injection is a high-alert drug. • Know that I.V. use is reserved for life-threatening seizures. • When giving magnesium sulfate I.V., don't exceed concentration of 20% or infusion rate of 150 mg/minute, except in seizures caused by severe eclampsia. Too-rapid I.V. infusion may cause hypotension and asystole. • When giving magnesium sulfate I.M. to adults, use concentration of 25% to 50%; when giving to infants and children, don't exceed 20%.  Adverse reactions CNS (with I.V. use): confusion, decreased reflexes, dizziness, syncope, sedation, hypothermia, paralysis CV (with I.V. use): hypotension, arrhythmias, circulatory collapse GI: nausea, vomiting, cramps, flatulence, anorexia Metabolic: hypermagnesemia, hypocalcemia Musculoskeletal (with I.V. use): muscle weakness, flaccidity Respiratory: respiratory paralysis Skin: diaphoresis Other: allergic reaction, injection site reaction, laxative dependence (with repeated or prolonged use) Interactions Drug-drug. Aminoquinolones, nitrofurantoin, penicillamine, tetracyclines: decreased absorption of these drugs (with oral magnesium) CNS depressants: additive effects Digoxin: heart block, conduction changes (with I.V. use) Enteric-coated drugs: faster dissolution of these drugs Neuromuscular blockers: increased effects of these drugs (with I.V. use) Drug-diagnostic tests. Calcium, magnesium: increased levels (with I.V. use) Patient monitoring See When giving prolonged or repeated I.V. infusions, assess patellar reflex and monitor for respiratory rate of 16 breaths/minute or more. See With I.V. use, monitor blood magnesium level (desired level is 3 to 6 mg/dl or 2.5 to 5 mEq/L). Check for signs and symptoms of magnesium toxicity (hypotension, nausea, vomiting, ECG changes, muscle weakness, mental or respiratory depression, coma). Keep injectable calcium on hand to counteract magnesium toxicity. • Monitor urine output, which should measure 100 ml or more every 4 hours. See If I.V. magnesium was given before delivery, assess neonate for signs and symptoms of magnesium toxicity, such as neuromuscular or respiratory depression. • Monitor electrolyte levels and liver function tests. Patient teaching See Teach patient about adverse reactions. Instruct him to report symptoms that occur during I.V. administration. • Advise patient to consult prescriber before using magnesium if he's taking other drugs. Magnesium may delay or enhance absorption of other drugs. • Inform patient that repeated or prolonged use of magnesium citrate, hydroxide, or sulfate may cause laxative dependence. Inform him that healthy diet and exercise can reduce need for laxatives. • Tell pregnant female to make sure prescriber knows she is pregnant before taking drug. • As appropriate, review all other significant and life-threatening adverse reactions and interactions, especially those related to the drugs and tests mentioned above. ThesaurusSeemagnesium |