| 单词 | phenol | ||||||
| 释义 | phenolphe·nolP0240500 (fē′nôl′, -nōl′, -nŏl′)phenol(ˈfiːnɒl)phe•nol(ˈfi nɔl, -nɒl)n. phe·nol(fē′nôl′, fē′nōl′)
phenolphenol(fē`nōl), C6H5OH, a colorless, crystalline solid that melts at about 41°C;, boils at 182°C;, and is soluble in ethanol and ether and somewhat soluble in water. An aromatic alcoholalcohol,any of a class of organic compounds with the general formula R-OH, where R represents an alkyl group made up of carbon and hydrogen in various proportions and -OH represents one or more hydroxyl groups. ..... Click the link for more information. , it exhibits weak acidic properties and is corrosive and poisonous. Phenol is sometimes called carbolic acid, especially when in water solution. It reacts with strong bases to form salts called phenolates. Phenol is important in industry in the production of certain artificial resins, e.g., BakeliteBakelite [for its inventor, L. H. Baekeland], synthetic thermosetting resin. It has been widely used both alone, to form whole objects, and in combination with other materials, as a laminate or a surface coating. ..... Click the link for more information. , and in the synthesis of many drugs, dyes, weed killers, insecticides, and explosives (e.g., picric acidpicric acid or 2,4,6-trinitrophenol , C6H2(NO2)3OH, a toxic yellow crystalline solid that melts at 122°C; and is soluble in most organic solvents. Picric acid is a derivative of phenol. ..... Click the link for more information. ). It is the simplest member of a class of hydroxy benzene derivatives, all of which contain a hydroxyl grouphydroxyl group , in chemistry, functional group that consists of an oxygen atom joined by a single bond to a hydrogen atom. An alcohol is formed when a hydroxyl group is joined by a single bond to an alkyl group or aryl group. ..... Click the link for more information. attached to a benzenebenzene , colorless, flammable, toxic liquid with a pleasant aromatic odor. It boils at 80.1°C; and solidifies at 5.5°C;. Benzene is a hydrocarbon, with formula C6H6. ..... Click the link for more information. ring; these compounds may be thought of as derivatives of phenol and generically are called phenols. Phenol(also hydroxybenzene, carbolic acid), a colorless crystalline compound with a characteristic odor. Phenol turns pink upon storage. It has a melting point of 40.9°C and a boiling point of 181.75°C. The compound is moderately soluble in water and readily soluble in alcohol, ether, and acetone. The structural formula is
Phenol is the simplest of the hydroxyl derivatives of aromatic hydrocarbons and is an important raw material for a number of valuable products. Thus, the industrial chlorination of phenol with elemental chlorine yields 2,4-dichlorophenol, an intermediate in the production of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The condensation of phenol with aldehydes, principally formaldehyde, yields phenol-aldehyde resins. Condensation with phthalic anhydride yields phenolphthalein (an indicator and drug), and condensation with acetone produces diphenylolpropane, which is used in producing polycarbonates. The hydrogenation of phenol produces cyclohexanol, an intermediate in the synthesis of capro-lactam (the polymerization of which yields polycaproamide), while the compound’s alkylation with olefins produces n-alkyl phenols (RC6H4OH), which are used in the manufacture of surfactants and odoriferous substances. Phenol is also used in the production of picric acid and of various dyes and drugs (salicylic acid, phenyl salicylate). Phenol can be isolated from coal tar. It is obtained synthetically from benzene through benzenesulfonic acid (C6H5SO2OH) in a process involving the fusion of the acid’s sodium salt with sodium hydroxide. The compound can also be obtained synthetically from chlorobenzene (C6H5Cl) through hydration, but the principal synthetic method involves the breakdown of cumene hydroperoxide. Phenol is bactericidal. In medicine, where it is better known as carbolic acid, it is used in the form of diluted aqueous solutions to disinfect hospital rooms and equipment. Phenol burns upon contact with the skin. The maximum permissible concentration of phenol in the air is 0.005 mg per liter. Phenolany of the hydroxyl derivatives of aromatic compounds containing one or more hydroxyl groups (—OH) bonded to the aromatic ring. The number of OH groups determines whether the phenol is monohydric, dihydric, or polyhydric. Monohydric phenols include hydroxybenzene (C6H5OH), which is usually referred to simply as phenol, hydroxytoluenes (cresols, CH3C6H4OH), and hydroxynaphthalenes (naphthols). An example of a dihydric phenol is dihydroxybenzene [C6H4(OH)2: hydroquinone, pyrocatechol, and resorcinol]. Polyhydric phenols include pyrogallol and phloroglucinol. Phenols are colorless crystalline compounds with a characteristic odor; less frequently, they occur as liquids. They are readily soluble in such organic solvents as alcohol, diethyl ether, and benzene. Possessing acid properties, phenols form saltlike products known as phenolates: ArOH + NaOH ⇄ ArONa + H2O (Ar representing an aromatic radical). Alkylation or acylation of phenolates yields ethers (ArOR) and esters (ArOCOR) of phenols, respectively (R being an organic radical). Esters of phenols may be obtained by the direct reaction of phenols with carboxylic acids and with the acids’ anhydrides and acid chlorides. Upon heating, phenols react with CO2 to yield phenolic acids, such as salicylic acid. In contrast to alcohols, the hydroxyl groups of phenols are replaced by halogens only with great difficulty. Electro-philic substitution in the phenol ring (halogenation, nitration, sulfonation, alkylation) occurs much more readily than in unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbons; here, the substituting groups are directed to positions that are ortho and para relative to the OH group. The catalytic hydrogenation of phenols yields alicyclic alcohols; C6H5OH, for example, is reduced to cyclohexanol. Condensation reactions, such as those with aldehydes and ketones, are typical of phenols; this feature is used in industry in producing phenol-formaldehyde resins, phenolic resins using resorcinol, and diphenylolpropane. Phenols are produced by, among other methods, the hydrolysis of the corresponding halogen derivatives and the alkaline fusion of arylsulfonic acids (ArSO2OH). They are also obtained by separation from coal tar. Phenols are important raw materials in the production of plastics, adhesives, paints, varnishes, dyes, drugs (phenolphthalein, salicylic acid, phenyl salicylate), surfactants, and odoriferous substances. Certain phenols are used as antiseptics and antioxidants (of polymers, lubricants). Solutions of iron chloride, which reacts with phenols to form colored products, are used for qualitative determination of phenols. Phenols are toxic. REFERENCENesmeianov, A. N., and N. A. Nesmeianov. Nachala organicheskoi khimii, vol. 2,2nd ed. Moscow, 1974.phenol[′fē‚nȯl]phenolphenolphenolphenol[fe´nol]phe·nol(fē'nol),phenol(fē′nôl′, -nōl′, -nŏl′)phenolNutrition Phenolics A simple cyclic compound with a hydroxyl group on an aromatic ring–eg, tyrosine; phenols are concentrated in fruits–grapes/raisins, garlic, onions, green tea, and may protect against cardiovascular disease, CA, possibly viruses Toxicology Carbolic acid, hydroxybenzene, phenyl hydrate A toxic crystalline compound, with a hydroxyl group on a benzene ring; phenol was once used as a topical anesthetic, antiseptic, and antipruriticphenolcarbolic acid, C6H5OH, which has been used as an antiseptic and DISINFECTANT because of its antimicrobial activity. However, it irritates the skin and so is rarely used for such purposes nowadays. Derivatives of phenol, called phenolics, contain a molecule of phenol that has been altered chemically to reduce its ability to irritate and/or to increase its antimicrobial activity. Phenolics act by damaging PLASMA MEMBRANES, inactivating ENZYMES and denaturing PROTEINS (see DENATURATION). Phenolics include cresols, which are good surface disinfectants, and hexachlorophene, which is used to control NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS.phe·nol(fē'nol)phenol
Synonyms for phenol
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phenol - any of a class of weakly acidic organic compounds; molecule contains one or more hydroxyl groups