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plants
plant P0351900 (plănt)n.1. Botany a. Any of various photosynthetic, eukaryotic, multicellular organisms of the kingdom Plantae characteristically containing chloroplasts, having cell walls made of cellulose, producing embryos, and lacking the power of locomotion. Plants include trees, bushes, herbs, ferns, mosses, and certain green algae.b. A plant having no permanent woody stem; an herb.c. Any of various fungi, algae, or protists that resemble plants and were formerly classified in the plant kingdom. Not in scientific use.2. a. A building or group of buildings for the manufacture of a product; a factory: works in an auto plant.b. The buildings, fixtures, and equipment, including machinery, tools, and instruments, necessary for an industrial operation or an institution: the university's mechanical plant.3. A person or thing put into place in order to mislead or function secretly, especially:a. A person placed in a group of spectators to influence behavior.b. A person stationed in a given location as a spy or observer.c. A misleading piece of evidence placed so as to be discovered.d. A remark or action in a play or narrative that becomes important later.4. Slang A scheming trick; a swindle.tr.v. plant·ed, plant·ing, plants 1. a. To place or set (seeds, for example) in the ground to grow.b. To place seeds or young plants in (land); sow: plant a field in corn.2. a. To place (spawn or young fish) in water or an underwater bed for cultivation: plant oysters.b. To stock with spawn or fish.3. To introduce (an animal) into an area.4. a. To place or fix in a certain position: planted both feet on the ground; planted a kiss on my cheek.b. To deliver (a punch or blow).c. To fix firmly in the mind; implant: "The right of revolution is planted in the heart of man" (Clarence Darrow).5. To establish; found: plant a colony.6. a. To station (a person) for the purpose of functioning in secret, as by observing, spying, or influencing behavior: Detectives were planted all over the store.b. To place secretly or deceptively so as to be discovered or made public: planted a gun on the corpse to make the death look like suicide.7. To conceal; hide: planted the stolen goods in the warehouse.
[Middle English plante, from Old English and Old French, both from Latin planta, sprout, seedling; see plat- in Indo-European roots.]
plant′a·ble adj.PlantsSee also agriculture; botany; flowers; grasses; leaves; organisms; trees.
acidophobiaan inability to accommodate to acid soils. Cf. basophobia. — acidophobic, adj.amensalisma parasitic relationship between plants that has a destructive effect on one and no effect on the other.apheliotropismthe tendency of some plants to grow in a direction away from the sun.apogeotropismthe tendency of some plants to grow away from the earth and the pull of gravity. — apogeotropic, adj.aquaponticsthe cultivation of plants in nutrient solutions, usually for commercial purposes. Cf. hydroponics. — aquapontic, adj.aquiculturehydroponics. — aquicultural, adj.auxographythe measurement of the swelling and shrinking of parts of plants. — auxographic, adj.basophobia, basiphobiaan inability to accommodate to alkaline soils. Cf. acidophobia. — basophobic, basiphobic, adj.biodynamicsthe study of the physiological processes of plants and animals. — biodynamic, biodynamical, adj.biostaticsthe study of the relation between structure and function in plants and animals. — biostatical, adj.biotathe animal or plant life of a particular region.botanomancya form of divination involving the examination of plants.caricographythe description of plants belonging to the genus Carex.caricologythe study of sedges. — caricologist, n.cecidiology, cecidologyBiology. the study of galls produced on trees and plants by fungi, insects, or mites. — cecidiologist, cecidologist, n.chlorosis1. a diseased condition of plants in which green parts lose their color or turn yellowish.
2. the process by which floral parts of a plant turn into leaves. Also chloranthy. See also disease and illness.citriculturethe cultivation of citrus fruits, as lemons, oranges, etc. — citriculturist, n.crescographya technique for making apparent to the eye the successive stages of plant growth. — crescographic, adj.cumaphytismthe procedures involved in adapting plants for growth under surf conditions. — cumaphytic, adj.dendrophiliathe apparent preference of some plants, as orchids, to grow in or near trees. — dendrophilous, adj.desmidiologythe study of microscopic single-celled algae. — desmidiologist, n.diatropismthe capacity or tendency of some plants to adopt a position transverse to the line of force of an external stimulus. — diatropic, adj.dichogamythe condition, in some flowering plants, in which the pistils and stamens mature at different times, thus preventing self-pollination. — dichogamous, adj.ecesisthe transplanting of a plant to a new environment.epiphytisma form of mutualism in which one plant lives on the surface of another, as moss on a tree. — epiphyte, n.etiolation1. the process of growing plants away from the light to make them white and crisp, especially in vegetable gardening.
2. the condition of the plants grown in this manner. See also disease and illness.exostosisa knot growing on the stem or root of a plant. See also bones.florimaniaa mania for plants and flowers.fungicidea substance that kills fungi or retards the growth of spores.halophytismthe ability of certain plants to grow normally in solis having a high mineral salt content. — halophyte, n. — halophytic, adj.heliophiliaan attraction or adaptation to sunlight, as the sunflower. — heliophile, n. — heliophilic, heliophilous, adj.heliotaxisa tendency of certain plants to move in response to sunlight.heliotropismthe tendency in some plant species to turn or grow toward sunlight. — heliotrope, n. — heliotropic, adj.herbalista person who collects or deals in herbs, especially for medicinal purposes. See also botany.herbaristObsolete, a herbalist.herbicidea substance for destroying plants, especially weeds or other unwanted species; a weed-killer. — herbicidal, adj.heterosisabnormal development, especially increased size, in plants or animals, usually as a result of cross-breeding.hydrophilyombrophily.hydrophytismthe ability of certain plants to grow naturally in water or in highly moist soils. — hydrophyte, n. — hydrophytic, adj.hydroponicsthe science of growing plants in specially prepared solutions instead of in soil. Cf. aquapontics. — hydroponic, adj.hypertrophyexcessive growth of one part of a plant to the disadvantage or detriment of the plant as a whole. See also body, human; size. — hypertrophic, hypertrophical, hypertrophous, adj.hyponastyan increase in growth in a lower part of a plant causing it to bend upward. — hyponastic, adj.mangonismObsolete, any procedure for raising plants under other than natural conditions of growth.mesophytismthe ability of certain plants to grow naturally in moderate but constant moisture. — mesophyte, n. — mesophytic, adj.mycolatrythe worship of fungi, especially mushrooms.olericulturethe branch of horticulture that specializes in the cultivation of edible plants. — olericultural, adj.ombrophilythe capacity of some plants to thrive in the midst of copious rain. Also called hydrophily. — ombrophilic, ombrophilous, adj.parasitisma relationship between plants in which one gains sustenance from the other. See also animals; biology.perigynythe state of having the pistils, stamens, petals, etc., arranged around a cuplike receptacle. — perigynous, adj.pesticideany chemical substance used for killing pests, as insects, weeds, etc.philobotanistRare. a lover of plants.photodynamicsthe science or study of light in relation to the movement of plants. — photodynamic, photodynamical, adj.photonastythe tendency in certain plant species to respond to light by developing sufficient cellular force or growth on one side of an axis to change the form or position of the axis, as in the opening and closing of the flowers of four-o’clocks. Cf. thermonasty. — photonastic. adj.photoperiodismthe study of the relative amounts of light and darkness in a 24-hour period required to best effect the growth, reproduction, and flowering of plant species or the growth and reproduction of animals. Also photoperiodicity. Cf. thermoperiodism. — photoperiodic, photoperiodical, adj.photophilia, photophilythe necessity, in some plant species, for exposure to strong light. — photophile, photophilic, photophilous, adj.photosynthesisthe synthesis of complex organic substances from carbon dioxide, water, and inorganic salts, with sunlight as the energy source and a catalyst such as chlorophyll. — photosynthetic, adj.phototropismmotion in response to light, either toward it or away from it, as manifested by certain plants. — phototropic, adj.phytogenesis, phytogenythe origin and evolution of plants. — phytogenetic, phytogenetical, phytogenic, adj.phytoserologythe identification, classification, and study of plant viruses. — phytoserologist, n. — phytoserologic, phytoserological, adj.plagiotropismthe tendency of some plants to diverge from the vertical in their growth. — plagiotropic, adj.rheotropismthe tendency of some plants to respond to a current of water by growing with it (positive rheotaxis) or against it (negative rheotaxis).saprophytismthe ability of certain plants to live in dead or decaying organic matter. — saprophyte, n. — saprophytic, n., adj.sclerosisthe hardening of the cell wall of a plant, as by the formation of wood. See also body, human. — sclerotic, adj.stirpicultureselective breeding to develop strains with particular characteristics. — stirpicultural, adj.sycomancythe art of divination by inspection of figs or flg leaves.thermonastythe tendency in certain plant species to respond to temperature changes by developing a sufficient cellular force or growth on one side of an axis to change the form or position of the axis, as in the closing or folding of rhododendron leaves in cold air. Cf. photonasty. — thermonastic, adj.thermoperiodismthe study of the relative day and night temperatures required, in a 24-hour period, to achieve the best growth, reproduction, or flowering of plant species or the growth and reproduction of animals. Also thermoperiodicity. Cf. photoperiodism. — thermoperiodic, thermoperiodical, adj.thermotropismthe tendency in some plant species to turn toward or away from a source of heat. — thermotropic, thermotropical, adj.xenogamycross-fertilization in plants or flowers.xerophilia, xerophilythe ability of some plants to survive in dosert or salt marsh areas by storing fresh water internally. — xerophilic, xerophilous, adj.xerophytismthe natural adaptation of plants living under desert or marsh conditions to store water internally. — xerophyte, n. — xerophytic, adj.Translations- We'd like to see local plants and trees → 我们想看当地的植物和树木
plants
plants["The Algorithmic Beauty of Plants", Przemyslaw Prusinkiewicz,Aristid Lindenmayer. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1990.3-54097297-8].Plants (Plantae, or Vegetabilia), organisms characterized by autotrophic nutrition based on the use of solar energy and by the presence in the cells of dense membranes usually consisting of cellulose. Photosynthesis and the physiological and biochemical processes related to photosynthesis permit the unambiguous differentiation of plants from other living organisms. Plant species with heterotrophic nutrition—saprophytes and parasites—are rare, and they are always of secondary origin. Features determined by growth processes and mode of life, such as unusual developmental cycles, methods of organ formation, and attachment to a particular substrate, are not universal in the plant world. In general, a complex of characteristics makes it easy to distinguish all plants, especially highly organized ones, from representatives of the other kingdoms of living organisms. Only at a lower level of development, especially among unicellular organisms, are the differences somewhat unclear. For this reason it was only in the middle of the 20th century that kingdoms for some groups of organisms, such as flagellates, were defined. However, there are adequate grounds for breaking up the flagellates into forms belonging to either the plant kingdom or the animal kingdom. The slight difficulty in distinguishing between them is evidence of the single origin of the entire organic world, which divided, judging by the paleontological findings, into separate kingdoms probably more than 3 billion years ago. Bacteria, blue-green algae, and fungi have often been traditionally assigned to the plant kingdom. However, research conducted in the mid-20th century supports the long-held doubts as to whether these organisms are actually plants. Bacteria and blue-green algae do not have a true nucleus with a nuclear membrane and nucleolus; in addition, they lack the type of sexual process characteristic of other plants. These and other traits sharply distinguish bacteria and blue-green algae both from true plants and from other forms of living organisms. Hence, they are now assigned to the special superkingdom Prokariota. Although fungi have a nucleus, other characteristics of their morphology and chemistry sharply distinguish them from true plants and living organisms of the other kingdoms. Their membrane is usually chitinous rather than cellulosic, and their mode of feeding is heterotrophic. Fungi are now assigned to a special kingdom, Mycetalia, or Fungi, and are grouped together with plants and animals into the superkingdom Eukariota. Unicellular plants are characterized by elements inherent in any organism, but they differ from other unicellular organisms in that they have chloroplasts and some ultrastructures. Usually their membrane structure is distinctive, and their vacuoles are developed. As the level of organization rises, the differences between plants and representatives of the other kingdoms become so apparent that multicellular plants can be unfailingly distinguished, even by external appearance, from representatives of other kingdoms of the organic world. A very important morphological characteristic of plants is the marked segmentation of the body, which results in an increase in surface area owing to the mode of nutrition —absorption of gases and liquids (air and water with dissolved nutrients) from the external environment. In higher plants, the segmentation and differentiation of the body result in the formation of a large number of specialized structures and organs. Many important characteristics of the external and internal morphology of plants are determined by the nature of their growth and reproduction. The plant kingdom embraces three main taxa (subkingdoms, or phyla): red algae (Rhodobionta), true algae (Phycobionta), and higher plants (Embryobionta). The subkingdoms include more than 350,000 species of great diversity. Many generations of botanists have sought to identify the principal features in the formation and development of individual plant structures and organs and of plants in general. They have studied a range of plants, from microscopic unicellular algae to flowering plants whose physiological and biochemical processes and morphological formations are marked by a high level of development. The modern theory of evolution is the basis for understanding the plant world as a whole over both time and space. The related evolution of the plant world and the animal world (especially insects, birds, and mammals) is confirmed by data on evolution. The existence of an animal world—inclusive of man—would be impossible without plants, because they play a special role in the life of our planet. Of all the living organisms, only plants are capable of storing solar energy and using it to create organic matter from inorganic substances. Plants extract CO2 from the atmosphere and release O2. It was the activity of plants that led to the creation of an atmosphere containing O2, and it is plants that keep the atmosphere suitable for breathing. Plants are the vital link in the complex food chain of all heterotrophic organisms, including man. Terrestrial species form steppes, meadows, forests, and other plant communities, creating the topographical diversity of the earth and providing an infinite variety of ecological niches for organisms of all the kingdoms. The origin of soils was a direct result of plant life, and plants continue to play a major role in soil formation. Of the many different species in the plant kingdom, seed plants, especially flowering ones (angiosperms), are of special importance to man. Seed plants include almost all cultivated species. Of particular importance to man are cereal crops (wheat, rice, corn, millet, sorghum, barley, rye, oats, and buckwheat). Potatoes form a major part of the diet in countries with a temperate climate, and sweet potatoes, yams, okra, and taro are staples in the more southern regions. Protein-rich legumes (kidney peas, chick-peas, lentils) and other vegetable crops, sugar-yielding plants (sugar beets and sugarcane), numerous oil-bearing plants (sunflowers, peanuts, olives), fruit crops and berry crops constitute an important part of man’s diet. Cotton, flax, hemp, ramie, jute, ambary, sisal, and many other fiber crops are used in the manufacture of clothing and industrial fabrics. It is hard to conceive of modern society without plants that yield tea, coffee, cacao, grapes (the basis of wine-making), or tobacco. Livestock raising is based on the use of wild and cultivated forage plants, and a vast quantity of wood is required every year as building material and as a source of cellulose. Coal and peat, which can be said to be the sun’s energy stored in plant residues of the past, are among man’s principal sources of energy, and natural rubber extracted from plants has not lost its economic value. The valuable resins, gums, essential oils, dyes, and other products obtained from plants are of major economic importance. Many plants are the principal sources of vitamins, and others (foxglove, rauwolfia, aloe, belladonna, pilocarpus, valerian, and hundreds of others) are sources of important drugs and preparations. Vegetation not only provides the atmosphere with oxygen but also shelters many animals and, in general, creates a situation favorable for the life of all organisms on earth. In the course of many centuries, man learned how to cover vast areas with vegetation (fields, meadows, wooded parks, gardens, parks) and to select and breed numerous plant forms to meet various special requirements. However, man’s extremely intensive and far from rational activity has resulted in destruction of the vegetation over vast areas and has threatened the extinction of many plant species. The plant world is gradually being protected by special legislation passed in the USSR and some other countries. Botany and many special botanical disciplines are engaged in the study of plant life. REFERENCESMeier, K. I. Proiskhozhdenie nazemnoi rastitel’nosti, 4th ed. Moscow, 1946.
Takhtadzhian, A. L. Voprosy evoliutsionnoi morfologii raslenii. Leningrad, 1954.
Zhukovskii, P. M. Kul’turnye rasieniia i ikh sorodichi, 3rd ed. Leningrad, 1971.
Levina, R. E. Ocherki po sistematike rastenii. Ul’ianovsk, 1971.
Zerov, D. K. Ocherk filogenii bessosudistykh rastenii. Kiev, 1972.
Takhtadzhian, A. L. “Chetyre tsarstva organicheskogo mira.” Priroda, 1973, no. 2.
Went, F. V mire rastenii. Moscow, 1972. (Translated from English.)
Zhizn’ rastenii, vol. 1. Moscow, 1974.
Hutchinson, J., and R. Melville. The Story of Plants and Their Uses for Man. London, 1948.
Engler, A. Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien, 12th ed, vols. 1–2. Berlin, 1954–64.
Cronquist, A. Introductory Botany, 2nd ed. New York, 1971.
Lehrbuch der Botanik für Hochschulen, 30th ed. Jena, 1971.
Novák, F. A. Velký obrazový atlas rostlin. Prague, 1970.
Urania Pflanzenreich, vols. 1–2. Leipzig-Jena-Berlin, 1971–73.
Butzin, F. “Organizmen-Systeme—ein Vergleich unter Berücksichtung der Pflanzen. Willdenowia, 1974, vol. 7, no. 2.M. E. KIRPICHNIKOV What does it mean when you dream about plants?For a person devoted to gardening, plants can have a wide range of meanings. More specifically, most of us associate plants with life and especially with growth, so a dream about plants could be drawing on either of those associations. Planting has other associations, such as beginning a new project. FinancialSeeplantPLANTS
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| PLANTS➣Plant List of Accepted Nomenclature Taxonomy and Symbols (USDA) | | PLANTS➣Professional Landscape and Nursery Trade Show |
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