cortex

cor·tex

C0664200 (kôr′tĕks′)n. pl. cor·ti·ces (-tĭ-sēz′) or cor·tex·es 1. Anatomy a. The outer layer of an internal organ or body structure, as of the kidney or adrenal gland.b. The outer layer of gray matter that covers the surface of the cerebral hemisphere.2. Botany The region of tissue in a root or stem lying between the epidermis and the vascular tissue.3. An external layer, such as bark or rind.4. Cytology The region of the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that lies just under the plasma membrane and contains a network of actin filaments and associated proteins that determine the shape of the cell.

[Latin, bark; see sker- in Indo-European roots.]

cortex

(ˈkɔːtɛks) n, pl -tices (-tɪˌsiːz) 1. (Anatomy) anatomy the outer layer of any organ or part, such as the grey matter in the brain that covers the cerebrum (cerebral cortex) or the outer part of the kidney (renal cortex)2. (Botany) botany a. the unspecialized tissue in plant stems and roots between the vascular bundles and the epidermisb. the outer layer of a part such as the bark of a stem[C17: from Latin: bark, outer layer] cortical adj ˈcortically adv

cor•tex

(ˈkɔr tɛks)

n., pl. -ti•ces (-təˌsiz) 1. a. the outer region of a body organ or structure, as the outer portion of the kidney. b. cerebral cortex. 2. a. the portion of a plant stem or trunk between the epidermis and the vascular tissue; bark. b. any outer layer, as rind. 3. the surface tissue layer of a fungus or lichen, composed of massed hyphal cells. [1650–60; < Latin: bark, rind, shell, husk]

cor·tex

(kôr′tĕks′)1. The outer layer of an organ or body part, such as the cerebrum or the adrenal glands.2. The region of tissue next to the outermost layer of plant stems and roots. The cortex lies between the epidermis (the outermost layer) and the vascular tissue. In roots the cortex transfers water and minerals from the epidermis to the vascular tissue, which distributes them to other parts of the plant. The cortex also stores food manufactured in the leaves.

cortex

The outer layer of an internal organ, notably of the brain and each kidney.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	cortex - the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the cerebrumcerebral cortex, cerebral mantle, palliumneural structure - a structure that is part of the nervous systemGolgi cell, Golgi's cell - a neuron in the cerebral cortex with short dendrites and with either a long axon or a short axon that ramifies in the grey matterneocortex, neopallium - the cortical part of the neencephalonarchipallium, paleocortex - the olfactory cortex of the cerebrumgray matter, gray substance, grey matter, grey substance, substantia grisea - greyish nervous tissue containing cell bodies as well as fibers; forms the cerebral cortex consisting of unmyelinated neuronscortical area, cortical region - any of various regions of the cerebral cortexcerebrum - anterior portion of the brain consisting of two hemispheres; dominant part of the brain in humansfrontal cortex, frontal lobe - that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying directly behind the foreheadprefrontal cortex, prefrontal lobe - the anterior part of the frontal lobeparietal cortex, parietal lobe - that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying below the crown of the headoccipital cortex, occipital lobe - that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying in the back of the headtemporal ccortex, temporal lobe - that part of the cerebral cortex in either hemisphere of the brain lying inside the temples of the head
	2.	cortex - the tissue forming the outer layer of an organ or structure in plant or animalanimal tissue - the tissue in the bodies of animalsadrenal cortex - the cortex of the adrenal gland; secretes corticosterone and sex hormonesrenal cortex - the cortex of the kidney containing the glomeruli and the convoluted tubulesplant tissue - the tissue of a plantmedulla - the inner part of an organ or structure in plant or animal
	3.	cortex - the tissue that surrounds the lens nucleuslens cortexanimal tissue - the tissue in the bodies of animalscrystalline lens, lens of the eye, lens - biconvex transparent body situated behind the iris in the eye; its role (along with the cornea) is to focuses light on the retina

Translations

cortex

cortex,

in botany, term generally applied to the outer soft tissues of the leaves, stems, and roots of plants. Cortical cells of the leaves and outer layers of nonwoody stems contain chloroplasts, and are modified for food storage (usually in the form of starch) in roots and the inner layers of stems and seeds. Because of the combination of its soft texture (especially after cooking) and its role as a food storage tissue, the cortex is the predominant plant tissue eaten by humans and other animals.

Cortex (plant)

The mass of primary tissue in roots and stems extending inward from the epidermis to the phloem. The cortex may consist of one or a combination of three major tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. In roots the cortex almost always consists of parenchyma, and is bounded, more or less distinctly, by the hypodermis (exodermis) on the periphery and by the endodermis on the inside.

Cortical parenchyma is composed of loosely arranged thin-walled living cells. Prominent intercellular spaces usually occur in this tissue. In stems the cells of the outer parenchyma may appear green due to the presence of chloroplasts in the cells (see illustration). This green tissue is sometimes called chlorenchyma, and it is probable that photosynthesis takes place in it.

Transverse section of the Prunus stem showing the cortex which is composed of collenchyma and parenchyma

In some species the cells of the outer cortex are modified in aerial stems by deposition of hemicellulose as an additional wall substance, especially in the corners or angles of the cells. This tissue is called collenchyma, and the thickening of the cell walls gives mechanical support to the shoot.

The cortex makes up a considerable proportion of the volume of the root, particularly in young roots, where it functions in the transport of water and ions from the epidermis to the vascular (xylem and phloem) tissues. In older roots it functions primarily as a storage tissue.

In addition to being supportive and protective, the cortex functions in the synthesis and localization of many chemical substances; it is one of the most fundamental storage tissues in the plant. The kinds of cortical cells specialized with regard to storage and synthesis are numerous.

Because the living protoplasts of the cortex are so highly specialized, patterns and gradients of many substances occur within the cortex, including starch, tannins, glucosides, organic acids, crystals of many kinds, and alkaloids. Oil cavities, resin ducts, and laticifers (latex ducts) are also common in the midcortex of many plants.

Cortex

in plants, the peripheral part of stems and roots external to the cambium; it is formed of tissues that vary according to structure and origin. A distinction is made between primary and secondary cortex. Primary cortex is formed at the growing point from outer layers of the meristems between the primary protective tissues (the epidermis in stems and the epiblema in roots) and the central cylinder. It is usually composed of parenchyma and is well developed in the roots of all plants; in dicotyledons and gymnosperms it is well developed in the rhizomes and stems. In the stems of dicotyledonous plants, the outer layer of primary cortex consists primarily of collenchyma; in the roots of monocotyledons, primarily of exodermis. The layer of primary cortex that is attached to the central cylinder (endodermis) is not always clearly differentiated. Secondary cortex (secondary phloem) is formed by the cambium and is composed of sieve-tube members, companion cells, phloem parenchyma, and phloem fibers; it serves for transporting the products of phostosynthesis down through the plant, functioning as a transmittal tissue for one to two years. Old cortex does not perform this function but separates into layers of cork, which thus becomes part of the cortex of many varieties of trees. The cortex serves as mechanical and chemical protection.

The chemical composition of thoroughly dried cortex (of cork phloem) is approximately 16–23 percent cellulose, 7–15 percent pentosans, 6–16 percent hexosans, 8–10 percent polyuronides, 27–33 percent lignin, and 14–30 percent extractive substances.

In practice, the cortex is usually called bark. It can be easily separated from the wood of the stem and the roots of arboreal plants. The bark of young trees is smooth; cracks appear as the trees age. The surface of the bark is furrowed, scaly, fibrous, or warty.

The cortex has great practical significance and is used in a variety of ways. The corky tissue, which develops best in the cork oak and the cork tree, is used for manufacturing corks and heat-insulating sheets. The cork of birch bark is used to make tar oil. Linden phloem yields bast when soaked. The cortex of the roots of the spindle tree contains approximately 7 percent gutta, and the bark of oak, spruce, and willow yields tannins used for tanning hides. The barks of the cinchona and the buckthorn are used in medicinal preparations. The amount of cortex obtained in peeling a round tree trunk amounts to 10–15 percent of the mass of the processed wood.

O. N. CHISTIAKOVA and V. V. FEFILOV

cortex

[′kȯr‚teks] (anatomy) The outer portion of an organ or structure, such as of the brain and adrenal glands. (botany) A primary tissue in roots and stems of vascular plants that extends inward from the epidermis to the phloem. (cell and molecular biology) A peripheral layer in many cells that includes the plasma membrane and associated cytoskeletal and extracellular components. (invertebrate zoology) The peripheral layer of certain protozoans.

cortex

1. Anatomy the outer layer of any organ or part, such as the grey matter in the brain that covers the cerebrum (cerebral cortex) or the outer part of the kidney (renal cortex) 2. Botanya. the unspecialized tissue in plant stems and roots between the vascular bundles and the epidermis b. the outer layer of a part such as the bark of a stem

Cortex

An experimental slow controls project at CERN.

See cortex

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Cortex (plant)

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Synonyms for cortex

noun the layer of unmyelinated neurons (the grey matter) forming the cortex of the cerebrum

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noun the tissue forming the outer layer of an organ or structure in plant or animal

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Antonyms

noun the tissue that surrounds the lens nucleus

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