Countercurrent transfer operations

Industrial processes in chemical engineering or laboratory operations in which heat or mass or both are transferred from one fluid to another, with the fluids moving continuously in very nearly steady state or constant manner and in opposite directions through the unit. Other geometrical arrangements for transfer operations are the parallel or concurrent flow, where the two fluids enter at the same end of the apparatus and flow in the same direction to the other end, and the cross-flow apparatus, where the two fluids flow at right angles to each other through the apparatus.

In heat transfer there can be almost complete transfer in countercurrent operation. The limit is reached when the temperature of the colder fluid becomes equal to that of the hotter fluid at some point in the apparatus. At this condition the heat transfer is zero between the two fluids. Most heat transfer equipment has a solid wall between the hot fluid and the cold fluid, so the fluids do not mix. Heat is transferred from the hot fluid through the wall into the cold fluid. Another type of equipment does use direct contact between the two fluids-for example, the cooling towers used to remove heat from a circulating water stream. See Cooling tower, Heat exchanger, Heat transfer

Mass transfer involves the changing compositions of mixtures, and is done usually by physical means. A material is transferred within a single phase from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration by processes of molecular diffusion and eddy diffusion. In typical mass transfer processes, at least two phases are in direct contact in some state of dispersion, and mass (of one or more substances) is transferred from one phase across the interface into the second phase. Mass transfer takes place between two immiscible phases until equilibrium between the two phases is attained. In mass transfer there is seldom an equality of concentration in the two equilibrium phases. This means that a component may be transferred from a phase at low concentration (but at a concentration higher than that at equilibrium) to a second phase of greater concentration. The approach to equilibrium is controlled by diffusion transport across phase boundaries.

Although the two phases may be in concurrent flow or cross-flow, usual arrangements have the phases moving in Countercurrent directions. The more dense phase enters near the top of a vertical cylinder and moves downward under the influence of gravity. The less dense phase enters near the bottom of the cylinder and moves upward under the influence of a small pressure gradient. See Leaching

单词	countercurrent transfer operations
释义	Countercurrent transfer operations Countercurrent transfer operations Industrial processes in chemical engineering or laboratory operations in which heat or mass or both are transferred from one fluid to another, with the fluids moving continuously in very nearly steady state or constant manner and in opposite directions through the unit. Other geometrical arrangements for transfer operations are the parallel or concurrent flow, where the two fluids enter at the same end of the apparatus and flow in the same direction to the other end, and the cross-flow apparatus, where the two fluids flow at right angles to each other through the apparatus. In heat transfer there can be almost complete transfer in countercurrent operation. The limit is reached when the temperature of the colder fluid becomes equal to that of the hotter fluid at some point in the apparatus. At this condition the heat transfer is zero between the two fluids. Most heat transfer equipment has a solid wall between the hot fluid and the cold fluid, so the fluids do not mix. Heat is transferred from the hot fluid through the wall into the cold fluid. Another type of equipment does use direct contact between the two fluids-for example, the cooling towers used to remove heat from a circulating water stream. See Cooling tower, Heat exchanger, Heat transfer Mass transfer involves the changing compositions of mixtures, and is done usually by physical means. A material is transferred within a single phase from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration by processes of molecular diffusion and eddy diffusion. In typical mass transfer processes, at least two phases are in direct contact in some state of dispersion, and mass (of one or more substances) is transferred from one phase across the interface into the second phase. Mass transfer takes place between two immiscible phases until equilibrium between the two phases is attained. In mass transfer there is seldom an equality of concentration in the two equilibrium phases. This means that a component may be transferred from a phase at low concentration (but at a concentration higher than that at equilibrium) to a second phase of greater concentration. The approach to equilibrium is controlled by diffusion transport across phase boundaries. Although the two phases may be in concurrent flow or cross-flow, usual arrangements have the phases moving in Countercurrent directions. The more dense phase enters near the top of a vertical cylinder and moves downward under the influence of gravity. The less dense phase enters near the bottom of the cylinder and moves upward under the influence of a small pressure gradient. See Leaching
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