case

case¹

C0137800 (kās)n.1. An instance or occurrence of a particular kind or category: a case of mistaken identity. See Synonyms at example.2. An occurrence of a disease or disorder: a mild case of flu.3. A set of circumstances or a state of affairs; a situation: It may rain, in which case the hike will be canceled.4. Actual fact; reality: We suspected the walls were hollow, and this proved to be the case.5. A question or problem; a matter: It is simply a case of honor.6. A situation that requires investigation, especially by a formal or official body.7. Law a. An action or a suit or just grounds for an action.b. The facts or evidence offered in support of a claim.8. A set of reasons or supporting facts; an argument: presented a good case for changing the law.9. A person being assisted, treated, or studied, as by a physician, lawyer, or social worker.10. Informal A peculiar or eccentric person; a character.11. Linguistics a. In traditional grammar, a distinct form of a noun, pronoun, or modifier that is used to express one or more particular syntactic relationships to other words in a sentence.b. Case In some varieties of generative grammar, the thematic or semantic role of a noun phrase as represented abstractly but not necessarily indicated overtly in surface structure. In such frameworks, nouns in English have Case even in the absence of inflectional case endings.Idioms: in any case Regardless of what has occurred or will occur. in case1. If it happens that; if: In case she dies without heirs, her money will go to charity.2. To be prepared for the possibility that: bring the charger in case the battery runs low.3. As a precaution: took along an umbrella, just in case. in case of If there should happen to be: a number to call in case of emergency. off (someone's) case No longer nagging or urging someone to do something. on (someone's) case Persistently nagging or urging someone to do something.

[Middle English cas, from Old French, from Latin cāsus, from past participle of cadere, to fall; see kad- in Indo-European roots.]

case²

C0137800 (kās)n.1. A container; a receptacle: a jewelry case; meat-filled cases of dough.2. A container with its contents.3. A decorative or protective covering or cover.4. A set or pair: a case of pistols.5. The frame or framework of a window, door, or stairway.6. The surface or outer layer of a metal alloy.7. Printing a. A shallow compartmented tray for storing type or type matrices.b. The form of a written, printed, or keyed letter that distinguishes it as being lowercase or uppercase: typed the password using the wrong case.tr.v. cased, cas·ing, cas·es 1. To put into or cover with a case; encase.2. Slang To examine carefully, as in planning a crime: cased the bank before robbing it.

[Middle English, from Norman French casse, from Latin capsa.]

case

(keɪs) n1. a single instance, occurrence, or example of something2. an instance of disease, injury, hardship, etc3. a question or matter for discussion: the case before the committee. 4. a specific condition or state of affairs; situation5. a set of arguments supporting a particular action, cause, etc6. a. a person attended or served by a doctor, social worker, solicitor, etc; patient or clientb. (as modifier): a case study. 7. (Law) a. an action or suit at law or something that forms sufficient grounds for bringing an action: he has a good case. b. the evidence offered in court to support a claim8. (Grammar) grammar a. a set of grammatical categories of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives, marked by inflection in some languages, indicating the relation of the noun, adjective, or pronoun to other words in the sentenceb. any one of these categories: the nominative case. 9. informal a person in or regarded as being in a specified condition: the accident victim was a hospital case; he's a mental case. 10. informal a person of a specified character (esp in the phrase a hard case)11. informal an odd person; eccentric12. informal US love or infatuation13. (Firearms, Gunnery, Ordnance & Artillery) short for case shot See canister^2b14. as the case may be according to the circumstances15. in any case (adverb) no matter what; anyhow: we will go in any case. 16. in case (adverb) a. in order to allow for eventualitiesb. (as conjunction) in order to allow for the possibility that: take your coat in case it rains. c. US if17. in case of (preposition) in the event of18. in no case (adverb) under no circumstances: in no case should you fight back. [Old English casus (grammatical) case, associated also with Old French cas a happening; both from Latin cāsus, a befalling, occurrence, from cadere to fall]

case

(keɪs) n1. a. a container, such as a box or chestb. (in combination): suitcase; briefcase. 2. an outer cover or sheath, esp for a watch3. a receptacle and its contents: a case of ammunition. 4. a pair or brace, esp of pistols5. (Architecture) architect another word for casing³6. (Printing, Lithography & Bookbinding) a completed cover ready to be fastened to a book to form its binding7. (Printing, Lithography & Bookbinding) printing a tray divided into many compartments in which a compositor keeps individual metal types of a particular size and style. Cases were originally used in pairs, one (the upper case) for capitals, the other (the lower case) for small letters. See also upper case, lower case8. (Metallurgy) metallurgy the surface of a piece of steel that has been case-hardenedvb (tr) 9. to put into or cover with a case: to case the machinery. 10. slang to inspect carefully (esp a place to be robbed)[C13: from Old French casse, from Latin capsa, from capere to take, hold]

case¹

(keɪs)

n. 1. an instance of the occurrence, existence, etc., of something: a case of poor judgment. 2. the actual state of things: That is not the case. 3. situation; circumstance; plight: a sad case. 4. a patient or client, as of a physician or social worker. 5. a specific occurrence or matter requiring discussion, decision, or investigation. 6. a statement of facts, reasons, etc., used to support an argument. 7. an instance of disease, injury, etc., requiring medical or surgical attention. 8. a. a suit or action at law; cause. b. a set of facts making up a claim or defense. 9. a. a category or set of categories in the inflection of nouns, pronouns, and adjectives indicating the syntactic relation of these words to other words in a sentence. b. the indication of such relations by other devices, as by the position of words in a sentence. 10. Informal. a peculiar or unusual person. Idioms: 1. get off someone's case, Slang. to stop nagging or criticizing someone. 2. in any case, regardless of circumstances; anyhow. 3. in case, if it should happen that; if. 4. in case of, in the event of; if there should be. 5. on someone's case, Informal. nagging or criticizing someone [1225–75; < Anglo-French, Old French cas < Latin cāsus fall]

case²

(keɪs)

n., v. cased, cas•ing. n. 1. a container for enclosing something, as for carrying or safekeeping; receptacle. 2. a sheath or outer covering: a knife case. 3. a box with its contents: a case of soda. 4. the amount contained in a box or other container. 5. a pair or couple; brace: a case of pistols. 6. a surrounding frame or framework, as of a door. 7. a completed book cover ready to be fitted to form the binding. 8. a compartmented tray for holding printer's type, usu. arranged with one section (upper case) for capital letters and another (lower case) for small letters. 9. a cavity in the skull of a sperm whale, containing an oil from which spermaceti is obtained. 10. the hard outer part of a piece of casehardened steel. v.t. 11. to put or enclose in a case. 12. Slang. to examine or survey (a house, bank, etc.) esp. in planning a crime (sometimes fol. by out). [1250–1300; Middle English cas < Anglo-French cas(s)e, Old French chasse < Latin capsa case for holding scrolls]

case

1. An intelligence operation in its entirety.
2. Record of the development of an intelligence operation, including personnel, modus operandi, and objectives.

Case

set or pair; a box and its contents. See also brace.Examples: case of books, 1639; of coxcombs; of instruments; of lies, 1599; of pistols, 1579; of rapiers, 1590; of teeth, 1824; of wine.

case

1. 'in case'

You use in case or just in case to say that someone has something or does something because a particular thing might happen.

I've got the key in case we want to go inside.We tend not to go too far from the office, just in case there should be a bomb scare that would prevent us getting back.

Be Careful!
After in case or just in case, you use a simple tense or should. You do not use 'will' or 'shall'.

Be Careful!
You do not use 'in case' or 'just in case' to say that something will happen as a result of something else happening. You do not say, for example, 'I will go in case he asks me'. You say 'I will go if he asks me'.

He qualifies this year if he gets through his exams.2. 'in that case'

You say in that case or in which case to refer to a situation which has just been mentioned and to introduce a statement or suggestion that is a consequence of it.

'The bar is closed,' the waiter said. 'In that case,' McFee said, 'allow me to invite you back to my flat for a drink.'I greatly enjoy these meetings unless I have to make a speech, in which case I'm in a state of dreadful anxiety.3. 'in this respect'

You do not use 'in this case' to refer to a particular aspect of something. For example, you do not say 'Most of my friends lost their jobs, but I was very lucky in this case'. You say 'Most of my friends lost their jobs, but I was very lucky in this respect'.

The children are not unintelligent - in fact, they seem quite normal in this respect.But most of all, there is that intangible thing, the value of the brand. In this respect, Manchester United, the most famous football club in the world, is unique.

case

Past participle: cased
Gerund: casing

Imperative
case
case

Present
I case
you case
he/she/it cases
we case
you case
they case

Preterite
I cased
you cased
he/she/it cased
we cased
you cased
they cased

Present Continuous
I am casing
you are casing
he/she/it is casing
we are casing
you are casing
they are casing

Present Perfect
I have cased
you have cased
he/she/it has cased
we have cased
you have cased
they have cased

Past Continuous
I was casing
you were casing
he/she/it was casing
we were casing
you were casing
they were casing

Past Perfect
I had cased
you had cased
he/she/it had cased
we had cased
you had cased
they had cased

Future
I will case
you will case
he/she/it will case
we will case
you will case
they will case

Future Perfect
I will have cased
you will have cased
he/she/it will have cased
we will have cased
you will have cased
they will have cased

Future Continuous
I will be casing
you will be casing
he/she/it will be casing
we will be casing
you will be casing
they will be casing

Present Perfect Continuous
I have been casing
you have been casing
he/she/it has been casing
we have been casing
you have been casing
they have been casing

Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been casing
you will have been casing
he/she/it will have been casing
we will have been casing
you will have been casing
they will have been casing

Past Perfect Continuous
I had been casing
you had been casing
he/she/it had been casing
we had been casing
you had been casing
they had been casing

Conditional
I would case
you would case
he/she/it would case
we would case
you would case
they would case

Past Conditional
I would have cased
you would have cased
he/she/it would have cased
we would have cased
you would have cased
they would have cased

case

The relationship that a word has to the other words in a sentence, often shown by the form the word takes.

Thesaurus

Noun	1.	case - an occurrence of something; "it was a case of bad judgment"; "another instance occurred yesterday"; "but there is always the famous example of the Smiths"instance, examplehappening, natural event, occurrence, occurrent - an event that happenshumiliation, mortification - an instance in which you are caused to lose your prestige or self-respect; "he had to undergo one humiliation after another"bit, piece - an instance of some kind; "it was a nice piece of work"; "he had a bit of good luck"time, clip - an instance or single occasion for some event; "this time he succeeded"; "he called four times"; "he could do ten at a clip"
	2.	case - a special set of circumstances; "in that event, the first possibility is excluded"; "it may rain in which case the picnic will be canceled"eventcircumstance - a condition that accompanies or influences some event or activity
	3.	case - a comprehensive term for any proceeding in a court of law whereby an individual seeks a legal remedy; "the family brought suit against the landlord"causa, lawsuit, suit, causecivil suit - a lawsuit alleging violations of civil law by the defendantclass action, class-action suit - a lawsuit brought by a representative member of a large group of people on behalf of all members of the groupcountersuit - a suit brought against someone who has sued youcriminal suit - a lawsuit alleging violations of criminal law by the defendantmoot - a hypothetical case that law students argue as an exercise; "he organized the weekly moot"bastardy proceeding, paternity suit - a lawsuit filed to determine the father of a child born out of wedlock (and to provide for the support of the child once paternity is determined)legal proceeding, proceeding, proceedings - (law) the institution of a sequence of steps by which legal judgments are invokedlaw, jurisprudence - the collection of rules imposed by authority; "civilization presupposes respect for the law"; "the great problem for jurisprudence to allow freedom while enforcing order"
	4.	case - the actual state of things; "that was not the case"fact - a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
	5.	case - a portable container for carrying several objects; "the musicians left their instrument cases backstage"baggage, luggage - cases used to carry belongings when travelingbriefcase - a case with a handle; for carrying papers or files or bookscardcase - a small case for carrying business cardscigarette case - a small flat case for holding cigarettes; can be carried in a purse or a pocketcompact, powder compact - a small cosmetics case with a mirror; to be carried in a woman's pursecontainer - any object that can be used to hold things (especially a large metal boxlike object of standardized dimensions that can be loaded from one form of transport to another)dispatch box, dispatch case - case consisting of an oblong container (usually having a lock) for carrying dispatches or other valuablesglasses case - a case for carrying spectaclesgun case - a case for storing a gunkit - a case for containing a set of articlesletter case - case for carrying letterslocket - a small ornamental case; usually contains a picture or a lock of hair and is worn on a necklacepillbox - a small case for holding pillsportfolio - a large, flat, thin case for carrying loose papers or drawings or maps; usually leather; "he remembered her because she was carrying a large portfolio"quiver - case for holding arrowsshoe - (card games) a case from which playing cards are dealt one at a timesleeve - small case into which an object fitsbillfold, notecase, wallet, pocketbook - a pocket-size case for holding papers and paper moneywatch case - the metal case in which the works of a watch are housedwriting desk - a portable case containing writing materials and having a writing surface
	6.	case - a person requiring professional services; "a typical case was the suburban housewife described by a marriage counselor"individual, mortal, person, somebody, someone, soul - a human being; "there was too much for one person to do"client - a person who seeks the advice of a lawyerpatient - a person who requires medical care; "the number of emergency patients has grown rapidly"referral - a person whose case has been referred to a specialist or professional group; "the patient is a referral from Dr. Bones"charity case, welfare case - a case for a welfare worker
	7.	case - a person who is subjected to experimental or other observational procedures; someone who is an object of investigation; "the subjects for this investigation were selected randomly"; "the cases that we studied were drawn from two different communities"guinea pig, subjectindividual, mortal, person, somebody, someone, soul - a human being; "there was too much for one person to do"
	8.	case - a problem requiring investigation; "Perry Mason solved the case of the missing heir"problem - a question raised for consideration or solution; "our homework consisted of ten problems to solve"
	9.	case - a statement of facts and reasons used to support an argument; "he stated his case clearly"argument, statement - a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true; "it was a strong argument that his hypothesis was true"
	10.	case - the quantity contained in a casecasefulcontainerful - the quantity that a container will hold
	11.	case - nouns or pronouns or adjectives (often marked by inflection) related in some way to other words in a sentencegrammatical casegrammatical category, syntactic category - (grammar) a category of words having the same grammatical propertiesnominative, nominative case, subject case - the category of nouns serving as the grammatical subject of a verboblique, oblique case - any grammatical case other than the nominative
	12.	case - a specific state of mind that is temporary; "a case of the jitters"frame of mind, state of mind - a temporary psychological state
	13.	case - a person of a specified kind (usually with many eccentricities); "a real character"; "a strange character"; "a friendly eccentric"; "the capable type"; "a mental case"eccentric, type, characteradult, grownup - a fully developed person from maturity onward
	14.	case - a specific size and style of type within a type familyfont, fount, typeface, facetype - printed characters; "small type is hard to read"type family - a complete set of type suitable for printing textunicameral script - a script with a single casebicameral script - a script having two distinct casesconstant-width font, fixed-width font, monospaced font, typewriter font - a typeface is which each character is given the same width (as by a typewriter)proportional font - any font whose different characters have different widthscartridge font, font cartridge - any font that is contained in a cartridge that can be plugged into a computer printerblack letter, Gothic - a heavy typeface in use from 15th to 18th centuriesbold, bold face, boldface - a typeface with thick heavy linesitalic - a typeface with letters slanting upward to the rightraster font, screen font - the font that is displayed on a computer screen; "when the screen font resembles a printed font a document may look approximately the same on the screen as it will when printed"Helvetica, sans serif - a typeface in which characters have no serifs
	15.	case - an enveloping structure or covering enclosing an animal or plant organ or partsheaththeca - outer sheath of the pupa of certain insectslorica - a hard protective sheath (as secreted by certain protoctists, for example)medullary sheath, myelin sheath - a layer of myelin encasing (and insulating) the axons of medullated nerve fibersneurilemma, neurolemma - thin membranous sheath around a nerve fibercovering, natural covering, cover - a natural object that covers or envelops; "under a covering of dust"; "the fox was flushed from its cover"husk - outer membranous covering of some fruits or seeds
	16.	case - the housing or outer covering of something; "the clock has a walnut case"casing, shellboot - protective casing for something that resembles a leggear box, gear case, gearbox - the shell (metal casing) in which a train of gears is sealedgrandfather clock, longcase clock - a pendulum clock enclosed in a tall narrow casehousing - a protective cover designed to contain or support a mechanical componentjacket - the tough metal shell casing for certain kinds of ammunition
	17.	case - the enclosing frame around a door or window opening; "the casings had rotted away and had to be replaced"casingdoorway, room access, door, threshold - the entrance (the space in a wall) through which you enter or leave a room or building; the space that a door can close; "he stuck his head in the doorway"framework - a structure supporting or containing somethingwindow - a framework of wood or metal that contains a glass windowpane and is built into a wall or roof to admit light or air
	18.	case - (printing) the receptacle in which a compositor has his type, which is divided into compartments for the different letters, spaces, or numbers; "for English, a compositor will ordinarily have two such cases, the upper case containing the capitals and the lower case containing the small letters"compositor's case, typesetter's caseprinting - the business of producing printed material for sale or distributionreceptacle - a container that is used to put or keep things in
	19.	case - bed linen consisting of a cover for a pillow; "the burglar carried his loot in a pillowcase"pillow slip, pillowcase, slipbed linen - linen or cotton articles for a bed (as sheets and pillowcases)
	20.	case - a glass container used to store and display items in a shop or museum or homedisplay case, vitrine, showcasecontainer - any object that can be used to hold things (especially a large metal boxlike object of standardized dimensions that can be loaded from one form of transport to another)trophy case - a case in which to display trophies
Verb	1.	case - look over, usually with the intention to rob; "They men cased the housed"inspect - look over carefully; "Please inspect your father's will carefully"
	2.	case - enclose in, or as if in, a case; "my feet were encased in mud"encase, incasepack - arrange in a container; "pack the books into the boxes"box, package - put into a box; "box the gift, please"sack - put in a sack; "The grocer sacked the onions"crate - put into a crate; as for protection; "crate the paintings before shipping them to the museum"inclose, shut in, close in, enclose - surround completely; "Darkness enclosed him"; "They closed in the porch with a fence"

case

¹noun1. situation, event, circumstance(s), state, position, condition, context, dilemma, plight, contingency, predicament In extreme cases, insurance companies can prosecute for fraud.2. patient, client, sufferer Expensive hospital cases are monitored by a case manager.3. instance, example, occasion, specimen, occurrence Some cases of arthritis respond to a gluten-free diet.4. investigation, search, inquiry, inspection The police have several suspects in this murder case.5. argument, reasoning, ground(s), defence, logic, justification, line of reasoning Both these facts strengthen the case against hanging.6. (Law) lawsuit, process, trial, suit, proceedings, dispute, cause, action He lost his case at the European Court of Human Rights.

case

²noun1. cabinet, box, chest, holder There was a ten-foot long stuffed alligator in a glass case.2. container, compact, capsule, carton, cartridge, canister, casket, receptacle, coffret She held up a blue spectacle case.3. suitcase, bag, grip, trunk, holdall, portmanteau, valise The porter brought my cases down and called for a taxi.4. crate, box The winner will receive a case of champagne.5. covering, casing, cover, shell, wrapping, jacket, envelope, capsule, folder, sheath, wrapper, integument Vanilla is the seed case of a South American orchid.

case

noun1. One that is representative of a group or class:example, illustration, instance, representative, sample, specimen.2. A legal proceeding to demand justice or enforce a right:action, cause, instance, lawsuit, suit.3. A course of reasoning:argument, point.verbInformal. To look at carefully or critically:check (out), con, examine, go over, inspect, peruse, scrutinize, study, survey, traverse, view.Idiom: give a going-over.

Translations

事例事实外壳情况文法中的格

case¹

(keis) noun1. an instance or example. another case of child-beating; a bad case of measles.事例2. a particular situation. It's different in my case.情况3. a legal trial. The judge in this case is very fair.诉讼案4. an argument or reason. There's a good case for thinking he's wrong.论据5. (usually with the) a fact. I don't think that's really the case.事实6. a form of a pronoun (eg he or him), noun or adjective showing its relation to other words in the sentence. （文法中的）格 in case in order to guard against a possibility. I'll take an umbrella in case (it rains).假使in case of if (a particular thing) happens. In case of fire, telephone the fire brigade.如果发生...in that case if that should happen or should have happened. You're leaving? In that case, I'm leaving too. 如果是那样的话，假使那样

case²

(keis) noun1. a container or outer covering. a case of medical instruments; a suitcase. 箱子，外壳 2. a crate or box. six cases of whisky.盒子3. a piece of furniture for displaying or containing things. a glass case full of china; a bookcase.柜

case

→ 案例zhCN, 盒zhCN

All lower case → 全部小写

case

case,

in language, one of the several possible forms of a given noun, pronoun, or adjective that indicates its grammatical function (see inflectioninflection,
in grammar. In many languages, words or parts of words are arranged in formally similar sets consisting of a root, or base, and various affixes. Thus walking, walks, walker have in common the root walk and the affixes -ing, -s, and -er.
..... Click the link for more information. ); in inflected languages it is usually indicated by a series of suffixes attached to a stem, as in Latin amicus, "friend" (nominative); amicum (accusative); amici (genitive); and amico (ablative and dative). In modern English, nouns are marked for two cases—common or nominative (e.g., man) and possessive or genitive (man's). A few pronouns are marked for three—nominative (e.g., he), objective or accusative (him), and possessive (his). Old English also inflected for accusative, dative, and sometimes instrumental, cases. In Latin, six cases are indicated by changes in inflection—nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, ablative, and vocative. The hypothetical ancestor of the Indo-European languages used eight cases, the above six plus the instrumental and locative cases. The Altaic and Finno-Ugric language families also use case-marking systems. German uses four cases, Russian six, Finnish sixteen. In Europe, the concept was first introduced by the Greeks, although Sanskrit grammarians established it independently. The names of the most common cases derive from Greek by way of Latin translation, as does the term case itself.

Case

a grammatical category of a noun. [In Russian linguistics, noun (imia) is the general term for substantives, adjectives, numerals, and sometimes pronouns. See NOUN.] The tagmemes of case express the relationship between what is designated by a given noun and the objects or phenomena designated by other words, and therefore the syntactic relationship of a given noun in a given case to other words in a sentence. The tagmemes of case consequently express the syntactic and semantic function of a noun in a sentence. The term “case” is also used to designate the particular meanings case tagmemes may have. The nominative case, for example, is the case used in naming objects and is known as the direct case, and all other cases, such as the dative and prepositional, are called oblique cases. The change of a noun according to case is called declension.

Different languages have varying numbers of cases: Old French, modern English, and Hindi, for example, have two cases, and Tabasaran has 46. Each case (tagmeme) represents a correspondence, specific to a given language, between a set of syntactic functions or senses and a set of formal markers. Therefore, cases in different languages do not have exact equivalents, even though the cases may have identical names because of a partial similarity in function.

Case and case usage are classified according to four criteria. From the point of view of the content plane, there are (1) syntactic and semantic cases, and (2) cases of government and agreement. From the point of view of the expression plane, there are (3) synthetic and analytic cases, and (4) primary and secondary cases.

There is no absolute boundary between syntactic (pertaining to grammar, abstract) cases and semantic (pertaining to sense, concrete) cases. Syntactic cases characterize chiefly the syntactic functions of a noun and serve to express relationships of the subject-object, defining, and attributive types. Semantic cases carry a certain meaning and characterize chiefly the sense relationship of a given noun to other words in a sentence, conveying spatial and other relationships.

Cases of government are typical of substantives and characterize a noun as dependent in a syntactic bond of the governing type. The substantive appears in the accusative case, for example, in Vizhu kartinu (“I see the picture”) and in the instrumental in Risuet kist’iu (“He paints with a brush”). Cases of agreement are typical of adjectives and characterize a noun as dependent in a syntactic bond of the agreement type, as in krasivuiu kartinu (“beautiful picture”; adjective agrees with accusative singular feminine substantive) and bol’shoi kist’iu (“with a big brush”; adjective agrees with instrumental singular feminine substantive).

Synthetic cases are expressed within a word form by suffixes or other morphological means. Analytic cases are expressed in another word form, one dependent on the given word form. The dependent word form may be an article, as in the German der Lehrer (“the teacher” [nominative]) and dem Lehrer (dative). Sometimes by analytic cases are meant groups consisting of a preposition + a substantive or a substantive + postpositions.

Primary cases are formed from the stem of a noun; secondary cases are formed from the primary case forms. Thus, in To-charian A, the oblique case is formed from the stem (käşşi,”teacher”; oblique case, käşşi-n), and the instrumental, dative, and other cases are formed from the stem of the oblique case (instrumental, käşşi-n-yo; dative, käşi-n-ac).

In a number of languages, such as the Kartvelian, Dagestan, Turkic, Finno-Ugric, and Dravidian, the tagmemes of case are expressed autonomously (agglutinatively). An example is the Georgian word “house”: saxl-i (nominative singular), saxl-s (dative singular), saxl-eb-i (nominative plural) and saxl-eb-s (dative plural). In other languages, such as the Indo-European, the tag-meme of case is generally expressed together with the tagmeme of number in substantives and with the tagmeme of gender in adjectives, forming complex (cumulative) morphs. In the Russian tetrad-ei, for example, -ei expresses simultaneously the genitive case and plural number of the word “notebook,” whereas the genitive case and singular number of the same word are expressed in a different ending in the form tetrad-i.

REFERENCES

Bogoroditskii, V. A. Ocherki po iazykoznaniiu, 4th ed. Moscow, 1939.
Vinogradov, V. V. Russkii iazyk, 2nd ed. Moscow, 1972.
Kurylowicz, J. “Problema klassifikatsii padezhei.” In his book Ocherki po lingvistike. Moscow, 1962.
Jakobson, R. O. “Morfologicheskie nabliudeniia nad slavianskim skloneniem.” Materialy diskussii IV Mezhdunarodnogo s” ezda slavistov, vol. 2. Moscow, 1962.
“‘Den’ Artura Ozola’: kategoriia padezha v strukture i sisteme iazyka.” Materialy 7-i nauchnoi konferentsii. Riga, 1971.
Zalizniak, A. A. “O ponimanii termina ‘padezh’ v lingvisticheskikh opisaniiakh.” In Problemy grammaticheskogo modelirovaniia, vol. 1. Moscow, 1973.
Gladkii, A. V. “Popytka formal’nogo opredeleniia poniatii padezha i roda sushchestvitel’nogo.” In Problemy grammaticheskogo modelirovaniia, vol. 1. Moscow, 1973.
Fillmore, C. “The Case for Case.” In Universals in Linguistic Theory. New York, 1968.
Hjelmslev, L. La Catégorie des cas. Munich, 1972.

I. A. MEL’CHUK

case

[kās] (computer science) In computers, a set of data to be used by a particular program. The metal box that houses a computer's circuit boards, disk drives, and power supply. Also known as system unit. (engineering) An item designed to hold a specific item in a fixed position by virtue of conforming dimensions or attachments; the item which it contains is complete in itself for removal and use outside the container. (graphic arts) The cover of a hardbound book. (metallurgy) Outer layer of a ferrous alloy which has been made harder than the core by case hardening. (mining engineering) A small fissure admitting water into the mine workings. (petroleum engineering) To line a borehole with steel tubing, such as casing or pipe.

CASE

[kās] (computer science) computer-aided software engineering

case

1. To cover one building material with another. 2. Same as casing, 1.3. The housing containing a lock mechanism. 4. A unit in which food is displayed and protected; often partially constructed of clear glass or plastic and thermally insulated; usually counter-top or wall-mounted.

case

¹a. an action or suit at law or something that forms sufficient grounds for bringing an action b. the evidence offered in court to support a claim

case

²1. Architect another word for casing2. Metallurgy the surface of a piece of steel that has been case-hardened

CASE

(1)Computer Aided Software Engineering.

CASE

(2)Common Application Service Element.

case

(programming)switch statement.

case

(character)Whether a character is a capital letter ("uppercase" - ABC..Z) or a small letter ("lower case" - abc..z).

The term case comes from the printing trade when the use ofmoving type was invented in the early Middle Ages (Caxton orGutenberg?) and the letters for each font were stored in abox with two sections (or "cases"), the upper case was for thecapital letters and the lower case was for the small letters.The Oxford Universal Dictionary of Historical Principles (Feb1993, reprinted 1952) indicates that this usage of "case" (asthe box or frame used by a compositor in the printing trade)was first used in 1588.

CASE

(1) See computer case.

(2) (Computer-Aided Software Engineering or Computer-Aided Systems Engineering) Software that is used in any and all phases of developing an information system, including analysis, design and programming. For example, data dictionaries and diagramming tools aid in the analysis and design phases, while application generators speed up the programming phase.

Higher-Level Describing and Less Programming
CASE tools provide automated methods for designing and documenting traditional structured programming techniques. The ultimate goal of CASE is to provide a language for describing the overall system that is sufficient to generate all the necessary programs. See application generator. See also case statement.

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Synonyms for case

noun situation

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noun patient

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noun instance

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noun investigation

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noun argument

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noun lawsuit

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noun cabinet

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noun container

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noun suitcase

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noun crate

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noun covering

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Synonyms for case

noun one that is representative of a group or class

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noun a legal proceeding to demand justice or enforce a right

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noun a course of reasoning

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verb to look at carefully or critically

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