| 释义 |
brake
brakereduce speed; a retarding device: apply the brakes
Not to be confused with:break – separate; destroy; fracture: break a legbrake 1 B0450700 (brāk)n.1. A device for slowing or stopping motion, as of a vehicle, especially by contact friction.2. Something that slows or stops action.v. braked, brak·ing, brakes v.tr. To reduce the speed of with or as if with a brake.v.intr.1. To operate or apply a brake.2. To be slowed or stopped by or as if by the operation of a brake.
[Early Modern English brake, bridle, curb (for a horse), perhaps from Middle Dutch or Middle Low German, nose ring, curb, flax brake; see brake2.]
brake 2 B0450700 (brāk)n.1. A toothed device for crushing and beating flax or hemp.2. A heavy harrow for breaking clods of earth.3. An apparatus for kneading large amounts of dough.4. A machine for bending and folding sheet metal.tr.v. braked, brak·ing, brakes 1. To crush (flax or hemp) in a toothed device.2. To break up (clods of earth) with a harrow.
[Middle English, from Middle Dutch, from Middle Low German; see bhreg- in Indo-European roots.]
brake 3 B0450700 (brāk)n. A lever or handle on a machine such as a pump.
[Middle English, from Old French brac, from oblique form of bras, arm; see bracer2.]
brake 4 B0450700 (brāk)n.1. Any of various ferns of the genus Pteris having pinnately compound leaves and including several popular houseplants.2. Any of certain other ferns, such as bracken.
[Middle English, probably back-formation from braken; see bracken.]
brake 5 B0450700 (brāk)n. An area overgrown with dense brushwood, briers, and undergrowth; a thicket.
[Middle English, from Middle Low German; see bhreg- in Indo-European roots.]
brake 6 B0450700 (brāk)n. also break A high horse-drawn carriage with four wheels.v. Archaic A past tense of break.brake (breɪk) n1. (Automotive Engineering) a. (often plural) a device for slowing or stopping a vehicle, wheel, shaft, etc, or for keeping it stationary, esp by means of friction. See also drum brake, disc brake, hydraulic brake, air brake, handbrakeb. (as modifier): the brake pedal. 2. (Textiles) a machine or tool for crushing or breaking flax or hemp to separate the fibres3. (Agriculture) Also called: brake harrow a heavy harrow for breaking up clods4. (Railways) short for brake van5. (Automotive Engineering) short for shooting brake6. (Horse Training, Riding & Manège) an open four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage. Also spelt: break 7. (Arms & Armour (excluding Firearms)) an obsolete word for rack14vb8. to slow down or cause to slow down, by or as if by using a brake9. (Textiles) (tr) to crush or break up using a brake[C18: from Middle Dutch braeke; related to breken to break] ˈbrakeless adj
brake (breɪk) n (Physical Geography) an area of dense undergrowth, shrubs, brushwood, etc; thicket[Old English bracu; related to Middle Low German brake, Old French bracon branch]
brake (breɪk) n (Plants) another name for bracken1 See also rock brake
brake (breɪk) vbarchaic chiefly biblical a past tense of breakbrake1 (breɪk)
n., v. braked, brak•ing. n. 1. a device for slowing or stopping a vehicle or other moving mechanism by the absorption or transfer of the energy of momentum, usu. by means of friction. 2. brakes, the drums, shoes, tubes, levers, etc., making up such a device on a vehicle. 3. anything that has a slowing or stopping effect. 4. a tool or machine for breaking up flax or hemp, to separate the fiber. 5. a machine for bending sheet metal to a desired shape. 6. Obs. an instrument of torture; rack. v.t. 7. to slow or stop by or as if by means of a brake. 8. to furnish with brakes. 9. to break up (flax or hemp) in a brake. v.i. 10. to use or run a brake. 11. to stop or slow upon being braked. [1400–50; Middle English < Middle Dutch, Middle Low German] brake′less, adj. brake2 (breɪk)
n. a place overgrown with bushes, brambles, or cane. [1400–50; late Middle English < Middle Low German brake thicket] brake3 (breɪk)
n. 1. bracken (def. 1). 2. any of numerous coarse tropical ferns of the genus Pteris, of the polypody family, cultivated as houseplants. [1275–1325; Middle English] brake4 (breɪk)
v. Archaic. pt. of break. Brake a clump of brushes, brushwood, or briars. See also thicket.Example: brakes of fern, shrub, and fallen trees, 1772.break brakeThese words are both pronounced /breɪk/. 1. 'break'If you break something or it breaks, it divides into two or more pieces, often because it has been hit or dropped. He fell through the window, breaking the glass.Break the bread into pieces and place on a baking tray.The past tense of break is broke. The -ed participle is broken. She dropped the cup, which broke into several pieces.Someone has broken the shop window.See broken2. 'brake'A brake is a device on a vehicle that makes it slow down or stop. He took his foot off the brake.Brake is also a verb. When a vehicle or its driver brakes, the driver makes the vehicle slow down or stop by using the brake. The taxi braked suddenly.brake
Past participle: braked
Gerund: braking
| Present |
|---|
| I brake | | you brake | | he/she/it brakes | | we brake | | you brake | | they brake |
| Preterite |
|---|
| I braked | | you braked | | he/she/it braked | | we braked | | you braked | | they braked |
| Present Continuous |
|---|
| I am braking | | you are braking | | he/she/it is braking | | we are braking | | you are braking | | they are braking |
| Present Perfect |
|---|
| I have braked | | you have braked | | he/she/it has braked | | we have braked | | you have braked | | they have braked |
| Past Continuous |
|---|
| I was braking | | you were braking | | he/she/it was braking | | we were braking | | you were braking | | they were braking |
| Past Perfect |
|---|
| I had braked | | you had braked | | he/she/it had braked | | we had braked | | you had braked | | they had braked |
| Future |
|---|
| I will brake | | you will brake | | he/she/it will brake | | we will brake | | you will brake | | they will brake |
| Future Perfect |
|---|
| I will have braked | | you will have braked | | he/she/it will have braked | | we will have braked | | you will have braked | | they will have braked |
| Future Continuous |
|---|
| I will be braking | | you will be braking | | he/she/it will be braking | | we will be braking | | you will be braking | | they will be braking |
| Present Perfect Continuous |
|---|
| I have been braking | | you have been braking | | he/she/it has been braking | | we have been braking | | you have been braking | | they have been braking |
| Future Perfect Continuous |
|---|
| I will have been braking | | you will have been braking | | he/she/it will have been braking | | we will have been braking | | you will have been braking | | they will have been braking |
| Past Perfect Continuous |
|---|
| I had been braking | | you had been braking | | he/she/it had been braking | | we had been braking | | you had been braking | | they had been braking |
| Conditional |
|---|
| I would brake | | you would brake | | he/she/it would brake | | we would brake | | you would brake | | they would brake |
| Past Conditional |
|---|
| I would have braked | | you would have braked | | he/she/it would have braked | | we would have braked | | you would have braked | | they would have braked |
Thesaurus| Noun | 1. |  brake - a restraint used to slow or stop a vehiclebrake system, brakes - a braking device consisting of a combination of interacting parts that work to slow a motor vehiclecoaster brake - a brake on a bicycle that engages with reverse pressure on the pedalsemergency brake, hand brake, parking brake, emergency - a brake operated by hand; usually operates by mechanical linkagepower brake - a brake on an automobile that magnifies a small force applied to the brake pedal into a proportionately larger force applied to slow or stop the vehicleconstraint, restraint - a device that retards something's motion; "the car did not have proper restraints fitted"wheeled vehicle - a vehicle that moves on wheels and usually has a container for transporting things or people; "the oldest known wheeled vehicles were found in Sumer and Syria and date from around 3500 BC" | | 2. | brake - any of various ferns of the genus Pteris having pinnately compound leaves and including several popular houseplantsfern - any of numerous flowerless and seedless vascular plants having true roots from a rhizome and fronds that uncurl upward; reproduce by sporesgenus Pteris, Pteris - large genus of terrestrial ferns of tropics and subtropics; sometimes placed in family Polypodiaceae | | 3. |  brake - large coarse fern often several feet high; essentially weed ferns; cosmopolitanpasture brake, Pteridium aquilinum, brackenfern - any of numerous flowerless and seedless vascular plants having true roots from a rhizome and fronds that uncurl upward; reproduce by sporesgenus Pteridium, Pteridium - a genus of ferns belonging to the family Dennstaedtiaceae | | 4. | brake - an area thickly overgrown usually with one kind of plantbrush, coppice, copse, thicket, brushwood - a dense growth of bushes | | 5. | brake - anything that slows or hinders a process; "she wan not ready to put the brakes on her life with a marriage"; "new legislation will put the brakes on spending"constraint, restraint - a device that retards something's motion; "the car did not have proper restraints fitted" | | Verb | 1. | brake - stop travelling by applying a brake; "We had to brake suddenly when a chicken crossed the road"driving - the act of controlling and steering the movement of a vehicle or animalstop, halt - come to a halt, stop moving; "the car stopped"; "She stopped in front of a store window"brake - cause to stop by applying the brakes; "brake the car before you go into a curve" | | 2. | brake - cause to stop by applying the brakes; "brake the car before you go into a curve"driving - the act of controlling and steering the movement of a vehicle or animalstop - cause to stop; "stop a car"; "stop the thief"brake - stop travelling by applying a brake; "We had to brake suddenly when a chicken crossed the road"skid - apply a brake or skid to |
brakenoun1. control, check, curb, restraint, constraint, rein, damper Illness had put a brake on his progress.verb1. slow, decelerate, reduce speed She braked to a halt and switched off.brakenounAn instrument or means of restraining:bit, bridle, leash, restraint, snaffle.verbTo control, restrict, or arrest:bit, bridle, check, constrain, curb, hold, hold back, hold down, hold in, inhibit, keep, keep back, pull in, rein (back, in, or up), restrain.Translationsbrake (breik) verb to slow down or stop. He braked (the car) suddenly. 煞車 刹车 noun (often in plural) a device for doing this. He put on the brake(s). 制動器 制动器brake
that's the breaksThere is nothing we can do about the way things have unfolded, especially bad ones, so there is no reason to be upset about it; that's just the way things are. I'm pretty gutted about not getting into the grad school program I wanted, but hey, that's the breaks.See also: breakthem's the breaksThere is nothing we can do about the way things have unfolded, especially bad ones, so there is no reason to be upset about it; that's just the way things are. I'm pretty gutted about not getting into the grad school program I wanted, but hey, them's the breaks.See also: breakthose are the breaksThere is nothing we can do about the way things have unfolded, especially bad ones, so there is no reason to be upset about it; that's just the way things are. I'm pretty gutted about not getting into the grad school program I wanted, but hey, those are the breaks.See also: break, thosehit the brakes1. To quickly engage a vehicle's brakes to slow down or stop. He hit the brakes when he saw the child running into the street.2. By extension, to slow down or stop something one is doing. We had to hit the brakes on development when we found out the investors were pulling out.See also: brake, hitput the brakes on (someone or something)To slow, impede, or stop someone's or something's progress or activities. The recent economic downturn put the brakes on the government's plans for redeveloping the region's transportation system. They put the brakes on our department because they felt our criticism was too damaging to the company's image.See also: brake, on, putslam (on) the brake(s)1. Literally, to quickly press on a vehicle's brakes to slow down or stop. He slammed on the brakes when he saw the child running into the street. You risk doing your car serious damage if you slam the brake without shifting down the gears.2. By extension, to slow down or stop something that one is doing. We had to slam on the brakes when we found out investors were pulling out of the company.See also: slamjam (on) the brake(s)1. Literally, to quickly press on a vehicle's brakes to slow down or stop. He jammed on the brakes when he saw the child running into the street. You risk doing your car serious damage if you jam the brake without shifting down the gears.2. By extension, to slow down or stop something one is doing. We had to jam on the brakes when we found out investors were pulling out of the company.See also: jamslam the brake(s) on1. Literally, to quickly press on a vehicle's brakes to slow down or stop. He slammed the brakes on when he saw the child running into the street. You risk doing your car serious damage if you slam the brake on without shifting down the gears.2. By extension, to slow down or stop something one is doing. In this usage, the thing being stopped can be stated after "on." We had to slam the brakes on development when we found out the investors were pulling out.See also: on, slamjam the brake(s) on1. Literally, to quickly press on a vehicle's brakes to slow down or stop. He jammed the brakes on when he saw the child running into the street. You risk doing your car serious damage if you jam the brake on without shifting down the gears.2. By extension, to slow down or stop something one is doing. In this usage, the thing being stopped can be stated after "on." We had to jam the brakes on development when we found out the investors were pulling out.See also: jam, onput on the brakesTo slow down, impede, or stop one's activity or progress. We had to put on the brakes when we found out investors were pulling out of the company. I think the government should put on the brakes in regards to its spending, or it's going to find itself in insurmountable debt.See also: brake, on, puthit the brakes 1. Lit. to step on a vehicle's brakes hard and fast. I came around the curve too fast and had to hit the brakes immediately. 2. Fig. to stop [something]. The project seemed to be getting nowhere so we hit the brakes before too much more money was spent.See also: brake, hitjam the brakes onto press down hard on a vehicle's brakes. Alice jammed the brakes on and the car skidded all over the place. She jammed on the brakes.See also: brake, jam, onput the brakes on someoneFig. to block someone's activities; to cause someone to stop doing something. (Based on put the brakes on something.) The boss put the brakes on Gerald, who was trying too aggressively to get promoted. We are going to have to put the brakes on you if you make any more difficulties.See also: brake, on, putput the brakes on somethingto halt or impede some process. The manager had to put the brakes on the Wilson project due to lack of funds. We will put the brakes on this project because it is costing too much money.See also: brake, on, putslam the brakes onto push on a vehicle's brakes suddenly and hard. (The can be replaced by a possessive pronoun.) The driver in front of me slammed her brakes on and I nearly ran into her. Don't slam on your brakes when the road is wet.See also: brake, on, slamput the brakes on something If someone or something puts the brakes on or puts the brakes on something, it causes a process or activity to slow down or stop. He put the brakes on his social life and concentrated on his work. The company needs to put the brakes on and slow things down. Note: You can also say that someone or something puts on the brakes. I was ready to make an offer on the house, until my wife put on the brakes.See also: brake, on, put, somethingthat's the breaks or them's the breaks AMERICAN, INFORMALPeople say that's the breaks or them's the breaks to mean that this is the way life is and there is nothing you can do about it. Some days you don't play so well, but that's the breaks.See also: breakthat's (or them's) the breaks that's the way things turn out (used to express resigned acceptance of a situation). North American informalSee also: breakjam on the ˈbrake(s), jam the ˈbrake(s) on make a vehicle stop very suddenly by operating the brakes with force: The car skidded as he jammed on the brakes.See also: brake, jam, onbrake
brake, in technology, device to slow or stop the motion of a mechanism or vehicle. Types Friction Brakes Friction brakes, the most common kind, operate on the principle that friction can be used to convert the mechanical energy of a moving object into heat energy, which is absorbed by the brake. The essential components of a friction brake are a rotating part, such as a wheel, axle, disk, or brake drum, and a stationary part that is pressed against the rotating part to slow or stop it. The stationary part usually has a lining, called a brake lining, that can generate a great amount of friction yet give long wear; it formerly contained asbestosasbestos,
common name for any of a variety of silicate minerals within the amphibole and serpentine groups that are fibrous in structure and more or less resistant to acid and fire.
..... Click the link for more information. , but this is being replaced by less efficient materials for environmental reasons. The principal types of friction brake are the block brake, the band brake, the internal-shoe brake, and the disk brake. The block brake consists of a block, the stationary part, that is shaped to fit the contour of a wheel or drum. For example, a wooden block applied to the rim of a wheel has long been used to slow or stop horse-drawn vehicles. A simple band brake consists of a metal band, the stationary part, that can be tightened around a drum by means of a lever. It is found on hoists and excavating machinery. The internal-shoe brake has a drum that contains two stationary semicircular pieces, or shoes, which slow or stop the motion of the drum by pressing against its inner surface. This is the type of brake most often found on automobiles, with an internal-shoe brake drum located on the central part of each wheel. A disk brake of the type used on automobiles has a metal disk and pistons with friction pads that can close on the disk and slow it. Electric Brakes A machine that is driven by an electric motor can sometimes use its motor as a brake. Because inertia keeps the machine's shafts moving after the current to the electric motor has been shut off, the machine keeps the motor's armature turning. While this is happening, if the motor's action can be changed to that of a generator, the electric current produced will be drawing its energy from the machine, thus slowing it. However, since such a braking method is not suitable for bringing the machine to a quick stop, it is usually supplemented by friction brakes. Braking Systems A manually operated brake pedal or handle is used to activate a brake. With low-power machinery or vehicles the operator can usually apply sufficient force through a simple mechanical linkage from the pedal or handle to the stationary part of the brake. In many cases, however, this force must be multiplied by using an elaborate braking system. In many modern braking systems there no longer is a direct connection between the pedal and the brake; a sensor is used register the force applied to the pedal, and that information is used to determine the pressure to apply to the brake. Automobile braking systems may also include an override that disables the accelerator when the brake is activated. An antilock braking system (ABS) uses sensors to identify when a wheel is locking and then applies and releases the brake automatically several times per second to prevent lockup. ABS can prevent skids, permitting controlled stops, and decreases the amount of time and distance needed to stop a car. The Air Brake System An early system for multiplying the braking force, called the air brake system, or air brake, was invented by American manufacturer George Westinghouse and was first used on passenger trains in 1868. It is now widely used on railroad trains. The fundamental principle involved is the use of compressed air acting through a piston in a cylinder to set block brakes on the wheels. The action is simultaneous on the wheels of all the cars in the train. The compressed air is carried through a strong hose from car to car with couplings between cars; its release to all the separate block brake units, at the same time, is controlled by the engineer. An automatic feature provides for the setting of all the block brakes in the event of damage to the brake hose, leakage, or damage to individual brake units. The air brake is used also on subway trains, trolley cars, buses, and trucks. The Hydraulic Brake System The hydraulic brake system, or hydraulic brake, is used on almost all automobiles (see hydraulic machinehydraulic machine,
machine that derives its power from the motion or pressure of water or some other liquid. Hydraulic Engines
Water falling from one level to a lower one is used to drive machines like the water wheel and the turbine.
..... Click the link for more information. ). When the brake pedal of an automobile is depressed, a force is applied to a piston in a master cylinder. The piston forces hydraulic fluid through metal tubing into a cylinder in each wheel where the fluid's pressure moves two pistons that press the brake shoes against the drum. The Vacuum Brake System The vacuum brake system, or vacuum brake, depends upon the use of a vacuum to force a piston in a cylinder to hold a brake shoe off a drum; when the vacuum is destroyed, the shoe is released and presses on the drum. In an automotive power brake system, extra pressure can be exerted on the hydraulic master cylinder piston by a vacuum brake's piston.
brake, in botany: see brackenbracken
or brake,
common name for a tall fern (Pteridium aquilinum) with large triangular fronds, widespread throughout the world, often as a weed. It is considered poisonous to livestock when eaten in quantity, but the rootstocks and the young shoots, cooked,
..... Click the link for more information. .Brake a complex device for decelerating or stopping a machine or mechanism; in hoisting and conveying machines, the brake also serves to hold the load in a raised position. Depending on their action, brakes are classified as mechanical (friction), hydraulic, or electric (electromagnetic and induction) brakes. Distinctions are also made between shoe, band, disk, and cone brakes, depending on the design of the working elements. The most common type of brake in machines and mechanisms, including hoisting and conveying machines and the mechanisms of machine tools and railroad trains, is the external shoe brake, in which the shoes are attached to levers on fulcrums, usually in symmetrical opposition relative to the brake drum. Internal shoe brakes are used in motor vehicles. The various structural designs of shoe brakes are largely distinguished by the lever system used and the type of actuation. Shoe-rail brakes are used in the drive mechanism of some vehicles, railroad cars, and locomotives; their action is based on the compression of the brake shoes against the rails. Such brakes are especially effective in emergency braking. In band brakes, a flexible band is used instead of a shoe. The band surrounds the drum, permitting an increase in the frictional torque, which also increases with increasing angles of wrap. Band brakes are used in the hoisting, transport, and turning mechanisms of hoisting and conveying machines. Their disadvantages include the significant force that deforms the shaft of the brake drum, the uneven distribution of stress and wear over the arc of friction material in contact with the drum, and the relatively large effect of changes in the coefficient of friction on the braking torque. In disk brakes, the frictional torque is created as a result of the compression of disks rotating together with a shaft mechanism against nonrotating disks. Disk brakes may be used to achieve high frictional torques, which increase with an increasing number of disks. Disks also have the advantages of compactness and relatively easy protection from the environment, including complete hermetic sealing if necessary. Their disadvantages include poor heat dissipation from the frictional surfaces, especially in multi-disk brakes. Disk brakes find use in various mechanisms in vehicles and metal-cutting machine tools. Combination disk-shoe brakes create friction between the edge surfaces of a disk and the end surfaces of friction shoes, which are pressed against the disk from both sides. The shoes cover only a small part of the disk’s friction surface, which provides better heat dissipation and increases the life of the shoes. Such a design shows promise for future development. A significant advantage of the design is the relatively low moment of inertia of the disk in comparison with the moment of inertia of the brake drum of a shoe brake or band brake. This decreases the load on the engine when the mechanism is actuated and lessens the amount of kinetic energy converted into heat during braking. Such brakes are especially effective in the braking systems of heavy vehicles, such as trucks. In load-bearing brakes, which are used in the mechanisms of hoisting and conveying machines, the braking torque arises from the action of the load being transported. Such brakes are used as lowering brakes in winches and boom hoists and as emergency brakes in escalators. The safety grips used in manual hoisting machines are load-bearing brakes equipped with a ratchet gear, which prevent the twisting or unwinding of the driving crank caused by the action of the load being lifted. Speed-limiting brakes, or limiters, are used to ensure the safe operation of various machines and mechanisms. These devices prevent increases in the speed of a mechanism above a predetermined speed but cannot stop the mechanism or load. They are used in the drive mechanisms of various hoists and conveyors to control the speed at which heavy loads are lowered; they also find applications in testing devices. Types of limiters include centrifugal, dynamic (hydraulic), and induction limiters and small explosive devices. In centrifugal brakes, when the speed increases above a given limit, the centrifugal force of the rotating elements of the brake increases. This creates pressure on the stationary part of the brake, which generates the required braking torque. The frictional torque created by a brake depends on the force with which the friction elements—shoes, bands, or disks—are pressed against the friction surface of the component connected to the drum or disk and on the properties of the materials of the contacting pair. In order to increase the compressing force in some brakes, the self-energizing effect is used, in which the force of friction arising between contacting surfaces facilitates the additional compression of these surfaces. Friction materials that can be glued or riveted to the working elements make it possible to reduce the size of brakes, lessen the power required for actuation, and obtain higher braking torques. Brake actuation may be by mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic, vacuum, electromagnetic, electrohydraulic, or electromechanical linkage. With mechanical actuation, as is usually used for the emergency brakes of motor vehicles, the actuation force is transferred from a lever or pedal through a system of rods, levers, and connections. Mechanical actuation becomes complex when the brake is significantly removed from the control. Hydraulic and pneumatic actuation linkages are more advanced. Hydraulic actuation is used in passenger cars and cranes, and pneumatic actuation is used in trucks, buses, streetcars, railroad trains, and airplane landing gear. In pneumatic and electropneumatic actuation systems, the major power components are the brake power cylinders, which are connected by an air line to a compressor through a brake valve, and a lever system for the friction shoes; such brakes are used in railroad rolling stock (seeKAZANTSEV BRAKE and MATROSOV AIR BRAKE). Electric actuation uses special AC or DC electromagnets that act on the lever system of the brake. Electrohydraulic and electromechanical plungers are also used. These are devices consisting of an energy converter with an independent motor and the plunger itself with a rod that moves back and forth in conjunction with the lever system. Brake plungers are insensitive to overloads, and they make it possible to limit travel of the rod in both directions without the danger of overloading the motor or the components of the plunger. Because they can operate at high frequencies, they can be used in speed-control systems for the working parts of machines. In some brake designs, actuation is by a short-circuited servomotor connected to a lever system through a gear or crank transmission. Other types of braking include electrical and aerodynamic braking, for example, the use of drag parachutes and high-lift devices on an airplane, and braking accomplished as a result of a change in the operating mode of an engine, for example, compression braking in motor vehicles. REFERENCESAleksandrov, M. P. Tormoznye usiroistva v mashinostroenii. Moscow, 1965.
Mashchenko, A. F., and V. G. Rozanov. Tormoznye sistemy avtotransportnykh sredstv. Moscow, 1972.
Borisov, S. M. Friktsionnye mufty i tormoza stroitel’nykh i dorozhnykh mashin. Moscow, 1973.
Krylov, V. I., E. V. Klykov, and V. F. Iasentsev. Avtomaticheskie tormoza. Moscow, 1973.
Kazarinov, V. M., V. G. Inozemtsev, and V. F. Iasentsev. Teoreticheskie osnovy proektirovanüa i ekspluatatsii avtolormozov. Moscow, 1968.
Gavrilenko, B. A., V. A. Minin, and L. S. Olovnikov. Gidravlicheskie tormoza. Moscow, 1961.
Ioganson, R. A. Induktornye tormoza. Moscow-Leningrad, 1966.M. P. ALEKSANDROV, IU. K. ESENOVSKII-LASHKOV, V. G. INOZEMTSEV, and E. V. KLYKOV. Under the general editorship of M. P. ALEKSANDROV brake[brāk] (mechanical engineering) A machine element for applying friction to a moving surface to slow it (and often, the containing vehicle or device) down or bring it to rest. Brake A machine element for applying a force to a moving surface to slow it down or bring it to rest in a controlled manner. In doing so, it converts the kinetic energy of motion into heat which is dissipated into the atmosphere. Brakes are used in motor vehicles, trains, airplanes, elevators, and other machines. Most brakes are of a friction type in which a fixed surface is brought into contact with a moving part that is to be slowed or stopped. Friction brakes are classified according to the kind of friction element employed and the means of applying the friction forces. See Friction The single-block is the simplest form of brake. It consists of a short block fitted to the contour of a wheel or drum and pressed against its surface by means of a lever on a fulcrum, as widely used on railroad cars. The block may have the contour lined with friction-brake material, which gives long wear and a high coefficient of friction. The fulcrum may be located with respect to the lever in a manner to aid or retard the braking torque of the block. The lever may be operated manually or by a remotely controlled force (Fig. 1a).  Brakes In double-block brakes, two single-blocks brake in symmetrical opposition, where the operating force on the end of one lever is the reaction of the other, make up a double-block brake (Fig. 1b). External thrust loads are balanced on the rim of the rotating wheel. An external-shoe brake operates in the same manner as the block brake, and the designation indicates the application of externally contracting elements. In this brake the shoes are appreciably longer, extending over a greater portion of the drum (Fig. 1c). This construction allows more combinations for special applications than the simple shoe, although assumptions of uniform pressure and concentrated forces are no longer possible. In particular, it is used on elevator installations for locking the hoisting sheave by means of a heavy spring when the electric current is off and the elevator is at rest. An internal shoe brake has several advantages over an external shoe. Because the internal shoe works on the inner surface of the drum, it is protected from water and grit (Fig. 1d). It may be designed in a more compact package, is easily activated, and is effective for drives with rotations in both directions. The internal shoe is used in the automotive drum brake, with hydraulic piston actuation. See Automotive brake Hoists, excavating machinery, and hydraulic clutch-controlled transmissions have band brakes. They operate on the same principle as flat belts on pulleys. In the simplest band brake, one end of the belt is fastened near the drum surface, and the other end is then pulled over the drum in the direction of rotation so that a lever on a fulcrum may apply tension to the belt. Disk brakes have long been used on hoisting and similar apparatus. Because more energy is absorbed in prolonged braking than in clutch startup, additional heat dissipation must be provided in equivalent disk brakes. Disk brakes are used for the wheels of aircraft, where segmented rotary elements are pressed against stationary plates by hydraulic pistons. Flexibility, self-alignment, and rapid cooling are inherent in this design. Another application is the bicycle coaster brake. The caliper disk brake (Fig. 2) is widely used on automotive vehicles. It consists of a rotating disk which can be gripped between two friction pads. The caliper disk brake is hydraulically operated, and the pads cover between one-sixth and one-ninth of the swept area of the disk. See Automotive brake  Caliper disk brake Railway brakes are normally applied air brakes; if the air coupling to a car is broken, the brakes are applied automatically. To apply the brakes, the brake operator releases the compressed air that is restraining the brakes by means of a diaphragm and linkage. Over-the-road trucks and buses use air brakes. Another form of air brake consists of an annular air tube surrounding a jointed brake lining that extends completely around the outside of a brake drum. Air pressure expands the tube, pressing the lining against the drum. brake11. a. a device for slowing or stopping a vehicle, wheel, shaft, etc., or for keeping it stationary, esp by means of friction b. (as modifier): the brake pedal 2. a machine or tool for crushing or breaking flax or hemp to separate the fibres 3. an open four-wheeled horse-drawn carriage
brake2 an area of dense undergrowth, shrubs, brushwood, etc.; thicket FinancialSeebreakSee BRK
See BKbrake
Related to brake: brake lining, hand brakeSynonyms for brakenoun controlSynonyms- control
- check
- curb
- restraint
- constraint
- rein
- damper
verb slowSynonyms- slow
- decelerate
- reduce speed
Synonyms for brakenoun an instrument or means of restrainingSynonyms- bit
- bridle
- leash
- restraint
- snaffle
verb to control, restrict, or arrestSynonyms- bit
- bridle
- check
- constrain
- curb
- hold
- hold back
- hold down
- hold in
- inhibit
- keep
- keep back
- pull in
- rein
- restrain
Synonyms for brakenoun a restraint used to slow or stop a vehicleRelated Words- brake system
- brakes
- coaster brake
- emergency brake
- hand brake
- parking brake
- emergency
- power brake
- constraint
- restraint
- wheeled vehicle
noun any of various ferns of the genus Pteris having pinnately compound leaves and including several popular houseplantsRelated Wordsnoun large coarse fern often several feet highSynonyms- pasture brake
- Pteridium aquilinum
- bracken
Related Words- fern
- genus Pteridium
- Pteridium
noun an area thickly overgrown usually with one kind of plantRelated Words- brush
- coppice
- copse
- thicket
- brushwood
noun anything that slows or hinders a processRelated Wordsverb stop travelling by applying a brakeRelated Wordsverb cause to stop by applying the brakesRelated Words |