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单词 cloud
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cloud


cloud

C0420200 (kloud)n.1. a. A visible body of very fine water droplets or ice particles suspended in the atmosphere at altitudes ranging up to several miles above sea level.b. A mass of particles or droplets, as of dust, smoke, or steam, suspended in the atmosphere or existing in outer space.2. a. A large moving body of things in the air or on the ground; a swarm: a cloud of locusts.b. A collection of particles or other small entities: an electron cloud; a cloud of spores.c. An opaque mass of particles suspended in water: a cloud of silt in the pond.3. A dark region or blemish, as on a polished stone.4. A state or cause of sadness, worry, or anger: At the bad news a cloud fell over the celebration.5. A state or cause of confusion or misunderstanding: writing made difficult by a cloud of jargon.6. A state or cause of suspicion or disgrace: A cloud of mistrust lingers among the signers of the treaty.7. a. A large area of coordinated wireless internet service.b. The collection of data and services available through the internet: stored company data in the cloud.v. cloud·ed, cloud·ing, clouds v.tr.1. a. To cover or obscure with clouds: We could not see the moon because the sky was clouded over.b. To make less clear or transparent: Smoke clouded the sky. Steam clouded the windows.2. a. To make sorrowful, troubled, or angry: a bad memory that clouded his spirits.b. To cause to appear sorrowful, troubled, or angry: Worry clouded her face.3. a. To make difficult to know or understand; make obscure or uncertain: The economic downturn clouded the future of the project.b. To confuse: Don't let your resentments cloud your judgment.4. To cast aspersions on; sully: Scandal clouded the officer's reputation.v.intr.1. a. To become cloudy or overcast: The sky clouded over.b. To become dark, obscure, or less transparent: The water in the tank clouded up.2. To show sorrow, worry, or anger: His face clouded at the news.Idioms: in the clouds Impractical. under a cloud Under suspicion or in a state of disgrace.
[Middle English, hill, cloud, from Old English clūd, rock, hill.]
cloud′less adj.

cloud

(klaʊd) n1. (Physical Geography) a mass of water or ice particles visible in the sky, usually white or grey, from which rain or snow falls when the particles coagulate. See also cirrus, cumulonimbus, cumulus, stratus2. any collection of particles visible in the air, esp of smoke or dust3. (Zoology) a large number of insects or other small animals in flight4. something that darkens, threatens, or carries gloom5. (Jewellery) jewellery a cloudlike blemish in a transparent stone6. (modifier) of or relating to cloud computing: a cloud application. 7. in the clouds not in contact with reality8. under a cloud a. under reproach or suspicionb. in a state of gloom or bad temper9. on cloud nine informal elated; very happyvb10. (when: intr, often foll by over or up) to make or become cloudy, overcast, or indistinct11. (tr) to make obscure; darken12. (tr) to confuse or impair: emotion clouded his judgment. 13. to make or become gloomy or depressed14. (tr) to place under or render liable to suspicion or disgrace15. to render (liquids) milky or dull or (of liquids) to become milky or dull16. to become or render mottled or variegated[C13 (in the sense: a mass of vapour): from Old English clūd rock, hill; probably related to clod] ˈcloudless adj ˈcloudlessly adv ˈcloudlessness n ˈcloudˌlike adj

cloud

(klaʊd)

n. 1. a visible collection of particles of water or ice suspended in the air, usu. at an elevation above the earth's surface. 2. any similar mass, esp. of smoke or dust. 3. a dim or obscure area in something otherwise clear or transparent. 4. anything that causes gloom, trouble, suspicion, etc. 5. a great number of insects, birds, etc., flying together. v.t. 6. to cover with or as if with a cloud or clouds. 7. to make gloomy. 8. to make obscure or indistinct; confuse: to cloud the issue with extraneous details. 9. to reveal distress, anxiety, etc., in (a part of one's face): Worry clouded his brow. 10. to place under suspicion, disgrace, etc. v.i. 11. to grow cloudy. 12. to reveal one's distress, anxiety, etc.: Her brow clouded with anger. Idioms: 1. have one's head in the clouds, a. to be lost in reverie; be daydreaming. b. to be impractical. 2. on a cloud, Informal. exceedingly happy; in high spirits. 3. under a cloud, in disgrace; under suspicion. [before 900; Middle English; Old English clūd rock, hill; probably akin to clod] cloud′less, adj. cloud′less•ly, adv. cloud′less•ness, n. cloud′like`, adj.
cloud

cloud

(kloud)1. A visible mass of condensed water droplets or ice particles floating in the atmosphere. Clouds take various shapes depending on the conditions under which they form and their height in the atmosphere, ranging from ground or sea level to several miles above the Earth.2. A distinguishable mass of particles or gas, such as the collection of gases and dust in a nebula.

Cloud

 a mass or volume of smoke, flying dust, etc.; a body of insects or birds; a mass of rock; a great crowd; a vast collection. See also drift, plague, swarm.Examples: cloud of arrows, 1776; of disdain, 1591; of dust; of flies, 1855; of foxes, 1883; of gnats, 1590; of grasshoppers; of incense; of information, 1705; of insects; of locust, 1667; of rain; of rock; of sails, 1748; of seafowl, 1885; of smoke; of starlings, 1882; of witches; of witnesses, 1382.

Cloud(s)

 

See Also: CLOUD MOVEMENTS, SKY

  1. A cloud like a torn shirt —Katherine Mansfield
  2. Clouds are like Holy Writ, in which theologians cause the faithful or the crazy to see anything they please —Voltaire
  3. Clouds … as white as leghorn feathers —Saul Bellow
  4. The cloud showed motion within, like an old transport truck piled high with crate on crate of sleepy white chickens —Eudora Welty
  5. The clouds hung above the mountains like puffs of white smoke left in the wake of a giant old-fashioned choochoo train —Sue Grafton
  6. The clouds lie over the chiming sky … like the dustsheets over a piano —Dylan Thomas
  7. Clouds like a marble frieze across the sky —Helen Hudson
  8. Clouds like cruisers in the heaven —Edna O’Brien
  9. Clouds like dark bruises were massing and swelling [on the horizon] —George Garrett
  10. Clouds … like drowsy lambs around a tree —Romain Gary
  11. (The sky turned sooty with) clouds like enormous thumbprints —Helen Hudson
  12. Clouds like lights among great tombs —Wallace Stevens
  13. Clouds like tattered fur —Jean Thompson
  14. Clouds piling up like a bubble bath —Sue Grafton
  15. Clouds, plump and heavy as dumplings —Anthony E. Stockanes
  16. The clouds were asses’ ears —Dylan Thomas
  17. The clouds were huddled on the horizon like dirty sheep from the steppes —Joyce Renwick
  18. The clouds were like an alabaster palace —Johnny Mercer, from his 1954 lyrics for Midnight Sun
  19. The clouds were like old fiddles —Joyce Cary
  20. A few clouds were drawn against the light like streaks of lead pencils —John Cheever
  21. Fluffy white clouds, like flecks of lather, were floating across the sky —Alexander Solzhenitsyn
  22. Clouds … wild and black and rolling like locomotives —W. P. Kinsella
  23. Frail clouds like milkweed floss —John Dos Passos
  24. Gleaming, white fluffy clouds peeped over the hills … like kittens —Stella Benson
  25. High fat clouds like globs of whipped cream —William Faulkner
  26. Like a grave face, lit by some last, sad thought, a cloud, tinged by the fading glow of sunset —John Hall Wheelock
  27. Like blurred lenses, winter clouds cast a shade over the sun —Truman Capote
  28. (Above the falling sun,) like visible winds the clouds are streaked and spun —Roy Fuller
  29. Little white clouds … like a row of ballet-girls, dressed in white, waiting at the back of the stage, alert and merry, for the curtain to go up —W. Somerset Maugham
  30. Little white clouds like flags were whipped out in the scented wind —Paul Horgan
  31. Little white puffs of cloud … like a cat steeped in milk —W. P. Kinsella
  32. A long thin cloud crossed it [the moon] slowly, drawing itself out like a name being called —Eudora Welty
  33. Low clouds, drooping at the edges like felt, sailed over the woods —Boris Pasternak
  34. Low on the horizon hung a fugitive wisp of cloud, spiraled and upthrust like a genie emerging from a bottle —Robert Traver
  35. A massive cloud like dirty cotton —William Faulkner
  36. One cloud intruded [into the blue of the sky] puffy, precise, as if piped from a pastry bag —Margaret Sutherland
  37. Parcels of clouds lying against the mountainside like ghosts of dead mackerel —Paul Theroux
  38. A single puff of cloud so still, it seems as if it had been painted there —Delmore Schwartz
  39. Small thin clouds like puffs of frosty breath —Joyce Cary
  40. Some small clouds, like rosy petals, seemed to his eyes to be dancing, gently and carefully, against the blue —Hugh Walpole
  41. They [the clouds] peel the morning like a fruit —Lawrence Durrell
  42. When clouds appear like rocks and towers, the earth’s refreshed by frequent showers —English weather rhyme
  43. White and fluffy clouds … one looked like a fish and one looked like a movie star, all curvy, and another looked like Santa Claus gone wrong —Lee Smith

cloud


Past participle: clouded
Gerund: clouding
Imperative
cloud
cloud
Present
I cloud
you cloud
he/she/it clouds
we cloud
you cloud
they cloud
Preterite
I clouded
you clouded
he/she/it clouded
we clouded
you clouded
they clouded
Present Continuous
I am clouding
you are clouding
he/she/it is clouding
we are clouding
you are clouding
they are clouding
Present Perfect
I have clouded
you have clouded
he/she/it has clouded
we have clouded
you have clouded
they have clouded
Past Continuous
I was clouding
you were clouding
he/she/it was clouding
we were clouding
you were clouding
they were clouding
Past Perfect
I had clouded
you had clouded
he/she/it had clouded
we had clouded
you had clouded
they had clouded
Future
I will cloud
you will cloud
he/she/it will cloud
we will cloud
you will cloud
they will cloud
Future Perfect
I will have clouded
you will have clouded
he/she/it will have clouded
we will have clouded
you will have clouded
they will have clouded
Future Continuous
I will be clouding
you will be clouding
he/she/it will be clouding
we will be clouding
you will be clouding
they will be clouding
Present Perfect Continuous
I have been clouding
you have been clouding
he/she/it has been clouding
we have been clouding
you have been clouding
they have been clouding
Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been clouding
you will have been clouding
he/she/it will have been clouding
we will have been clouding
you will have been clouding
they will have been clouding
Past Perfect Continuous
I had been clouding
you had been clouding
he/she/it had been clouding
we had been clouding
you had been clouding
they had been clouding
Conditional
I would cloud
you would cloud
he/she/it would cloud
we would cloud
you would cloud
they would cloud
Past Conditional
I would have clouded
you would have clouded
he/she/it would have clouded
we would have clouded
you would have clouded
they would have clouded

cloud

A mass of tiny droplets formed when water vapor condenses as warm, moist air moves upwards where the temperature is lower. The bottom of the cloud is the dew point.
Thesaurus
Noun1.cloud - any collection of particles (e.g., smoke or dust) or gases that is visiblecloud - any collection of particles (e.g., smoke or dust) or gases that is visiblecoma - (astronomy) the luminous cloud of particles surrounding the frozen nucleus of a comet; forms as the comet approaches the sun and is warmednebula - an immense cloud of gas (mainly hydrogen) and dust in interstellar spacephysical phenomenon - a natural phenomenon involving the physical properties of matter and energyaerosol - a cloud of solid or liquid particles in a gascosmic dust - clouds of particles or gases occurring throughout interstellar spacedust cloud - a cloud of dust suspended in the airmushroom cloud, mushroom-shaped cloud, mushroom - a large cloud of rubble and dust shaped like a mushroom and rising into the sky after an explosion (especially of a nuclear bomb)
2.cloud - a visible mass of water or ice particles suspended at a considerable altitudecirrocumulus, cirrocumulus cloud - a cloud at a high altitude consisting of a series of regularly arranged small clouds resembling ripplescirrostratus, cirrostratus cloud - a thin uniform layer of hazy cloud at high altitudecirrus cloud, cirrus - a wispy white cloud (usually of fine ice crystals) at a high altitude (4 to 8 miles)cloud bank - a layer of clouds seen from a distancecondensation trail, contrail - an artificial cloud created by an aircraft; caused either by condensation due to the reduction in air pressure above the wing surface or by water vapor in the engine exhaustcumulonimbus, cumulonimbus cloud, thundercloud - a dark cloud of great vertical extent charged with electricity; associated with thunderstormscumulus, cumulus cloud - a globular cloudmother-of-pearl cloud, nacreous cloud - a luminous iridescent cloud at a high altitude that may be seen when the sun is a few degrees below the horizonnebule - a small cloudnimbus, nimbus cloud, rain cloud - a dark grey cloud bearing rainsky - the atmosphere and outer space as viewed from the earthstorm cloud - a heavy dark cloud presaging rain or a stormstratus, stratus cloud - a large dark low cloudatmospheric phenomenon - a physical phenomenon associated with the atmospherewater vapor, water vapour - water in a vaporous form diffused in the atmosphere but below boiling temperature
3.cloud - out of touch with reality; "his head was in the clouds"irreality, unreality - the state of being insubstantial or imaginary; not existing objectively or in fact
4.cloud - a cause of worry or gloom or trouble; "the only cloud on the horizon was the possibility of dissent by the French"gloominess, glumness, gloom - an atmosphere of depression and melancholy; "gloom pervaded the office"
5.cloud - suspicion affecting your reputation; "after that mistake he was under a cloud"suspicion - the state of being suspected; "he tried to shield me from suspicion"
6.cloud - a group of many things in the air or on the ground; "a swarm of insects obscured the light"; "clouds of blossoms"; "it discharged a cloud of spores"swarmgroup, grouping - any number of entities (members) considered as a unitinsect - small air-breathing arthropodinfestation, plague - a swarm of insects that attack plants; "a plague of grasshoppers"
Verb1.cloud - make overcast or cloudy; "Fall weather often overcasts our beaches"overcastdarken - make dark or darker; "darken a room"fog up - get foggy; "The windshield fogged up"haze - become hazy, dull, or cloudycloud over, cloud up, overcloud - become covered with clouds; "The sky clouded over"
2.cloud - make less visible or unclearcloud - make less visible or unclear; "The stars are obscured by the clouds"; "the big elm tree obscures our view of the valley"becloud, befog, fog, haze over, obnubilate, obscure, mistconceal, hide - prevent from being seen or discovered; "Muslim women hide their faces"; "hide the money"overshadow - cast a shadow upon; "The tall tree overshadowed the house"
3.cloud - billow up in the form of a cloud; "The smoke clouded above the houses"billow, wallow - rise up as if in waves; "smoke billowed up into the sky"
4.cloud - make gloomy or depressed; "Their faces were clouded with sadness"impress, strike, affect, move - have an emotional or cognitive impact upon; "This child impressed me as unusually mature"; "This behavior struck me as odd"
5.cloud - place under suspicion or cast doubt upon; "sully someone's reputation"defile, sully, taint, corruptmar, deflower, impair, vitiate, spoil - make imperfect; "nothing marred her beauty"
6.cloud - make less clear; "the stroke clouded memories of her youth"alter, change, modify - cause to change; make different; cause a transformation; "The advent of the automobile may have altered the growth pattern of the city"; "The discussion has changed my thinking about the issue"
7.cloud - colour with streaks or blotches of different shadesdapple, mottlespot - mark with a spot or spots so as to allow easy recognition; "spot the areas that one should clearly identify"harlequin - variegate with spots or marks; "His face was harlequined with patches"speckle, stipple - produce a mottled effect; "The sunlight stippled the trees"
8.cloud - make milky or dull; "The chemical clouded the liquid to which it was added"dull - make less lively or vigorous; "Middle age dulled her appetite for travel"

cloud

noun1. mist, fog, haze, obscurity, vapour, nebula, murk, darkness, gloom The sun was almost entirely obscured by cloud.2. billow, mass, shower, puff The hens darted away on all sides, raising a cloud of dust.3. swarm, host, crowd, flock, horde, multitude, throng, dense mass He was surrounded by a cloud of buzzing flies.verb1. confuse, obscure, distort, impair, muddle, disorient Perhaps anger has clouded his vision.2. darken, dim, be overshadowed, be overcast The sky clouded and a light rain began to fall.Related words
fear nephophobia
Quotations
"I wander'd lonely as a cloud"
"That floats on high o'er vales and hills" [William Wordsworth I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud]

Types of cloud

altocumulus, altostratus, cirrocumulus, cirrostratus, cirrus, cumulonimbus, cumulus, false cirrus, fractocumulus, fractostratus, nimbostratus, nimbus, stratocumulus, stratus

cloud

nounA very large number of things grouped together:army, crowd, drove, flock, horde, host, legion, mass, mob, multitude, ruck, score (used in plural), swarm, throng.verb1. To make dim or indistinct:becloud, bedim, befog, blear, blur, dim, dull, eclipse, fog, gloom, mist, obfuscate, obscure, overcast, overshadow, shadow.2. To contaminate the reputation of:befoul, besmear, besmirch, bespatter, blacken, denigrate, dirty, smear, smudge, smut, soil, spatter, stain, sully, taint, tarnish.Idioms: give a black eye to, sling mud on.
Translations
云云层密布使黯然把...弄得模糊不清阴影

cloud

(klaud) 1. a mass of tiny drops of water floating in the sky. white clouds in a blue sky; The hills were hidden in cloud.2. a great number or quantity of anything small moving together. a cloud of flies. 一大群 一大群3. something causing fear, depression etc. a cloud of sadness. 陰影 阴影 verb1. (often with over) to become cloudy. The sky clouded over and it began to rain. 雲層密布 云层密布2. to (cause to) become blurred or not clear. Her eyes were clouded with tears. 使…變得模糊不清 把...弄得模糊不清3. to (cause to) become gloomy or troubled. His face clouded at the unhappy news. (使)感到陰鬱或憂心 使黯然ˈcloudless adjective free from clouds. a cloudless sky. 無雲的 无云的ˈcloudy adjective1. full of, having, or covered with clouds. It is a bit cloudy today. 多雲的 多云的2. not clear. a cloudy photograph/memory. 模糊的 模糊的ˈcloudburst noun a sudden heavy shower of rain. 暴雨,傾盆大雨 暴雨,倾盆大雨 under a cloud in trouble or disgrace. 失寵,被嫌棄 失宠,不得意

cloud

云zhCN

cloud


See:
  • a cloud hangs over (someone or something)
  • a cloud hangs over somebody/something
  • a cloud on the horizon
  • be in cloud-cuckoo land
  • be on cloud nine
  • Cloud Cuckoo Land
  • cloud nine
  • cloud of suspicion
  • cloud on the horizon
  • cloud over
  • cloud the issue
  • cloud up
  • cloud-cuckoo land
  • coming up a cloud
  • dark cloud on the horizon
  • Every cloud has a silver lining
  • every dark cloud has a silver lining
  • every silver lining has a cloud
  • gathering clouds
  • get your head out of the clouds
  • Get your head out of the clouds!
  • have (one's) head in the clouds
  • have head in the clouds
  • have your head in the clouds
  • head in the clouds
  • head in the clouds, have one's
  • head in the clouds, to have one's
  • in the clouds
  • live in cloud-cuckoo land
  • on a cloud
  • on cloud nine
  • on cloud nine, to be sitting
  • silver lining
  • storm clouds
  • the cloud
  • under a cloud
  • under a cloud (of suspicion)
  • under a cloud, to be
  • with (one's) head in the clouds
  • with your head in the clouds

cloud


cloud,

aggregation of minute particles of water or ice suspended in the air.

Formation of Clouds

Clouds are formed when air containing water vapor is cooled below a critical temperature called the dewdew,
thin film of water that has condensed on the surface of objects near the ground. Dew forms when radiational cooling of these objects during the nighttime hours also cools the shallow layer of overlying air in contact with them, causing the condensation of some water vapor.
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 point and the resulting moisture condenses into droplets on microscopic dust particles (condensation nuclei) in the atmosphere. The air is normally cooled by expansion during its upward movement. Upward flow of air in the atmosphere may be caused by convection resulting from intense solar heating of the ground; by a cold wedge of air (cold front) near the ground causing a mass of warm air to be forced aloft; or by a mountain range at an angle to the wind. Clouds are occasionally produced by a reduction of pressure aloft or by the mixing of warmer and cooler air currents.

Classification of Clouds

A classification of cloud forms was first made (1801) by French naturalist Jean Lamarck. In 1803, Luke Howard, an English scientist, devised a classification that was adopted by the International Meteorological Commission (1929), designating three primary cloud types, cirrus, cumulus, and stratus, and their compound forms, which are still used today in modified form. Today's classification has four main divisions: high clouds, 20,000 to 40,000 ft (6,100–12,200 m); intermediate clouds, 6,500 to 20,000 ft (1,980–6,100 m); low clouds, near ground level to 6,500 ft (1,980 m); and clouds with vertical development, 1,600 ft to over 20,000 ft (490–6,100 m).

High cloud forms include cirrus, detached clouds of delicate and fibrous appearance, generally white in color, often resembling tufts or featherlike plumes, and composed entirely of ice crystals; cirrocumulus (mackerel sky), composed of small white flakes or very small globular masses, arranged in groups, lines, or ripples; and cirrostratus, a thin whitish veil, sometimes giving the entire sky a milky appearance, which does not blur the outline of the sun or moon but frequently produces a halo.

Intermediate clouds include altocumulus, patchy layer of flattened globular masses arranged in groups, lines, or waves, with individual clouds sometimes so close together that their edges join; and altostratus, resembling thick cirrostratus without halo phenomena, like a gray veil, through which the sun or the moon shows vaguely or is sometimes completely hidden.

Low clouds include stratocumulus, a cloud layer or patches composed of fairly large globular masses or flakes, soft and gray with darker parts, arranged in groups, lines, or rolls, often with the rolls so close together that their edges join; stratus, a uniform layer resembling fog but not resting on the ground; and nimbostratus, a nearly uniform, dark grey layer, amorphous in character and usually producing continuous rain or snow.

Clouds having vertical development include cumulus, a thick, detached cloud, generally associated with fair weather, usually with a horizontal base and a dome-shaped upper surface that frequently resembles a head of cauliflower and shows strong contrasts of light and shadow when the sun illuminates it from the side, and cumulonimbus, the thunderstorm cloud, heavy masses of great vertical development whose summits rise in the form of mountains or towers, the upper parts having a fibrous texture, often spreading out in the shape of an anvil, and sometimes reaching the stratospherestratosphere
, second lowest layer of the earth's atmosphere. The level from which it extends outward varies with latitude; it begins c.5 1-2 mi (9 km) above the poles, c.6 or 7 mi (c.10 or 11 km) in the middle latitudes, and c.10 mi (16 km) at the equator, and extends outward c.
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. Cumulonimbus generally produces showers of rain, snow, hailstorms, or thunderstorms.

Climatic Influence of Clouds

Cloudiness (or proportion of the sky covered by any form of cloud), measured in tenths, is one of the elements of climate. The cloudiness of the United States averages somewhat less than 50% (i.e., the country receives somewhat more than 50% of the possible sunshine); the Great Lakes region and the coast of Washington and Oregon have the greatest cloudiness (60%–70%), and the SW United States—Arizona and adjacent areas—are the least cloudy (10%–30%). Clouds have become an important focus in the study of global warmingglobal warming,
the gradual increase of the temperature of the earth's lower atmosphere as a result of the increase in greenhouse gases since the Industrial Revolution. Global warming and its effects, such as more intense summer and winter storms, are also referred to as climate
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 or cooling, including how the increase or decrease in cloud cover can effect the amount of radiation reflected from the earth back into space.

Bibliography

See R. S. Scorer, Clouds of the World (1972); R. Houze, Cloud Dynamics (1991).

Cloud

 

the accumulation in the atmosphere of the products of condensation of water vapor in the form of a vast number of minute water droplets or ice crystals, or both. A similar accumulation near the ground is called fog. Clouds significantly affect weather; for example, they determine the formation regime of precipitation and affect the heat regime of the atmosphere and the earth. On the average, clouds cover about half the sky and contain up to 109 tons of water in a suspended state. They are an important link in the hydrologic cycle of the earth and can travel thousands of kilometers, carrying and thus redistributing enormous quantities of water.

Since water vapor is present mainly in the lower part of the atmosphere—the troposphere—nearly all clouds are concentrated in the troposphere at various altitudes. However, cirrus and cumulonimbus often extend into the stratosphere, with cumulonimbus sometimes reaching an altitude of 16 km or more. Nacreous clouds also can form in the stratosphere (at an altitude of about 25 km), and noctilucent clouds can form in the mesosphère (altitude of about 80 km).

Clouds are classified on the basis of height into low-level, middle-level, and high-level clouds (see Table 1). Low-level clouds include stratus, stratocumulus, and nimbostratus. Stratus is uniform, lacks an ordered structure, and forms a comparatively thin layer. Stratocumulus forms a layer with a clearly defined structure consisting of waves, banks, or large sheets. Nimbostratus forms a continuous, thick, gray cover that produces widespread rainfall or snowfall. Middle-level clouds include altostratus and altocumulus. Altostratus is a grayish or slightly bluish cloud veil; altocumulus resembles stratocumulus but is thinner. High-level clouds include cirrus, cirrostratus, and cirrocumulus. Cirrus consists of diffuse, often transparent, clouds in the form of parallel or tangled filaments. Cirrostratus is a white or blue, quite uniform, cloud veil. Cirrocumulus consists of thin, transparent clouds having a wavy pattern or a form of clusters of flakes.

In addition, there is a fourth cloud type, called clouds with vertical development. These clouds have comparatively level bases and dome-shaped peaks, often of fantastic outline; examples are cumulus, cumulus congestus, and cumulonimbus. There are numerous varieties of the cloud types described above.

Clouds form in atmospheric regions with high relative humidity. The presence in the atmosphere of an enormous number of minute particles that act as condensation nuclei makes possible the appearance of nuclear droplets once saturation is reached. Saturation conditions are created by the cooling of air, which may be due to the expansion of air, for example, during the ordered rise in atmospheric fronts (Ns clouds and Ns-As-Ac systems are formed in this manner), during disordered turbulent mixing or wave motions (St, Sc, Ac), during convective ascent (Cu, Cu cong, Cb), and during flow over mountain barriers (Ac). Further cooling of the air leads to excess vapor, which is absorbed by the growing droplets. Thus, the droplets initially grow primarily as a result of the condensation of water vapor. Later, as the droplets grow larger, the processes of collision and coalescence of droplets (coagulation of the cloud elements) play an increasing role. Coagulation is the primary growth mechanism for cloud droplets with a radius greater than 30 microns (μ).

At negative temperatures, clouds may be one of the following: water (supercooled) clouds, ice-crystal clouds, or mixed clouds, that is, a mixture of droplets and crystals. The smallness of cloud droplets enables them to remain for a long time in liquid form even at negative temperatures. At —10°C, for example, 50 percent of all clouds are water clouds, 30 percent are mixed clouds, and only 20 percent are ice-crystal clouds. Supercooled droplets are encountered in clouds at temperatures as low as —40°C. Supersaturation over crystals is much greater than over droplets, since the saturation pressure of water vapor over ice is less than it is over water. As a result, in mixed clouds, crystals grow much faster than droplets, promoting precipitation.

Most droplets in clouds measure thousandths and hundredths of a millimeter, and the droplet concentration is hundreds per cubic centimeter. Crystals usually have dimensions that are tens of times greater, but the crystal concentration is thousands or tens of thousands of times smaller, as low as 100 crystals per liter. The shape of the crystals depends primarily on the temperature of formation and is extremely varied—needles, columns, clusters of columns, thick and thin plates, and, finally, irregularly shaped particles. “Superlarge” droplets that reach tenths of a millimeter with a concentration equal to or less than one droplet per liter are also generally present in clouds. Such particles are the nuclei for precipitation and make the main contribution to the radar signal from clouds of water droplets.

The mass of condensed water per unit volume of a cloud is called the liquid-water content of the cloud and usually ranges from tenths of a gram to a few grams per cubic meter in water-droplet clouds and from thousandths to tenths of a gram per cubic meter in ice-crystal clouds. Data on the physical structure of clouds have been obtained primarily by means of aircraft outfitted with special equipment. Diffraction and refraction of light by cloud particles cause various optical effects, such as glories, halos, and coronas, by which the presence of droplets or crystals in clouds can be assessed. Radar methods of investigating clouds are used extensively, and satellite and laser methods are being developed.

The physical processes that control the development of clouds are diverse and complex. After forming on condensation nuclei, cloud droplets grow, move within the cloud, are carried out of the cloud, and evaporate. The lifetime of cloud particles can be many times shorter than the lifetime of the cloud as a whole. The life cycle of a cloud ends when the cloud evaporates. Precipitation contributes to the removal of water and speeds up the process of cloud disintegration. The prolonged existence of clouds is due to the low velocities of descent of particles (droplets with a radius of 1–10 μ fall at a velocity of 0.05–1.2 cm/sec). It is also due to the presence of rising air currents, which not only support cloud particles but, together with turbulent motions, ensure an influx of water vapor and contribute to the production of new particles.

Certain processes in clouds can be controlled by artificially altering the phase state and microstructure in the cloud. The greatest successes have been achieved in the dispersing of supercooled clouds and fog and in moderating hail-producing clouds in order to prevent hailstorms. To disperse supercooled clouds and fog, cooling agents (for example, dry ice particles) or particles of ice-nucleating substances, such as silver iodide or lead iodide, are introduced by airplane or by means of special generators on the ground. These procedures promote the formation in clouds of a sufficient number of ice crystals, which later grow and fall from the clouds. In the process, the water vapor pressure in

Table 1. Principal forms and characteristics of clouds
Name(abbreviation)Size of cloud thickness (km)Preferential phase structureLifetime of cloudMaximum vertical velocitiesTypes of precipitation at ground level
altitude of lower boundary (km)thickness (km)horizontal length (km)
Stratiform clouds
Stratus (St)..................... 01−0.70.1−1.010−103water droplets1 day or moretens of cm/secnone or drizzle
Stratocumulus (Se) ................ 0 4−2.00.1−1.010−103water droplets1 day or moretens of cm/secnone or drizzle
Altocumulus (Ac) ................. 2−60.1−0.810−102water droplets, mixed1 day or moretens of cm/secnone
Clrrocumulus (Cc)................. 6−90.2−1.010−102ice crystals1 day or moretens of cm/secnone
Nimbostratus (Ns)................. 01−1.01−10102−103mixed1 day or moretens of cm/secrain, snow
Altostratus (As) .................. 3−60.5−3102−103mixed, ice crystals1 day or moretens of cm/secnone
Cirrostratus (Cs).................. 5−90.5−5102−103ice crystals1 day or moretens of cm/secnone
Cirrus (Ci) ..................... 6−100.2−3102−103ice crystals1 day or moretens of cm/secnone
Cumuliform clouds
Cumulus (Cu) ................... 0 8−2.00.3−31−5water dropletstens of minutes1 m/secnone
Cumulus congestus (Cu cong).......... 0.8−2.03−52−10water dropletstens of minutes10 m/secnone
Cumulonimbus (Cb)................ 0.4−1.55−125−50mixedtens of minutes15−20 m/seccloud burst, hail

the cloud decreases, the droplets evaporate, and cloud (fog) dispersion sets in. Fog and low clouds over airport runways are dispersed by this method. The time and place for introducing the reagent are determined by means of special meteorological radar stations. Clouds can be generated artificially by means of thermal convection sources or by the introduction of additional moisture. For example, the combustion of 1 kg of kerosene produces about 1.2 kg of water vapor. This is usually sufficient to form condensation trails behind airplanes flying at an altitude of 8–12 km. The lifetime of such trails depends on the atmospheric humidity.

An active search is under way for methods of artificially controlling and redistributing precipitation. The large natural variability in the amount of natural precipitation greatly complicates the problem of determining the actual effectiveness of the methods used. The development of such methods is drawing increasing attention to the economic, legal, and social aspects of the problem of artificial weather control.

REFERENCES

Atlas oblakov. Edited by A. Kh. Khrgian. Leningrad, 1957.
Fizika oblakov. Edited by A. Kh. Khrgian. Leningrad, 1961.
Shmeter, S. M. Fizika konvektivnykh oblakov. Leningrad, 1972.
Trudy VIII Vsesoiuznoi konferentsiipo fizike oblakov i aktivnym vozdeistviiam. Leningrad, 1970.
Izmenenie pogody chelovekom. Edited by I. P. Mazin. Moscow, 1972. (Translated from English.)
Mason, B. J. The Physics of Clouds. Oxford, 1957.
Proceedings of the International Conference on Cloud Physics, Toronto, August, 1968. Toronto, 1968.

I. P. MAZIN

cloud

[klau̇d] (meteorology) Suspensions of minute water droplets or of ice crystals produced by the condensation of water vapor. (nuclear physics) The nucleons that are in the nucleus of an atom but not in closed shells. (science and technology) Any suspension of particulate matter, such as dust or smoke, dense enough to be seen.

cloud

A visible accumulation of minute water droplets and/or ice particles in the atmosphere above the earth's surface. Cloud differs from ground fog, fog, or ice fog only in that the latter are in contact with the earth's surface.

cloud

1. a mass of water or ice particles visible in the sky, usually white or grey, from which rain or snow falls when the particles coagulate 2. a large number of insects or other small animals in flight

cloud

A communications network. The word "cloud" often refers to the Internet, and more precisely to some datacenter full of servers that is connected to the Internet. However, the term "cloud computing" refers to the software and services that have enabled the Internet cloud to become so prominent in everyday life (see cloud computing). See private cloud and personal cloud.

A Cloud May Refer to Any Network
A cloud can be a wide area network (WAN) like the public Internet or a private, national or global network. The term can also refer to a local area network (LAN) within an organization.

For decades, network diagrams have used a cloud-like symbol to reduce the entire infrastructure of a network into simple entry and exit points when the specific network architecture is not material to the illustration. Inside the cloud, there may be any number of cables, routers and switches that handle the forwarding of data from one point to another. The cloud diagram may also include the servers that perform the required data processing.


Network Cloud
For decades, the cloud symbol has represented a network without divulging technical details. The symbol is used when only the points of entry and exit need to be identified.







Today's Cloud
Quite often, the cloud is the Internet, and cloud computing on the Internet has several advantages for developers, content publishers and users. See cloud computing.

Clouds

(dreams)Clouds are made of air and water, two of the four basic elements. Some would say that the soul is represented by air and spirit by water. Your positive energy and idealism could be represented by white clouds and your more negative personal characteristics, and private thoughts, by dark storm clouds.

cloud


cloud

(klowd), Adjective applied to patients, adults or babies, who spread methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus into their surroundings in excessive nasal secretions resulting from viral upper respiratory infection.

cloud


Related to cloud: Cloud formation, Microsoft Cloud

cloud on title (cloud)

n. an actual or apparent outstanding claim on the title to real property. "Clouds" can include an old mortgage or deed of trust with no recording showing the secured debt was paid off, a failure to properly transfer all interests in the real property (such as mineral rights) to a former owner, a previous deed which was improperly written or signed, an unresolved legal debt or levy by a creditor or a taxing authority, or some other doubtful link in the chain of title. Often the "cloud" can be removed by a quiet title action, by finding a person to create or execute a document to prove a debt had been paid or corrected. Title companies will refuse to insure title to be transferred with a "cloud," or they will insure ownership except for ("insure around") the "cloud." (See: chain of title, quiet title action, mortgage, deed of trust, reconveyance, title, title report)

See CLD
See CAPPA Certified Doula

cloud


Related to cloud: Cloud formation, Microsoft Cloud
  • all
  • noun
  • verb

Synonyms for cloud

noun mist

Synonyms

  • mist
  • fog
  • haze
  • obscurity
  • vapour
  • nebula
  • murk
  • darkness
  • gloom

noun billow

Synonyms

  • billow
  • mass
  • shower
  • puff

noun swarm

Synonyms

  • swarm
  • host
  • crowd
  • flock
  • horde
  • multitude
  • throng
  • dense mass

verb confuse

Synonyms

  • confuse
  • obscure
  • distort
  • impair
  • muddle
  • disorient

verb darken

Synonyms

  • darken
  • dim
  • be overshadowed
  • be overcast

Synonyms for cloud

noun a very large number of things grouped together

Synonyms

  • army
  • crowd
  • drove
  • flock
  • horde
  • host
  • legion
  • mass
  • mob
  • multitude
  • ruck
  • score
  • swarm
  • throng

verb to make dim or indistinct

Synonyms

  • becloud
  • bedim
  • befog
  • blear
  • blur
  • dim
  • dull
  • eclipse
  • fog
  • gloom
  • mist
  • obfuscate
  • obscure
  • overcast
  • overshadow
  • shadow

verb to contaminate the reputation of

Synonyms

  • befoul
  • besmear
  • besmirch
  • bespatter
  • blacken
  • denigrate
  • dirty
  • smear
  • smudge
  • smut
  • soil
  • spatter
  • stain
  • sully
  • taint
  • tarnish

Synonyms for cloud

noun any collection of particles (e

Related Words

  • coma
  • nebula
  • physical phenomenon
  • aerosol
  • cosmic dust
  • dust cloud
  • mushroom cloud
  • mushroom-shaped cloud
  • mushroom

noun a visible mass of water or ice particles suspended at a considerable altitude

Related Words

  • cirrocumulus
  • cirrocumulus cloud
  • cirrostratus
  • cirrostratus cloud
  • cirrus cloud
  • cirrus
  • cloud bank
  • condensation trail
  • contrail
  • cumulonimbus
  • cumulonimbus cloud
  • thundercloud
  • cumulus
  • cumulus cloud
  • mother-of-pearl cloud
  • nacreous cloud
  • nebule
  • nimbus
  • nimbus cloud
  • rain cloud
  • sky
  • storm cloud
  • stratus
  • stratus cloud
  • atmospheric phenomenon
  • water vapor
  • water vapour

noun out of touch with reality

Related Words

  • irreality
  • unreality

noun a cause of worry or gloom or trouble

Related Words

  • gloominess
  • glumness
  • gloom

noun suspicion affecting your reputation

Related Words

  • suspicion

noun a group of many things in the air or on the ground

Synonyms

  • swarm

Related Words

  • group
  • grouping
  • insect
  • infestation
  • plague

verb make overcast or cloudy

Synonyms

  • overcast

Related Words

  • darken
  • fog up
  • haze
  • cloud over
  • cloud up
  • overcloud

verb make less visible or unclear

Synonyms

  • becloud
  • befog
  • fog
  • haze over
  • obnubilate
  • obscure
  • mist

Related Words

  • conceal
  • hide
  • overshadow

verb billow up in the form of a cloud

Related Words

  • billow
  • wallow

verb make gloomy or depressed

Related Words

  • impress
  • strike
  • affect
  • move

verb place under suspicion or cast doubt upon

Synonyms

  • defile
  • sully
  • taint
  • corrupt

Related Words

  • mar
  • deflower
  • impair
  • vitiate
  • spoil

verb make less clear

Related Words

  • alter
  • change
  • modify

verb colour with streaks or blotches of different shades

Synonyms

  • dapple
  • mottle

Related Words

  • spot
  • harlequin
  • speckle
  • stipple

verb make milky or dull

Related Words

  • dull
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