Cumulative Effect

the effect of an explosion, intensified in a particular direction. It is produced by an explosive charge that has a recess (charge hollow) that faces the target (for example, a steel armor plate). The charge hollow, which is usually conical, is covered with a metal sheath (facing), whose thickness varies from fractions of a millimeter to 1 mm, depending on the charge diameter.

The mechanism of the shaped-charge effect is as follows. After the explosion of the detonator, which is located on the side opposite the hollow in the charge, a blast wave arises and travels along the axis of the charge. The wave breaks down the conical sheath, beginning at its apex, and imparts a high velocity to the material of the sheath. The pressure of the explosion products, which reaches the order of 10¹⁰ newtons per sq m, or 10⁵ kilograms-force per sq cm, considerably exceeds the ultimate strength of the metal. Consequently, the motion of the metal sheath produced by the effect of the explosion products is similar to the flow of a fluid film (it must be emphasized that the flow of the metal is not the result of melting but is caused by the extremely high mechanical stress). The moving metal forms a flow that converges at an angle to the axis of the cone and then becomes a fine stream (of the order of the thickness of the sheath) moving along the axis at a very high velocity (˜ 10 km/sec). The action of this stream is responsible for the penetrating power of a shaped-charge explosion. The high-velocity stream pierces steel armor just as a powerful jet of water penetrates soft clay. The depth of penetration, which is approximately equal to the length of the stream, is proportional to the generating line of the conical sheath. The pressure developed when the stream encounters armor plate is so much greater than the rupture stress of the steel that the strength of the target is not important.

During the collapse of the conical sheath the velocities of various parts of the stream are different, and as a result the stream stretches out in flight. Consequently, a small increase in the separation between the charge and the target increases the depth of penetration because of lengthening of the stream. At great distances between the charge and the target, the stream breaks up and the penetrating effect is diminished. When a shaped charge is used without a metal sheath, the cumulative effect is reduced because a stream of gaseous explosion products, rather than a metal stream, is acting on the target.

The term “cumulation” is sometimes used by specialists in a broader sense to designate phenomena in which the flow of a medium brings about concentration of energy in a small volume but is not necessarily attended by the formation of a stream. Examples of such phenomena are the convergence toward the center or axis of spherical or cylindrical detonation or shock waves and the collapse of an empty cavity in a fluid under the influence of high pressure. The cumulative effect is used in military operations, as well as in scientific research to study the properties of substances under high pressures.

REFERENCES

Lavrent’ev, M. A. “Kumuliativnyi zariad i printsip ego raboty.” Uspekhi matematicheskikh nauk, 1957, vol. 12, no. 4.
“Teoreticheskie i eksperimentaPnye issledovaniia iavleniia kumuliatsii.” Mekhanika: Sbornik perevodov i obzorov inostrannoi periodicheskoi literatury, 1953, no. 4 (20).
Zababakhin, E. I. “Iavleniia neogranichennoi kumuliatsii.” In Mekhanika v SSSR za 50 let, vol. 2. Moscow, 1970.

M. A. SADOVSKII and K. E. GUBKIN

cumulative effect

effect

[ĕ-fekt´] a result produced by an action.additive effect the combined effect produced by the action of two or more agents, being equal to the sum of their separate effects.adverse effect a symptom produced by a drug or therapy that is injurious to the patient.Bainbridge effect Bainbridge reflex.Bohr effect decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen caused by an increase of carbon dioxide; the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is displaced to the right because of higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide and lower pH. See also Haldane effect.

The Bohr effect causing a shift to the right in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.Crabtree effect the inhibition of oxygen consumption on the addition of glucose to tissues or microorganisms having a high rate of aerobic glycolysis; the converse of the Pasteur effect.cumulative effect the action of a drug or treatment resulting from repeated use.Doppler effect see doppler effect.experimenter e's demand characteristics.extrapyramidal e's the side effects caused by neuroleptic medications, including dystonias, parkinsonism, akathisia, and dyskinesia" >tardive dyskinesia.Haldane effect increased oxygenation of hemoglobin promotes dissociation of carbon dioxide; see also Bohr effect.Hawthorne effect a psychological response in which the subjects in a research study change their behavior simply because they are subjects in a study, not because of the research treatment.heel effect variation in x-ray beam intensity and projected focal spot size along the long axis of the x-ray tube from cathode to anode.parallax effect the position of the image on each emulsion of dual emulsion film; it is accentuated by tube-angled x-ray techniques.Pasteur effect the decrease in the rate of glycolysis and the suppression of lactate accumulation by tissues or microorganisms in the presence of oxygen.photoelectric effect ejection of electrons from matter as a result of interaction with photons from high frequency electromagnetic radiation, such as x-rays; the ejected electrons may be energetic enough to ionize multiple additional atoms.placebo effect the total of all nonspecific effects, both good and adverse, of treatment; it refers primarily to psychological and psychophysiological effects associated with the caregiver-patient relationship and the patient's expectations and apprehensions concerning the treatment. See also placebo.position effect in genetics, the changed effect produced by alteration of the relative positions of various genes on the chromosomes.pressure effect the sum of the changes that are due to obstruction of tissue drainage by pressure.proarrhythmic effect any new, more advanced form of arrhythmia caused by an antiarrhythmic agent, especially those that produce hemodynamically important symptoms. These arrhythmias occur less than 30 days after initiation of treatment and are not due to a new event such as acute myocardial infarction or hypokalemia.side effect a consequence other than that for which an agent is used, especially an adverse effect on another organ system.Somogyi effect see somogyi effect.

cu·mu·la·tive ef·fect

the condition in which repeated administration of a drug may produce effects that are more pronounced than those produced by the first dose. Synonym(s): cumulative action

cu·mu·la·tive ef·fect

(kyūm'yŭ-lă-tiv e-fekt') The condition in which repeated administration of a drug may produce effects that are more pronounced than those produced by the first dose.
Synonym(s): cumulative action.

单词	cumulative effect
释义	DictionarySeeCumulative action Cumulative Effect Cumulative Effect the effect of an explosion, intensified in a particular direction. It is produced by an explosive charge that has a recess (charge hollow) that faces the target (for example, a steel armor plate). The charge hollow, which is usually conical, is covered with a metal sheath (facing), whose thickness varies from fractions of a millimeter to 1 mm, depending on the charge diameter. The mechanism of the shaped-charge effect is as follows. After the explosion of the detonator, which is located on the side opposite the hollow in the charge, a blast wave arises and travels along the axis of the charge. The wave breaks down the conical sheath, beginning at its apex, and imparts a high velocity to the material of the sheath. The pressure of the explosion products, which reaches the order of 10¹⁰ newtons per sq m, or 10⁵ kilograms-force per sq cm, considerably exceeds the ultimate strength of the metal. Consequently, the motion of the metal sheath produced by the effect of the explosion products is similar to the flow of a fluid film (it must be emphasized that the flow of the metal is not the result of melting but is caused by the extremely high mechanical stress). The moving metal forms a flow that converges at an angle to the axis of the cone and then becomes a fine stream (of the order of the thickness of the sheath) moving along the axis at a very high velocity (˜ 10 km/sec). The action of this stream is responsible for the penetrating power of a shaped-charge explosion. The high-velocity stream pierces steel armor just as a powerful jet of water penetrates soft clay. The depth of penetration, which is approximately equal to the length of the stream, is proportional to the generating line of the conical sheath. The pressure developed when the stream encounters armor plate is so much greater than the rupture stress of the steel that the strength of the target is not important. During the collapse of the conical sheath the velocities of various parts of the stream are different, and as a result the stream stretches out in flight. Consequently, a small increase in the separation between the charge and the target increases the depth of penetration because of lengthening of the stream. At great distances between the charge and the target, the stream breaks up and the penetrating effect is diminished. When a shaped charge is used without a metal sheath, the cumulative effect is reduced because a stream of gaseous explosion products, rather than a metal stream, is acting on the target. The term “cumulation” is sometimes used by specialists in a broader sense to designate phenomena in which the flow of a medium brings about concentration of energy in a small volume but is not necessarily attended by the formation of a stream. Examples of such phenomena are the convergence toward the center or axis of spherical or cylindrical detonation or shock waves and the collapse of an empty cavity in a fluid under the influence of high pressure. The cumulative effect is used in military operations, as well as in scientific research to study the properties of substances under high pressures. REFERENCES Lavrent’ev, M. A. “Kumuliativnyi zariad i printsip ego raboty.” Uspekhi matematicheskikh nauk, 1957, vol. 12, no. 4. “Teoreticheskie i eksperimentaPnye issledovaniia iavleniia kumuliatsii.” Mekhanika: Sbornik perevodov i obzorov inostrannoi periodicheskoi literatury, 1953, no. 4 (20). Zababakhin, E. I. “Iavleniia neogranichennoi kumuliatsii.” In Mekhanika v SSSR za 50 let, vol. 2. Moscow, 1970. M. A. SADOVSKII and K. E. GUBKIN cumulative effect effect [ĕ-fekt´] a result produced by an action.additive effect the combined effect produced by the action of two or more agents, being equal to the sum of their separate effects.adverse effect a symptom produced by a drug or therapy that is injurious to the patient.Bainbridge effect Bainbridge reflex.Bohr effect decreased affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen caused by an increase of carbon dioxide; the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve is displaced to the right because of higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide and lower pH. See also Haldane effect.The Bohr effect causing a shift to the right in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve.Crabtree effect the inhibition of oxygen consumption on the addition of glucose to tissues or microorganisms having a high rate of aerobic glycolysis; the converse of the Pasteur effect.cumulative effect the action of a drug or treatment resulting from repeated use.Doppler effect see doppler effect.experimenter e's demand characteristics.extrapyramidal e's the side effects caused by neuroleptic medications, including dystonias, parkinsonism, akathisia, and dyskinesia" >tardive dyskinesia.Haldane effect increased oxygenation of hemoglobin promotes dissociation of carbon dioxide; see also Bohr effect.Hawthorne effect a psychological response in which the subjects in a research study change their behavior simply because they are subjects in a study, not because of the research treatment.heel effect variation in x-ray beam intensity and projected focal spot size along the long axis of the x-ray tube from cathode to anode.parallax effect the position of the image on each emulsion of dual emulsion film; it is accentuated by tube-angled x-ray techniques.Pasteur effect the decrease in the rate of glycolysis and the suppression of lactate accumulation by tissues or microorganisms in the presence of oxygen.photoelectric effect ejection of electrons from matter as a result of interaction with photons from high frequency electromagnetic radiation, such as x-rays; the ejected electrons may be energetic enough to ionize multiple additional atoms.placebo effect the total of all nonspecific effects, both good and adverse, of treatment; it refers primarily to psychological and psychophysiological effects associated with the caregiver-patient relationship and the patient's expectations and apprehensions concerning the treatment. See also placebo.position effect in genetics, the changed effect produced by alteration of the relative positions of various genes on the chromosomes.pressure effect the sum of the changes that are due to obstruction of tissue drainage by pressure.proarrhythmic effect any new, more advanced form of arrhythmia caused by an antiarrhythmic agent, especially those that produce hemodynamically important symptoms. These arrhythmias occur less than 30 days after initiation of treatment and are not due to a new event such as acute myocardial infarction or hypokalemia.side effect a consequence other than that for which an agent is used, especially an adverse effect on another organ system.Somogyi effect see somogyi effect. cu·mu·la·tive ef·fect the condition in which repeated administration of a drug may produce effects that are more pronounced than those produced by the first dose. Synonym(s): cumulative action cu·mu·la·tive ef·fect (kyūm'yŭ-lă-tiv e-fekt') The condition in which repeated administration of a drug may produce effects that are more pronounced than those produced by the first dose. Synonym(s): cumulative action. LegalSeeEffectThesaurusSeeeffect
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