| 释义 |
sub·ject
I. \ˈsəbjə̇kt, -jēkt sometimes -ˌjekt\ noun
(-s)
Etymology: Middle English, suget, subget, from Middle French, from Latin subjectus subject, inferior (from subjectus, past participle) & subjectum foundation, subject of a proposition (translation of Greek hypokeimenon), from neuter of subjectus, past participle of subjicere, subicere to bring under, throw under, from sub- + -jicere, -icere (from jacere to throw) — more at jet
1. : one that is placed under the authority, dominion, control, or influence of someone or something: as
a. : one bound in allegiance or service to a feudal superior : vassal
b.
(1) : one subject to a monarch or ruler and governed by his law
(2) : one who lives in the territory of, enjoys the protection of, and owes allegiance to a sovereign power or state — compare citizen 2
c. obsolete : a person under the spiritual oversight, care, or direction of a religious superior
d. obsolete : those who owe allegiance to a particular sovereign or rule : citizenry
2.
a. obsolete : the material from which a thing is formed : material substance
b.
(1) : that of which a quality, attribute, or relation may be affirmed or in which it may inhere : the theme of a discourse or predication : the identical reference of related thoughts : a material either physical or ideal in which differences may appear
(2) : substratum; especially : substantive reality that is material or essential being
(3) : something that sustains or is embodied in thought or consciousness : the thinking agent : the mind, ego, or reality of whatever sort that supports or assumes the form of mental operations — distinguished from object
< the individuality of the organism corresponds to, though it is not necessarily identical with, the psychological subject, while to the environment and its changes corresponds the objective continuum — James Ward >
3. : something that forms a basis (as for action, study, discussion, or use): as
a.
(1) : the underlying theme or topic of a branch of knowledge or study
< the subject of mathematics is quantities and their manipulations >
(2) : a branch of knowledge or study especially when arranged and formulated for teaching as an integrated part in a system of studies
< each pupil took courses in five subjects including electives >
< found the subject of chemistry difficult >
b. : reason, motive, cause
< a subject of dispute >
< gave them no subject for complaint >
c.
(1) : one that is acted upon (as in an operation or process)
< a subject of debate >
< the helpless subject of his cruelty >
(2) : an individual whose reactions or responses are studied (as in the testing of a physiological or psychological phenomenon)
< the subjects of a nutritional experiment >
< the subject was cued to run a maze >
(3) : a dead body for anatomical study and dissection
d.
(1) : something concerning which something is said or done : a thing or person treated of
< let's say no more on that subject >
< treated religion as the first and greatest of subjects >
< the subject of your essay >
< a subject worthy of a great dramatist >
(2) : something (as an incident, scene, figure, group) that is represented or indicated in a work of art
e.
(1) or subject term : the term of a logical proposition that denotes what the proposition is about; also : matter denoted by such a term : the topic of an affirmation or denial — contrasted with predicate
(2) : a word or word group denoting that of which something is affirmed or predicated : a term that is construed with or without modifiers as the nominative of a verb and is grammatically either a noun or a word, phrase, or clause used as a noun equivalent
f.
(1) : the principal theme or melodic phrase on which a musical composition or movement is based
(2) : the antecedent or dux of a contrapuntal work (as a fugue or canon)
g. : a plant having particular horticultural qualities or suitable for a definite site or effect
< make good hedge subjects >
< a difficult subject only suitable for the expert with fully equipped greenhouse >
Synonyms: see citizen
II. adjective
Etymology: Middle English suget, subget, from Middle French, from Latin subjectus, past participle
1. : falling under or submitting to the power or dominion of another
< children subject to their parents >
as
a. : owing allegiance to or being a subject of a particular sovereign or state
< a colony is subject to the mother country >
< a subject race >
b. : subjected
c. : obedient, submissive
< be subject to the laws >
2.
a. : suffering a particular liability or exposure
< subject to very severe draughts >
< subject to temptation >
b. : prone, disposed
< very subject to colds >
3. archaic : situated under or below : subjacent
4. : likely to be conditioned, affected, or modified in some indicated way : having a contingent relation to something and usually dependent on such relation for final form, validity, or significance
< democratic representatives whose acts are subject to discussion and criticism — M.R.Cohen >
< a treaty subject to ratification >
Synonyms: see liable
III. \səbˈjekt sometimes |səb|jekt\ verb
(-ed/-ing/-s)
Etymology: Middle English subjecten, from Latin subjectare to put under, freq. of subjicere, subicere to bring under — more at subject (n.)
transitive verb
1.
a. : to bring under control or dominion : subjugate
< subjecting primitive peoples to colonial rule >
b. : to reduce to subservience or submission : make (as oneself) amenable to the discipline and control of a superior
< a servant should subject himself to his master >
2.
a. : to make liable : predispose
< his conduct subjected him to needless suffering >
b. : to make accountable : submit
< refused to subject himself to their judgment >
c. : to make (a piece of commercial paper) subject to discount
3. obsolete : to cause to lie beneath or below
4. : to cause to undergo or submit to : make submit to a particular action or effect : expose
< hated to subject his wife to such company >
< unwilling to subject himself to any inconvenience >
intransitive verb
obsolete : to be or become subject |