| 释义 |
▪ I. substrate, n.|ˈsʌbstreɪt|
[ad. mod.L. substrātum.]
1. = substratum.
c1810Coleridge Lit. Rem. (1838) III. 379 The substrate or causa invisibilis may be the noumenon or actuality, das Ding in sich, of Christ's humanity, as well as the Ding in sich of which the sensation, bread, is the appearance. 1817― Biog. Lit. I. ix. 138 This again is no way conceivable, but by assuming as a postulate, that both are ab initio, identical and co-inherent; that intelligence and being are reciprocally each other's Substrate. 1822–7Good Study Med. (1829) IV. 46 That common substrate which is diffused around us in every direction, and constitutes the whole of the visible world. 1839Penny Cycl. XIII. 176/1 The notion of substance is..conceived..as a constant and persisting substrate of certain variable qualities or determinations. 1861Trench Comm. Ep. Churches Asia 174 That the substrate of this language, and, so to say, the suggestion of this thought, is to be sought at Isaiah 22, there can be no reasonable doubt. 1886Encycl. Brit. XXI. 428/2 Albert and Aquinas agree in declaring that the principle of individuation is to be found in matter, not, however, in matter as a formless substrate but in determinate matter (materia signata). 1897tr. Fichte's Sci. Ethics 115 Let us assume an external cause directed upon the substrate of the impulse. 1899J. W. Powell 20th Ann. Rep. Bureau Amer. Ethnol. (1903) p. clviii, The same deity can be invoked by many names,..and when another god is addressed, many of the same terms can be employed. The substrate of this custom is found in the concomitancy of qualities and properties. 1910Contemp. Rev. July 28 There is reason to believe that the fur substrate [of the garment] was then withdrawn.
2. Biochem. The substance upon which an enzyme acts, i.e. whose reaction it brings about.
1907Bio-chem. Jrnl. II. 143 When the relative amount of substrate is large, catalase is rapidly changed into an inactive form. 1938[see adenosine b]. 1962van Heyningen & Waley in A. Pirie Lens Metabolism Rel. Cataract 336 Proteolytic enzymes are often characterized by their action on substrates which are not known to be the natural substrates of the enzyme in vivo. 1978J. R. Holum Org. & Biol. Chem. xiii. 270 Many enzymes are named by attaching the suffix -ase to the name of the compound, called the substrate, whose reaction the enzyme catalyzes.
3. Biol. The surface or material on which any particular organism occurs or grows.
1908W. M. Bayliss Nature of Enzyme Action ii. 7 A name is frequently needed for the substances on which enzymes exert their activity... On the whole, ‘substrate,’ already used by many writers, seems to answer the purpose best. 1949W. C. Allee et al. Princ. Animal Ecol. x. 158 The surface of water is an important substrate for life, though not nearly so important as the surface of land. 1967M. E. Hale Biol. Lichens iv. 61 A large group of lichens..have high fidelity for limestone and other basic substrates. 1976Nature 15 July p. xiii (Advt.), An order of Crustacea common on sandy or muddy substrates all round the European coasts. 1977J. L. Harper Populations Biol. Plants xxiv. 765 The variations in substrate that undoubtedly occurred..in the field were eliminated by using a standard potting compost throughout the experiment.
4. Any underlying bulk phase, layer, etc., on which something is deposited. Cf. substratum 4.
1937Nature 24 July 158/1 In recent years, the practice has grown up among workers in surface chemistry of using the word ‘substrate’ to denote the bulk phase underlying a surface film, regardless of the fact that this word has been in general use for a much longer time to denote the substance upon which an enzyme acts. 1954Electronic Engin. XXVI. 296 The applied metal film..adheres well to the substrate. 1960[see epitaxially adv.]. 1967Times Rev. Industry May 76/1 The use of polythene in coating paper and other substrates for packaging a variety of goods. 1974Physics Bull. June 225/3 Spiller and Segmuller's x ray waveguide consists of a 30–50 nm thick layer of boron nitride between a substrate and cover layer of sapphire.
Add:5. Special Comb. substrate language = substratum language s.v. substratum n. 5 b.
1957Archivum Linguisticum IX. 130 The present work does..take into account..the influence, which has been considerable, of the *substrate languages. 1964R. H. Robins Gen. Linguistics viii. 300 In some cases,..the effects of an originally spoken language..have persisted long after that original tongue ceased to be spoken. Such linguistic phenomena are often called the effects of linguistic substrates or of substrate languages. 1989Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics XXXIV. 352 Creole languages have been described as consisting of the lexicon of their superstrate languages and the syntax of their substrate languages.
▪ II. † ˈsubstrate, a. Obs.
[ad. L. substrātus, pa. pple. of substernĕre, f. sub- sub- 2 + sternĕre to throw or lay down.]
Underlying; forming a substratum; constituting the subject-matter.
1678Gale Crt. Gentiles iv. iii. 2 Sin, as to its material constitution, has for its substrate mater or subject some natural good. 1684tr. Bonet's Merc. Compit. xiv. 476 The Womb..has no proper Substrate Matter to breed a Callus. 1844Blackw. Mag. LV. 668 The Thought..remains; the substrate, absolute, essential, generic notion.
▪ III. † substrate, v. Obs.
[f. L. substrāt- (see prec.).]
1. trans. To form a substratum to.
1578Banister Hist. Man i. 10 It substrateth the brayne, no otherwise then a ground or foundation thereto.
2. pass. To be underlying or subjacent; to be or form a substratum (to).
1578Banister Hist. Man i. 35 Talus..prostrated vnder Tibia, and Fibula, and subiect to their Appendances, although it seeme onely substrated to Tibia. 1654Vilvain Enchir. Epigr. i. ix. 4 Nature, Fate, Fortune, Chance in things created, Cleerly appear by Law divine substrated. 1701Beverley Grand Apocal. Quest. 17 From these two things Substrated, or lay'd in the Foundation, I proceed to raise the Convincing Proofs.
So † substrated ppl. a., underlying.
1663Boyle Usef. Exp. Nat. Philos. ii. App. 352 We have more then once had the bottom of the Retort melted,..the melted glasse being supported by the substrated sand. |