| 释义 |
subsume, v.|səbˈsjuːm|
[ad. mod.L. subsūmĕre, f. sub- sub- 2, 26 b + sūmĕre to take.]
†1. trans. To bring (a statement, instance, etc.) under another; to subjoin, add. Obs.
1535Stewart Cron. III. 183 Neir be this tyme that ȝe heir me subsume. Ibid. 443 The ȝeir of God ane thousand and thre hunder And nyntie als syne for to subsume wnder. a1660Hammond Serm. viii. Wks. 1684 IV. 614 St. Paul..cannot name that word, sinners, but must straight subsume in a parenthesis, of whom I am the chief.
2. intr. (Logic.) To state a minor premiss: freq. with the words of the proposition following.
1589R. Bruce Serm. 1 Cor. xi. 28 (1843) 110 There is not a law that ever was..devised, but of all the laws that ever was made, it is leisome to us to have a care of our health. Now, subsume; but the health of thy saull stands in the health of thy conscience..; therefore, be all laws, thou aught to attend to thy conscience. 1624F. White Repl. Fisher 323 Now then I subsume, no religious worship..is due to Saints... Inuocation of Saints is religious worship... Ergo, Inuocation is not due to Saints. 1644Digby Nat. Soul ii. §6. 371 If any body..take this proposition rigorously and peremptorily, that what wise men affirme is true; and should there vpon subsume with evidence, that wise men say such a particular thing [etc.]. 1670Comenius' Janua Ling. 156 The Major proposeth the basis or ground of the reasoning thus;..the Minor subsumeth,..the conclusion follows. 1733W. Crawford Infidelity (1744) 84 God..may unmake again what he has already made... But then I add, much more may he..annihilate an Offender... But I further subsume, if God can eternally annihilate even an innocent Being, he may do more eternally to the Guilty.
b. spec. in Sc. Law (see subsumption 1 b).
1745[H. Home] Ess. upon Several Subj. iii. (1747) Suppl. Note, An Act of the 7th Parliament,..bearing That the Lands of Doun, &c. were feued by Queen Mary to Sir James Stewart..subsuming, that the said Sir James being descended of the Royal Blood [etc.]. 1747in Nairne Peerage Evid. (1874) 148 Subsumeing that for the said James Fothringhame pursuer his greater security..they bound and obliged them..to warernd free relieve harmless and skaithless keep the said James Fothringhame.
3. trans. (Logic.) To state as a minor proposition or concept under another.
1697J. Sergeant Solid Philos. 427 It will not follow, from the Equal Application of it, by the respective Minors, to this or that Particular, Subsum'd under them, that the Assent to the two Conclusions,..will be Equal. 1828De Quincey Rhet. Wks. 1859 XI. 42 To judge, that is to subsume one proposition under another. 1838[F. Haywood] tr. Kant's Crit. Pure Reason 271 In every syllogism I first think a rule (major), by means of the understanding. Secondly, I subsume a cognition under the condition of the rule (minor), by means of the faculty of judgment. 1864Bowen Logic x. 319 Isolated cognitions..are not entitled to be called Sciences, until they are arranged in some Class, or subsumed under some comprehensive Law. 1876W. Fleming Vocab. Philos. (ed. 3) s.v. Subsumption, In the judgment, ‘all horses are animals’, the conception ‘horses’ is subsumed under that of ‘animals’. 1887Adam Platonis Apol. Socr. Introd. (1889) p. xvi, No sooner has it [sc. induction] been attained than we ought (as in the practical syllogism) to subsume under it the special case.
4. To bring (one idea, principle, term, etc.) under another, (a case, instance) under a rule; to take up into, or include in, something larger or higher.
(a)1825Coleridge Aids Refl. (1848) I. 177 Under some one or other of these forms, the resemblances and differences must be subsumed in order to be conceivable. 1846De Quincey Christ. Org. Pol. Movem. Wks. 1859 XII. 279 In subsuming the given case proposed under the Scriptural principle. 1877E. Caird Philos. Kant i. 138 To subsume the complexities of knowledge under its simplest principles. 1884tr. Lotze's Logic 247 We must know beforehand that µ and ν can be subsumed under the species m and n of which the equation has been proved to be true. 1885Pater Marius xv, A principle under which one might subsume men's most strenuous efforts after righteousness. 1887W. T. Martin Evol. Hypoth. 42 A law may be subsumed under a higher law. 1899Mackail Morris II. 197 Every form of decorative art could be subsumed under the single head of architecture. 1910Edin. Rev. Apr. 461 Perhaps the wider term Aegean will come into general use; under it Minoan and Mycenean may be subsumed to describe successive stages in European developement.
(b)1812Coleridge Friend (1818) III. 255 Man in his idea, and as subsumed in the divine humanity, in whom alone God loved the world. 1871Mivart Gen. Spec. 23 ‘Natural Selection’ itself must be capable of being subsumed into some higher law. 1890A. Moore Ess. Mental Evol. 58 The child subsumes in its intellectual life the processes of the lower animals, but it rises above them. 1906Saintsbury Hist. Engl. Prosody I. 288 The literature of the fifteenth century, with that first quarter of the sixteenth which is by pretty common consent to be subsumed in it for Southern England.
(c)1869J. Austin's Jurispr. (ed. 3) I. 506, I must correctly subsume the specific case as falling within the law. 1871Huxley Wks. (1893) II. 182 These forces..operate according to definite laws..in accordance with some general law which subsumes them all. 1882Stevenson Men & Bks. 107 His cosmology must subsume all cosmologies. 1906Hibbert Jrnl. Apr. 553 [Idealism] has shown how Spirit subsumes the world as its own.
b. absol.
1896Fortn. Rev. July 146 Why continue to subsume when the only result will be to produce a formula which..may utterly fail?
†5. gen. To assume; to infer. Obs.
1643Hammond Serm. vii. Wks. 1684 IV. 511 A Piece of the Philosopher there hath..had a great stroke in debauching the Divine, that the Understanding doth necessarily and irresistibly move the Will..from whence the Divine subsumes, that when Faith is once entered..these Works must..follow. 1678Hist. Indulgence To Chr. Rdrs. 5 They must give me leave to assert and subsume..That..I beleeve the Right that Christ hath bought, to be sole and supreme. 1694S. Johnson Notes Past. Lett. Bp. Burnet i. 13 His Axiom or Postulatum is in the first Sentence, which I will allow..at present... But what he subsumes in the next Sentence is begging the Question.
†6. To resume, summarize. Obs.
a1677Barrow Serm. Wks. 1687 I. 123 The Apostle, after the proposing divers enforcements of this duty, subsumeth in the 8. verse, I will therefore, that men pray every-where [etc.]. 1678R. Barclay Apol. Quakers ii. §4. 26 The Proposition..comprehendeth divers unquestionable Arguments, which I shall in brief subsume. Ibid. iii. §2. 72 The Sum whereof I shall subsume in one Argument.
Hence subˈsuming vbl. n.
1652Urquhart Jewel 277 The pregnancy of the State, whose intuitive spirits can at the first hearing discerne the strength of manifold conclusions (without the labour of subsuming) in the very bowels and chaos of their principles. 1897tr. Fichte's Sci. Ethics 116 In the first mode of proceeding, our judgment is what Kant calls subsuming, and in the latter work, what he calls reflecting.
Add: subˈsumed ppl. a.
1838F. Haywood tr. Kant's Crit. Pure Reason 290 The real judgment which declares the assertion of the rule to the subsumed case, is the conclusion. 1902J. N. B. Hewitt in Amer. Anthropologist IV. 37 This subsumed magic power is called..manitowi by the Algonquian, pokunt by the Shoshonean, and orenda by the Iroquoian tribes. 1990N.Y. Times 7 Jan. iv. 25/4 For the citizens of a subsumed state, there would be nothing left of their hard-earned identity. |