| 释义 |
▪ I. sum, n.1|sʌm|
Forms: 3–8 summe, sume, 4–5 soumme, 4–6 somme, chiefly Sc. sowm, 4–8 chiefly Sc. soume, sowme, 5–6 som, 5–7 some, 5–8 summ (6 soom(e, soomme, Sc. soum, sowmme, 7 somm), 4– sum.
[a. AF., OF. summe, somme, from 13th cent. = Pr. soma, somma, It. somma, Pg. summa, Sp. suma:—L. summa fem. (sc. res, pars) of summus highest, for *supmus, superl. of stem sup- of super above, superus higher (see superior). Cf. MDu. somme (Du. som), MLG., MHG., G. summe.]
1. A quantity or amount of money.
a. sum of money, gold, silver, † pence, etc.
c1290Beket 386 in S. Eng. Leg. 117 Þe king nam fro ȝer to ȝere..ane summe of panes i-deld bi eche side. a1300Cursor M. 21423 A summe [Gött. sume, Fairf. soume] o monee. 13..Evang. Nicod. 853 in Herrig Archiv LIII. 407 A sowme of tresore haue þai tane. c1375Sc. Leg. Saints xxvi. (Nycholas) 108 With syk a sowme of gold. c1400Mandeville (1839) ii. 13 To whom the Emperour had leyde hem to wedde, for a gret summe of Sylvre. 1477Earl Rivers (Caxton) Dictes 67 Yvory or vnicorne bone Is bought for a grete somme of gold. 1500–20Dunbar Poems lxxix. 12, I tuik fra my Lord Thesaurair Ane soume of money for to wair. 1596Dalrymple tr. Leslie's Hist. Scot. II. 296 Quhill thame selfes thay redeimed with a soum of siluer. 1632Galway Arch. in 10th Rep. Hist. MSS. Comm. App. v. 484 What some or somes of money is due. 1718Freethinker No. 109. 32 He supply'd her..with a convenient Summ of Money. 1797S. & Ht. Lee Canterb. T. (1799) I. 329 My father..had long ago vested large sums of money in foreign banks. 1839–41Lane Arabian Nts. I. 71 The servant receives presents of small sums of money. 1875Encycl. Brit. II. 534/1 Suppose that several sums of money are added, and the farthings amount to 29 [etc.].
b. absol. = ‘sum of money’.
principal sum: see principal a. 6.
c1374Chaucer Troylus iv. 60 They gonnen trete, Hir prisoneres to chaungen..And for the surplus yeven sommes grete. c1386― Frankl. T. 492 What somme sholde this Maistres gerdon be? c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xxii. 104 Þe somme þat þis citee ȝeldez ȝerely commez to fyue hundreth thowsand florenez. 1496–7Act 12 Hen. VII, c. 12 §4 Yf any of the Collectours..reare more somme than..owe to be areared in or upon any Toun. 1535Coverdale Acts xxii. 28 With a greate summe optayned I this fredome. 1596Shakes. Tam. Shr. iii. ii. 137 He shall..make assurance heere in Padua Of greater summes then I haue promised. 1690in Nairne Peerage Evidence (1874) 27 That the said soume is only to be payed to the collaterall aires of the said Lord William. 1709J. Ward Introd. Math. (1713) 245 Any Principal or Sum put to Interest. 1794Mrs. Radcliffe Myst. Udolpho xxxiv, Montoni had lost large sums to Verezzi. 1848Thackeray Van. Fair xlvii, Such moneys as he required beyond the very moderate sums which his father was disposed to allow him. 1891Kipling Light that Failed iii, The Central Southern Syndicate had paid Dick a certain sum on account for work done.
c. A quantity of money of a specified amount.
c1386Chaucer Can. Yeom. Prol. & T. 811 The somme of fourty pound. 1450in Exch. Rolls Scotl. V. 425 note, The said sowm of five markis. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. 173 He kept to hymselfe the money that his brother lefte..to the some of LX thousande crownes. 1679–88Moneys Secr. Serv. Chas. II & Jas. II. (Camden) 2 Six other sumes of 150li each. 1710in Nairne Peerage Evidence (1874) 151 All & haill the sowme of ten thousand merks Scots money. 1836Penny Cycl. V. 165/2 The above sum of 758l. 16s. a1901Besant Five Years' Tryst (1902) 38 The sum of {pstlg}178. 4s. 10d.
d. gross sum, † sum in great or gross, lump sum.
1421in Rymer Fœdera (1710) X. 162/2 The said Ambassiatours shall cast to what Some the Wages aboveseid wole drawe to for every of hem..and profre hym that Some in grete. 1523, etc. [see gross a. 6]. 1612Hieron Life & Death Dorcas 8, I am forced..in stead of a bill of particulars, which in this case would be very comfortable, to present all in one grosse summe. 1642Coke Instit. ii. 659 The rent was paid as a summe in grosse. 1821–2Shelley Chas. I, ii. 272 The expenses..Have swallowed up the gross sum of the imposts. 1867, etc. [see lump n.1 9].
†e. transf. A quantity of goods regarded as worth so much. Obs. (Cf. sum n.2)
c1400Destr. Troy 11866 Þan payet kyng Priam all the pure sowmes Of gold, & of gay syluer, & of goode whete. 1422Yonge tr. Secr. Secr. 172 A grete Some of catele to charlys appertenynge. 1528Star Chamber Cases (Selden Soc.) II. 175 Newby sold..a serten sum of malte. 1680Acts Assembly Nevis (1740) 6 The Sum of One hundred Pounds of Muscovado Sugar for every such Offence. 1872Schele de Vere Americanisms 64 The term Sums of Tobacco, which is still occasionally met with in official papers, has its origin in the fact that for many generations, in old Virginia times, all taxes raised for the support of government officers, ministers, etc., were assessed in so many pounds of tobacco.
† f. A unit of coinage; a money of account. Obs.
1634Peacham Compl. Gent. (ed. 2) xii. 117 The Greeke summes were a Mina and a Talent.
†2. A number, company, or body (of people); a host, band. Obs.
Frequent in ME. alliterative poetry.
13..E.E. Allit. P. C. 509 Of þat soumme ȝet arn summe such sottez..As lyttel barnez on barme þat neuer bale wroȝt. a1400Morte Arth. 606 Thus they semble in sortes, summes fulle huge. c1400Destr. Troy 1136 A soume of soudiours. c1450Mirk's Festial 89 Þay gedyrt a grete some of men ynto þe castell. 1570Dee Math. Pref. a j, The best Rules..for ordring of all Companies, summes and Numbers of men. 1601Breton Rauisht Soule Wks. (Grosart) I. 7/1 By Him Who should both Death and Hell destroy, And be the Sauiour of His chosen summe.
†3. Arith. A number; occas. a whole number as distinguished from a fraction. Obs.
1390Gower Conf. III. 90 Be which [sc. algorism] multiplicacioun Is mad and diminucioun Of sommes be thexperience Of this Art and of this science. 1543Recorde Gr. Artes 118 (E.E.T.S.) 2 For example I wyll set downe this summe 287965. Ibid. 118 b, When you wyll adde two summes, you shall fyrst set downe one of them..And afterward set downe the other summe. 1655Marquis of Worcester Cent. Inv. (1663) 58 Numerations and Substractions of all Summes and Fractions. 1657Hobbes Absurd Geom. Wks. 1845 VII. 370 A third of the sum below is 12, the sum above is 14. 1709J. Ward Introd. Math. (1713) 11 The Number (or Sum) out of which Substraction is required to be made.
4. a. The total number (of individual persons or things capable of, or regarded as capable of, numeration). Now only as transf. use of sense 6. † by sum: in all. in sum (obs. or arch.): all together.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. v. met. iii. (1868) 160 Þan knoweþ it to-gidre þe somme and þe singularites, þat is to seyn þe principles and eueryche by hym self. 1377Langl. P. Pl. B. xvii. 29 [He] hath saued þat bileued so and sory for her synnes, He can nouȝte segge þe somme. a1400Morte Arth. 448 Sexty myle on a daye, the somme es bott lyttille! c1400tr. Secr. Secr., Gov. Lordsh. 109 Þes makyn in somme tene thowsand ffyghtynge men. c1400Destr. Troy 1291 He..assemblit his sad men..Seuyn thousand be sowme all of sure knightes. c1425Wyntoun Cron. ix. ii. 108 Of his folk war mony slayn,..Þe sowme [v.r. nomer] of þaim I couythe noucht say. 1535Coverdale Ps. cxxxviii. 17 How deare are thy councels vnto me o God? O how greate is the summe of them? 1667Milton P.L. xii. 338 Whose foul Idolatries, and other faults Heapt to the popular summe. 1699Bentley Phal. ii. 29 Allowing the Summ of xxviii Years. 1718Prior Solomon iii. 110 By one countless Sum of Woes opprest. 1766Goldsm. Vic. W. xxviii, ‘Now’, cried I, ‘the sum of my miseries is made up’. 1840Whewell Philos. Induct. Sci. I. p. xxxix, An Induction is not the mere sum of the Facts which are colligated. 1868M. Pattison Academ. Org. v. 307 Human nature considered as one great whole,—i.e. in the sum of its phenomena. 1874Ruskin Val D'Arno ix. (1886) 115 The victories of Charles, and the massacres, taken in sum, would not give a muster-roll of more than twenty thousand dead. 1877Huxley Physiogr. 228 The solid animal fabric returns to swell the sum of the fluids and gases from which..it has been derived.
†b. With reference to accounts of money or arithmetical addition; in full whole sum, total sum: = sum-total. Also fig. Obs.
c1400Brut ccv. 234 Þai lete fille v barelles ferers wiþ siluer—þe somme amontede v M1 li. 1512Croscombe Church-w. Acc. (Som. Rec. Soc.) 32 The holle sum of all the coste xxijli. xjs. vijd. 1543Recorde Gr. Artes 122 (E.E.T.S.) 2 The hole summe, that amounteth of the addytion. 1573in Feuillerat Revels Q. Eliz. (1908) 227 It was entred after the Totall soomme. 1623Cockeram ii, The whole summe, totall. 1640–1Kirkcudbr. War-Comm. Min. Bk. (1855) 38 Soume of the Valuatioun of the Toun of Kirkcudbryt, iijm iijc. libs. 1781Cowper Conv. 143 His ambiguities his total sum.
5. The total amount or quantity, the totality, aggregate, or whole (of something immaterial).
a1300Cursor M. 11577 It was a mikel sume o quain O þaa childer þat war slain. 1546J. Heywood Prov. (1867) 26 Of the cause, for whiche I com, I pray you paciently here the hole som. 1576Gascoigne Steele Gl. 646 Wks. 1910 II. 160 To write, the summe of my conceit, I do not meane. 1600Shakes. A.Y.L. iii. ii. 140 The stretching of a span, buckles in his summe of age. 1718Prior Solomon iii. 873 Thy Sum of Duty let Two Words contain;..Be Humble, and be Just. 1719De Foe Crusoe ii. (Globe) 330 Sighs, Tears, Groans,..make up the Sum of its Variety. 1772Priestley Inst. Relig. (1782) I. 43 A greater sum of happiness can exist in a greater number. 1827Macaulay Ess., Macchiavelli (1897) 48 Public events had produced an immense sum of misery to private citizens. 1946R.A.F. Jrnl. May 152 The Bulletin slowly built up a sum of good will among contributors. 1967G. Steiner Lang. & Silence 31 Literature, philosophy, theology, law, the arts of history, are endeavours to enclose within the bounds of rational discourse the sum of human experience.
6. Math.
a. The number, quantity, or magnitude resulting from the addition of two or more numbers, quantities, or magnitudes. † In early use also, the result of multiplication, a product.
c1430Art Nombryng (E.E.T.S.) viii. 14 Multiplie .3. by hym-selfe, and þe some of alle wolle be .9. 1570Dee Math. Pref. *ij, Number, we define, to be, a certayne Mathematicall Summe, of Vnits. 1685Wallis Treat. Alg. lxxix. 306 The Sum of an Arithmetical Progression. 1709J. Ward Introd. Math. (1713) 322 The Sum of the two Sides of any plain Triangle. 1715tr. Gregory's Astron. (1726) I. 79 The right Lines SP, PF taken together, are equal to the greater Axis: Wherefore half their Sum (that is, EP) is equal to half the greater Axis CA. 1836Penny Cycl. VI. 388/1 The perpendiculars at these points are in arithmetical progression, 0, a, 2a, &c...na: the sum of all of which is ½ n(n + 1) a. 1840Lardner Geom. 83 The figure ABDE, having no angle greater than 180° will have the sum of its external angles equal to four right angles. 1878Cayley Math. Papers (1896) X. 186, I use the expression a sum of squares to denote the sum of all or any of the squares each multiplied by an arbitrary coefficient.
b. In the calculus of finite differences, the quantity resulting from addition of the values of a function obtained by giving to the variable successive values differing by unity; denoted by the symbol σ.
† Formerly also applied to an integral (integral B. 4 a), considered as the sum of an infinite number of consecutive values of the function.
1696Halley in Phil. Trans. XIX. 202 An Easie Demonstration of the Analogy of the Logarithmick Tangents to the Meridian Line or sum of the Secants.
†c. The aggregate of the terms of an equation when all on one side, i.e. equated to zero. Obs.
1704J. Harris Lex. Techn. I, Sum of an Equation, is when the absolute Number being brought over to the other side with a contrary Sign, the whole becomes equal to 0. And this Descartes calls the Sum of the Equation proposed.
d. = logical sum s.v. logical a. 7.
1918C. I. Lewis Survey of Symbolic Logic iii. 185 The ‘sum’, a + b, denotes the class of those things which are either members of a or members of b (or members of both). 1934W. V. Quine System of Logistic xvii. 171, ε‘α may be called the sum of the class of classes α. 1968P. A. P. Moran Introd. Probability Theory iv. 185 The advantage of using half-open intervals is that if two of them abut, their sum is again a half-open interval. 1981W. Marciszewski Dict. Logic 53 The union (sum) of sets: x{elem}X{union}Y ≡ (x{elem}X){logicor}(x{elem}Y).
7. A series of numbers to be added or cast up.
1579Gosson Sch. Abuse (Arb.) 27 They might cast the summe without pen, or counters. c1600Shakes. Sonn. xlix. 3 When as thy loue hath cast his vtmost summe. 1641R. Marriot Serm. Commem. Mrs. Dering 12 He that goes about to cast an account must know his rules... Else, when he hath cast up his summes, he cannot tell whether they be done right or wrong. 1698Fryer Acc. E. India & P. 191 They will in a trice,..cast up the difficultest Sums. 1804–6Syd. Smith Mor. Philos. (1850) 404 An expert arithmetician adds up the longest sum with the most unerring precision.
8. An arithmetical problem in the solution of which some particular rule is applied; also, such a problem worked out. colloq.
1803Man in Moon 24 Dec. (1804) 100 To add up a sum of addition. a1825Forby Voc. E. Anglia s.v. Summing, Solving any question in arithmetic, is doing a sum. 1838Dickens Nich. Nick. i, Sums in simple interest. 1862Draper Intell. Devel. Eur. xvi. (1865) 361 A common multiplication or division sum. 1881W. Harris Serm. Boys & Girls 96 Some of you boys and girls are very clever at working sums.
9. a. That which a statement, discourse, writing, or a system of laws, etc. amounts to, or is in essence; an abridged statement containing the substance of a matter; a summary, epitome. Obs. or arch.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. iii. pr. viii. (1868) 81 Of alle whiche forseide þinges I may reducen þis shortly in a somme. c1450Merlin 84 Of her wordes this was the somme. 1533Gau Richt Vay 45 This is the soume of the wangel that our lord Iesus christ godis sone is giffine to vsz..and he and al his is owris. 1535Coverdale Ezra vii. 11 This is the summe of the letter, that kynge Artaxerses gaue vnto Eszdras the prest. 1541― Old Faith (1547) D vj b, He wolde brynge in to a shorte summe and set in wrytynge, all the lawe that the feathers had. 1560J. Daus tr. Sleidane's Comm. Pref. 3, I haue set before the beginnyng of euery boke, the some or argument. 1626Gouge Serm. Dignity Chivalry §1 The Summe of this Chapter is A Declaration of the Magnificence of Salomon. 1671Milton Samson 1557 Tell us the sum, the circumstance defer. a1703Burkitt On N.T. Mark xii. 34 This is the sum of the duties of the first table [of the Commandments]. 1837Sir F. Palgrave Merch. & Friar Ded. p. vi, The sum of the objections was this. 1842Borrow Bible in Spain xxiv, He..gave me the history of his life, the sum of which was, that [etc.].
†b. A summary treatise or manual; = summa 3.
a1325MS. Rawl. B. 520 lf. 54 b, Here..biginnez þe summe þat is icleped Cadit Assisa. 1474Caxton Chesse iii. iii. (1883) 97 Varro reherceth in his sommes that y⊇ riche men ben alle louyd by this loue. 1531Dial. on Laws Eng. ii. xxxv. 71 In the said summe called summa Rosella in the said title alienatio, the xiii. article is asked this question. 1541Coverdale Old Faith (1547) E v, He [sc. Moses] made yet an Enchiridion and Summe of all the Actes of hys tyme and of the lawe of God, whyche is called Deuteronomium. c1643Ld. Herbert Autobiog. (1824) 42 Some good sum of Philosophy may be learned. 1680H. Dodwell Two Lett. (1691) 232 For Aquinas, you need hardly read anything but his Sums. a1770Jortin Life Erasmus (1788) I. 85 The Collectors of Sums, that is, of Common-places of Philosophy and Divinity.
10. in sum [F. en somme, L. in summa].
a. (Expressed) in a few words, briefly or summarily. Also † in a sum. Now arch. and rare.
c1374Chaucer Boeth. i. pr. iv. (1868) 17 Axest þou in somme of what gilt I am accused? 1382Wyclif Dan. vii. 1 In sum [gloss or litil wordis; 1388 schortli; Vulg. summatim]. 1526Pilgr. Perf. (W. de W. 1531) 1 b, A treatyse..that sholde conteyne in somme the sentences of illumyned doctours, concernynge perfeccyon. 1555Philpot Exam. (1559) 47 The declaration of these thinges more at large, which nowe I wryte in somme. 1561Norton & Sackv. Gorbodvc i. i, This is in somme what I would haue ye wey. 1651Hobbes Leviath. i. iv. 13 To Register, what by cogitation, wee find to be the cause of any thing..and what we find things..may produce, or effect: which in summe, is acquiring of Arts. 1862F. Hall Hindu Philos. Syst. 112 My meaning, in sum, is, that, whereas [etc.].
(b)1537tr. Latimer's Serm. Convoc. ii. B vij b, This alone I can say grossly, and as in a sum. a1699J. Fraser Polichron. (S.H.S.) 418 [They] interrogat him if he appointed not his sone Richard, replyed in a sume, Yea.
b. Used absol. as an illative phr.: To conclude in few words; to sum up; in brief, in short.
1562Pilkington Expos. Abdyas Pref. 9 In summe, no violent thinge can longe endure. 1597Hooker Eccl. Pol. v. xlvi. §1 In summe, [they] taught the world no lesse vertuously how to dye, then they had done before how to liue. 1647May Hist. Parl. i. ii. 25 They hold that the Church of Rome is a true Church;..That it is lawfull to pray for soules departed [etc.]; in summe they believe all that is taught by the Church, but not by the Court of Rome. a1700Evelyn Diary 6 July 1679, He was also dextrous in Chronology, Antiquities, Mathematics. In sum, an Intellectus universalis. 1700Dryden Fables Pref., Wks. (1910) 276 In sum, I seriously protest, that no Man ever had..a greater Veneration for Chaucer than my self. 1761H. Walpole Let. to G. Montagu 5 May, We have lost a young genius... He was shot very unnecessarily, riding too near a battery: in sum, he is a sacrifice to his own rashness—and to ours. 1876T. Le M. Douse Grimm's L. 107 Hence, in sum, we arrive at simple and symmetrical expressions of all the cases of irregularity.
11. sum and substance: the essence (of anything); the gist or pith (of a matter).
In quot. 1591, by a twist of the phr., used as = one's all.
1591Shakes. Two Gent. iv. i. 15 My riches, are these poore habiliments, Of which, if you should here disfurnish me, You take the sum and substance that I haue. 1594Hooker Eccl. Pol. iv. iii. §2 This in effect is the summe and substance of that which they bring by way of opposition against those orders. 1657Sanderson Serm. Pref. §5 (1681) A 3 b, This is the sum and substance of the usual Censures and Objections of our Anti-Ceremonian Brethren. 1732Berkeley Alciphr. v. §15 What is the Sum and Substance, Scope and End of Christ's Religion, but the Love of God and Man? 1852Robertson Serm. Ser. iii. xii. 144 That the Sermon on the Mount contains the sum and substance of Christianity. 1889Jessopp Coming of Friars iv. 168 If any of us were to write down the sum and substance of his knowledge.
†12. The upshot, issue, conclusion. Obs.
c1385Chaucer L.G.W. 1559 Hypsipyle, The somme [4 other MSS. soth(e] is this that Iason weddit was Vn-to this queen. a1578Lindesay (Pitscottie) Chron. Scot. (S.T.S.) I. 402 This was concludit amangis themselffis, and declairit into the king the sowme of the consall. 1654Z. Coke Logick 8 That whatsoever is conceivable of a thing, may be drawn to a right summe. 1670Dryden 2nd Pt. Conq. Granada iv. ii, On this assault..Depends the sum and fortune of the war.
13. a. The ultimate end or goal; the highest attainable point. Obs. or arch.
1340Ayenb. 260 He ssolde him resti ine god þet is þe ende and þe uoluellinge and þe somme of his wylninges. 1565Cooper Thesaurus s.v. Summus, The summe & knot of all his glorie was, that he wente into the prouince of Asia, &c. 1631R. Bolton Comf. Affl. Consc. ii. (1635) 9 Death the end and summ of all feared evils. 1667Milton P.L. viii. 522 Thus I have..brought My Storie to the sum of earthly bliss Which I enjoy. Ibid. xii. 575 Thou hast attained the summe Of wisdom; hope no higher. 1706Stanhope Paraphr. III. 513 He is..the summe and ultimate End of all we can hope for. 1866Neale Sequences & Hymns 124 Thee, our wishes' full and perfect sum.
b. the sum of things [tr. L. summa rerum: see summa 5 a]: the highest public interest, the public good, the common weal; also (by reference to sense 5), the totality of being, the universe.
1667Milton P.L. vi. 673 Had not th' Almightie Father..Consulting on the sum of things, foreseen This tumult. 1704Swift Batt. Bks. Misc. (1711) 257 The Modern Chiefs were holding a Consult upon the Sum of Things. 1771Junius Lett. lix. (1788) 322 Concessions, such as these, are of little moment to the sum of things. 1850Tennyson In Mem. lxxxviii, The glory of the sum of things Will flash along the chords and go.
†c. the sum of sums: = summa 5 b. Obs.
1592Nashe Str. Newes H 2 b, The summe of summes is this.
14. Comb., as sum check Computers, a check on the accuracy of a group of digits in which they are added together and the result compared with a previously computed sum (which may accompany the group as a check digit); also applied to similar checks in which a quantity other than a sum is employed; = summation check s.v. summation2 6; so sum-checked a.
1962R. V. Oakford Introd. Electronic Data Processing Equipment ii. 31 If a single R check bit is changed, the sum check will fail..in that row, but not in the four columns. 1972Computer Jrnl. XV. 196/2 A similar routine deals with sum-checked binary input.
▪ II. † sum, n.2 Obs.
In 5 summe, 6 som(m)e, 8 summ.
[a. AF. sum(m)e = OF. (mod.F.) somme:—Romanic sauma horse-load, for late L. sagma packsaddle, a. Gr. σάγµα (whence also ultimately seam n.2). Cf. soum n.1
The med.L. and F. words were assimilated in spelling to summa, somme, sum n.1; med.L. has sauma, sama, somma, summa (also salmata, saumata = OF. somee) bladi, olei, vini, denoting definite measures of these commodities.]
A unit of measure or weight of certain commodities: see quots. and cf. seam n.2 1 b.
In 1314, in Neath, S. Wales, a sum of iron contained 9 pieces (Rogers Agric. & Prices I. 472, II. 463).
c1450Godstow Reg. 424 The mynded luke yaf to the mynded William at the entrying vij. mark and ij. summys of barly. 1480–1Acc. Exch. K.R. 496. No. 23 (P.R.O.), j summe clavorum voc. Sprignaill. 1539–40in Archæol. Cant. (1893) XX. 243, 2 ‘some’ of ‘sprygg’ 10s. 1545Rates Custome House b viij b, Nidels the some conteinynge, xii. M, x. s. 1570Foxe A. & M. (ed. 2) I. 411/2 A somme of corne was then [a.d. 1257] sold for 26 shillings. [1711Madox Hist. & Antiq. Exchequer xiii. 325 Leave to carry DC Summs of Corn [tr. summas Frumenti] whither he would. ]
▪ III. sum, n.3 Sc. and Irish.
Variant of soum n.2; see also quots. 1744, 1780.
[1526in Sir A. Agnew Hist. Hered. Sheriffs Galloway (1864) 158 The pertinents—viz., eight sums of cows, one mare,..with their sequels.] 1621Sc. Acts, Jas. VI (1816) IV. 612/2 Act declairing summes Grasse gevin to þe Ministeris for þr gleibis to be teyndfrie. 1744Smith & Harris County of Down 134 note, A Sum of Cattle in these Parts is what they call a Collop in other Parts of Ireland, consisting of one full grown Cow or Bullock, of three Years old, or a Horse of that Age;..in some Places a Horse is reckoned a Sum and half. Eight Sheep make a Sum. 1780A. Young Tour Irel. I. 284 Keeping a cow is a sum; a horse a sum and an half;..a barrel of potatoe setting..all these are sums.
▪ IV. sum, v.1|sʌm|
Forms: 4–6 somme, 4–7 summe (4 sume, pa. pple. isommed, 5 some, soume, sowme), 7–8 summ, 6– sum.
[a. OF. sommer, summer (13–14th cent.), or ad. its source, med.L. summāre (whence Pr. somar, It. sommare, Sp. sumar, Pg. sommar), f. summa sum n.1]
1. a. trans. To find the sum or total number or amount of; to add together; to reckon or count up; to cast up (a column of figures, an account).
a1300Cursor M. 2345 Folk sua selcut mani brede, þat naman suld cun sume ne neuen. 1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) III. 261 Alle þese ȝeres i-sommed to gidres makeþ foure hondred ȝeres. a1400–50Wars Alex. 1986 Here a gloue full of graynes..may þou sowme me þire sedis surely þou trowe, Þou miȝt a-count all oure kniȝtis. 1511Fabyan Will in Chron. (1811) Pref. p. vii, My stuff of household and quyke catall..beyng praysid, engrossid, and summyd. 1530Palsgr. 725/1 Tarye tyll I have sommed this accompte. 1570Dee Math. Pref. d iij b, By Arithmetike, the charges of Buildinges are summed together. 1611Bible 2 Kings xxii. 4 That he may summe the siluer which is brought into the house of the Lord. 1641(Sept.) Terrier of Plesheybury Manor, Essex lf. 6 (MS.) The smythes rent is not summed into the rent or valueacion aforesaide. 1655Stanley Hist. Philos. iii. 67 Bring my account-book hither, That I may summe my debts and interest. 1785Gibbon Let. to Ld. Sheffield 13 Mar., A balance neatly cyphered and summed by Gosling. 1816Scott Antiq. vi, The banker's clerk, who was directed to sum my cash-account, blundered it three times. 1880Haughton Phys. Geog. iii. 158 note, This value must be summed through the time that the sun does not set. 1905R. Garnett Shaks. 18 Drooping sad eyes toward the sod, as though Summing its blades. 1935Lancet 11 May 1123/1 For the pig,..the combination of virus plus hæmophilic organism is much more potent than was to be expected from summing the mild diseases caused by the two agents acting separately. 1947Electronic Engin. June 179/1 Suppose..that it is desired to sum the voltages from n sources. 1962F. I. Ordway et al. Basic Astronautics vii. 325 The average lifetime..may be easily determined by summing all lifetimes and dividing by 100. 1971Nature 24 Dec. 485/2 He summed data of six previous studies..and demonstrated in the total sample an over-representation of the last-but-one position. 1977J. G. Graeme Designing with Operational Amplifiers vii. 177 The number of signals that can be summed is limited only by increasing circuit errors.
(b) With up.c1450Bk. Curtasye 540 in Babees Bk., Tyl countes also þer-on ben cast, And somet vp holy at þo last. 1592Shakes. Rom. & Jul. ii. vi. 34, I cannot sum vp some of halfe my wealth. 1651Hobbes Leviath. i. v. 19 Not regarding how each bill is summed up. 1684–5South Serm. 22 Feb. (1842) I. 172 He..may as well undertake to count the sands, or to sum up infinity. 1792D. Stewart Elem. Philos. Human Mind I. ii. 114 An expert accountant..can sum up, almost with a single glance of his eye, a long column of figures. 1798Monthly Mag. VI. 111 Let the speaker of the house sum up the county-polls. 1837Carlyle Fr. Rev. iii. ii. vii, When the Voting is done, and Secretaries are summing it up.
b. † pass., and intr. for pass. To amount to.
c1425Wyntoun Cron. v. xii. 3638 Þat sowmyt was in multitude V. thousande men, bathe barne and wiff. a1600G. Whyatt Life Anne Boleyn in Cavendish's Wks. (1825) II. 207 In three quarters of a year her alms was summed to fourteen or fifteen thousand pounds. 1803Southey Let. to Coleridge 3 Aug., Those little units of interruption and preventions, which sum up to as ugly an aggregate as the items in a lawyer's bill. 1865De Morgan in Athenæum 23 Dec. 889/2 Take those Greek words of which the letters sum into 666. 1966G. C. Hemmens Structure of Urban Activity Linkages i. 6 The matrix of linkage coefficients is a stochastic matrix where each row sums to one.
c. trans. To bring up to a certain total. rare.
1597Bacon Coulers Good & Evill Ess. (Arb.) 144 The howre doth rather summe vp the moments then deuide the daye. 1883Century Mag. July 429/2 Two hundred and eighty three deaths summed up an official record that was confessedly incomplete.
d. Math. To find the sum of (a series); in the calculus of finite differences, to find the aggregate of the successive values of a function (sum n.1 6 b).
1776Hutton in Phil. Trans. LXVI. 479 The former series is summed, with rather more ease than the latter. 1838Penny Cycl. XII. 500/1 It is required to sum the series ϕx + ϕ(x + Δx) + ϕ(x + 2Δx) +{ddd}+ ϕ(x + n-1Δx) .
e. intr. To do sums in arithmetic.
1825Jennings Observ. Dial. W. Eng., To Summy v.n., to work by arithmetical rules. 1838D. W. Jerrold Men of Character I. 260 They tries Nankin, and finds he can read, and write, and sum. 1870Kingsley At Last x, She sat summing away on her slate.
f. trans. In transf. and fig. uses: To reckon, count, or total up.
1597Shakes. 2 Hen. IV, i. i. 167 You cast th' euent of Warre..And summ'd the accompt of Chance. a1628Preston Effect. Faith (1631) 90 When thou hast summed and reckoned all all together, all reasons and all objections to and fro. 1644Vicars God in Mount 105 marg., A briefe recitall of all these foresaid premises summ'd up together. 1687Dryden Hind & P. iii. 656 An old fanatick Author..Who summ'd their Scandals up by Centuries. 1784Cowper Task iii. 130, I sum up half mankind, And add two thirds of the remaining half. 1820Scott Monast. xviii, ‘And various other perquisites..’, said the Abbot, summing..the advantages attached to the office of conventual bow-bearer. 1828Campbell Lines Depart. Emigr. N.S. Wales 53 The grey-haired swain..Shall..summing all the blessings God has given, Put up his patriarchal prayer to Heaven.
†2. To collect into a company. Obs.
c1400Destr. Troy 13356 He..sowmet his pepull. c1425Wyntoun Cron. vi. xii. 1070 Bathe men, barnys and women, Þar sowmyt war al be ten.
3. To collect into or embrace in a small compass; also with up. Chiefly pass.
1606Shakes. Tr. & Cr. i. iii. 325 The purpose is perspicuous euen as substance, Whose grossenesse little charracters summe vp. 1667Milton P.L. viii. 473 What seemd fair in all the World, seemd..in her summd up, in her containd. Ibid. ix. 454 She..in her looks summs all Delight. 1731–8Swift Pol. Conversat. Introd. 9 The whole Genius, Humour, Politeness and Eloquence of England are summed up in it. 1832L. Hunt Gentle Armour ii. 68 In that last blow his strength must have been summ'd. 1842Tennyson Gardener's Dau. 13 A miniature of loveliness, all grace Summ'd up and closed in little. 1869Browning Ring & Bk. x. Pope 343 Show me thy fruit, the latest act of thine! For in the last is summed the first and all.
4. To give the substance of in a few words or a brief statement; to summarize, epitomize. Said also of the statement made, or, by extension, of a principle, condition, or the like. (Usually with, now rarely without, up.)
1621Mountagu Diatribæ 416 Those many Writers that Photius read, and summed in his Bibliotheca. 1677tr. Groeneveldt's Treat. Stone 12 To sum the various and different opinions of Authors. 1825Scott Talism. x, To sum the whole, I am aware [etc.]. 1861Reade Cloister & H. lxxi, The phase, through which this remarkable mind now passed, may be summed in a word—Penitence. 1875Ruskin Fors Clav. lx. V. 337 It sums much of what I may have too vaguely and figuratively stated in my letters.
(b) With up.1692R. L'Estrange Fables I. ccxvii. 190 Go to the Ant, thou Sluggard; (says the Wise-man) which in Few Words Summs up the Moral of This Fable. 1711Steele Spect. No. 158 ⁋2, I have a great deal more to say to you, but I shall sum it up all in this one Remark. 1859C. Barker Assoc. Princ. i. 9 From these fragments we may thus sum up the general characteristics of Benedictine life. 1871L. Stephen Playgr. Eur. (1894) i. 14 The simple statements..pretty well sum up the reflections of the..guide-books. 1880E. Kirke Life Garfield 64 To sum it all up: he is true, kind, manly, honest.
absol.1899Allbutt's Syst. Med. VII. 667 To sum up; in the treatment of a case of intracranial tumour, the first object [etc.].
5. a. to sum up: (of the judge in a trial, or of counsel concluding his case for his client) to recapitulate (the evidence) to the jury before they retire to consider their verdict, giving an exposition of points of law when necessary.
a1700Evelyn Diary 6 Dec. 1680, Sir Wm. Jones summ'd up the evidence. 1768Blackstone Comm. iii. 375 When the evidence is gone through on both sides, the judge in the presence of the parties, the counsel, and all others, sums up the whole to the jury. 1874Nairne Peerage Evidence 171 Mr. Pearson stated..that he should be prepared, after the evidence now given was printed, to sum up the case on an early day.
b. absol. or intr.
1805James Milit. Dict. (ed. 2), To Sum up..in a judicial sense. 1849Macaulay Hist. Eng. v. I. 642 He summed up in the same style,..and reminded the jury that the prisoner's husband had borne a part in the death of Charles the First. 1884Times (weekly ed.) 12 Sept. 8/2 The judge summed up dead against the claim.
c. trans. To form an estimate of, summarize the qualities or character of; to take the measure of.
1889Grant Allen Terrible Inher. viii, The old barrister..summed him up from head to foot with his keen, critical Old Bailey stare. 1895‘H. S. Merriman’ Grey Lady i. viii. (1899) 90 She stood..looking back at him over her shoulder, summing him up with a little introspective nod.
†6.
a. To bring to completion or perfection; to consummate; also with up. Obs.
c1592Marlowe Jew of Malta i. i. 3 And of the third part of the Persian ships, There was the venture summ'd and satisfied. 1607Heywood Fayre Mayde Exch. K 2, If yong Franke Golding were come back, To summe our wish. 1636Massinger Bashful Lover v. iii, That there might be nothing wanting to Sum up my numerous engagements. a1644Quarles Sol. Recant. Sol. xi. 36 One good is wanting still To summe a full Perfection. 1667Milton P.L. ix. 113 Creatures animate with gradual life Of Growth, Sense, Reason, all summ'd up in Man.
†b. Of a bird: To complete (its plumage): see summed ppl. a. 2. Obs. nonce-use.
1667Milton P.L. vii. 421 They summ'd thir Penns.
▪ V. † sum, v.2 Obs. rare—1.
In 5 summe.
[Echoic. Cf. late MHG., G. summen, NFris. summi; also bum v.2, hum v.1]
intr. To hum softly.
c1440Pallad. on Husb. vii. 123 Al subtilly and smale yf that they summe, Al hugely and haske yf that they humme.
▪ VI. † sum, rel. adv. and conj. north. Obs.
Forms: 3–4 sume, sim, 3–5 sum (3 summ, 5 sam), 4–5 som(e.
[a. Scand. som, sum rel. adv. and pron. (MSw. som, sum, sym, Sw., Norw., Da. som), related to Icel. sem. Cf. OE. swá same (some), OHG. sô sama, sama sô, OS. samo sô likewise, as: see same a.]
1. orig. after swa so, swilk, sli such, all quite, just (cf. MSw. sva som, sliker som, alsom): As.
c1200Ormin Ded. 11 Icc hafe don swa summ þu badd. Ibid. 3499 He chæs himm sone kinness menn All swillke summ he wollde. Ibid. 5447 Þatt het forrȝife uss all rihht swa, Summ we forrȝifenn oþre All þatt teȝȝ gilltenn uss onnȝæn. a1300Cursor M. 259 Sli word and werc sum we til heild. Ibid. 6348 Water bitter sum [Fairf. sim] ani brin. Ibid. 16386 Sacles es he sa feir se sum i can. c1420Avow. Arth. x, Boudewynne turnes to toune, Sum that his gate lay. c1420Sir Amadace (Camden) lxix, My lenging is no lengur her, With tunge sum I the telle.
2. As a connecting particle with rel. prons., adjs., and advs., becoming a kind of separable suffix equivalent to -ever, which was itself afterward added to it tautologically to form the separable suffix -somever (Cursor M. 21999), now dial. and superseded in literary use by -soever. See also whosome, whatsome, etc.
c1200Ormin 1827 Whær summ we findenn o þe boc Enngell bi name nemmnedd. Ibid. 11404 Ure Laferrd Jesu Crist, Forrþrihht summ he wass fullhtnedd, Wass ledd ut inntill wessteland. a1300Cursor M. 1149 To quat contre sum [later MSS. so] þat þou wend. Ibid. 20632 In quatkin sinn sim þat þai be. 13..Ibid. 11015 (Gött.) Sone sum [Cott. son quen] vr leuedi was mett wid þe angel..Scho went hir vte of nazareth. c1400Ywaine & Gaw. 1507 That ye be her This day twelmoth, how som it be. c1400Rule St. Benet (Prose) 14 In what dede sam ye be, loke þat yure þoht and ȝure herte be to god almihten.
▪ VII. sum
obs. form of some pron., a.1, and adv. |