| 释义 |
▪ I. tan, n.1 (a.)|tæn|
Also 7 tann(e.
[prob. a. F. tan (13th c. in Littré, also in Cotgr. 1611 ‘tan, the barke of a young Oake, wherewith, being small beaten, leather is tanned’) = med.L. tannum, app. of Celtic origin: cf. Breton tann masc., oak, Cornish glas-tannen evergreen oak, ilex (Thurneysen). Thence the vb., med.L. tannāre, OF. tanner to tan; cf. also Du. taan, late MDu. tāne tan, tānen to tan.]
A. n.
I.
1. a. The crushed bark of the oak or of other trees, an infusion of which is used in converting hides into leather.
1604[implied in tan-mill: see C.]. 1611[implied in tan-pit: see C]. 1674S. Jeake Arith. (1696) 69 Tann, 1 Load must be 60 yards long, 1 yard high, 3 Rinds thick. 1706Phillips (ed. 6), Tan, the Bark of a young Oak, beaten small and us'd..for the tanning..of Leather. 1727–41Chambers Cycl. s.v., Not only the bark, but every part of the oak-tree..makes good Tan. 1840Encycl. Brit. (ed. 7) XXI. 73/2 The word tan is sometimes, though improperly, used for the bark itself, which is the chief ingredient in the tanning of leather. 1852C. Morfit Tanning & Currying (1853) 38 The name tan is applied to coarsely-powdered bark containing a principle which is the active agent in the tanning of hides.
b. Spent bark from the tan-pits, used by gardeners, and for riding-courses, etc.
1739Miller Gard. Dict. II. s.v., The best Sort of Tan for Hotbeds, is, that which is ground of a midling Size, neither too small nor too large. 1766Ann. Reg. 108 A melon raised..in Southwark upon tan was sold in Covent-garden Market. 1812New Botanic Gard. i. 54 A thin covering of tan or some other substance. 1849Longfellow Kavanagh xix. 101 Circus,—with its tan and tinsel. 1887Morn. Post 8 July (Sport. Notes), After the usual canter [she] galloped him a mile and a quarter on the tan.
2. The astringent principle contained in oak-bark, etc.; tannin; also the solution of this, tan-liquor, ‘ooze’.
1800Henry Epit. Chem. (1808) 289 Until very lately, tan had been known only as a production of nature. 1810― Elem. Chem. (1826) II. 284 Tan exists abundantly in the bark of the oak, the willow, &c., and in the gall-nut. 1866Rogers Agric. & Prices I. xxiv. 612 To preserve them, the nets were soaked in tan.
II.
3. a. The brown colour of tan; tawny.
1888Daily News 17 July 5/8 Simplicity is the word of command as regards outlines, and tan is the special colour of this season. 1888Lady 25 Oct. 378/1 [Gloves] in the beautiful shades of brown, chocolate, oak, tans, and black.
b. esp. The bronzed tint imparted to the skin by exposure to the sun or the weather.
1749J. Cleland Mem. Woman Pleasure II. 233 The tan of his travels, and a beard..had..given it [sc. his face] an air of becoming manliness. 1827Clare Sheph. Cal. 48 And scare the tan from summer cheek. 1851Hawthorne Ho. Sev. Gables v, The clear shade of tan, and the half-a-dozen freckles. 1885L'pool Daily Post 7 May 5/3 With the tan of a southern sun upon his face.
c. pl. Short for Black and Tans (see black a. 14 c). Also sing., a member of this organization. Usu. with capital initial.
1932S. O'Faoláin Midsummer Night Madness 19 The Tans in their roaring Lancia patrol cars. Ibid. 227 ‘Shut up, you,’ said the Tan angrily. 1951C. Lynch-Robinson Last of Irish R.M.s x. 161, I am sure that even amongst this class of the Tans..there were a number of quite decent fellows. 1962E. O'Brien Lost Girl xii. 132 God Almighty, it reminded me of the tans..the night they burst the door in. 1978F. Burton Politics of Legitimacy iii. 69 Mrs Johnson sees the British troops of today..as latter-day Tans.
4. pl. [ellipt. use of the adj.] Articles of dress, etc., of a tan colour; esp. tan shoes or boots.
1902Daily Chron. 17 Sept. 5/2 Please say..where these boots can be bought. I always buy my tans in the cheapest market. 1904Ibid. 2 July 8/5 Tans are in far greater demand than has been known for years.
B. adj. Of the colour of tan or of tanned leather; of a yellowish or reddish brown; tawny; bronzed, sunburnt. Also euphem. (rare), black, negro.
1665Wood Life 6 May (O.H.S.) II. 35 A pair of tan leather gloves. 1845Disraeli Sybil iv. vii, Beautiful black and tan spaniels. 1887W. S. Gilbert Ruddigore, I kept guinea pigs..and a small black and tan [dog]. 1896Monthly Packet Christm. No. 61 The daintiest of tan shoes. 1896Edith Thompson ibid. 98 Too well-fitting tan boots..only adapted to mountain excursions of the picnic order. 1908Betw. Trent & Ancholme 218 The white or tan sails pass by. 1950Sun (Baltimore) 13 Sept. 14/2 He has written an article in the ‘tan’ national magazine Ebony. 1963Pix 28 Sept. 63 Her hair should be blonde and bunched and her figure trim and tan. 1974S. Sheldon Other Side of Midnight xiv. 275 He looked tanner and leaner than when she had last seen him.
C. attrib. and Comb.
1. from the n. (in senses 1 a, 1 b) [some perhaps partly from the verb-stem: cf. tan-house], as tan-colour, tan-liquor, tan-mill; tan-burning, tan-strewn, tan-trodden adjs.; tan-ball: see quot.; tan-bark = sense 1 a; tan-bath, a bath containing an infusion of oak-bark in water (Cent. Dict. 1891); tan-bay, the loblolly bay, Gordonia Lasianthus (ibid.); tan-bed, a hot-bed made of spent tan; a bark-bed; tan-extractor, a device for extracting the tannic acid and astringent principles from bark (Knight Dict. Mech. 1877); tan-fat = tan-vat; tan-fork, a gardener's hand-fork for lifting tan; tan-gallop = tan-ride; tan-loft, the loft of a tan-house; tan-ooze, -pickle, the liquor of a tan-vat: = ooze n.1 2; tan-pit, (a) = tan-vat; (b) in gardening, a tan-bed; tan-pot (see quot. 1978); tan-press, a machine for expressing moisture from the spent tan (Cent. Dict.); tan-ride, a riding-track covered with tan; cf. ride n.1 2 a; tan-spud, a curved chisel for peeling the bark from oak or other trees; a peeler; tan-stove, a bark-stove; also, a hot-house with a bark-bed; † tan-tub = tan-vat; tan-turf, spent tan pressed into bricks for fuel; = tanners' turf (tanner1 b); Tan war Ir. Hist., the conflict between the Black and Tans and the Irish Republican Army in 1921; tan-work, -yard, a place where tanning is carried on; a tannery.
1882Ogilvie (Annandale), *Tan-balls, the spent bark of the tanner's yard pressed into balls or lumps, which harden on drying and serve for fuel.
1799W. Tooke View Russian Emp. I. i. ii. 34 The *tanbark-tree..and many others. 1891Cent. Dict., Tan-bark. 1903Smart Set I. 140/1 She had ridden her first horse over the tanbark of Durland's.
1739Miller Gard. Dict. II. s.v., There are some Persons who make their *Tan-beds much wider than what is here mentioned. 1812New Botanic Gard. i. 81 The pots should be plunged into a tan-bed.
1882Paton in Encycl. Brit. XIV. 382/2 ‘Spent tan’, usually to be burned in a special form of *tan-burning furnace for raising steam.
1811Self Instructor 539 Dark browns, minims, and *tan-colours.
1859Thompson Gard. Assist. 124 *Tan-fork.
1856‘Stonehenge’ Brit. Sports ii. i. x. §2. 357/2 A *tan-gallop..made permanently on a course three-quarters of a mile in circumference.
1882Paton in Encycl. Brit. XIV. 382/2 One of the commonest plans for ascertaining the strength of the *tan liquor technically called ooze, or wooze, is by means of a kind of hydrometer called a barkometer.
1852W. Hanna Chalmers IV. xxi. 404 Dr. Chalmers opened the *tan-loft for public worship.
1604E. G[rimstone] D'Acosta's Hist. Indies iv. xii. 243 Instruments, which beat this stone like vnto *tanne milles. 1839Ure Dict. Arts 1195 (Sugar) The first machines employed to squeeze the canes, were mills..somewhat like tan-mills.
1901F. Adams in N. & Q. 9th Ser. VII. 412/1 ‘*Tan ouse’, tanner's ouse, or oak bark, an infusion of which is employed for tanning hides.
1820T. Mitchell Aristoph. I. 259 On him fell *tan-pickle, and nectar on you. a1859Macaulay Hist. Eng. (1861) V. 181 The drink tasted like tanpickle.
1611Cotgr., Coudroir, a Tanfat, or *Tanpit. 1707Mortimer Husb. I. 123 What improves it to that Value is the emptying of the Town Tann-pits on it. 1810Boswell Edinburgh Poet. Wks. (1871) 48 Neighbouring tan-pits scent the passing gales. 1858Glenny Gard. Every-day Bk. 34/1 Although a tan-pit is not absolutely necessary to make a hot-house, it is necessary to have bottom-heat at command.
1946K. Tennant Lost Haven (1947) vii. 96 They could mend nets, boil *tan-pots, play football. 1978Regional Lang. Stud.-Newfoundland viii. 18 A tan-pot or barking kettle is a large cauldron used for ‘barking’ a fisherman's nets with tan to prevent them from rotting in the salt water.
1863Lawrence Border & Bast. iv. 70 In the centre is a large fountain of white marble, round which is a broad *tan-ride. 1884Yates Recoll. II. ii. 81 A tan-ride furnished with various obstacles for leaping experiments.
1828Webster, *Tan-spud,..*Tan-stove.
1904Blackw. Mag. June 796 Chilcote glanced over the *tan-strewn ride.
1887J. Ashby-Sterry Lazy Minstrel (1892) 42 What studies of man and of woman and horse Here pass up and down on the *tan-trodden course!
1586J. Davis Voy. (Hakl. Soc.) 17 They found bags of trayne oyle,..seale skinnes in *tan tubs, with many other such trifles. 1799Hull Advertiser 2 Mar. 2/1 Tan-yard, bark-mill,..tan-tubs, vats and materials.
1851Mayhew Lond. Labour II. 87/2 *Tan-turf is oak bark made into turf after its virtues have been exhausted in the tan-pits.
1968‘N. Blake’ Private Wound iii. 41 Flurry and I'd had enough of it after the *Tan war. 1981J. Wright Devil's Parole ii. 27 His tales of the Tan War..his often cruel sketches of the Irish.
1822J. Flint Lett. Amer. 125 An iron foundery..a *tan-work, a glass-house.
1711Customs Notice in Lond. Gaz. No. 4862/4 Any Tan-house, *Tan-yard, Work-house. 1777J. Adams in Fam. Lett. (1876) 241 A mill to grind bark for the tanyard. 1878Tan-yard [see hound-pup s.v. hound n.1 7 a]. 1911J. Masefield Everlasting Mercy 18 The tan-yards stank of bitter bark.
2. adjs. from A. 3, or B, chiefly parasynthetic, as tan-coloured, tan-faced, tan-sailed, tan-skinned, tan-tinted.
1630J. Taylor (Water P.) Proclamation Wks. ii. 252/2 The Sunburnt tanskind Indians. 1685Lond. Gaz. No. 2037/4 A black-brown Gelding..Tan mouth'd. 1861L. L. Noble Icebergs 63 Scudding under their tan-colored canvas. 1869Routledge's Ev. Boy's Ann. 454 A tan-faced digger. 1888Dict. Nat. Biog. XIII. 142/2 The tan-sailed barges sailing through the flats. 1892Daily News 29 Mar. 2/4 An Eton jacket of the tan-tinted cloth, with sleeves to match.
▪ II. tan, n.2
Short for fan-tan, a Chinese gambling game.
1883Stevenson Silverado Sq. 189 Where he might..lose his little earnings at the game of tan.
▪ III. ‖ tan, n.3|tan|
[Jap.]
A Japanese unit of arable land or forest, equal to 300 bu; in modern use equivalent to approximately 0·245 acres (9·92 ares).
1871A. B. Mitford Tales of Old Japan II. 2 Rice land is divided into three classes; and,..it is computed that one tan (1,800 square feet)..should yield to the owner..five bags of rice per annum. 1914F. Brinkley Hist. Jap. People xxxvi. 527 In Hideyoshi's system,..the rule of 360 tsubo to the tan (a quarter of an acre) was changed to 300 tsubo. 1931G. B. Sansom Japan i. v. 98 The area was two tan (1 tan is 1,000 square yards). 1964Japan (Unesco) (rev. ed.) i. 19/2 The Imperial Proclamation of the Taika Reformation was announced at the end of the year 646... Taxes shall comprise two large bundles and two small bundles of rice crop on one tan (about 0.245 acre). 1970J. W. Hall Japan vi. 54 Strips of one tan each (at that time approximately .3 acres).
▪ IV. ‖ tan, n.4|tan|
[Jap.]
A Japanese unit used for measuring cloth, equivalent to about ten yards in length and just over one foot in width; also, a piece of cloth of this size.
1876W. E. Griffis Mikado's Empire (1877) II. 609 A tan, or piece of cloth, varies in length from 25 to 30 or more feet. 1909Westm. Gaz. 23 Oct. 13/1, I sentence each one to bring within three days one tan (about twenty-five yards) of cotton cloth. 1931G. B. Sansom Japan iii. x. 187 Princes of the blood and ministers of the first rank were restricted to 500 tan of cloth. Ibid., One tan is about ten yards.
▪ V. ‖ tan, n.5|dan|
Also dan.
[Chinese.]
A female character in a Chinese drama or opera; an actor of such a role.
1886Jrnl. R. Asiatic Soc. (N. China Branch) XX. 208 Tan is a female character, and varies also according to age and..circumstances. 1917S. Couling Encycl. Sinica 149/1 There are five classes of characters in a play..shêng..tan..ching..mo..and..ch‘ou. 1937Arlington & Acton Famous Chinese Plays p. xxiv, Tan, subdivided into laotan, elderly dames with orange bandeau but no make-up; ch'ing-i, virtuous maidens and dutiful matrons; and hua-tan, vivacious and temperamental—often a courtesan or a piquante little maidservant. 1973R. F. S. Yang in Yuan-li Wu China 739 The ‘four great tan actors’, namely, Mei Lan-fang, Ch'eng Yen-ch'ui, Shang Hsiao-yün, and Hsün Hui-sheng (all were female impersonators). 1975C. P. Mackerras Chinese Theatre in Mod. Times xii. 199 The list of actors who took part in the festival of 1959 is an impressive one. Among exponents of the Peking Opera were three of the ‘four great tan’. 1978Nagel's Encycl.-Guide: China 201 There exist series of dan, or feminine roles, sheng, or chief masculine roles, jing, or heroic characters with painted faces, and zhou or fools.
▪ VI. ‖ tan, n.6|dan|
[Chinese.]
A Chinese unit of weight equivalent to approximately 110 lb. or 50 kg. (formerly approximately 133 lb., 60 kg.).
1911Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 494/1 Tan, China = 25 gallons. Also 133½ lb. weight. 1965T. R. Tregear Geogr. of China iii. 108 In terms of food this meant a loss of 250 million tan (1 tan equals 133 lb.) since one mow produces an average of 2½ tan. 1973Genius of China 104/2 It is calculated that the price recorded..would in the reign of Wu Ti be approximately the equivalent of over 20 tan of grain.
▪ VII. tan, v.|tæn|
Also 5–6 tanne, 6–7 tann. Pa. tense and pple. tanned |tænd|.
[Late OE. tannian, evidenced c 1000 in pa. pple. ᵹetanned, and agent-n. tannere, prob. f. med.L. tannāre (tanare in Erfurt Gl. a 900) to tan (whence pa. pple. tannālus, in Du Cange), f. tannum tan n. Cf. also OF. tanner, taner (13th c. in Littré), whence app. the ME. and modern vb. Cf. also Du. tānen to tan, generally held to be from Fr.]
1. a. trans. To convert (skin or hide) into leather by steeping in an infusion of an astringent bark, as that of the oak, or by a similarly effective process.
c1000[see tanned 1]. [ 1321–2Rolls of Parlt. I. 415/2 Et xiiii li. pur quirs tannés de faire Barhides, & Sakes as draps.] c1350[see tanned 1]. 14..Rule Syon Monast. ix. in Aungier Syon Monast. (1840) 272 Withe hosen and schone tanned. c1440Promp. Parv. 486/2 Tannyn, or barkyn, frunio. 1481Caxton Godeffroy clxviii. 249 There was seint peter herberowed in a tanners hows, that tanned leder. 1503–4Act 19 Hen. VII, c. 19 Preamble, No corryour..[shall] cory any hyde of Leyther but such as afore be sufficiantly tanned. 1630Tom Thumbe 56 in Hazl. E.P.P. II. 179 His bootes and shoes a mouses skin, there tand most curiously. 1768Boswell Corsica iii. (ed. 2) 195 In the island of St. Kilda they tan with the tormentil root. 1875Ure Dict. Arts III. 85 About three months is usually occupied in tanning calf-skins.
b. transf. To treat (fishing-nets, sails, etc.) with tanners' ooze or some preserving substance; also, to act upon as an astringent.
1601J. Keymor Dutch Fishing (1664) 7 Shee [the Herring Buss] imployeth..at Land..Tanners to Tan their Nets and Sayles. 1615[see tan-vat]. 1889J. M. Duncan Clin. Lect. Dis. Wom. xii. (ed. 4) 82 The styptic may pass into the uterine veins in the broad ligament, and produce changes there—tanning the parts. 1905Daily News 26 July 6 ‘Drink less tea’, says he, ‘but, above everything, mind the infusing’... The British interior will continue to be tanned until the sun of Albion shall set.
c. In the manufacture of artificial marble, to steep (the composition) in a hardening and preservative preparation: cf. tannage 1.
1891in Cent. Dict.
2. a. To make brown (the face or skin), esp. by exposure to the sun or weather; to embrown, sunburn; hence, to make dark or tawny in colour.
1530Palsgr. 752/2, I tanne in the sonne, or am sonne brente... You shall tanne your selfe more upon the see than upon lande. 1590Spenser F.Q. i. vi. 35 His..face all tand with scorching sunny ray. 1601Holland Pliny I. 127 The neerer they approch to the riuer Indus, the deeper coloured they are and tanned with the Sun. 1660F. Brooke tr. Le Blanc's Trav. 102 The people are..of a good stature, but a little tann'd. 1746–7Hervey Medit. (1767) I. 262 Heat, whose burning Influence..tans into Soot the Ethiopian's Complexion. 1812Byron Ch. Har. ii. lxix, In war well season'd, and with labours tann'd. 1853Mrs. Gaskell Cranford xv, His face was deep brown, as if tanned and re-tanned by the sun.
fig.c1645Howell Lett. (1650) II. 17 All Egypt and Barbary, with Lybia and the Negro's Country, are tainted and tand with this black Religion. 1979Internat. Jrnl. Sociol. of Law VII. 230 Ehrlich was not interested in the social life but in the ‘legal life’ of the Bukowina and..his picture of ‘legal life’ is heavily tanned by the traditional pattern of the Bukowinian society.
b. intr. (for refl.) To become sunburnt or darkened by exposure.
1530[see 2]. 1884Illustr. Lond. News 26 Jan. 91/2 One advantage you swarthy people have over us—you don't tan. 1889Nature 24 Oct. 633/2 The capacity to tan, or become darker by exposure, varies much.
3. trans. to tan (a person's) hide, also simply to tan (a person): to thrash soundly. slang or colloq. (Cf. hide v.2 2.) Occas. intr.
c1670Expost. Let. Men Buckhm. 2/2 Let not your Worships thick skin be too sensible that we thus Tan your Hide. 1731Coffey Devil to Pay iv. (1733) 13 Come, and spin, you lazy Drab, or I'll tan your Hide for you. 1835–40Haliburton Clockm. (1862) 120 I'll tan your hide for you, you may depend. 1862Mrs. H. Wood Channings II. ix. 137 ‘I'll tan you too, Mr. Bywater.’.. ‘Tan away,’ coolly responded Bywater. ‘I can tan again.’ 1890J. Curtin tr. Sienkiewicz' With Fire & Sword xli. 475 To-day you tan people, to-morrow they tan you. 1903Spectator 14 Feb. 245 Midshipmen, who are boys, are ‘tanned’, but not Lieutenants of twenty-five.
4. Photogr. To harden (gelatin) chemically in proportion to the amount of exposure.
1899C. F. Townsend Chem. for Photographers (ed. 2) iv. 75 Formaldehyde is not the only aldehyde capable of tanning gelatine. 1957R. W. G. Hunt Reproduction of Colour v. 43 Gelatin, in its usual state, is soluble in hot water. But by suitable chemical treatment it can be hardened, or tanned, so that it becomes insoluble. 1979G. Haist Mod Photogr. Processing I. v. 225 Images produced in the presence of such oxidation products are also tanned.
▪ VIII. tan
= to han, to have: see t'1 and have.
c1407[see tame v.2 2].
▪ IX. tan
obs. inf. and pa. pple. of take v.; obs. phonetic var. of þan then. |