| 释义 |
adjunct, ppl. a. and n.|ˈædʒʌŋkt|
[ad. L. adjunct-us pa. pple. of adjungĕre to join to; f. ad to + jung-ĕre to join.]
A. adj. Joined or added (to anything); connected, annexed; subordinate. Also spec. (U.S.) adjunct professor, (in some institutions) a university or college teacher ranking immediately below a professor.
1595Shakes. John iii. iii. 57 Though that my death were adiunct to my Act By heauen I would doe it. c1600― Sonn. xci. Euery humor hath his adiunct pleasure. 1826Catal. Univ. Cambridge (Mass.) 6 John W. Webster, M.D., Adjunct Erving Professor of Chemistry. 1827Southey in Q. Rev. XXXV. 191 Underived as it is from any parent or adjunct dialect. 1840J. Quincy Harvard Univ. II. 305 In 1808, John Collins Warren, M.D., and in 1809, John Gorham, M.D., were appointed Adjunct Professors. 1870Bowen Logic v. 144 Whether the adjunct word or clause is to be considered as Explicative or Limitative. 1931W. G. McAdoo Crowded Years ii. 24 My father was invited to Knoxville as Adjunct Professor of History and English in the University of Tennessee.
B. n. (Cf. L. adjunctum and Fr. adjoint.)
1. Something joined to or connected with another, and subordinate to it in position, function, character, or essence; either as auxiliary to it, or essentially depending upon it.
1588Shakes. L.L.L. iv. iii. 314 Learning is but an adiunct to our selfe, And where we are, our Learning likewise is. a1677Barrow Serm. Wks. 1716 II. 103 His folly ariseth from worse causes, hath worse adjuncts, produceth worse effects. 1794Paley Evid. iii. viii. (1817) 387 Other articles of the Christian faith..are only the adjuncts and circumstances of this. 1846Grote Greece (1862) II. iii. 61 Each with its cluster of dependent towns as adjuncts. 1875Stubbs Const. Hist. II. xvi. 369 The king..confirms the charters with their adjuncts.
2. A person joined to another in some office or service; spec. applied to a class of Associates of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Paris, instituted in 1716. Also spec. (U.S.) = adjunct professor.
a1639Wotton (J.) He made him the associate of his heir-apparent together with the Lord Cottington (as an adjunct of singular experience and trust) in foreign travels. 1751Chambers Cycl. s.v. Academy, Establishing a new class of twelve adjuncts to the six several kinds of sciences cultivated by the Academy. 1753― Cycl. Supp., Adjuncts of the gods..were a kind of inferior deities..To Mars was adjoined Bellona and Nemesis. 1831Scott Kenilw. xxv. (1853) 254 Said his unexpected adjunct. 1876D. C. Gilman University Probl. (1898) 29 Promoting them because of their merit to successive posts, as scholars, fellows, assistants, adjuncts, professors, and university professors. 1877Monthly Packet XXIV. 373 This employment of Colleagues, or rather Adjuncts, in the duties of the office.
3. A personal addition or enhancement; a quality increasing a man's native worth.
1610Healey St. Aug., City of God 342 The midlemost are divine, and happy adjuncts of the wise man onely. 1635Naunton Fragm. Reg. in Phenix (1708) I. 205 A Gentleman, that..had also the Adjuncts of a strong and subtil Capacity. 1821Byron Mar. Fal. iv. i. (1868) 334 There Youth, which needed not, nor thought of such Vain adjuncts, lavish'd its true bloom, and health.
4. A qualifying addition to a word or name.
1608Norden Surveyor's Dial. 176 If a man should aske a Scholler..what adiunct he would giue vnto a man, dwelling in a Country village or house: hee would say hee were Villanus or Villaticus. 1622Heylin Cosmog. iii. (1673) 5/2 Called from hence Pontus by the Latines, the adjunct of Euxinus coming on another occasion. 1876Freeman Norm. Conq. I. App. 534 Almost always coupled with one of its geographical adjuncts ‘West,’ ‘East,’ or ‘South.’
5. a. Gram. Any word or words expanding the essential parts of the sentence; an amplification or ‘enlargement’ of the subject, predicate, etc.
1589Nashe Alm. for Parrat 5 His auncient burlibond adiunctes, that so pester his former edition with their vnweldie phrase. 1751Chambers Cycl., Adjuncts, in rhetoric and grammar, are certain words or things added to others; to amplify the discourse or augment its force. 1881Mason Eng. Gram. 149 The basis and type of the Adverbial Adjunct is a substantive in an oblique case, used to limit or define the signification of a verb or adjective.
b. In Jespersen's terminology, a word or group of words of the second rank of importance in a phrase or sentence. Cf. primary n., subjunct.
1914O. Jespersen Mod. Eng. Gram. II. i. 2 In the combination extremely hot weather..hot, which defines weather, is a secondary word or an adjunct. 1924― Philos. Gram. vii. 97 It will be useful to have the special names adjunct for a secondary word in a junction, and adnex for a secondary word in a nexus. Ibid. 98 Other examples of substantives as adjuncts are women writers, a queen bee, boy messengers, and (why not?) Captain Smith. 1934M. Callaway in Language X. 366 As used by Jespersen, ‘adjunct’ covers both ‘attribute’ and ‘appositive’ as used by Sweet. 1935W. F. Leopold in Jrnl. Eng. & Germ. Philol. XXXIV. 415 The ‘principals’, ‘adjuncts’, and ‘subjuncts’ of his [Jespersen's] Modern English Grammar have now given way to the simpler and more mechanical terms ‘primary’, ‘secondary’, and ‘tertiary’.
6. Logic. Anything added to the essence of a thing; an accompanying quality or circumstance; a non-essential attribute.
1588Fraunce Lawiers Logike i. ii. 5 b, Who thinke that Judgement is not any severall part of Logike, but rather an adjunct or propertie generally incident to the whole Art. 1628T. Spencer Logick 57 An adiunct is that to which something is subiected, and whatsoever doth externally belong, or happen to any subiect. 1833I. Taylor Fanat. iii. 60 The one species of ardent emotion differs from the other more in adjuncts and objects, than in innate quality or character. |