| 释义 |
▪ I. exarch, n.|ˈɛksɑːk|
Also 6 exarke.
[ad. L. exarch-us, a. Gr. ἔξαρχος, in class. Gr. a leader, chief, f. ἐξάρχειν to take the lead, f. ἐξ (see ex- prefix2) + ἄρχειν to begin, rule. In the post-classical uses represented by the Eng. word, the prefix was perh. taken in the sense ‘out, sent out’.]
1. Under the Byzantine emperors, the governor of a distant province, as Africa or Italy; in the latter case with title ‘Exarch of Ravenna’. (The title was revived in the Holy Roman Empire: see quot. 1751.)
1588Allen Admon. 44 So did S. Gregory the first moue Genadius the Exarke, to make warres against the heritikes. 1601R. Johnson Kingd. & Commw. (1603) 107 Ravenna, where some Emperors have kept their courts, and after them their Exarches or lieutenants. 1751Chambers Cycl. s.v., The emperor Frederic created Heraclius..exarch of the whole kingdom of Burgundy. 1788Gibbon Decl. & F. xlix. V. 120 These remote provinces [Italy and Africa] required the presence of a supreme magistrate; he was indifferently styled the exarch or the patrician. 1832tr. Sismondi's Ital. Rep. i. 11 Governed by a lieutenant of the Emperor of Constantinople, under the title of exarch of the five cities of Pentapolis. 1855Milman Lat. Chr. (1864) II. iii. vii. 132 The Exarch of Ravenna, the representative of the Byzantine Empire. 1872E. W. Robertson Hist. Ess. 205 The Pope..anointing..Pepin and his two sons..as Patricians of the Romans thus occupying the condition of the Exarch.
2. Eccl. In the Eastern Church, a title originally equivalent to ‘archbishop’, ‘metropolitan’, or ‘patriarch’, which in early use were employed almost indiscriminately. Subsequently, ‘a bishop having charge of a province, and next in rank to a patriarch’ (Catholic Dict.); also, a legate or deputy of the patriarch, entrusted with some special charge or mission.
a1600Hooker Eccl. Pol. vii. xvi. 421 In the council of Carthage..it was decreed, that the bishop of the chief see should not be entitled the exarch of priests. 1635E. Pagitt Christianogr. i. ii. (1636) 58 Gregorius Hieromonachus, the Patriarchal Exarch from Trapezunt. 1751Chambers Cycl. s.v., In 493 Sebas was established exarch, or chief, of all the anchorets within the territory of Jerusalem. 1851Hussey Papal Power ii. 74 Bishops or clergy should appeal from their metropolitan to the exarch of the Province. 1877E. Venables in Dict. Chr. Biog. I. 288/1 He [Basil of Caesareia] was metropolitan of Cappadocia, and exarch of Pontus. 1884Arnold-Forster in Contemp. Rev. Mar. 412 The constitution of the Bulgarian Exarch by the Porte in 1870.
Hence eˈxarchal a., of or pertaining to an exarch.
1855Milman Lat. Chr. (1864) II. iv. ix. 414 The exarchal government from the first had only been powerful to tyrannise and feeble to protect.
▪ II. exarch, a. Bot.|ˈɛksɑːk|
[f. ex-2 + Gr. ἀρχή beginning, origin.]
Having the protoxylem adjacent to the pericycle.
1891H. E. F. Garnsey tr. Solms-Laubach's Fossil Bot. xi. 257 Had he called..the leaf-strand of Cycadeae mesarch, and that of Isoëtes exarch.., we might..have been spared this misconception. 1900B. D. Jackson Gloss. Bot. Terms, Exarch, used of vascular bundles in which the whole primary wood is centripetal, almost the same as perixylic. 1902Encycl. Brit. XXV. 413/1 When the protoxylem strands are situated at the periphery of the stele, abutting on the pericycle, as in all roots, and many of the more primitive Pteridophyte stems, the stele is said to be exarch. 1959Foster & Gifford Compar. Morphol. Vascular Plants iii. 46 Xylem differentiation which occurs centripetally..is termed exarch. |