| 释义 |
▪ I. frost, n.|frɒst, -ɔː-|
Forms: 1 frost, forst, 2–5 forst(e, 3 south. vorst, 5 froste, (4 wrost, froist, 7 froast), 4– frost.
[Com. Teut.: OE. frost, usually forst, str. masc., corresponds to OFris. frost, forst, OS. frost (MDu. vorst masc. and fem., mod.Du. fem. only), OHG. frost (MHG. vrost, mod.Ger. frost) str. masc., ON. frost neut. (Sw., Da. frost masc.):—OTeut. *frusto-, f. weak-grade of the root of *freusan to freeze.]
1. a. The act or state of freezing or becoming frozen; the temperature of the atmosphere when it is below the freezing-point of water; extreme cold. Often used with qualifying adj. as hard frost, sharp, etc. frost. black frost: frost not accompanied by rime; opposed to white frost (see sense 2). Also personified in Jack Frost.
† below frost: below freezing-point (obs.). (ten, etc.) degrees of frost: degrees below freezing-point.
a700Epinal Gloss. 485 Gelum, frost. a1000Phoenix 58 Se hearda forst. a1123O.E. Chron. an. 1110 Treow wæstmas wurdon þære nihte þurh forste swiðe for numene. c1175Lamb. Hom. 35 Ic walde fein pinian and sitten on forste and on snawe up et mine chinne. a1250Owl & Night. 524 Wane niȝtes cumeth longe, And bringeth forstes starke an stronge. 1382Wyclif Dan. iii. 69 Byndynge frost [1388 Blac forst] and colde, bless ȝe to the Lord. c1450Merlin 149 Thei cloded hem warme as thei myght, for the froste was grete. 1523Ld. Berners Froiss. I. cclxxxvi. 428 They went a seuyn leages afote..and it was harde frost, wherby they cutte their fete. 1576Fleming Panopl. Epist. 395 The Winter Frostes doe not alwayes indure: no more should your greefe. 1647Cowley Mistress, Bathing in the River iv, When rigorous Winter binds you [river] up with Frost. 1694Acc. Sev. Late Voy. ii. (1711) 207 The Days in Summer being excessive hot, and the Nights sharp Frosts, even to an inch thickness in the Ponds. 1715Desaguliers Fires Impr. 47 The Liquor subsided to 18 degrees, which was two Degrees below Frost. 1804J. Grahame Sabbath 214 As when a waveless lake..Is sheeted by a nightly frost with ice. 1847A. M. Gilliam Trav. Mexico 9 Welcome Jack Frost had visited the city of New Orleans..that hoary benefactor. 1851Hawthorne Twice-told T. Ser. ii. Shaker Bridal, The hoarfrost, and the blackfrost, hath done its work on Brother Adam.
b. viewed as an agent which penetrates and freezes the contained moisture of a porous substance, esp. the ground.
1694Acc. Sev. Late Voy. ii. (1711) 27 The frost cannot penetrate far into such Ground. 18..C. D. Warner Spring in New Eng. (Cent.), In the shade there is still frost in the ground. 1891S. C. Scrivener Our Fields & Cities 139 Frost will penetrate eight inches, sometimes more. 1894Westm. Gaz. 5 Apr. 3/2 A sheep's carcass is small; you can get the frost out of it as soon as you require it.
†c. Proverb. (Cf. farewell fieldfare.) Obs.
c1590Play Sir Thomas More (1844) 52 Why, farewell, frost. 1599Porter Angry Wom. Abingd. (Percy Soc.) 43 Farewell, frost. 1670Ray Eng. Prov. 174 Farewel, frost; nothing got, nor nothing lost.
2. a. Frozen dew or vapour. More fully hoar(y frost, rime frost, or white frost.
a1000Riddles lxxxviii. 8 (Gr.) Hwilum hara scoc forst of feaxe. a1300Cursor M. 6520 Manna..fel fra lift sa gret plente, Als a grideld frost to se. a1340Hampole Psalter lxxvii. 52 Þaire mours [Vulg. moros]..he sloghe in ryme froist. 1382Wyclif Dan. iii. 68 Dewis and whyt frost, blesse ȝe to the Lord. 1563W. Fulke Meteors (1640) 54 Hoare frost or white frost is nothing else, but dew congealed by over much cold. 1667Milton P.L. xi. 899 Seed-time and Harvest, Heat and hoary Frost, Shall hold their course. 1704Pope Winter 9 Behold the groves that shine with silver frost. 1739T. Smith Jrnl. (1849) 268 Last night there was a very white frost, that killed the tops of our potatoes. 1832Tennyson New-Year's Eve iv, There's not a flower on all the hills: the frost is on the pane.
†b. Frozen water, ice. Obs.
c1400Mandeville (Roxb.) xiv. 61 Anoþer water þat on nyghtes fresez hard, and on days es na frost sene þeron. 1580Frampton Dial. Yron & Steele 169 Waters which doe proceed of snow and of frost. Ibid. 170 With a piece of frost, chewing it continually.
3. fig.
c1200Ormin 12655 To shridenn uss þærwiþþ onnȝæn þe frosst off fakenn trowwþe. 1595in Caxton's Blanchardyn (E.E.T.S.) 214 A frost of cares [began] to ouer runne their summers blisse. 1769Sir W. Jones Pal. Fortune Poems (1777) 22 A reverend sage, Whose beard was hoary with the frost of age. 1851Ruskin Stones Ven. (1874) I. xx. 225 The Renaissance frosts came, and all perished.
b. esp. Of a person: Coldness of behaviour or temperament, frigidity; also slang, a ‘coolness’.
1635J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Banish'd Virg. 141 The difference betweene a woman of frost and one of fire. 1720Humourist 99 But with all this Shyness, Frost, and Virtue..my Friend finds her as willing a Tit [etc.]. 1815Scott Guy M. lv, One of those moments of intense feeling when the frost of the Scottish people melts like a snow wreath. 1886Mallock Old Order Changes II. 256 He could not..keep a slight frost from his manner. 1891S. J. Duncan Amer. Girl Lond. 196 There's a frost on—we don't play with each other any more.
c. Sc. (See quot. 1825–80.)
a1757Gil Morrice x. in Child Ballads iv. lxxxiii. (1886) 272 Sen ye by me will nae be warnd, In it ye sall find frost. 1825–80Jamieson, Frost, difficulty; to fin' frost, to meet with difficulties, Banffs.
4. slang (originally Theatr.). A failure.
1886Stage Gossip 70 When a piece ‘goes’ badly, it is called, a ‘frost’. 1891I. Zangwill Bachelors' Club 209 This last book..is a regular frost. 1896Q. Rev. Oct. 538 The Randt mines would, in mining phrase, ‘turn out a frost’.
†5.
a. A colour like that of hoarfrost; silver-grey.
b. Gold or silver frost-work; cf. frost-button. Obs.
1657R. Ligon Barbadoes (1673) 83 The colour for the most part, frost upon green. 1702Lond. Gaz. No. 3810/8 All Gold and Silver Plate shall be spun close on well boiled and light died Silk only, (Frost excepted).
†6. ? = calk n.1 2. Obs.
1718S. Sewall Diary 19 Jan. (1882) III. 161 Great Rain, and very Slippery: was fain to wear Frosts. Ibid. 5 Feb. III. 165 Had like to have fallen grievously, by reason of my Frosts, on the Steps in the night. (Note, Probably the caulks or mocassins of those days, which were in use till quite recently by aged people.)
7. attrib. and Comb.
a. simple attrib., as frost-diamond, frost-giant, frost-mark, frost-power, frost-scene, frost-time, frost-wind, frost-wound, frost-wreath; also frost-free, frost-like, frost-proof adjs.
1868Ld. Houghton Select. fr. Wks. 215 *Frost-diamonds twinkle on the grass.
1926Nat. Geogr. Mag. May 513/1 (heading) Over mountain roads to a *frostfree thermal belt. 1946Nature 20 July 78/1 Most suitable frost-free sites are gentle slopes.
1889R. B. Anderson tr. Rydberg's Teut. Mythol. 134 Thor, the divine foe of the *frost-giants.
1832Tennyson Pal. Art xiii, From shadow'd grots of arches interlaced, And tipt with *frost-like spires.
1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. xix. 193 Not an icicle or even a *frost-mark was to be seen on the roof.
1889R. B. Anderson tr. Rydberg's Teut. Mythol. 138 The *frost-powers led by Thjasse's kinsmen.
1896T. W. Sanders Encycl. Gardening (ed. 2) 1 Lift tubers..& store in *frost-proof place. 1960Farmer & Stockbreeder 23 Feb. 72/2 The store was made frost-proof by lining the inner wall with glass-fibre.
1709Steele Tatler No. 182 ⁋1 We shall not shortly have so much as a Landskip or *Frost-Scene to refresh ourselves.
1387Trevisa Higden (Rolls) IV. 467 Longe aftirward, in frosty time [v.r. *frost tyme], Iulian was wery, and reste hym aboute mydnyȝt.
1818Scott Rob Roy xxxiii, A sharp *frost-wind, which made itself heard and felt from time to time. 1820Keats St. Agnes xxxvi, The frost-wind blows.
1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. iii. 45 One [suffering] from *frost-wounds.
1872Bryant Little People of Snow 349 Around that little grave, in the long night, *Frost-wreaths were laid.
b. instrumental, as frost-beaded, frost-bound, frost-burnt, frost-chequered, frost-concocted. frost-congealed, frost-fettered, frost-firmed, frost-kibed, frost-rent, frost-riven, frost-tempered adjs.
1842Faber Styrian Lake, etc. 122 The white *frost-beaded grass.
1785Cowper Task v. 155 Materials..*frost-bound Firm as a rock. 1848Kingsley Saint's Trag. iv. i, I came..Among the Alps, all through one frost-bound dawn.
1770Armstrong Misc. I. 152 Whipping the *frost-burnt villagers to the bones.
a1847Eliza Cook To the Robin vii, The *frost-chequer'd pane.
1726–46Thomson Winter 707 The *frost-concocted glebe Draws in abundant vegetable soul.
1877Longfellow Wapentake, Voiceless as a rivulet *frost-congealed.
1811E. Lysaght Poems 1 The *frost-fettered rivers no longer can flow.
1591Sylvester Du Bartas i. v. 875 For when her Troops of wandring Cranes forsake *Frost-firméd Strymon.
1848Kingsley Saint's Trag. i. iii, Proud of your *frost-kibed feet, and dirty serge.
1806J. Grahame Birds Scotl. 84 A *frost-rent fragment.
1873J. Geikie Gt. Ice Age v. 58 A heap of *frost-riven débris.
1856Kane Arct. Expl. II. i. 16 My thoughts recal the *frost-tempered junks of this pachydermoid amphibion.
c. Special comb.: frost-bearer = cryophorus; frost-bird (see quot.); frost-blite, the plant Chenopodium album (see quot.); frost blue (see quot.); frost-bow (see quot.); † frost-brained a., dull, stupid; frost-button, a button with a frosted surface; frost-cog (see quot.); frost-crack, a vertical split in a tree-trunk caused by the stress created as the wood freezes; frost-dew, hoar-frost, rime; frost-fall (see quot.); frost-fern, a fern-like figure produced by the freezing of a moist surface; frost-fish, (a) the Tomcod, Microgadus tomcodus, so called from its appearing on the coast of N. America as the frost sets in; (b) the scabbard-fish, Lepidopus caudatus; frost-fix v., to fix with frost; frost-flower, an ice-crystal resembling a flower; frost-fog = frost-mist; frost-grape, an American species of the vine Vitis cordifolia or riparia; frost-heave, -heaving, uplift of soil surface caused by expansion of water beneath the surface on freezing; so frost-heaved a.; frost-hoar a., covered with hoar frost; frost-hollow (see quots.); frost-itch, -lamp (see quots.); frost-line (after snow-line), the limit of frost; frost-mist, mist caused by the freezing of vapour in the atmosphere; frost-nail n., a nail driven into the shoe to prevent slipping in frosty weather; so frost-nail v., to put frost-nails in the shoes; frost-piece, a person of cold behaviour or disposition; frost pocket, a small low-lying area affected by frost (cf. pocket n. 8 c); frost-rime = frost-smoke; frost-ring, a ring-shaped zone of tissue damaged by frost in the trunk of a tree; frost-root, the common fleabane of the U.S., Erigeron philadelphicus (Cent. Dict.); frost-shod pple., shod with frost-nails; also fig.; frost-smoke (see quot. 1867); frost-split (see quot.); frost-stud = frost-nail n.; frost-thrust Geol., (a) n. = frost-thrusting; (b) adj., that results from or has been subjected to frost-thrusting; frost-thrusting Geol., movement of soil during freezing, often with consequent lateral or vertical movement of partly buried rocks; frost-valve (see quot.); frost-weed, -wort, the plant Helianthemum canadense, sometimes used as an astringent or aromatic tonic; so called because, late in autumn, crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark at the root (W.). Also frost-bite, -bitten, frost-nip, -nipped, frost-work.
1826*Frost-bearer [see cryophorus].
1848H. W. Herbert Field Sports in U.S. II. 58 The American Golden Plover..is better known to our gunners by the name of *‘Frost Bird’, so called from being more plentiful during the early frosts in autumn.
1835Booth Analyt. Dict., *Frost-blite. 1863Prior Plant-n., Frost-blite, a blite whitened as by hoar-frost, Chenopodium album.
1873Weale's Dict. Arch. (ed. 4), *Frost blue, a coarse variety of smalt.
1863Home Walks 20 A *frostbow appeared, resembling in all respects a rainbow, except that it was of a lustrous white.
1592Nobody & Someb. in Simpson Sch. Shaks. (1878) I. 300 But he, *frost-braind, will not be obtaind To take upon him this Realmes government.
1686Lond. Gaz. No. 2192/4 A good cloth Coat..trim'd with a silver and silk *frost Button. 1711Ibid. No. 4912/4 A dark Grey Suit of Cloaths, trim'd with Gold Frost Buttons.
1884Knight Dict. Mech. IV. 358/2 *Frost Cog, a toe or projection on a horse shoe to keep the animal from slipping.
1894T. Laslett Timber & Timber Trees (ed. 2) iv. 61 An expansion may result at a certain stage of the freezing of the inner woody cylinder, and the consequence is a *frost⁓crack. 1960Kramer & Kozlowski Physiol. Trees xvi. 490 Frost cracks are more common in forest trees than in orchard trees.
1826Scott Woodst. xxviii, My pumps are full of this *frost-dew.
1879I. L. Bird Rocky Mount. I. 295 That curious phenomena [sic] called *frost-fall..in which, whatever moisture may exist in the air, somehow aggregates into feathers and fern-leaves.
1871Tyndall Fragm. Sc. (1879) II. xiv. 358 When it [water] runs into *frost-ferns upon a window pane.
1634W. Wood New Eng. Prosp. (1865) 36 Th' *Frost fish and the Smelt. 1795J. Sullivan Hist. Maine 21 The people have tom cod, or what they call frost fish..in great plenty. 1880Günther Introd. Study Fishes 435 The Scabbard-fish (Lepidopus caudatus) is well known in New Zealand, where it is called ‘Frost-fish’. 1890J. Habberton Out at Twinnetts 50 A string of frost-fish in one hand, and a lighted pipe in the other.
1800J. Hurdis Fav. Village i. 15 When did the God..Congeal and *frost-fix your [mountain's] prodigious limbs.
1847C. Brontë J. Eyre I. iv. 47, I fell to breathing on the *frost-flowers with which the window was fretted. 1923E. Sitwell Bucolic Comedies 78 The frost-flowers upon the window-panes.
1813Scott Trierm. i. iii, The sun was struggling with *frost-fog grey.
1789Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. I. 261 The *frost or winter grape is known to every body. 1859Bartlett Dict. Amer., Chicken Grape, the River Grape, or Vitis riparia; also called Frost Grape.
1946Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CCXLIV. 623 Thus the general use by geologists of..‘*frost-heave’ and ‘*frost-heaved’ is not completely supported by dictionary definitions. 1957J. K. Charlesworth Quaternary Era I. xxvii. 567 Geologically, it [sc. permafrost] is most important in giving rise to frost thrust..and frost heave. 1967F. A. Cook in Hamelin & Cook Illustr. Gloss. Periglacial Phenomena ix. 193 Frost-heaved congelifracts, involutions and injection plugs.
1929Jrnl. Geol. XXXVII. 430 The maximum amount of *frost heaving that occurs during cold winters..is not known. 1930Ibid. XXXVIII. 303 (title) The mechanics of frost heaving.
1853C. Brontë Villette iv, The ice-bound waters and *frost-hoar fields.
1895W. R. Fisher Schlich's Man. Forestry IV. iv. 431 Damp, low-lying places with stagnating air..termed *frost-hollows. 1953H. L. Edlin Forester's Handbk. v. 75 Valley bottoms and slight depressions of the ground in which cold air collects on still, cloudless nights..are known as frost-hollows.
1894Duane Student's Dict. Med., Pruritus hiemalis, winter itch, *frost-itch.
1874Knight Dict. Mech. I. 918/2 *Frost-lamp, an oil-lamp placed beneath the oil-tube of an Argand lamp to keep the oil in a flowing condition.
1865Whittier Snow-Bound 160 While the red logs before us beat The *frost-line back with tropic heat.
1814Scott Wav. xlvi, A *frost-mist rising from the ocean, covered the eastern horizon.
1611Cotgr., Ferré a glace, shod with *frost-nayles. 1874Knight Dict. Mech. I. 918/2 Frost-nail, a roughing nail driven into a horse's shoe in slippery weather.
1594Plat Jewell-ho. ii. 26 If I slip, you shall see how I will *frostnayle my selfe the nexte time that I ride abroade. 1673Lond. Gaz. No. 753/3 His Highness hath caused all the Horse of his Guard to be Frost-nailed.
1748Richardson Clarissa xxxi, The little hold I have in the heart of this charming *frost-piece. 1828Scott F.M. Perth xxxi, Away, villain, and marshal in this fair frost-piece.
1931Forestry V. 118 The leaders of Norway Spruce in small low-lying areas, ‘*frost pockets’, are killed back. 1932Fuller & Conard tr. Braun-Blanquet's Plant Sociol. v. 86 The frost pockets (Frostlöcher) of the southwestern Swiss Jura are well known and shunned. 1968R. Amberley Incitement to Murder ii. 29 Is the more exposed land, farther down..also yours?.. There is a frost pocket there, no doubt.
1820Scoresby Acc. Arctic Reg. I. 434 *Frost-rime or frost-smoke..consists of a dense frozen vapour, apparently arising out of the sea or any large sheet of water.
1929T. Thomson tr. Büsgen's Struct. & Life Forest Trees v. 146 The *frost rings did not extend beyond the fourth year. 1960Kramer & Kozlowski Physiol. Trees ii. 16 Frost rings are most often found near the center of a tree because young shoots are more susceptible to frost injury than are old stems.
1603Florio Montaigne ii. xiii. 354 To say truth, it [self murder] is a meate a man must swallow without chewing, vnlesse his throate be *frost-shod [Fr. ferré à glace]. 1765Smollett Trav. xxxviii. (1766) II. 216 The mules..were frost-shod for the occasion.
1774Goldsm. Nat. Hist. (1862) I. xxi. 136 In those forlorn regions round the poles..the sea smokes like an oven, and a fog arises which mariners call the *frost smoke. 1867Smyth Sailor's Word-bk., Frost-smoke, a thick mist in high latitudes, arising from the surface of the sea when exposed to a temperature much below freezing; when the vapours as they rise are condensed either into a thick fog, or, with the thermometer about zero, hug the water in eddying white wreaths.
1753Chambers Cycl. Supp., *Frost split, a phrase used by our farmers to express such trees as have large cracks in their trunks and branches.
1895Times 21 Jan. 13/6 The sudden change in the weather has checked the demand for skates, *frost studs, and heating apparatus.
1946K. Bryan in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CCXLIV. 625 There is no common expression for the lateral thrust resulting from expansion although horizontal as contrasted with vertical *frost-thrust would sufficiently carry the meaning. 1951[see frost-thrusting]. 1957[see frost-heave].
1951Jrnl. Geol. LIX. 65 The writer has found no terms descriptive of these particular phenomena. Consequently the following terminology is used: *Frost-thrusting is used for the process whereby large blocks of rock have been raised, commonly vertically, or have changed position with respect to the rest of the outcrop, owing to the frost action. Frost-thrust blocks refers to the blocks of rock which have been moved by frost-thrusting. 1954Amer. Jrnl. Sci. CCLII. 55 From their structures we conclude that frost thrusting—lateral soil movement during freezing—plays a major role in their development.
1884Knight Dict. Mech. IV. 358/2 *Frost Valve, a valve which opens to allow water to escape from the portion of the pipe or pump where it is liable to be frozen.
1866Treas. Bot., *Frost-weed, Helianthemum canadense.
1859Bartlett Dict. Amer., *Frostwort (Cistus canadensis), a medicinal plant prepared by the Shakers, and used for its astringent and tonic properties.
▪ II. frost, v.|frɒst, -ɔː-|
[f. prec. n.]
1. trans. To freeze, frost-bite, nip with frost. to frost off: to cause to drop off with frost. Chiefly fig.
1807[see frosted 1]. 1818Keats Endym. iii. 188 At this, a surprised start Frosted the springing verdure of his heart. 1871Blackie Four Phases i. 49 Individuals whose social sympathies have been frosted in early life. 1884Tennyson Becket i. iv, The golden leaves, these earls and barons, that clung to me, frosted off me by the first cold frown of the King. 1887S. Chesh. Gloss., Frost, to spoil by the frost, of potatoes.
2. To cover with or as with rime; also with over. Chiefly fig.
1635J. Hayward tr. Biondi's Banish'd Virg. 153 Such beauties as Aurora takes oft-times pleasure, in first frosting over with her canded dewes. 1787–9Wordsw. Evening Walk, The rising moon, While with a hoary light she frosts the ground. 1791E. Darwin Bot. Gard. i. 73 Nitre..frosts with branching plumes the mouldering walls. 1861Times 22 Oct., These camps increase in number and in size till the white canvass frosts every knoll. 1890C. Dixon Stray Feathers ii. 26 He frosts the feathers of some with gold and silver.
3. To give a frosted surface to (glass or metal); to make (glass) to resemble ice.
1832[see frosting 1]. 1849[see frosted 5 b].
4. To treat (a horse's shoes) by the insertion of frost-nails, roughing, etc., as a protection against slipping in frosty weather; to shoe (a horse) in this way.
1572in Gage Hist. Hengrave (1822) 192 For frosting the cart-horses at Thetford..vd. 1665Pepys Diary 26 Nov., I..set out, after my horses' being frosted, which I know not what it means to this day. 1752J. MacSparran America Dissected (1753) 39 With a Horse well caulk'd and frosted, 'tis fine Travelling. 1831Sir J. Sinclair Corr. II. 189, I could not get the shoes of my horses frosted. 1877N.W. Linc. Gloss., Frost, to turn up the hinder part of a horse's shoes, or to put frost-nails in them to hinder the animal from slipping on ice. |